Boletales – Boletaceae s.l. (26 October 2020, © R. E. Halling) NOTE: 104 genera listed here are conceived in a broad, classical sense (generally the fleshy stipitate mushrooms with pores) including sequestrate morphologies. Phylogenetic inferences from DNA sequences suggest alignment in suborders: Boletineae, Suillineae, Sclerodermatineae, or in the Paxillaceae. Not all genera are well known, equally circumscribed or robustly inferred phylogenetically. Mycorrhizal associations may be confirmed, but many are presumed or suspected. Recent phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences infer some true gasteroid (truffle-like, sequestrate) taxa (aside from those in Sclerodermatineae, Suillineae) belong here. Some of the diagnoses are from protologues. Year of publication follows authority (-ies). Afroboletus Pegler & Young (1981) Pileus dry, coarsely fibrillose to squamose, black, often with appendiculate veil remnants, microscopically a trichodermium. Context white, staining red then black. Hymenophore adnexed, white then black, staining red then black. Peronate veil present. Stipe dry, squamose, sometimes annulate, white to gray to black. Spores black, short ellipsoid, longitudinally ridged or winged, sometimes with intercostal veins; a basal thickened rim around sterigmal appendage, lacking a plage. Hymenial cystidia present. Clamp connections absent. Apparently restricted to the African tropics. One sequestrate species known. Ectomycorrhizae presumed with caesalpinoid legumes. Afrocastellanoa M.E. Smith & Orihara (2017) From the protologue: Basidiomata sequestrate, gasteroid, firm, rubbery, with one or a few rhizomorphs at the base. Similar to Octaviania in the morphology of the basidiome and basidiospores, but different from Octaviania in the multilayered peridium and in basidia that are irregularly distributed within the solid gleba, resulting in the absence of a distinct hymenium and subhymenium. Phylogenetically related to the epigeous bolete genus Porphyrellus, but distantly related to the genus Octaviania s.s. One sequestrate species known, A. ivoryana. Ectomycorrhizal with Anthonotha (Fabaceae), Uapaca (Uapacaceae), and probably with other legumes in sub-Saharan Africa. Alessioporus Gelardi, Vizzini, & Simonini (2014) Originally described as a monotypic genus for Xerocomus ichnusanus, a thermo-xerophilic taxon in Mediterranean Europe. The taxon, based on a summary of features in the protologue indicate it is a medium- small species, exhibiting an ochraceous-brown to dark olivaceous brown fibrillose pileus, sometimes with copper red hues and a wavy margin at least in young specimens, a yellow to olive colored hymenophore and a stout, deeply rooting stipe covered with a rough and darker net that is rarely absent, bright yellow at the apex, dark red-brown to blackish brown elsewhere and with a whitish gray basal mycelium. The context is whitish in the pileus, yellowish in the stipe with reddish shades, purplish red to brownish black at the base, turns uniformly blue on exposure, as do the external surfaces after injury or bruising. The most important morphological character is the narrow, granular ring-like zone in the middle or lower half of the stipe, formed by the remnants of the connection between the pileus margin and the stipe cortex during the primordial stage. A 3-gene analysis infers a relationship with Pulchroboletus near Hemileccinum in the Xerocomoideae. A second species, A. rubriflavus, was inferred by Frank et al from E USA. Ectomycorrhizae presumed with Fagaceae, possibly Pinaceae (USA). Alpova Dodge (1931) Sequestrate, globose to irregular in shape. Peridium well developed, variable in thickness, usually dry, whitish but usually discoloring with age and handling. Gleba sticky and gelatinous, with gel-filled chambers, not forming a true hymenium, separated by pale colored veins, pale colored at first, but darkening with age. Spores hyaline, ellipsoid to oblong, smooth, inamyloid, strongly cyanophilic when young. Clamp connections usually present. At present confined to Northern Hemisphere. Ectomycorrhizae with Betulaceae, possibly Pinaceae or Fagaceae. Aureoboletus Pouzar (1957) Pileus viscid to dry, rugulose to even. Context white, unchanging. Hymenophore tubulose, bright yellow at first, greenish yellow with age in some, not oxidizing. Stipe central, glabrous, sometimes superficially pruinose or lacerate ridged, viscid or dry, rarely with a veil. Spores olive brown in deposit, smooth or rarely with conspicuous longitudinal ridges, fusoid to ovoid, inamyloid. Clamp connections absent. Mostly north temperate to pantropical. Ectomycorrhizae with Pinaceae, Fagaceae. Australopilus Halling & Fechner (2012) Basidiomata epigeous. Pileus gray to dark gray, sometimes pink to deep pink pigments present. Context white, unchanging. Hymenophore tubulose, white then vinaceous pink. Stipe white above, chrome yellow at base, beset with either fine isolated pink scabers or these often arranged in a well-defined or ill-defined raised reticulum, sometimes scattered on low longitudinal ridges. Spores pinkish to reddish brown in deposit, smooth, fusoid. Pileipellis a trichodermium. Hymenial cystidia present. Pseudocystidia absent. Clamp connections absent. Australia. Ectomycorrhizae with Myrtaceae, Casuarinaceae. Austroboletus (Corner) C.B. Wolfe (1980) Pileus viscid or dry, tomentose to subtomentose, microscopically a trichodermium or ixotrichodermium, sometimes with appendiculate remnants at margin. Context white or yellow, unchanging. Hymenophore tubulose, adnexed, white at first, pinkish flesh colored to brownish pink with maturity (rarely yellow), sometimes staining light brownish to pinkish brown. Stipe central, pruinose to alveolate-reticulate, dry or sometimes glutinous-viscid, not staining or developing stains in situ from aging; basal mycelium white. Spores vinaceous pink in deposit, obscurely pitted to pitted to sinuous pitted, sometimes equatorially verrucose, amygdaliform to elongate-fusoid, inamyloid or dextrinoid. Hymenial cystidia usually present. Clamp connections absent. KOH & NH4OH reactions negative. Mostly E Asia, Australasia; some temperate, montane and lowland tropics of New World. Ectomycorrhizae with Pinaceae, Fagaceae, Myrtaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Casuarinaceae. Baorangia G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang (2015) Basidiomata stipitate-pileate. Pileus hemispherical, convex or applanate, subtomentose, dry, usually incurved at the margin when young. Context pale yellow to yellow, slowly staining pale blue when cut. Hymenophore relatively thin (1/3–1/5 of pileal context midway from disc to margin), usually decurrent, yellow, immediately staining light blue to greenish blue when injured; pores angular, or sometimes nearly round; tubes short. Stipe smooth or occasionally with reticulations at the upper part; context pale yellow to yellow, basal mycelia white to pale yellow. Pileipellis a trichodermium to an interwoven trichodermium. Hymenial cystidia present. Basidiospores smooth, subfusiform to elongated subfusiform, light yellow to brownish-yellowish. Clamp connections absent. Eastern Asia, eastern North America. Ectomycorrhizae presumed with Pinaceae, Fagaceae. Binderoboletus T.W. Henkel & M.E. Smith (2016) Basidiomata epigeous. Pileus olive-yellow to olive-brown, matted fibrillose, trama light yellow, unchanging. Hymenophore tubulose, adnate, light yellow, browning with pressure, pores subisodiametric. Stipe subequal, concolorous and striate, yellow and reticulate at apex, base yellow tomentose, trama bright yellow. Basidiospores olivaceous brown in deposit, smooth, dextrinoid in Melzer’s reagent. Pleurocystidia present, dextrinoid in Melzer’s reagent. Cheilocystidia present. Hymenophoral trama parallel to slightly divergent (phylloporoid). Pileipellis an entangled cutis, terminal cells cylindrical. Clamp connections absent. Reminiscent of Retiboletus macro- and microscopically. According to the describing authors, it is related to Retiboletus in the Leccinoideae of Wu et al (2014), but the ITS sequences are highly unique. Monotypic species from Guyana. Ectomycorrhizae with Dicymbe, Aldina (caesalpinoid legumes) Boletellus Murrill (1909) Pileus typically dry, rarely subviscid, scaly or tomentose, microscopically a trichodermium, sometimes with appendiculate remnants at margin. Context white or yellow, often changing to blue. Hymenophore tubulose, adnexed, white at first, soon yellow, often staining blue. Stipe central, usually pruinose, rarely with an apical reticulum, dry, rarely subviscid and annulate, sometimes staining blue; basal mycelium white, very rarely yellow or olive colored. Spores olive brown in deposit, longitudinally ridged/winged or slightly veined, cleft, dimpled or entire at apex, inamyloid or rarely dextrinoid. Hymenial cystidia usually present. Clamp connections usually absent, rarely present (one sp., B. fibuliger). KOH & NH4OH reactions negative (more species need testing). N Hemisphere, temperate South America, Mesoamerica, Andean and Amazonian Colombia, one sp. in Venezuela (B. fibuliger), four spp. in Guyana, Amazonian and NE Brazil, central Africa, Australia, E Asia, SE Asia. Ectomycorrhizae with Pinaceae, Fagaceae, Myrtaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Casuarinaceae, caesalpinoid legumes (e.g., Dicymbe), possibly Euphorbiaceae. Boletinellus Murrill (1909) Pileus dry, usually glabrous but sometimes finely tomentose to matted tomentose, soft textured, microscopically a repent entangled interwoven layer. Context pale yellowish, rarely cyanescent. Hymenophore tubulose, quite decurrent and with a radial