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Ectomycorrhizal Fungi from Southern Brazil – a Literature-Based Review, Their Origin and Potential Hosts

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Ectomycorrhizal Fungi from Southern Brazil – a Literature-Based Review, Their Origin and Potential Hosts Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5 Ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil – a literature-based review, their origin and potential hosts Sulzbacher MA1*, Grebenc, T2, Jacques RJS3 and Antoniolli ZI3 1Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Micologia/CCB, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s/n, CEP: 50670- 901, Recife, PE, Brazil 2Slovenian Forestry Institute Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 3Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Solos, CCR Campus Universitário, 971050-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil Sulzbacher MA, Grebenc T, Jacques RJS, Antoniolli ZI 2013 – Ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil – a literature-based review, their origin and potential hosts. Mycosphere 4(1), 61– 95, Doi 10.5943 /mycosphere/4/1/5 A first list of ectomycorrhizal and putative ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil (the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná), their potential hosts and origin is presented. The list is based on literature and authors observations. Ectomycorrhizal status and putative origin of listed species was assessed based on worldwide published data and, for some genera, deduced from taxonomic position of otherwise locally distributed species. A total of 144 species (including 18 doubtfull species) in 49 genera were recorded for this region, all accompanied with a brief distribution, habitat and substrate data. At least 30 collections were published only to the genus level and require further taxonomic review. Key words – distribution – habitat – mycorrhiza – neotropics – regional list Article Information Received 28 November 2012 Accepted 20 December 2012 Published online 10 February 2013 *Corresponding author: MA Sulzbacher – e-mail – [email protected] Introduction work of Singer & Araújo (1979), Singer et al. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) and their (1983) and Singer & Aguiar (1986) in the partner trees are well studied around the globe. Amazon region. Recent publications with Nevertheless, Europe, North America and surveys of putative ECM in exotic and native several tropical regions have been considerably plantations throughout the country have more explored while ECM dominated habitats contributed to the knowledge of this group in in South America, Southeast Asia, Africa, and different areas, producing new records and Australia remain relative undersampled newly described species (Baseia & Milanez (Tedersoo et al. 2010). In Brazil little is known 2000, 2002, Gurgel et al. 2008, Menolli et al. about the ECM communities. Among the 2009a, 2009b, Wartchow & Maia 2007, sporocarp-based studies of ECM conducted in Wartchow et al. 2009, Wartchow & Cavalcanti Brazil, focusing both on native as well as 2010, Wartchow et al. 2012a, Wartchow exotic woody plants, we refer mainly to the 2012a, 2012b). All of these works are 61 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5 taxonomic and they do not confirm the semi-desciduous forest, as well as pionner association between plant and fungi. vegetation (de Meijer 2008, Veloso et al. Henkel et al. (2012) presented a 1991). The Campos Sulinos (or Pampa) biome comprehensive study of the diversity of is covered by open grassy formations, used as ectomycorrhizal fungi sporocarps in the Guiana natural pastures (Fiaschi & Pirani 2009). It is Shield. Neves & Capelari (2007) published a estimated that there are around 3,000 grassland Brazilian checklist of Boletales, reporting 20 species which belong mainly to the botanical genera and 70 species belonging to Boletales families Poaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperacea, sensu Kirk et al. (2001), excluding the Fabaceae, Apiacea, Oxalidaceae, Verbanaceae, Sclerodermataceae. In a recent checklist and Iridaceae. The main forest formations in Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia (2009) reported Campus Sulinos are found at the Northern limit 232 taxa of Brazilian gasteroid fungi. In of the biome, in the transition area to Atlantic southern Brazil, the first contributions were Rain Forest. In other regions, plant formations made by Johannes Rick during the first half of with trees are found mainly as gallery forests the twentieth century (reviewed in Fidalgo (islands of trees within the grassland) and 1962, Mauhs 2000). In the 1950s, Rolf Singer shrub forests (Overbeck et al. 2006, 2007). A reviewed some of the species collected by particular habitat for ECM fungi is forest tree Rick, named Fungi Rickiani (Singer 1953a). plantations. Currently more than 5.98 Mha are Several studies have added to the knowledge of planted with pine, eucalypts and acacia ECM fungi in Brazil. Putzke (1994) has monocultures in Brazil (SBS 2008). provided a checklist for the Brazilian The central, western and northern Agaricales, listing 1,011 taxa. Many genera regions of Brazil have a tropical climate with published by Putzke remain unresolved and high annual temperatures averaging near 25° C need additional taxonomic confirmation. with rainfall characterized by a wet season Most of these contributions were from October to March and a dry season from checked by means of morphological features of April to September (Rocha et al. 2009, the sporocarps. Nowadays, however, Vourlitis et al. 2002). In the south of Brazil the systematics and taxonomy of ECM fungi have subtropical climate is defined by four seasons been under profound changes, mainly due to and uniform annual rainfall. In this region, the use of molecular tools (Binder & Hibbett maximum average temperatures reach 30° C, 2002, Binder & Hibbett 2006, Hibbett et al. and average minimum temperatures in the 1997, Hibbett 2006, Hosaka et al. 2006, winter are around 5° C (annual averages near Matheny et al. 2006, Miller et al. 2006, 18° C). As a consequence of its subtropical Moncalvo et al. 2002, 2006). Despite the fact, climate, this region has less intemperized soil data on tropical and subtropical fungi were than tropical Brazil and higher organic carbon rarely included in DNA-based studies, content (Dieckow et al. 2009). compromising the knowledge about the In view of the differences in climate, identification and phylogenetic placement of soil and vegetation in the Southern part of those fungi (Rinaldi et al. 2008). Brazil, this survey aimed to provide Brazil is the fifth largest country in the information on the diversity of ECM fungi in world, with more than 8.5 million km2, with Southern Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina and two recognized hotspots for the conservation of Rio Grande do Sul), including a summary of biodiversity, the Atlantic Forest and the information on putative hosts, nativeness, and a Cerrado (Myers et al. 2000). The southern part literature-based review of the area of origin. of Brazil is characterized by two domains, This study will, potentially, facilitate future Atlantic Forest and Campos Sulinos or studies on the systematics and biogeography of southern grasslands (Fiaschi & Pirani 2009). ECM fungi in Brazil. The Atlantic forest is characterizated by high species diversity and endemism. It includes Methods different forest types: dense ombrophilous The checklist and meta-analyses were forest, mixed ombrophilous forest (including based on a literature survey of scientific papers Araucaria forest), seasonal deciduous and citing species of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi 62 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5 from Southern Brazil. The following Amanita chrysoleuca Pegler information was retrieved: distribution of each Distribution – PR – Antonina. recorded species (per state), potential ECM Habitat and substrate – dense partners, the nativeness or potential origin, ombrophilous forest; terricolous. general habitat requirements and known Literature – de Meijer (2006: 11). substrates. The ectomycorrhizal status for each Comments – this species is apparantly species is based either on the available distributed in (sub) tropical America. It was description of ectomycorrhizae or on the cited from the US Virgin Islands (Miller et al. taxonomic position of the species (Rinaldi et al. 2000). 2008, Tedersoo et al. 2010). The list and correlations also include several records by Amanita grallipes Bas & de Meijer Rick (1961a, b) which may represent nomina Distribution – PR – Curitiba. dubia, synonyms or species of other genera. Habitat and substrate – mixed Genera and species are listed ombrophilous forest, seasonal semi-deciduous alphabetically according to the MycoBank alluvial forest; terricolous. database Literature – Bas & de Meijer (1993: (http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx), 345), de Meijer (2001: 112, 2006: 11, 2008: 44, and the Index Fungorum 140). (http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names. Comments – de Meijer (2008) refers asp). The authority of the species names are that A. grallipes belongs to sect. Lepidella given as in the original publications. The area subsect. Vittadiniae Bas. It is not known if A. of „Southern Brazil‟ included in the study is grallipes is ectomycorrhizal, but many species represented by the States of Rio Grande do Sul in the subsect. Vittadiniae are most certainly (RS), Santa Catarina (SC) and Paraná (PR). non-ectomycorrhizal. Wolfe et al. (2012) have shown that some species of Amanita (A. thiersii Results and Discussion Bas) present saprotrophic nutrition. The following ECM fungi have been recorded from Southern Brazil. Amanita muscaria (L.: Fr.) Lam. sensu lato Distribution – PR – Colombo; SC – Alnicola spadicea (D.A. Reid) Bon Correia Pinto, Joinville, Três Barras; RS – Distribution – PR – Rio Negro. Nova Petrópolis. Habitat and substrate – planted Salix; Habitat and substrate – plantations of terricolous. Pinus taeda
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