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Mass Struggle : 1935-40 Module XVIII Mass Struggle : 1935-40 Module XVIII Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) Left Movement Formation ● Among the communist groups, the Communist Party of India was formed in 1920 in Tashkent (Uzbekistan) by M.N. Roy, Abani Mukherji & others after the 2nd Congress of Commintern. ● M.N. Roy was also the 1st to be elected to the leadership of Commintern. ● 1925: Indian Communist Conference at Kanpur formalized foundation of the CPI. Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) ● After some time, S.V. Ghate emerged as the general secretary of the party. ● CPI called upon all its members to enroll themselves as members of the Congress, form a strong left-wing in all its organs, cooperate with all other radical nationalists, & make an effort to transform the Congress into a more radical mass-based organization. Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) Conspiracies ● Already in 1922-24, Communists trying to enter India from the Soviet Union had been tried in a series of conspiracy cases at Peshawar & sentenced to long periods of imprisonment. ● In 1924, many communists— S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Shaukat Usmani, Nalini Gupta —were jailed in the Kanpur Bolshevik conspiracy case. ● All 4 were sentenced to 4 years of imprisonment. Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) ● 1929: Government crackdown on communists resulted in the arrest & trial of 32 leading communists, trade unionists & left-wing leaders who were tried in the Meerut conspiracy case. ● 3 British Communists — Philip Spratt, Ben Bradley & Lester Hutchinson — who had come to India to help organize the trade union movement. ● Defense of the prisoners was to be taken up by many nationalists including JL Nehru, M.A. Ansari & M.C. Chagla. ● Gandhiji visited the Meerut prisoners in jail to show his solidarity with them. Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) Worker’s & Peasant’s Party ● The main form of political work by the early Communists was to organize peasants’ & workers’ parties & work through them. ● 1st such organization was the Labour-Swaraj Party of INC organized by Muzaffar Ahmed, Qazi Nazrul Islam, Hemanta Kumar Sarkar, & others in Bengal in 1925. ● In late 1926, a Congress Labour Party was formed in Bombay & a Kirti-Kisan Party in Punjab. ● A Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan had been functioning in Madras since 1923. Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) ● By 1928 all of these provincial organizations had been renamed the Workers’ & Peasants’ Party (WPP) & knit into an All India party, whose units were also set up in Rajasthan, UP & Delhi. ● All Communists were members of this party. ● All these communist groups & workers' & peasants' parties remained an integral part of the national movement. Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) Decline ● As if the Government blow was not enough, the Communists inflicted a more deadly blow on themselves by taking a sudden lurch towards what is described in leftist terminology as ‘leftist deviation’. ● Guided by the resolutions of the 6th Congress of the Communist International, Communists broke their connection with the Congress & declared it to be a class party of bourgeoisie. ● Moreover, the Congress & the bourgeoisie it supposedly represented were declared to have become supporters of imperialism. Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) Decline ● Congress plans to organize a mass movement around the slogan of Poorna Swaraj were seen as sham efforts to gain influence over the masses by bourgeois leaders who were working for a compromise with British imperialism. ● Congress left leaders, such as Nehru & Bose, were described as ‘agents of the bourgeoisie within the national movement who were out to ‘bamboozle the mass of workers’ & keep the masses under bourgeois influence. ● Communists were now out to ‘expose’ all talk of non- violent struggle & advance the slogan of armed struggle against imperialism, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was described as a proof of the Congress betrayal of nationalism. Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) ● Finally, the Workers’ & Peasants’ Party was also dissolved on the ground that it was unadvisable to form a 2-class party for it was likely to fall prey to petty bourgeois influences. ● Communists were to concentrate, instead, on the formation of an ‘illegal, independent & centralized’ communist party. ● The result of this sudden shift in the Communists’ political position was their isolation from the national movement. ● At the very moment when it was gearing up for its greatest mass struggle & conditions were ripe for massive growth in the influence of the Left over it. Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) ● Further, the Communists split into several splinter groups. ● The Communist movement was, however, saved from disaster because, on the one hand, many of the Communists refused to stand apart from the Civil Disobedience Movement & participated actively in it, &, on the other hand, socialist & communist ideas continued to spread in the country. ● Consequently, many young persons who participated in the CDM or in Revolutionary Terrorist organizations were attracted by socialism, Marxism & the Soviet Union, & joined the CPI after 1934. Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) ● 1934: Government took further advantage of this situation & declared the CPI illegal. ● The situation underwent a radical change in 1935 when the Communist Party was reorganized under the leadership of P.C. Joshi. ● Faced with the threat of fascism the 7th Congress of the Communist International, meeting at Moscow in August 1935, radically changed its earlier position & advocated the formation of a united front with socialists & other anti-fascists in the capitalist Countries & with bourgeois-led nationalist movements in colonial countries. Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) ● Indian Communists were to once again participate in the activities of the mainstream of the national movement led by the Congress. ● The theoretical & political basis for the change in communist politics in India was laid in early 1936 by a document popularly known as the Dun-Bradley Thesis. ● According to this thesis, INC could play ‘a great part & a foremost part in the work of realizing the anti-imperialist people’s front.’ Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) 2019 With reference to Indian National Movement, consider the following pairs: Person Position, held 1. Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru President, All India Liberal Federation 2. K. C. Neogy Member, The Constituent Assembly 3. P. C. Joshi General Secretary, Communist Party of India Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) Methods of Mobilization ● Strikes in urban areas ● Writers published journals ● Pamphlets were issued ● Bombay: S.A. Dange published a pamphlet Gandhi & Lenin & started the 1st socialist weekly, The Socialist; ● Bengal: Muzaffar Ahmed brought out Navayug & later founded the Langal in cooperation with the poet Nazrul Islam; ● Punjab: Ghulam Hussain & others published Inquilab; ● Madras: M. Singaravelu founded the Labour-Kisan Gazette. Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) Left Groups in Congress ● The movement originated from 1917 October Revolution. ● 1927: JL Nehru attended the international Congress against Colonial Oppression & imperialism, held at Brussels, & came into contact with communists & anti- colonial fighters from all over the world. ● 1928: Jawaharlal joined hands with S C Bose to organize the Independence for India League to fight for complete independence & ‘a socialist revision of the economic structure of society.’ Module XVi: Towards Mass Nationalism 1935-40 Module XVI:Modern Towards History: Module Mass XVIII Nationalism - (Mass Nationalism: 1935 1935--4040) ● These ideas inspired many socialist & communist groups
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