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IN TIDS ISSUE May 15. 1959 Vel\ II No .• ~ PAGE rAGE EDITORIAL: China Is Angry with India Dalai Lama-A Headache b,Y S. Ramanathan 12 From Lhassa to De_lhi b}} Anihon,Y Ellenjimittam 13 AFTICLES The Impact of the Plan on the Common Man .•• 14 Humpty-Dumpty Nehru's Fall b}} M. N. Tholal 4 Congress Needs a New Leadership Limits of State Action b}} M.A. Venkata Rao . · · 6 b:y K. Kumar Sekhar 20 That Silly Question b}} H. V. Kamalh 9 Book Reviews 21 Diamat b.:y Philip Spratt 21 The Free Will and the Market Place b:y Franlr Chadarov 10 Natural Economic Order b:y Silvio Gesell

EDITORIAL Also, he should have known what value to set on CHINA IS ANGRY WITH INDIA OVER TIBET Chou En-lai's assurance to him that he would respect rr HE statements of the Prime Minister about the Tibetan autonomy and would let the Dalai Lama Sino-Tibetan conflict and the clear policy of retain his traditional position of national and spiritual friendship with China, desire for the autonomy of leadership. Tibet as a buffer state between her and India and There is one defect in the policy statements of the sympathy with the sufferings of the Tibetan people Prime Minister, and that is the absence of a clear under the reforming zeal of the Reds have been res­ charge against the Chinese that they had broken the trained and tactful. They have put first things first and au~nomy clause of the Sino-Tibetan treaty of 1951. have expressed the sentiments· of the Indian people As Jai Prakash Narain puts it, we should have no with perfect clarity and dignity. As an American hesitation in calling a spade a spade. Friendship paper put it, they were 'literate and civilised'. should be no bar to truth and sincerity. In glaring contrast to Nehru's tone, spokesmen of SINO-TIBETAN :AGREEMENT OF 1951 the Chinese Government, officialdom and Party have It is worthwhile to place on record that part of the gone all out in unrestrained and almost brutal con­ Sino-Tibetan Agreement which includes the autonomy demnation of India's sympathy for the Tibetans. Chou clause without ambiguity. En-lai himself set the example by asking Nehru in his !>peech, at the Chinese National Conference: "with l. That Tibet would enjoy regional autonomy and whom he sympathised-the reactionary upper strata that the Chinese Central Government would not in­ aided by foreign imperialists or with the poor Tibetans terfere with its political institutions and internal ad­ who were oppressed by them so long?" ministration. This is the familiar communist distinction between 2. and 3 refer to Chinese responsibility for foreign the upper class of "exploiters" and the lower class of relations and the stationing of troops in Tibet. .. have-nots" in every nation. Communists have com­ 4. That the Chinese Central Government would !'litted themselves to liberating the poor of every nation recognise and maintain that Dalai Lama•s position: m the world, in due course, from their own upper that the Panchen Lama would be allowed to return dass! They do not believe in the validity and sanctity of nationalism binding the classes together in homo­ geneous bonds of fellow-feeling. ATTENTION So when Chinese armies marched on Tibet, Nehru •seholal'ships p-anted to Post-rraduate students Ia asked in dismay from whom they proposed to libe­ -Economir:s, who are able to undertake reserch iD Free rate the Tibetans? Economy from LibertariaD poi.Dt of view. AppJ7 : . He should have known communist doctrine by that SeeretaQ'. R- L Foundatioa.. Ar7a BhUVa.Jlo Saadlau.n& ttme and need not have~ dismayed and puz;;Jed. Road. Bomba7 L .. to the part o! !ibet formerly ruled by his predecessors 'was surprised that so old and civilised a nation as. and that relig1ous_ freedom '~~\l,ld be protected. · . ,~China s~ould use such vulgar abuse. One paper said 5. That the T1betan Reg10il!\_l Government would- 1 that· Chma was now strong and would not tolerate voluntarily ·carry out reform witHQut interference from the hogs who thrust their snouts into their country's. the Central Government and thaP.ehe 'latter· should .. affait16.! ~ssis.t t_he Tibetan ~ople in their political. erooorriic. It is understood that the recent toning down of the mdustnal, commerc1al, cultural and educatiOnal deve- harshness in Pravda and other Russian papers is due~ lopment. to the representatiofi! made in Moscow by our Ambas- Perhaps it is tfiis clause under which the Chinese sador. justify their interference under the name of reform. It remains to be seen how lono the Chinese will~ The reforms introduced were typically communist keep up this massive barrage of vituoeration and· and left but little autonomy to the Tibetan authoriies wa.rning. This has _become a major aspect of the re­ and common people. latiOns between India and China and has shown how· frail and unreliable the famed Panchsheel has been. The planting of Jakhs of Chinese settlers in the midst of the Tibetans on their best lands, the robbery. India is now caught on the horns of a dilem- of monasteries under the name of loans, the sending ma whether to continue friendly relations in trust or of workers to distant places for labour on military to seek a closer aliRnment with the Western Powers· establishments and roads, the incitement of the lower Nf!W Delhi is vacillating. ' classes against the lamas and official hierarchy, above But it should be remembered that India's interest all the notorious land reforms which means robbing in Tibet is more political than cultural, in spite of· Peter to pay Paul. These are not reforms that can Nehru's statement. be forced on an unwilling people.· They are reforms India's interest stems for the fact of security Old that destroy the entire social system and ways of life Tibet was an unarmed nation and its buffer status: of the people. No wonder the Tibetans rebelled. The prevented Russia and China from penetrating its ter­ re'6e11ion began some three years ago. India was ritory and building military installations there. This adopting a hush hush policy and discouraged journal- was ~ factor for peace and security for India. But· ists from sending reports about the clashes in Tibet. today this position has changed. China has built mili- INDIA'S INTEREST IN TIBET tary roads and aerodromes. Her planes are within an· The Prime Minister has recently been stressing that hour's flying dis.tance from Delhi-and the other cities India's interest in Tibet and its Dalai Lama is prima­ of the Gangetic Valley. This necessitates vast cxpen-· rily cultural and sentimental and not political. diture on our part on similar military roads and instal­ This in an indication that he has resolved to wash lations on our side· of the border and the stationing his hands of the tangle and sacrifice Tibet for the mkt! of troops near the various pass.es in the Himalavas. of mollifying China's wounded sensibility. For the first time in history, India has lost her Hima- Nehru himself has expressed surprise at the tough layan shield. · and brutal nature of the attack made bv newspapers The expansionist nature of China so strikingiy re­ and officials and politicians on him and India. He vealed in this Tibetan suppression is a warning that· we rely on mere Panchasheela at our peril. We netd not repudiate it in public in so many wordv but we· Tlu~. llltlian LiiJertarian should keep our powder dry and look around for sup­ Independent Journal of Free Economy porters in case of conflict. This is but the sheerest' and P.ublic Affairs prudence. Edited by Miss KUSUM LoTWALA Pak Diplomacy in Relation to Tii>etan Troubl~ Published on the 1st and 15th of Each Month Pakistani leaders seem to hope for a windfall fr'Jm· Single Copy 25 Naye Paise the suffering of India consequent on the Tibetan· Subscription Rates : trouble. · Annual Rs. 6; Half Yearly Rs. 3 Mr. Qadir, the Foreign Minister of Pakistan had let ADVERTISEMENTS RATES out on his way from a SEATO meeting that the Tibetan Full Page Rs, 100; Half Page Rs. 50; Quarter Page imbroglio might lead to a change of policy on the Rs. 25. part of India. He meant that India might Jean towards· One-eighth Page Rs. 15 One full column of a Page Rs. 50. the West and so come closer to Pakistan. BACK COVER ...... Rs. 150 The hopes of the Pakistanis seem to be that India SECOND COVER ...... Rs. 125 might be persuaded to yield to them in the matter of THIRD COVER ...... Rs. 125 Kashmir and the Canal Waters for the sake of a mili­ • Articles from readers and contributprs are accepted. Articles meant for publicataion should be type­ tary rapproachment vis a vis China. They say that written and on one side of the paper only. neither India nor Pakistan could defend themselves • Publications of articles does not mean editorial en­ against China should a show-down occur. But if there dorsement since the Journal is also a Free Forum. • Rejected articles will be returned to the writers if is a military alliance betwee-n India and Pakistan, the accompanied with stamped' addressed envelope. two together will be better equipped to meet the Red' Write to the M~ager for sample copy Menace. and gifts ta new subscribers. It is clear that this is but a ruse to cash in en the Arya Bhuvan, Sandhurst Road, Bombay 4. moment of depression and doubt that India may be­ having at present in regard to her security. The right

THE INDIAN UBERTARIAN 2 answer to it is to contrive that the Western Powers that China will not forget this idea. It is significant . guarantee the defence of India or agree to come to in this context that latterly Chinese maps of the Sino­ the aid of India in case of attack by the Chinese. Indian border areas include Ladakh in China~ Mere agreement \vith Pakistan is of no use, even if Readiness to judge the Great Powers should there­ s~ch an agreement with such a neighbour couid be fore be fortified by adequate military alliances-in our relied upon. Such reliance goes against all history and case with the Western Powers. Pakistani psychology. But Pandit Nehru is one who learns nothing and The Communist Party of India forgets nothing. He has rejecte~ such. an allian~e with Once again as on the Hungarian issue, the Indian Pakistan in return of concessiOns m Kashmir and Communist Party has shown itself in its true colours. 'Canal waters. In regard to Tibet, the CPI has acted like China's He has asked the wrong question-Against whom mouthpiece. In a statement, it supports and con­ is the alliance to be forged? Is the model that of gratulates the Chinese Government for meeting the Baghdad Pact or SEA TO? difficult situation in Tibet, (it adds the characteristic Now this is a wrong-headed question. The alliance falsehood) with the "utmost regard for human con­ need not be. against anyone in particular. It might be siderations, of Tibetan autonomy and the unity of the for Defence against aggression. Pandit Nehru has a Chinese nation!" wholly distorted notion of pacts. There are pacts and pacts. Isolation in such a time as the present when the The statement takes the Jana Sangh and the PSP ·world is divided without remainder into two and only to task for raising the Tibet issue and for whipping two power blocs. It is profound unwisdom to remain up anti-Chinese feeling. · without allies. It is silent on its own behaviour in whipping up ·Moral Judgment anti-American feeling on every occasion with or with­ While adhering to Panchsheela, the question has out provocation. been raised whether we ought to silence our moral It is clear that the CPI is a limb of international judgment on vital issues when the freedom of whole communism. Mrs. Indira Gandhi, it is gratifying to peoples is suppressed by one of the two Big Power note, said in one of her speeches in her Kerala tour blocs. It may offend the wrongdoer like Russia in of early May that the CPI takes orders from foreign Hungary in 1956 and China today in Tibet. Powers. If so, why does she not move to have it Of course, like the Swiss and Swedish, we could banned? How can democracy and nationalism interpret our neutrality as obliging us to keep silent tolerate such an extra-territorialist group to function as -and refrain from even moral judgment. a full-fledged parliamentary party in the country:' But unfortunately India under Nehru has built a In Kerala Mrs. Indira Gandhi also let out that "what tradition of posing as the voice of the world's cons­ she had heard of the CPI in that State was enough to . cience. Nehru's delay and hesitation in condemning frighten herd" Russian invasion of Hungary on 4 November was ·criticised by the whole world. India's condemnation In the Arab World, President Nasser has continued ·of the Anglo-French-Israeli combine was spontaneous, to make grave and uncompromising charges against immediate and violent. India's expression of sym­ the local communist party and against international pathy with the Algerian rebels has also been frequent communism as well. ·and uncompromising, ignoring the affront it gives to the proud French. He has declared that they interfere in the internal affairs of the Arab world. The French writer Albert Camus declared in rela­ tion to the Hungarian crisis when the Western cham­ Nasser is incensed with the Russian support to pions of liberty refrained from going to the aid of Abdul Kassem. After all the Russians have always Hungary in her dire need "that though we migilt be aimed at penetrating into Iraq ani:J Iran and making -powerless to do anything, we can at least refuse to of them spheres of her influence. Russia entered into accept and condone what has happened. We can a pact before the war for this purpose in which the l<:eep our hearts and minds alive to it, we can refuse area of the Persian Gulf generally· was claimed for 1o countenance falsehood and keep faith with innocence Russia's sphere of influence. Now that Kassem has even after murder." allowed communists to help him mobilise support J ai Prakash Narain in India has made a similar state­ against Nasserises in Iraq, Khrushchev is trying to cash ment. Courage to tell the truth should be preserved in on it. Four ministers in Kassem's cabinet are ·even at cost of injuring friendship with the guilty communist. Power. A cartoon in an American magazine shows the birds But such condemnations do hurt the Power con­ Khrushchev and Nasser sitting on the same Iraqi egg ·cerned. It waits for an opportunity to take revenge! and asks what the egg will be-communist or Arab Mr. Surawardy when he was Prime Minister of Nasserite? Pakistan seems to have suggested a Deal with China Nasser in his irritation with Khrushchev went so dividing Kashmir. The Kashmir Valley proper, he far as to mention Lenin's dismissal of the Constituent wanted for Pakistan. He suggested that Ladakh in Assembly in the October Revolution. The claim of virtue of its Tibetan culture should go to China and Russia to be democratic is bogus! t.hat India might retain Jammu! It may be assumed

l MDJ JS, 1959 l-lumpty-Dumpty Nehru's Fall By M. N. THOLAL --:o:-- RIME Minister Nehru's statement in Parliament plight." All these are contradictory sentiments sug­ P on April 27 last deserves the most careful analysis. gesting that hyprocrisy has a considerable part to play as it reveals the absurdity of our foreign policy and in their manufacture. They show that our Prime Mi­ the pitfalls that policy is digging for the nation. The nister is a bundle of contradictory sentiments which necessity for such analysis is all the greater if there is he has never succeeded in harmonising for his own no awareness on the part of our policy-makers of spiritual welfare. The contradiction involved becomes the pitfalls they are unconsciously digging for the apparent when he says: country. "The matter," as he said, "is too seriou;, to "We hope still that the authorities of China, in be dealt with in a trivial or excited way," and yet their wisdom, will not · use their great strength. even a cursory perusal of his statement cannot but against the Tibetans but wili win them to friendly leave the impression on an unbiassed mind that his co-operation in accordance with the ass.urances they manner of dealing with the matter was trivial-as themselves have given about the autonomy of the usual. I proceed to show how. Tibet region. Above aO, we hope that the present Mr. Nehru re-iterated what he said sometime ago fighting and killing will cease." that "our broad policy was governed by these tactors: He really cannot say after this -even granting the· (1) the perservation of the security and integrity of apparent soundness of his advice-that he has "no­ India; (2) our desire to maintain friendly relations with desire whatever to interfere in Tibet". If he had no China and (3) our deep sympathy for the people of desire whatever to interfere in Tib~t. he s.hould have: Tibet." Obvious.ly, the first of these factors is of para­ kept quiet. mount importance for any patriot, and even our de­ sire to maintain friendly relations with China as. well WE HAVE A RIGHT TO INTERFERE as our deep sympathy for the people of Tibet, if they The fact of the matter is. that we Indians have a: are to have any validity, must not in any way inter­ right to interfere in Tibet because China used our good fere with the preservation of the security and integrity offices to establish a foothold there with the heip of of India. and as soon as they begin doing so. must the Dalai Lama. It is now clear that the Chinese as­ be brushed aside as irrelevant and unpatriotic. surances regarding the autonomy of the Tibet region were no more than the usual trick of the Communist DEFIANCE OF HIS OWN PRINCIPLES trade and that double-crossing us and the Dalai Lama · Recent facts, however, unfortunat.ely prove that the was not far from the Chinese mind when Chou En-lai . preservation of the security and integrity of India has assured Mr. Nehru that even the ref0rms which the not been the paramount factor broadly governing our Chinese would like to come in progressively in Tibet foreign policy. If that had been the case Tibet would "they proposed to postpone for a considerable time." not have been handed over to China in the manner Surely such double-crossing and breach of faith as it was. Mr. Nehru has always been an enemy of colo­ China has exemplified, deserve. according to all stand­ nialism. He has always upheld the right of people to ards of moralty, much stronger language than Mr. determine their own future. He concedes rightly Nehru has chosen to use in the treatment of the great­ enough that the people of Tibet do not belong to the est tragedy of Asia of ·recent times. Strong language Chinese stock. Indeed, he has in his statement of aside, he is not even prepared to call a spade a spade. April 27. gone so far as to concede that "the distance The use of s.tronger language would have been jus­ between .the two is great and there appears to be tified on personal grounds too, for the Chinese have hardly any meeting point." Under the circumstances not hesisted to invent fantastic theories to justify Mr. Nehru's performance as the ·best man in the mar­ their action in Tibet. One of these, to quote Mr. riage of China with Tibet was devoid of all the prin­ Nehru. "is tne charge· of keeping the Dalai Lama ciples he has held dear (or at least professed to hold under duress." When such chargeSI are made against' dear) all his life. I have always wondered how Mr. one's country the use of soft language is apt to be Nehru's principles-which he is never tired of adum­ mistaken for an indirect admission of the truth of brating-disappear whenever there is an occasion for the accusation, and surely a display of anger in retort translating them into action. Surely even the Briti~h to a deliberate lie would not have taken away from expansionism which he condemns so unreser":edl¥ m the morality of the tone of the Prime Minis.ter's state­ his statement of April 27 could not have JUStified ment of April 27. He generally allows his moral fer­ the Chinese expansionism which he underw!ote by vour to develop at the. expense of the British. Refer­ passing Tibet on to China. He seems to thmk that ring to the British policy of expansion into Tibet­ that was the only rejoinder he could make to offset which is now a matter of past history-he says: "That British expanionis.m. If that is so, all that need be was in our opinion, an unjustified and cruel adven­ said is that he has no principles of any kind. ture which brought much harm to the Tibetans.." but "We have no desire whatever to interfere in Tibet," regarding the Chinese expansion_ into Tibet-w~ich is says Mr. Nehru, "We have every desire to maintain currently making our blood bo1l-he has nothmg to the friendship between India and China, but at the say beyond expressing the hope that the "'present same time we have every sympathy for the people of fighting and killing will cease" and that the autonomy Tibet and we are greatly dis.tressed at their hapless of the Tibetan region will be. preserved .. Indeed, even

'THE !.\'DIAN UBERTARJAN 4 after the gruesome tragedy enacted in Tibet by the nothing to do with the national interest. It is puprely ·Chinese Army, Mr. Nehru has the hardihood to say personal. The wTioTe edifice of his neutralism, bas.ed ·Of Tibetans: "Fears. and apprehensions about their as it was on a semblance of moralitv in the Commu­ future gripped their minds and the nattionalist upsurge nist camp, has toppled down. The ground on which . swayed their feelings. Their ftars may have been un­ he stood all these years is slipping away from beneath justified, but surely they cannot be denied." his feet and he is indirectly saying to the Chin..:sc: FC'r Heaven's. sake, save me! Friendship cannot for long The obvious tear of China and the Communist bloc remain a one-way traffic, in the face of intimidation which grips Mr. Nehru's mind bodes ill for the coun­ and threats of the might of 650 million people. In­ try. Right at the time when the Tibetans' worst fears deed, he finds himself in the same predicament as have been justified, Mr. Nehru says, "Their fears may Humpty Dumpty. have been unjustifiedd" If Mr. Nehru thinks that this Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, manner of putting the Tibetan's case is going to please Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. the Tibetans or any right-minded person on earth, &Il Not all the King's horses, not all the King's men that need be said is that he is jolly well mistaken. But Can put Humpty Dumpty together again! it is intended obviously to please the aggressor in But, Nehru will not confess defeat, for the national 'Tibet, whose fear is writ large all over the statement interest is never in his mind. With the whole world of April 27. (Incidentally, Mr. Nehru has furnish~d laughing in its s.leeves, including the beloved USSR. another instance of his bias in favour of the Ccm­ be will go on hoping against hope and meet the fate ·munists-the first was furnished during the rape of of wishful thinkers, about whom Urdu's greatest poet. Hungary-though the rape of Tibet affects India Ghalib, once wrote: much more vitally than any other country in the Hum ko unse wafa ki hae ummeed world.) Does Mr. Nehru think that this. indirect reve­ Jo nalzin jante wafa kya hae! lation of fear-and regard for a country at a time of (We expect loyalty from those who do not know what such blatant aggression by her can only be classified loyalty is.) ;under fear-is going to do his country any good. FRIENDSHIP TO CONTINUE! At a time when the situation demanded outright TmS IS PUBLIC SECTOR ·condemnation in words which might have gone ring­ According to the information given by the Law ing down the history of these times. and echoed and Minister Shantilal Shah, Government of Bom­ re-echoed for years throughout the world, particularly bay, 2482 persons were killed in 103,262 traffic in Asia and Africa. Mr. Nehru makes it plain that the accidents in Bombay State all caused by the •endeavour "to cultivate the friendship of the Chinese State Transport Vehicles.-Trucks and Buses. The state and people continues." "We have every desire," number of those who hav~ been run over by the he says, "to maintain the friendship between India State Buses, but escaped death is not however and China." But, he continues, "at the same time given. It will be interesting to collect figures we have every sympathy for the people of Tibet and of similar casualties in other provinces caused we are greatly distressed at their hapless plight." Un­ by State-owned transport buses and trucks. fortunately for us, a situation has arisen which has knocked off the basis of our friendship with China and BREADS AND CIRCUSSES for this situation the Chinese aggression in Tibet in vio­ lation of her treaty with Tibet i~ solely responsible. Our Bombay Government's Law Minister Shanti­ sympathy for the people of Tibet, on the other hand, lal Shah, disclosed that an expenditure of Rs. is no mere ideological flourish but is also an offshoot 204277 was incurred in deputing 3383 policemen of our own national interest. Our aistress. at the llap­ for safety arrangements for the annual Con­ less plight of Tibet sterns also from our instinct of gres~ Tamasha this time held in Nagpur in self-preservation. If our sympathy with the people of January. . 'Tibet is based on international morality and the Oli- It is surprising, that this huge army of police­ nese violation of her pledge is. an exhibition of brute men were not able to restore order when dis­ force, then there is no moral sense in saying that "we turbances broke out in one of the sessions, until have eve(y desire to ·maintain friendship between some cinema actresses had to be brought to side­ India arid China." - track the attention of the angry crowd and to keep the cession going. It is China which should have been saying so after committing an act of naked aggression which opens the road to aggres~>ion against India. It is we who should NEVER SAY DIE have been denouncing Chinese expansionism but it is Over 20,000 bags of cement, out of a total China that is denou;cing our "espansionisrn". China stock of about six lakhs, stocked in the godov.'Tl has guaged Nehru very well and is following the us­ in Raichur district of Mysore State were found ual Communist maxim: "Attack is the best form of missing, according to a report submitted to the dcf~nce" ..And it is. Mr. Nehru who is. being apolo­ Government. getic, as 1f the Chmese chare:e of Indian ae:gression Rats and white ants are knov.'Tl to play havoc is true. - -- with Government stocks including steel safes and Godrej alrnirahs. Inspite of this the Gov­ But there is a great reason behind the apologetic €rnment is determined to play stockist of all tone of our Prime Minister. And that reason has food grains in the country.

s Ma) IS. 1959 THE LIMITS· OF /TATE ACTIOt~ By H. A. VENKATA RAO --:o:-- ODA Y we are letting the elected government of QUICK AND RAP1D INROADS the country have everything their own way and T Even as early as 1948, the industrial policy state-­ trespass beyond the limits of governmental action ment clearly laid down that the State reserved to it­ blithely, in sphere afttr sphere of citizens' legitimate self aU key lines of economic production and mana--­ activity. The only effective theories-(of State action, g~ment-stee_l a~d iron, s~ippin~. transport, railways. of the objectives of government policy, of the modes a1r commumcat1ons, bankmg, msurance, mines etc. of private enterprise to be permitted to citizens, of In accordance with this policy, extended in the policy· the interpretation of ·the Constitution and the Funda­ stateme~t of 1956, which adumbrates openly and; mental Rights. the degree of official discretion in the challengmgly a full socialist organisation of public· execution of the Criminal and Penal Code circum­ affairs coverin& th~ ~hole of the eco'!omy, leave by· scribing citizens' freedom etc.-) in actual practice mercy, a certam hm1ted sphere for pnvate enterprise: are those enunciated by Ministers in justification of which is also to function within the limits of overalL action already taken. The vast volume of experience State planning. and guidance available in the classics of democratic government crystallised out of Eur-american exper­ Next came the entry of the State into Trade-for­ ience is largely ignored. The party in power is behav­ eign . an.d domestic-under the plea of dealing with, ing as if the majority at the polls it has secured twice totahtanan States. But today we find it spreading its-. running (in the name of Gandhi and under the gla­ tentacles in trade after trade such as cement and man­ mour of having been instrumental in securing national ganese and shoes and exhibiting the all too familiar· independence (a doubtful claim) confers on it the phenomenon of overcharging, extravagance and waste. right and power to do everything without let or hind­ The sin lies not so much in inefficiency of dealino a~ rance. It has assumed the notion of Omni-competence in depriving thf! public of their natural and. traditional for government which is but another name for totali­ modes of earning their living. tarianism. The vast body of intellectuals (so-called) The socialist inspiration of the policy soon came in the professional vocations. in journalism and in the to be a cover for the profit motive. Life insurance· teaching line are making no contribution :worth the was annexed for the public sector with scarcely con­ name to clarify the issues implicit in the reiation<; cealed motives of earning profit to feed the grandiose- between government and the citizen under modern Five Year Plans! · · conditions of extreme complexity of social organ~sa­ The sudden and unprepared direction given by the· tion and under conditions natural to dependent nations Prime Minister, at a meeting of the National Develop­ for long under foreign rule, struggling to establish ment Council, to Chief Ministers of States to put in democratic usages institutions and precedents. hand immediately a scheme of State Trading in Food" THE APATHY OF THE "INTELLECTUALS" Grains, covering the whole country from the Hima­ The trend all over the globe today is toward:; col­ layas to the four seas is a. peak example of the totali­ lectivism of which the chief ingredient is socialism tarian manner in which our new democracy has­ (and communism). India under Nehru has definitely started to function. adopted this trend, as if it were the most natural thing THE LANGUAGE OF THE FUEHRER in the world, and as if it were the most beneficent Next we see the startling suddenness in which­ philosophy for the state and society to adopt. seven provincial Banks are being taken over to Central The general public, without the stimulating in­ Union Ownership. They were being controlled, along~ fluence of rational criticism and discussion of the prin· with all other banks, by the Reserve Bank without ciples involved (in club and office, platform and news­ ownership but it was not deemed sufficient, apparent­ paper at ~ast to the extent necessary), are not aware ly. Power lust on the part of Government is progress­ of the danger implicit in spontaneous and facile con· ing ·with seven league boots in our midst! formity to official views and ways. The present writer The remaining private banks will,no doubt, be an­ was amused and disturbed the other day when an nexed before long in the same abrupt manner regard­ old friend-a very intelligent and experienced teacher less of the criticism that may be expressed by indus.._ of long standing-said, as if it were the most natural trial and commercial circles. thin!! in the world that "after all, our traditional ethics The growing intolerance towards the private sector in the sastras and epics also taught socialism in prac· shows itself frequently in___tbe utterances of the Prime tical effect-exhorting us to observe dharma or to do Minister who hints at forthcoming mqves towards· good to society. He equated the welfare state and socialism as soon as the nublic seem to have digested· socialism with moral tradition and behests to do good! one set of invasion of public rights. No wonder that the ordinary man takes it for granted Mr. Lal Bahadur Sastry_ warned industrialists the· that the government is Ma and Bap in one and is en­ other day not to agitate for their so-called rights of titled to enter e~·t'ry sphere of private life in the private enterprise. He reminded them of the hostility name of doing public good! of the general public towards them as a class! This It is worth\vhile reminding ourselves how large a is intimidation and indicates the rapid change of atti­ field has already been pre-empted for state activity tude ·in ministerial ranks towards totalitarian power in the last few years. which socialism confers on them by right of Marxist THE INDIAN LIBERTARIAN 6 theory and the model of Soviet Russii The theory, Another field in which government are threatening under whose flag Soviet Russia has grown, so fast to compulsion is that of small loans to Government. lf the position of a world power rivalling the United the middle-classes from \\hom this kind of loan is . States, cannot be wrong! This seem to be now th~ asked do not give enough ~-olwztarily, it is said that niood of the Congress chota bosses under their Ieade:: Government will institute a system of force!d sa1·ings! Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. We recall the announcement by Khrushchev last The Prime Minister himself let out the thought year (or the year before the last) that his govern­ that the co-operative method should be applied some ment would not repay the loans deducted from the . day as part of socialism to big industry as. we II! The salaries of Soviet wage-earners for the last h\·cnty self-employing class investing capital of its own a!'d years-neither principal nor interest! What guarantee . affording employment to labour (of brawn and bram) is there. at the rate at which socialisation is being is therefore to be jettisoned some day. It may come forced on the country, that before the term atmounced sooner than anticipated. for repayment is reached. a similar repudiation wili HOLDING THE CITIZENS TO RANS01\1E not be made by our Government as well? Socialism Matching these incursions in industry and commerce, justifies such repudiation. -we have the daring and calam1tous policy of throwing For the. cold truth is that socialism claims full con­ the entire field of agriculture throughout the vast trol over the labour of all citizens by right of Karl ·country into the single mould of co-operative farming. Marx's doctrine under the ·plea that it will lead them The socialist secret to this move is to capture the to the earthly paradise in the next generations. "harvest from the hands of individual farmers. This The Ginger-Group is also whispering that it is ·will enable the State to give agriculturists the bare high time to make a beginning with compulsory la­ minimum of share in the crops and to maximise the bour! Mr. Nanda has said that he has accepted in -shate of the government, which will go to feed plan­ principle the idea of forcing the idle people in villages ning. This will facilitate the purchase of machinery and (why not in towns and cities, beginning with able-bodied · know-how from foreigners without vexatious foreign beggars?) to work on public works such as roads and exchange complications. The system of co-operative tanks for a minimum wage of 12 annas per day! It farms (called collective farms or production co-opera­ is clear that the socialist terminology of referring to tives in communist countries) is meant to confer free- human beings as labour commodity is having its na­ . dom of food and power on the government and not tural fruits. on tht! farmer. ThtA motive is both economic and poli­ tical. With the people's food in their hands, govern­ "MARX-IN-KHADI" SPEAKS OUT ment will have the whio-hand on the lives and labour The spirit of all these restrictions and invasions of ··of the agricultural pop-ulation. All independent farm­ citizens rights came out in a flash in a recent speech ers will have been reduced to the position of hired by the Prime Minister when he let out the idea that labourers-whose conditions of work and wages will ";egimentation. of thought is necessary", in so many ·be determined by the Government. words. If the salt itself loseth its savour, whereY.ith Socialism prides itself in liquidating feudalism. But will it be salted?-is the agonising cry with which it has the notorious distinction of putting in its place thoughtful people heard of this ·unguarded sally of ·a new system of serfdom more onerous than the old the Prime Minister-who is regarded fondly as the ·one under the feudal barons! hope of democracy in all the East! It is clear to all The final goal of all these piecemeal moves in our except the wilfully blind that the Prime Minister has country is becoming clear even to the densest intel­ let his socialism overcome his di!nwcracy. ligence, if only it is confronted with the facts. Move<> What then is the remedy? The remedy consists in are taking place simultaneously in so many fronts that a widespread realisation of the primary ideas of demo· the general public are not aware of the extent of the cracy. as expressed in society and State. The first such ·erosion of liberties that has already taken place. idea refers to the limits of State action. REGIMENTING THE YOUTH People should be taught the original function or the In the field of education. most States have intro­ State-its differentia that separates it from other sccial ·duced the entirely objectionable policy of monopolis­ institutions. The State should go back to its funda­ ing text,book trade in all its aspects-getting authors mental functions of maintaining law and order wilhin to write, printers to print and booksellers to sell. The society through the magistracy and the policy, of ad­ State has become the chief publisher or the only text­ judging the quarrels and mutual invasion of rights book publisher. We cannot object to the Communist by citizens, of keeping each vocation within its limits Government of Kerala adopting the practice when by preventing it from exploiting others, and of de­ Congress Governments. themselves have set the un­ fence against foreign invaders. \\·holesome example. The State may perform certain services requiring The range of compulsion is being extended insi­ uniformity and monopoly such as posts and tele· diously. Mr. La! Bahadur Sastry is threatening export­ graphs, railways and ordnance. ers that if they do not export enough to earn the for­ The socialist idea of making the State sole trader, eign exchange required for the Plans, he wiH intro­ sole manufacturing, sofe transporter, sole healer, sole duce compulsion! Government, that is to say, will educator. sole preacher of public morality, etc. etc. decree that a certain percentage of industrial produc­ should be rendered unpopular as destroying indivi­ tion should be sold abroad, irrespective of profit or dual liberty and democracy in due course. The theory convenience to the producer. of the cmni-competence cf the State implied in 7 socialism is accompanied by a number of other as­ PLACE OF ENGLISH sumptions which are equally deleterious and false. Marxism is committed to the idea of the State as Bombay Education Minister Hitendra Desai,. but a system of force used by a class in support of its replying to the debate on the Education grant,. sole interests. It holds that the liberal democratic State in the Bombay Assembly, stated that there was.. is motived by its interests in the capitalist class. no unanimity in the Secondary Education Com­ It holds that therefore there is no use in argument mittee over the teaching of English in Secon­ and persuasion with the holders of power even in a dary Schools. Members were divided on the· democracy! Bourgeois democracy cannot, it is said, question whether English should be taught from. by socialists, yield to the working class any essential the VIII standard as in Old Bombay, or from the· right but would, rather give up the pretence of de­ V as in Vidarbha and former Madhya Pradesh. mocracy and fight as a fascist State! The Committee has recommended teaching of English from the V standard "on an optionaL This conclusion iS~ wrong. It is psychologically basis under certain conditions." possible for a people to uphold the idea of the State as the agent of the common good of the whole o( Evading the issues is no solution for them. socit'ty. The State can be regarded as reconciler and Option given in Old Madhya Pradesh and pre­ regulator of all the conflicting interests of different sent Vidarbha, to Secondary School students in. classes. respect of Mathematics, has resulted only in. For this purpose. absolute impartiality as between creating a large army of Matriculates who are­ the interests of different pressure groups is necessary not admitted to technical courses, and to whom The State should be the fountain of justice first and clerical jobs are practically barred. The option foremost. For this purpose, it should not identfy has turned out to be option for ruining one's: itself with any particular class, whether of the rich or career. of the poor or of the middle-class. The State should be If English has a place in our national life and. above party and class, creed and community. administration, it is better that students are It is necessary in our country today to clarify the given adequate knowledge of the subject, with­ true function of the State which are limited in aim. The out giving them option to go out of schools ill­ freeing of the governmental apparatus from immersion equipped for life. Reference to All-India com­ in the defence of vested interests-whether of labour or petitive results will show that Bombay despite· of capital-is essential for the functioning of demo­ all the praises showered on it for advancement,. cracy and the guarantee of individual rights. It is only and Madhya Pradesh, figure very poorly in. libertarian doctrine that upholds such a view of the them. · State and Government. There is great need for convin­ The Education Minister rightly pointed out: ced lovers of liberty to expound the faith that is in that the place of English in Education must de­ them with reference to the rapidly encroaching tentacles pend upon All-India decisions. But so long as of governmental action and initiate. a healthier stream these decisions are not taken, the object of edu­ of tendency. This is true service more important than cation in any State should be to ensure that its. any other so-called constructive work such as bhood.:m. students are on level with those in other States.

THEORY AND PRACTICE IF INDIA TAKES TO HINDI, IT WILL BE A Communists never practice what they preach; their RULE BY ILLITERATES true intentions are always hidden from what they· profess. Shri Rajaji said recently that, if Hindi became the One of the pronouncements of Lenin's dated 1923· national language we would all be ruled by i11itcrates. inscribed in the Lenin's Museum runs as follows:-· If you disagree with this observation, study the fol­ .. "First we (the Communists) will take' Eastern Eu·· lowing Table. That the Hindi-speaking people have the rope, then the masses of Asia, then we will encircle· lowest proportion of literacy will be evident from the the United States, which will be the last bastion of Table given below:- capitalism. We will not have to attack. It will fall like· an overripe fruit into our hands ... PERCENTAGE OF LITERACY IN INDIA Yet, we find Khrushechev shouting at the top of his. Men Women Total voice that "we stand for World Peace", and (for con-· Population sumption of the neutral, countries). "We believe in· INDIA 24.87 7.87 16.61 co-existence". Bombay State 31.70 10.99 21.65 Truth is the first casualty in the communist schemata. Kerala State 50.37 31.65 40.88 of world conquest. Communists have scant respect for West Bangal 34.23 12.21 24.02 promises, which has been abundantly spelled out. Andhra Pradesh 19.67 6.84 13.12 Lenin: "Promises are like pie crusts, made to oe· Uttar Pradesh 17.38 3.56 10.80 broken." Stalin: "Good words are a mask for bad. Madhya Pradesh 16.22 3.22 9.83 deeds. Sincere diplomacy is no more possibll! than· Rajasthan 14.44 3.00 8.95 dry water or wooden iron." Recently, Bulganin: "The Bihar State 20.46 3.76 12.15 Communist party never makes a compromise unless. This information is official and taken from 'India 1957' it is iu its ultimate favour:•

THE INDIAN LIBERTARJAN 8 TH1\_T SILLY QUESrriON By H. V· KAMATH ~~~""' OT so very long ago, addressing a public meet­ THE HOUR WOULD BRING FORTH THE MAN N ing in Bombay, Prime Minister Nehru roundly It is said that the hour brings forth the man: call :berated those who raise the question: "After Nehru, it god, Fate, Time-spirit or what you will. There are. '"hat?" or ..After Nehru, who?" He observed that to use the famous words of Lokmanya Tilak, "higher such people \vere mostly those who were not -work­ tog hard enough for the development of the country, Powers that rule the destiny of men and thmgs". when he himself is still with us, fit and strong. He Nehru, though an agnostic,-and in this respect very unlike Tilak, Gandhi and Subhas, must, I daresay. felt that the question was a product of lazy or idle acknowledge, being the scientist that he is, that there minds, and added that such questions did not behave are forces mightier than man, forces that control him. people in a rising democracy. In spite of his admoni­ tion, however, the inane question continues to be use him, at times even master him, forces that :asked: "After Nehru, what?" "After Nehru, who?". mould events and shape history. And what extensive happiness can a truly great man experience than that To me it seems that the query emanates mostly he is being used for a great cause or purpose by a from sycophants or cowards, from toadies or pol­ Greater Power? I recall how Nehru once approvingly troons; and our country today, because of her depen­ quoted Bernard Shaw to that effect in the Lok Sabha . . dence on foreigners for centuries has, among her teem­ A person cast in such a mould would indeed be irri­ ing millions, a large number of such unenviable folk. tated and annoyed by tht question "What will hap­ ·Their attitude is reinforced by the Indian tradition of pen after you?" 0 ye of little faith! near-worshipping certain individuals, to such an ex­ tent that tney tend to be regarded as indispensable, I have not heard of such a question being rai~ed in and their departure from the terrestrial scene cannot other countries of the world, whether den"locratic or be contemplated without gnawing anxiety and fear. totalitarian. Did anybody in Britain, beJ-eagu~rcd and Acharya Kripalani once facttiously referred to this battered during World War II, bother to ;sk, ''After matter in the Lok Sabha, and said that it was not Churchill, What?" As a matter of fact they overthrow surprising that in a country where people worshipped the hero even before the war was over. Did anybody even trees and stones they should adore a nice man ask in the United States: "After Roosevelt, What?" ·]ike Nehru! Dr. Ambedkar, speaking in mon! !l·erious or even a century ago: "After Lincoln, What?" Was vein in the valedictory session of the Constituent As- - the question ever raised in Russia, "After Lenin, who?" .sembly, in Novem.ber 1949, warm!d that the tendency There the. Fates so conspired that after his (lenin's) Jo hero-worship bordering on deification so prevalent passing, the expected successor Trotsky went down, in this country would spell danger to a living and and the comparatively, unknown Stalin emerged to the vigorous democracy. fore. Even in our country people did not raise the question, "After Mahatma Gandhi, What?" as often I do not for a moment suggest that Jawaharlal as they have been doing about Nehru. May be it wa'.l Nehru has not played a vital, important and even es­ because wt were then fighting for political freedom, sential role in India's history, before and after inde­ while the responsibility for administration and defence pendence. But do those who torment themselves and of the country rested on the shoulders of foreigners. trouble others with the question, ..After Nehru, who We have felt frightened and worried since that heavy or what?" pause to think how much anguish they burden was transferred to our own shoulders amid the must be thereby causing to a great man who has set horror of a bloody partition. Somehow we don't yet his heart upon making India a mighty democratic re­ feel equal to the task, and in a crisis gripped world we public, capable of looking after itself, and has sought feel unsafe and insecure. More so because the Ad· to impart his passion to others? Surely Nehru is not ministration of the country, during the first decade after the sort of person who exults in the thought. "After Independence, fias been marked 6y planned plunder, me, the.Deluge", and those who think they will please wanton waste and criminal corruption on an unprece­ him by asking, "After Nehru, what?" are sadly mis­ dented scale. Besides, the tempermental, indecisive taken. I have no doubt whatever that he regards such but attractive personality of Nehru, with his restless persons as at least stupid or silly. He would, on the mind and tireless tongue, aggrandized by the adulation contrary, be delighted if people could confidently as­ of a fawning multitude, has exerted such tremendous sure him: "Jawaharlalji, you have been fighting and influence that our people's minds are filled with appre­ striving for over four decades. "You have~ shown us hension not so much for the future of democracy as the way. You may have made mistakes, even blund­ for the future itself after Nehru! ers, but you and we have learnt from such mistakes. NOT MATURE FOR DEMOCRACY ~'e will put forth our best efforts for the country. JUst as you have done in your time. You have so We still need decades of strenuous trainin!! before ht;lped us to grow. that we should not feel helpless we can attain political maturity, and learn to appreciate Without you. Pand1t Nehru is never tired of exhort­ and assess the necessity, the importance of great lea· ing people to "walk erect,. with heads held high. •• ders. without regardin.g them as absolutely indispen­ and to "stand on your own feet." sable, and without getting frightened to death at the

9 May 15. !95~ prospect of their leaving the scene in accordance with gress ~Y whi~h he has led these mimy years is fast God's will. becom.mg a thing of shreds and patches in almost While our Premier does, doubtless, possess many ~very State. T~e. administ~ative machine is cracking. shining qualities, his position, power and prestige are m every other JOmt, and Is unable to cope with the in considerable measure derived from the fact that demands made upon it by·the ruling party"s insatiable Mahatma Gandhi publicly proclaimed him, in the early appetite for economic as well as political power. The forties. as his "heir," as well as from the fact that Prime Minister's proneness to shield wrong-doers for his opulent father, Motilal Nehru, relieved him of ali reasons divorced from public interest has led to a financial worry, and enabled him to become a 'whok­ perceptible decline in public standar.ds, and seriously· timer' in politics from his early youth. After India injured the morale of the public services. His master­ became politically free, the sudden disappearance of ly inactivity in the face of Pakistan aggression, his­ Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose eliminated the only for­ ·volte face' over Goa, his vacillation over Hungary· midable rival that he ever had. and Tibet have evoked adverse, even caustic com­ A GOAL-LESS SOCIETY ment at home and abroad. Nevertheless Nehru's great­ est asset has been his •mass appeal.' and it caimot. Strangely enough, the Mahatma's •heir' is promot­ be gainsaid that in our India today he still has thi& ing perhaps unawares, a Godless state and a goal-less in fair measure. society in India. That is why the Plan and "Pancha­ Posterity is likely to ask: "Jawaharlal Nehru had. sheela" are going away. How can Nehru possibly for­ so much power, yet he achieved so little. "Why''? get that our political awakening was preceded by a We in our generation are confronted with "After spiritual renaissance, illumined by Ramakishna and Nehru, Who?" or "After Nehru, What?" It is. Dayananda, and nurtured by Vivekananda and Auro­ ·a rapid question that deserves no answer. For bindo? Any attempt to break away from the undying Nehru himself has voiced his conviction that this.. spiritual genius of India will damage the very fabric great country will maintain its steady progress. of our life and culture. And in a press conference sometime ago he Today as he surveys the national landscape, Nehru himself gave an appropriate answer, in his character­ cannot feel very happy. While our country has pur­ istic style, albeit in another context: "What the future­ sued global glamour with some degree of success the developments may be, depends upon the future, L home fires are growing dimmer day by day. The Con- cannot say.. ! The Free Will and the Market Place II* By FRANK CHODOROV

~ T HE possibility of specialization as population in- we hold that he should suffer the consequences, andJ creasts is enhanced by another pecularily human hope that he will learn from the unpleasant experience. characteristic_:the trading instinct. A trade is the giv­ So it must be in his search for a more abundant ing up of something one has in order to acquire some­ life. If in his search Ior a good life the human must. thing he wants. The trader puts less worth on what be allowed to make use of liis free will, why should: he possesses than what he desires. This is what we he not be accorded the same right in the search for call evaluation. a more abundant life? Many of the persons who would. It is not necessary here to go into the theory. or abolish free choice in the market place logically con­ theories, of value except to point out that evaluation clude that man is not endowed with free will, that­ is a psychological process. It springs from the human free will is a fiction, that man is merely a product of' capacity to judge the intensity of various desires. The his environment. This premise ineluctably leads them fisherman has more fish than he cares to eat but to the denial of the soul and, of course, the denial of would like to add potatoes to his menu; he puts a God. lower value on fish than on potatoes; the farmer is in the opposite position, his barn being full of potatoes Those who rail against the market place as if it and his plate devoid of fish. If an exchange can be were a den of iniquity or against its techniques as· effected, both will profit, both will acquire an added being founded in man's inhumanity, overlook the: satisfaction. In every trade-provided neither force function of the market place in bringing people into nor fraud is involved-seller and buyer both profit. closer contact with -one another. Remember, the mar-­ Only man is a trader. No other creature is capable ket place makes specialization possible, but sp~ciali­ of estimating the .intensity of its desire and of giving zation makes men interdependent. The first p1onee~ up what it has in order to get something it wants. somehow or other made his cabin; but his son, hav­ Man alone has the gift of free will. To be sure, he ing accustomed himself to hir~ng a profe~sional c~r­ may go wrong in his estimate and may make a trade penter, can hardly put up a smgle shelf m a ca?m~ that is to his disadvantage. In his moral lift, too, he And today, if some catastrophe shou!~ cut off Mad1s?n may err. But when he makes the wrong moral choice from the surrounding farms, the Citizens of the City­ would starve. If the market place were abolished,. *This is the second and final part of the article. people would still pass the time of day or exchange The first part appeared in our issue of April 15, 1959. recipes or bits of news: but they would no longer 'le- THE INDIAN UBERTARJAN 10 -dependent en one another. and their self-sufficiency the community does not gain. A business that fails would tend to break down their society. For that rea­ does not pros~r society. .-son we can say that society and the market place are THE DISTRIBUTIVE FUNCTION two sides of the same coin. lf God intended man to . be a social animal. he intended him to have a market The market place not only facilitates the distribu­ place. tion of abundances-including the abundances that nature has spread all over the globe, lik..: the coal of TRADERS SERVE ONE ANOTHER Pennlyvania for the citrus fruit of Florida, or the oil But Jet me return to our imaginary experiment. of Iran fori the coffee of Brazil-but it also directs the We f~und that as the pioneer colony grew in num­ energies of all the specialists who make up society . .. hers, a tendency toward specialization arose. It was This it does through the instrumentality of its price . found that by this division of labour more could be indicator. On this instrument are recorded in unmis­ produced. But this profusion from specialization would takable terms just what the various members of the . serve no purpose unless some way were found to dis­ society want, and how mudi they want it. If the hand tribute it. The way is to trade. The shoe-maker, for on this indicator goes up, if higher prices are bid for instance. makes a lot of shoes of various siz~s. but a certain commodity. the producers are advised that he is not interested in shoes per se; after all. he can there is a demand for this commodity in excess of the wear .but one pair and of one particular size. ij.e supply, ar.d they then know how best to invest their makes the other shoes because other people want them labors for their own profits and for the profit of and will. give him in exchange the thi~gs h~ wa~ts; society. A lower price, on the other hand, tells them , bread raiment. books what not-the thmgs m which that there is a superfluity of a certain commodity, and his ~terest would naturally lie. He makes shoes in they know that to make more of it would entail a . order to serve himself, but in order to serve himself. loss because Society has a sufficiency. he has to serve others. He has to render a social ser­ The price indicator is an automatic device for re­ vice in order to pursue his own search for a more cording the freely expressed wishes of the community . abundant life. members, the tally of their dollar ballots for this or In our lexicon we refer to a business undertaking that satisfaction, the spontaneous and noncoercive by the Governmtnt as a· social service; bu~ this is a regulator of productive effort. One who chooses to misnomer, because, we can never be certam that the tamper with this delicate instrument does so at the ·service rendered by the Government 6usiness is accep­ risk of producing a· scarcity of the things wanted or table to society. Society is compelled to accept these an overabundance of unwanted things.; for he disturbs :rervices. or to pay for them even if unwanted. The the national order. -element of force is never absent from a Government ·managed business. On the other hand, the private , BENEFICIARIES OF COMPETITION ·entrepreneur cannot exist unless society voluntarily ac­ One more social function of the market place needs ·cepts what he has to offer; he must render a social mentioning. It is the determinant of productive effi­ :service or go out of business. ciency, provided, of course, it is permitted to operate Let us suppose that this shoemaker is especially according to the unimpeded motive power of free will. •efficient. that many people in the community like his In the primitive economy we have been examining, :service, and therefore trade with him. He acquires one shoemai

THE INDIAN UBERTARIAN 12 THE NATIONAUST VIEW FROM LHASA TO DELHI By ANTHONY ELENJIMITTAM --:o:-- ENIN had said: "The way from Moscow to Paris sive forces? The Chinese have a totally mobilized L lies, through Peking and Calcutta"." The unscru­ army with several millions under arms, drawn from pulous, ruthless rape of Tibet by Communist China the immense man power that is theirs. But ours is has brought the red star to the very doorsteps of India. a paid army, still modelled to the old British pattern. That peaceful, unarmed and mystical tableland, the We take credit on the peace mission of our armed •roof of the world," is stripped naked of her freedom, forces in Korea, Indo-China and elsewhere. But, what honour and life overnight through sheer might of the in time of war? Specially with the Red China? And Chinese Reds. Dalai Lama, the Pope of Buddhism American-armed Pakistan? is now a political refugee in our country. What next? Perhaps the answer to these questions may be .. top­ RED PRETENSIONS EXPOSED secrets" known to our Defenct Ministry or top-lead­ Those who for purely humanitarian motives look~d ers. But in a democracy, the people have a right to to Socialism as the redeemer of the exploited and know the facts and figures to ease their conscience and "have-nots" are now to revise their attitude to the lwpe for a futurf! for them and their progeny. entire leftist political ideology. Communism was al­ With the total conquest of Tibet by China the road ways associated with hatred and violence. Time was from Lhasa. to Delhi is open~d. There is no more any when it was preached from the housetops that class buffer state in between. We are now faced with the hatred and violence was restricted to Russia, and that problem of survival and territorial integrity of that China had a peaceful garb around her communism. India that is left over after that cruel vivisection of When the Chinese Reds advanced into Korea and our own indivisible Bharat into India and Pakistan. halted the American army, Asian nationalists thought Past is past; yet the past is an index to the future. that it was purely a defensive war to save the honour All of us have to wake up and work hard to maintain and integrity of an Asian country from the Yanks. freedom and integrity in our country. But now, with the rape of Tibet, all masks of Red China are remnved. We are face to face with a naked, DON'T EXCHANGE INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM cruel and the most outright aggression on a military TO THE DEMAGOGUES weak and spiritually peaceful country. We have to No matter what you do for a living, whether open our eyes now. you have your own business or work for others. Government influence on your work is some­ India's defensive power is in no way a match to thing that you ought to understand and which .the Chinese war machine. Like Tibet we have re­ you cannot afford to ignore. Work is primarily a mained a super-religious country with a high pitch of means to an end-the earning and accumulation idealism and transcendantal talks, but in economy, of money to enable you to live and do the things social uplift, military defensive powers we have re­ you want to do. mained in the background. Now comes the time when You will work better with incentives, and when Nehru has to say "Amen" to the policy of our next­ it is obvious that your firm is doing well-be­ door military giant that is China. Already Nehru has cause that will mean better pay. There should "amen-ed" China by saying that Tibet "is an internal be an atmosphere of freedom and opportunity problem of Chna". Racially, culturally and politically for Individuals-individuals working as a team. China and Tibet are different. Neighbourhood does profiting as a team. not mean domestication. If the Chinese move into Assam, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikhim, sweeping downwards So ·where does the Government come in, and why does it matter to you? Because you don't will Nehru still say that all these are the domestic want to be over-taxed and penalised when you issues of China? do well-you don't work to make money for the FOR THESE SMALL MERCIES, THANKS state. You won't want the Government taking We, h9wever, give credit to Nehru for having voiced over your firm, and shOI,;ring you how to do your the feelings of India towards the respectable person­ job. What do civil servants know about it? They ality of Dalai Lama. AU parties and factions within aren't builders, steel workers, insurance agents­ the country, except the Communists in the Lok Sabha, these are your jobs, not of the Government. expressed concern and grief at the fate of Dalai Lama If you lose your freedom to profit from hard and the recent happenings in Tibet. But feelings and .work and thrift to a Government which may emotions pass away with time, Time that is a healer ~uander the proceeds of your success. it will be of wounds and sorrows. your fault. It'ill be because you have forfeited your rights and been talked into giving up free­ What next? What about the open road from Lhasa dom in exchange for an organised standardised to Delhi? Will the Chinese Reds halt in Tibet? Or ant-like society. will they continue their advance into Neoal, Sikhim. Hold fast to your freedom. Beware of do-good­ Bhutan, Assam and then to the heart of New Delhi? ers. Don't yield in to the temptations o! dema­ These are the anxious questions that naturally rise in gogues who will rob you of your individual free­ the heart of every loyal nationalist Indian. If the dom in the name of socialism, welfare state and Reds force their way into India. where are our defen- a thousand other chimera.

M., IS. 19~ The Impact Of The Plan On The Common l\lan HE Ministry of Finance of the Government of carry the familiar ring of similar language utter­ TIndia has published a brochure entitled "Econo­ ed from many platforms by other deities in the Con­ mic Survey" 1958-59, which gives index numbers of gress Pantheon. wholesale prices. We quote a few items below:- The main objection to the Nagpur resolutions lies Food articles May January in their expropriatory character and the over-bureau­ 1955 1959 cratisation of the agricultural economy which they Cereals 67 105 foreshadow. Land is not a form of property which ~heat 58 125 is obtained by favour. It represents an invest­ Jowar 52 107 ment from the savings of people. The rigt1t to Bajra 67 132 its undisturbed possession and enjoyment is in no Pulses 48 117 way differeni morally from the right to other Gram .38 121 forms of property, s.uch as houses, industrial Edible oils 76 119 shares, gold and silver and cash. To dispossess Mustard oil 91 139 even to a limited extent the owners of land by means Sugar and gur 82 127 of legislation is to introduce in legislation a form of Fuel, power etc. 96 115 force and violence which cannot be held within de­ The working class consumer price index for all fined bounds as the Congress Popes fondly imagine India, covering all items, has jumped from 96 in 1955 it can be. It will make greed more rewarding than to 123 in October 1958. work, let loose uncontrollable insecurity on every kind No comment is called' for. While India's top leaders of property and fill the nation's economy in every are engaged in national debate on the benefits of land nook and corner of it with unsettlement, hatred, fierce ceilings, co-operatives and State trading in foodgrains, resentments and the spirit of Pindaris and Thugs. In· the man in the street is finding it increasingly difficult ternal dissension has already broken out in the Con­ to make both ends meet. gress with the Secretary himself raising the standard Why, inspite of a bounteous harvest, are prices of of revolt, and dissension accompanied by civil war necessities of life soaring continuously? The answer is and violence will be the fate of the country if the very simple. Even before the end of the second fiye year depredatory plan of the Nagpur resolutions, in patent plan, our rulers have printed notes worth Rs. 1,138 violation of the protective sections o~ the Constitu­ crores. The effect of inflation has just become per­ tion itself, are not abandoned in time. ceptible, but this is only the beginning. This year, the purchasing power of the rupee will go down to 3 annas. PLANNING IN HASTE TWELVE YEARS OF CONGRESS RULE The opposition to the Prime Minister in the coun­ The "serious difficulties" which' according to try today is not based on differences of opinion over Jain, many State-Government have found in service co-operatives. It is based on distrust of the the present scheme for State trading in food­ Congress as a ruling party and the growing public grains can well be imagined. They have not comprehension of the immorality, dishonesty, corrup­ pl'ev'ented light.. hearted Milnisterial /affirmation tion and hypocrisy of the Congress leaders. Indulging that the Union Government is "completely in a very pleasing valuation of himself at press con­ earnest" about State trading "and we are going ference, Mr. Nehru said: "I am not a politician out to pursue it to the end." What that terrible end for a job. I am a man out to do something in India will be is the principal cause for worry. The to change the peasant and the agricultural economy way retail trading is conducted by State agencies of this country in the few years left to me." Words is a poor advertisement. for a similar and still like these might have made a great impression at one less well prepared mad · plunge into wholesale time. But now they simply fall flat and serve only transactions. A good crop has not shielded the to emphasise the widening gap between the profes­ consumer from shortage and dearness in the open market and stone chips as well as shortage sions and the practices of the ruling Congress leaders. from the controlled. State trading during the Adverting to this phenomenon, a writer in the Man­ war acquired a reputation for malpractices and chester Guardian sums up the tragedy of post Gand­ corruption. · hian Indian independence thus:- "After twelve years in office they (the Congress There is no reason to think that things will be leaders) are Mahatma's disciples no longer; they are any different now. So long, the Welfare State has been understood by--the common man as one professional politicians. Office is no purgatory. Con­ that goes on increasing the burden of taxation gressmen fight for power in Bihar and Mysore over every year. Now, he will realize that the Wel­ caste, in the Punjab over religion, in Bombay over fare State also aims at making everybody (ex­ language, elsewhere over leadership-yet they talk as cept the rulers) unhappy by creating an arti­ if they were monks forced into office for duty. Mr. fivial food shortage vis-a-vis a bumper harvest. Nehru himself sets the bad example. Everybody knows In Patna, the price of coarse rice has been going that power is his oxygen, yet he will talk as if it were up at the rate of about one rupee pe,r maund a hair cut." every week. If the price of rice be Rs. 22.8 in When Mr. Nehru says "I believe with passion in March, it will certainly rise to 30 or 35 in Octo­ the progress of India" the words cut no ice as they ber next.

THE INDIAN UBERTARIAN 14 MUDDLE-HEADED THINKING RIME Minister Nehru while inaugurating the provided with money to spread propaganda against P 19th session of the AU-India Manufacturer's Or­ Nehru.·~ ganisation in Bombay declared himself against con­ Besides the pamphlet emphasises a well known fact centration of power in the hands of private industry. that the Indian Communists are foreign agents. The He said that concentration of power in big industries Communists after their brutality in subduing T1bet of the public sector was also dangerous but "not to intend to subvert Nepal and Bhutan. the same extent." He further said that there was also a danger in decentralisation for if carried beyond "The Red dagger that is stabbiog Iraq is the same a certain limit, it would reduce the state into a weak as the one stabbing Tibet. .. it is as if international power. What do all these things mean? If concentra­ Communism wants to strike at positive neutrality and tion of power in the hands of private industry is harm­ non-alignment. ful, one wonders why it is not harmful "to the s.ame ex­ In Tibet lamas were massacred by the thousand. tent" in big industries of the public sector. The Prime . monasteries were desecrated and family life was des­ Minister himself said that his objection to concentra­ troyed. "Tibetan children will belong to the State and tion of power stemmed from the consideration that there will be no special wife or son for any man." man could enjoy freedom only when power was de­ Mr. Khrsshchev had earlier established "co-existence centralised. If that is so, concentration of power in in Hungary between tanks and the corpses they crush­ a11 cases must be equally dangerous and any distinc­ ed and between cannon and the houses they destroy­ tion about the degree of danger is arbitrary. More­ ed." over, a decentralised society will necessarily make the State an institution with very limited power. But Mr. A PLAIN ANSWER ON BERLIN Nehru is perhaps eager to maintain omnipotenci! of the State in the society because he is not prepared to The correct response to the ,Berlin challenge make the State weak. His activities also lend coun­ is : a) to maintain access to Berlin by \Vhatever tenance to the belief that he is not genuinely opposed diplomatic or military means are necessary; b) to the doctrine of State omnipotence. He has made to demand the solution of the Berlin crisis the State virtually an aU-powerful institution having through free, internationally supervised elec­ authority in all spheres of life-economic, political cul­ tions in all Germany, East and West, and in all tural, educational and what not. Under his leadership captive nations of East Europe. A massive, all powers are now concentrated in the hands of few systematic campaign in the sense of this double persons of the Union Government because India is response should be the persisting business of the federation more in name than in fact. When he there­ NATO allies. fore talks of decentralisation it hardly carries convic­ But this still leaves a practical gap. To tion. One suspects that either he does not know his Khrushchev's threat to isolate Berlin, the West own mind, or he is deliberately indulging in double needs a direct, immediate and commensurate talk. counter. This is ready at hand, if we choose to use it. Let the NATO powers jointly and severally proclaim: On the day that the Kremlin or its COMMUNISM AND "CO-EXISTENCE" East German puppet imposes any block on ac­ cess to Berlin, we shall institute a total embargo on all transactions, economic, fiscal and cultural, ! RAB nationalists like _nationalists every wliere between our nations and the Soviet Empire. All .li else, have realised that it is impossible to have trade will cease; all contracts be suspended, all a compromise between Communism and Nationalism. monetary balances blocked, all visas cancelled, Communism is both national and international, but all interconnecting air and rail transport cut. in a long run, internationalism over-takes and sup­ What Khrushchev threatens amounts to an pcesses the former. This truth has been sought to embargo of exactly this sort on Berlin. Our reply established in a 60 page pamphlet issued by the U.A. would be in kind, would be manifestly just and R.s' Information Department. would be in terms that Khrushchev ~ould The pamphlet declared there was a link between neither ignore nor postpone. communist activities in Iraq and Tibet as part of an If both threats were carried out, Khrushchev "international design to strike at the independence of would stand to lose from the Western-imposed peaceful peoples and demolish bastions of positive embargo far more than he could win from his neutrality and non-alignment." embargo on Berlin. \Ve may therefore expect "Nehru and Nasser led the Bandung movement that, once he became convinced of the serious­ many ye:1rs ago. Communist newspapers were then ness of a NATO intention along these lines, he praising Nehru as a man of peace. Now that Nehru wou;d hold up any bridge-cutting action over ~erlm. For the first time it might become pos­ has damaged the bass of Western Imperialism in Asia, si?le for the West to enter into a negotiation Moscow imagines that he has lost his utility. With :Moscow on terms that did not guarantee in "Thus the idea of planting a Communist base in advance a pro-Soviet outcome. India has emerged and local Communists are beina "' -From National Review.

IS Mq IS. 19S9 What Future Holds For Spain ? By T. L Kantam

STORY popular in Spain runs as follows: When result of the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain A King Ferinand III died, being a Saint, be went lost Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. to Heaven, where the Virgin told him to ask any favours for beloved Spain. The monarch petitioned FIRST DICTATORSHIP for oil, wine and corn-conceded; for sunny skies, The miserable handling of the revolt of the Riff brave men and pretty women-allowed; for cigars, tribesmen in Spanish Morocco, coupled with the gene­ relics, garlic and bulls-by all means; for a good gov­ neral political unrest in Spain itself led to General emment-''Nay, nay" said the Virgin "that can never Miguel Primo de Rivera's coup d'etat in 1923 and be granted; for were it .bestowed, not an angel would the establis-hment, with royal assent of a military dic­ remain a day longer in Heaven." · tatorship. With the help of France, the Moroccan Once one of the world's greatest powers, with the revolt was crushed in 1926. colonies extending over the whole of Central and INSPIRINGLY DEMOCRATIC DOCUMENT South America and including Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, the Kingdom of Spain (for it is still Revera resigned early in 1930. The municipal elec­ nominally a monarchy) now consists of only the main­ tions of 12 April 1931 were s.o overwhelmingly in land and a few scattered African. possessions. favour of the Republican that the King, Alfonso XIII, decided on voluntary exile to avoid civil war. On CATHOLIC MOORS April 14, the Republic was proclaimed. The people who inhabit Spain are the product of a The parliamentary elections held two months later, number of successive invasions. For six hundred· gave the largest single block of votes to the Socialists. years, from the 2nd Century B.C. to the 4th Century The Cortes (Parliament) laboured five months over the A.D., Spain was part of the Roman Empire. The drafting of the republican constitution, an· inspiringly effect of this occupation was; that Latin became the democratic document. It provided for equality of all language of the Peninsula and the people became before the law, renunciation of war as an instrument · highly Romanized. of national policy, no official religion, abolition of titles of nobility, universal franchise, free and compulsory Shortly after the beginning of the eighth century, primary education, removal of the privileges and allow· the Moors obtained a footing and gradually extended ances of many religious orders and separation of their rule over the whole of Spain. In the ninth and Church froni State. The Constitution was approved the first half of the tenth centuries, Cordoba, the capital, on December 9, 1931. became the centre oC culture and the wealthiest city in Europe. It was not until 1942 that the last Moorish Manuel Azna, leader of the Socialist ~md left-wing -stronghold, the Kingdom of Granada fell to the forces Republican Coalition, become the Prime MiniSiter. Qf King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. The influence Under his leadership progressive steps were taken in -of eight hundred years of Moorish occupation is to be many directions but delay in implementing the land seen everywhere in Spain, in mu5.ic, in architecture and reforms, the anti-church measures and the handling of jn the blood and character of the people. As John opposition demonstrations and revolts resulted in a los& Gunther says "What is a Spaniard, if not a Catholic of popular support. Violence and bloodshed by one Moor?" · side met with reprisals from· the other. The unrest was fomented by armed militant groups and organisa­ RISE AND FALL OF SPANISH EMPIRE tions s.uch as the Fascist Falange Espanola, fuunded by It was in the year 1492 that Christopher Columbus Jose Antonio Prime de Rivera, son of the former dicta­ tor. The revenge murder of Jose Sotele, powerful discovered the new world for the Spanish Crown which nnanced his expedition. Within fifty years thereafter. Monarchist Rightist leader on July 13, 1936 is credited Spanish conquistadores had established the rule of with precipitating a revolt headed by the army, which obviously had been planned for some time. Spain over what is now Central and South America. CIVIL WAR Charles V (1516-1555) became King of Spain and also Holy Roman Emperor but it was during the reign Francisco Franco, Chiet-of Staff under the Centre­ of his son Philip IT that Spain reached the zenith of right regime, who had _been sent to the Canary Islands its power. Her decline began in 1588 with the defeat as Governor by the Republican government to remove Qf her "Invincible" Armada by Britain. him from politics, flew to Morocco and on July 17. 1936 headed a succe~sful 'tevolt against the govern­ The line of Spanish Hapsburge ended in 1700 and ment. Quickly moving across Spain he took Algeciras, the War of the Spanish Succession followed. By the Cadiz and Seville. Garrisons revolted all over Spain 'Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Spain was forced to accept a on July 18 but the surprised and stubborn resistance Bourbon King, the Duke of Ajnor. Then while the of the Goverment's improvised militia prevented a coup. Spaniards were reshting Napoleon's efforts to establish a Bonaparte line in Spain. most of the colonies in Evidence indicates that foreign intervention in this America revolted and became independent. As the revolt that became a civil war was an accomplished

THE /.\'DIAN UBERTARJAN 16 VALLEY OF THE FALLEN f t by August 1936. While Russian workers sent some moneyac but were not enthustasbc· · m· gomg· t o th e h . e.1 p The most conspicuous of such is the colos.sal monu­ of the Loyalists, as the govemm~nt fo~ces '!ere called. ment which was dedicated on 1 April 1959 (the twen­ Italian and German planes were m ~cbon ":tth the Na­ tieth anniversary of the end of the Civil War) as a tionalists. In November as international. bn~a~e. cc.m­ memorial to the million war dead, in the Valley ?f po5ed of volunteers from many. countne~, JOID~d the the Falle11 which is situated 40 miles North of Madnd Loyalists in time to save Mad_nd. By tt1e spnng of in the Guadarrama Mountains. · , 1937 an estimated 70,000 Italian !r?ops aud seve.ral Speaking on the occasion, the 66-year old Gcneral­ thousand German troops and techmctans were fig~tmg lismo urged national reconciliation but he fearl!d that with the Nationalists. On March 28, 1939, Natt<;ma­ reconciliation was unlikely as "anti-Spanish forces"' list forces occupied Madrid and the. l_?ng _and bttter were attempting "to poison and stimulate anew the civil war, which cost more than a m1lhon hves, came innate curiosity and ambitions of the young ... He was to a close. no doubt, alluding to the strikes, boycotts and revolts .. THE "CAUDILLO". with students ill the vanguard which have become re­ gular features of his twenty-year old rule. On August 4, 1939, the Falange Es~anoia, whic~ is The root cause of the present trouble il> th.;: great the only party that Franco has autho~tsed,. recogn~sed economic and financial crisis facing the country due him as Chief of State, Commander-m-Chtcf, Pn~e to the cumulative effect of poli~ical corruption and Minister and the "Caudillo" (Leader) of the Spamsh administrative incompetence. Bankers, economists and Empire. By 1941 Franco had restored to the Church industrialists admit that the country's economic -situa­ most of its former powers. In a move to e~brace as tion cannot be improved under the P.~esent adm~nis­ wide a Rightist front as possible, he _menttoned. the tration. Law of Succession of June 7, 1947, wh&ch ~as ratified CAT AND MOUSE GAME by a national referendum on ~uly 6 ... Thts law d~s­ The Caudillo has been playing a cat-and-mouse cribes Spain as a Monarchy 'Trad&bonal, Cat~ohc, game with the Monarchists from the beginning. Tw0o social and representative", in which Franco, Chtef of State, is to be succeeded by a person of royal years after the establishment of the Franco rl!gime. de~nt. King Alfonso XIII renounced his claims to the throne "NATIONAL MOVEMENT" in favour of his son Don Jaun, who thus became When Franco came to power in 1939, he set up the Pretender ·and heir to the throne of Spain. "National movement on the lines of the Fascist and . As the result of discussions between the Pretend­ Nazi one-party regime. Franco is Chief of State, Prime er and Franco in Augus.t 1948, the former agreed to Minister and the active source of power. He has a send his son Jaun Carlos, then ten years old. to be cabinet composed of military men and civilia!ls to help educated in Spain. While Franco has pledged himself him in his executive work and a Cortes (Parhament) of in the Law of Succession to restore the monarchy, he 500 and odd memberS~, re-established in 1942 as "the has consistently refused even to signify candidate he superior organ of participation of the Spanish people in intends to name,-the 45-year old father Don Jaun the task of the State". Its principal function is "the is. in exile in Portugal or his 20-year old son who is preparation and elaboration of the laws:·. without .P.re­ undergoing military training in Spain. The Monarchists judice to Franco's veto power. There ts no rrov&s&on are therefore bitter and resentful against Franco. for the introduction of legislation by any of the mem­ There is also a growing tendency on the part of the bers. Only the party is allowed, s.till called the "Na­ Catholic hierarchy to disassociate themselves from the tional Movement" and bearing the lengthy title of activities of the administration, while the Union Es­ "Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las JONS panoJa, a movement led by professor&, bankers and (Juntas Ofensive Nacional-Sindicalistasr•. as has lately come to light some . high-ranking anny. Two other institutions in Spain deserve our special officers, has been meeting with the aim of unitinJZ all notice. They arQ the National Syndicates and the State non-C0mmunist opposition round the person of Do1 Corporations. These have been copied from originals Juan. Franco clearly showed that he has complete in Italy, Germany and Portugal. The National Syn­ power to supress such oppos.ition when in May 1927 dicates are two kinds, thoses which represent the basic he arrested many prominent persons, mosstly intellec­ industries and those which represent smaller groups tuals. Francd is supreme. He is just as "immovable. of labour and industry in the provinces. They are a impenetrable and impassive as the sphinx". kind of labour-management organisation, "trusted by neither side, but used at times by both... Franco ap­ WHAT OF THE FUTURE? points their chiefs. Cynics say that the complex s.truc­ And, yet. when writing about Spain, one has to ture of the National Syndicate&~ averts labour-manage­ make a reservation. It has often been pointed out that ment disputes "by keeping everyone so busy operat­ FranCo is sitting on the top of a volcano. The o.ut­ ing its mechanisms that they have no time or energy ward appearance is one of tranquillity and apathy but to spend on more basic woes". Strikes, though illegal, under the surface in explosive brew is f.eething and are fairly common. boiling. The brave liberty-loving Spanish peopl.: have The National Corporations are autonomous bodies. puC up witli the Dictator for twenty long years be­ whose function is to give private indus.try state aid cause of the harrowing memories of the fratricidal and encouragement. There are said to be 900 of these. war of 1936-39. But the Spanish are a passionate and ten of which are big. Many of them have been openly violent people when driven to desperation or when accused of throwing away huge sums of money on aroused by momentous issues. grandiose schemes and buildings of little practical No one can therefore predict what will happen. value.

17 J,ltrj 15, 19;9 ENCUSH AS THE LANGUAGE OF INDIA elusion of Sanskrit in the Constitution. Sanskrit is the source-language to a lesser or greater degree, of aimost Mr. Frank Anthony's resolution for including Eng­ all languages in northern India, where it is not the lish among the languages listed in the Constitution is 'source-language, in the south, it has contributed so a modest demand. ~onsiderably to the growth of the regional langtldges The place of English in India for some years to that it has almost changed their complexion. It is come is certain: it happens to be the only langua2e so only fitting therefore that Sanskrit should have a piace far accepted by more or less everyone as being ~suit­ in the Constitution, even though it be listed as being able for official purposes. At a time when the coun­ the spoken-language of no more than about 550 per­ try is still raw from linguistic troubles and "regional wns. But our regard for and our sense of debt to ptriotism... it seems only politic that English should Sanskrit need not make us blind to realism or detract continue to be used officially, along with Hindi. But from our sense of debt to Engliish. When the in­ it is hardly possible to keep English as the official­ clusion of English in the Constitution is urged, there which in practice means national-medium forever. does not arise any competition or rivalry between The number of Indians whose spoken-language is English and- Hindi-just as. say, the inclusion of Ben­ English is small. It is inevitable that, with time, a gali or Marathi · or Punjabi does not endanger the rational distribution should take place, and each lan­ position of Hindi. guage find an adjustment in proportion to the number Apart from others, there is the consideration of a of those who use it as well as to its literary effiuem,e. community's rights and freedom. There are over Hindi must ultimately emerge as the all-India language i,IOO,OOO Anglo-Indians in the country, and the num­ -despite the unhelpful efforts of those who are in a ber of people who claim English as their spoken hurry and would stretch it to make it grow. language is wmewhat greater: The Anglo-Indians arc However, the fact that English cannot remain India's as good citizens as any others of this country, and it official language does not mean that it is un-lndian, does not seem very just to deny them a place in the much less that it should be expelled from this coun­ Indian sun. It .is probably true, as has been remarked try. It has been, in and of. India for about 200 years; by antagonists of Englis.h sometimes, that there arc and all that has happened and evoked emotional res­ scheduled and unscheduled Indian tribes whose num­ ponse from us in the last 200 years is no less a part bers are far larger than that of the Anglo-Indians, and of our tradition than what happened 2000 years ago. whose languages are not included in. the Constitution. Some of our best writing has been done in English; But their positions, in respect of tradition and aswcia­ through its study. indeed, we discovered that we were . tion, are by no means similar, and to bring them -up actually more than Punjabis, Bengalis, Maharashtrians for illustration would be to quibble. Let us not allow etc.: that we were Indians. This point iSI touched an immodest sense of nationalism to distort our upon for those who too hastily decry English ~:~.s perspective. ••foreign ... and who are inordinately happy at the in- Congress Needs Creative Leadership ByK.KUMARASEKHAR --:o:--

OCIALISM is there, where it was. But th~ sur­ heart. Ignoring entirely"the presence of administrative S prise of today is that Mr. Nehru should make machinery or sentiments in favour of such a reform. it the cause of the Indian National Congress, His aim he becomes more than ever fanatical in his state­ today seems to be to indoctrinate the nation with· the ments, as the goal of changing "the economic structure tenets of that ideology. If the Congress shut its eye~ after changing the political structure" recedes from the to Marxian principles all these years, s.urely it was vision of the people. May be it is part of his inf.ight not because it was ignorant of them so far. Actually into the affairs of the country, but it is not of the Gandhi and others wanted to practice a unique way people; and this difference in thinking between him of life, which though it may appear to incorporate and the people disqualifies him from being the Pre­ some of the principles of socialism. is something far mier of the country. Those who changed the political from it. Those who understand this faith of Gandhi structure never wanted to tamper with the economic and the older Congress leaders, only in terms of these structure. But Mr. Nehru, not satisfied with the form­ few incorporated socialistic principles, are better fit er wants to meddle _with the latter. The political struc­ to join the ranks of the socialists than the Congress. ture concerns the nation as a whole_ But any attempt to change the economic~structure would entail an inter­ A BUNDLE OF CONTRADICTIONS . nal struggle amongst the people, between the "halves" Only recently. he was wise enough to class hirru;elf and the "have-not!.". If the Government is wise it will among the "moderates" and addressed "thinking settle it without taking resources to any major change businessmen" probably for the first time. with respect in the economic structure. Cfianging the ec0nomic and with the aim of co-operation. But in his autobio­ structure is one thing which was already discussed graphy we read that he was against moderates.. And soon after independence. In those years Mr. Nehru true to this trait perhaps, he has gone. astray again, was wary enough to dismiss such extremist delusions, to stand firm by the collectivistic principle of co-ope­ Changing the economic structure may sound like a rative farming. It shows that he is a communist at revolutionary step but it may not bring any economic

THE. 1!\l>IAN UBE.RT ARIAN 18" benefits: If these benefits can be got without ~hanging interests of politicians. It is. a way of life which c:tn­ the structure, no such attempt would be justified. not be altered for certain fanatical interests. As Nasser said, the Russian cultivate friendship with If Mr Nehru were creative leader he would not Asian neutrals only to fight the West, and after their Jean on the works of Marx or the tenets of socialism capitulation, prefer the communists to the neutrals. td guide his country to her historical destiny, ~e more Similarly Nehru seems to have played up neutralism so when the Marxist prophesy has gone wrong 10 com­ only till he has loosened our bonds with the West. munist nations., Mr. Nehru is definitely takin~ th~ Now he does not .hesitate to -declare his preferenc.! for country to wrong path by ~u~mittin~ to the _logtc of s.ocialism to the prudent middle-of-the-road policies. communism. Once a man 1s mdoctnnated wtth com­ Mr. Nehru is angry that the people in the cities have muni~t ideals it is difficult to convince hi~ on ~is taken up the question of cooperative farming for dis­ fallacy. The only persuasion adoJ?ted _then, ts to pon~t cussion and criticisms, when he expected them to re out the ruthless acts of commumst dtctators.. But this indifferent to it. He thought he could quietly cany does not directly speak against communism, and ~,, out his plans in the villages which cannot put up any the man is often left unconvinced as to why he should strong resistance. But the urban populations ha\'C not humble the rich in order to satisfy the poor. This. expre~ed their sympathy for the peasants, who arc seems emotionally correct, and frequently ~ets the more anxious about their land than higher profits which approval of the gullible pub~ic. Bu~ the creative _lead­ Nehru assures them. If perfect and peak produdion er who actually immerses htmself 10 the dynamtcs o1 were the only motive, perhaps all farms would have actual production, would cease to think in the narrow to be turned over to certain agricultural experts. But categories of rich and poor. It is in the course of the would this scheme be acceptable to any of us? We analysis of the progress of production that we dis- · may accept advice from an expert. but would we for cover how flexible are these statuses, and how the any reason place our land in his hands. wealth of individuals is made or unmade. NEHRU IS ADDING TO THE PROBLEMS HAS COME OUT AS AN OPEN COMMUNIST Mr. Nehru errs in trying to create additional pro­ Mr. Nehru probably thinks that he has ~ow ceased blems in economic structure, when we have already to talk and has begun to act. He may thmk that he enough problems of production and economic func­ has be~ome now a really serious politician, with s.er­ tioning. Governments have to concentrate more than ious aims for the country. But actually~ he has become ever on the functional aspects. To try to alter the more blunt in his pronouncements, and there is no basic pattern is essentially a matter for revolutions. longer the cloak of decency to cover his essentially Mr. Nehru cannot steer his government into a re­ con'lmunist ambitions. By citing Gandhi's words, he volution, nor should he make way for any revolution. seeks today to make communism an acceptable pro­ by neglecting the functional aspect of Government. position to the Indian people. He tries to invest it He can try to make his Govemmeqt function better, with the authority that it lacks. He wants to give it but to complain on tlie s.ystem, prevalent. after begtn· a moral cast and presentable appearences, and to dis.­ ning to function is to throw obstacles in its way. guise its bloody features: to ascribe and find Gandhian virtues in socialist methods is surely an ill mannered At first Mr. Nehru declared China to be a baro­ attempt to wrong both. Probably he feels moral com­ meter to our progress, but later abandoned this fort for the luxuries he enjoys in the capital, by de~ because of obvious failure. Of course, no normal nouncing capitalism. Probably his fear and hatred vf state can compete with an abnormal state, because it American military might makes him hate it. is not going to try its abnormal methods or face those Mr. Nehru might even tell the common man, to con­ risks, But this also goes to show that Mr. Nehru has vince him on the sins of the investing class, that povety neither the understanding nor effective control over the can be abolished by the merely distributing the wealth functional aspect of government; he complains and of the rich among the poor. But economists have throws the biame on its structural aspect. With the calculated and found that no such deal would improve present apparatus, and with himself at the helm, he matters.. Marx himself realized that it is production did not succeed in solving the food problem or the that has to do it. The only difference he maintained needs of industry or the problem of unemployment. was that human capital and not monetary capital, is He did not know how to run things in a succcs!>fut to be reckoning factor in production. This is but to way. But instead of acknowledging incompet~ncy on en1argen production using all available man power, his own part and his colleagues, he is eager to ques­ even ignoring the deficencies of monetary capital. tion the potentialities of the pres.ent system of Hence Marxism is attractive to backward countries Government. where there is shortage of monetary capital but not What we want is not efficiency that gets the Iab::l '>f human caoital. In the forward countries, with the sub­ efficiency but the results of it. Mr. Nehru's s~c~hcs stitution of the machine for man oower and with the on inefficiency might strike some as a whip lash, but enlargement of capital, production rather overdoes is the pace really quickened and altered for the itself. better? -Mr. Nehru is himself witness to the functional Some of the Indian businessmen are wide awake lethargy of his Government. today to the interests of their class. So Nehru is com­ · What the country requires is progress, without the pelle-d to reckon with the free enterprise movement. Government running into conflict with either the wor· He may call them ..vested interests", but they are also kers or the industrialists. While Mr. Nehru's Govern· the interests of the people as distinguishable from the ment is careful to avoid the former it thinks it can

M4 1.5. I9S9 afford the latter. What the Congress needs is creative Reliable sources say that these Army officers in­ leadership and what the Government needs is efiective clude a Major, a Captain and four non-commissioned functioning. Mr. Nehru has voluntarily renounced officers. to lead the Congress in any creative manner. He has The Government of India, it is understood, has al­ sought the position of Government, but without any ready written to the Chinese Government asking for success in its functional aspect. The more Mr. Nehru their releasse pending the settlement of the dispute identifie::. his position with the tenets of socialism, he regarding the territory. A reply from Peking is still i!> not making -himself more clear to the nation but only awaited. abdicating the responsibilities of creative leadership. This is the second team of Indian officers to be When Mr. Nehru talks the language of socialism he taken into custody by the Chinese. The first team of 10 <:eases to be a creative leader. When Nehru informed officers were held at the U. P. border with China. his party that he was feeling "stale" he should have They were blindfolded and left at the border, follow­ been allowed to quit. But by pressing him to carry ing a request for their release by the Ministry of Ex­ on it has compelled him to seek the shelter of one of ternal Affairs, Government of India. During their de­ these "isms". Here is a sign of exhausted leadership. tention in China they were kept in separate cells and interrogated. Mr. Nehru underestimates. the potentialities of national feeling in the reconsruction -of the country. It is a patent fact that quite a big portion of ~a­ Socialism is the resort of a national leader who has dakh is claimed by China as a part of her country. failed to rouse national enthusiasm. If Mr. Nehru has Some portions in Ladakh, formerly occupied by the found national feeling to have cooled down in India Indian Army, were seized by the Chinese Army, when I think there is something that he can do about it; the Indian Army moved downwards. following heavy snow-falls early this year. or even if he can do nothing about it~ it is not proper that he should ha&ten to provide a bitter substitute in --Flame its place. He keeps dwelling on the ••sputnik age" and- "atomic age" to catch up with recent scienco. PAK CUTS OFF WATER SUPPLY TO Actually his mind is still obsessed with what he himsdf once called "the out of date ideas of 1840". It must KASHMIR VILLAGE be possible for the creative man to improve upon them. Srinagar: The Pakistani military authorities have But Mr. Nehru has. failed to do so. stopped the water supply of a canal flowing into the village of Siddhpur, near the cease-fire line in Tith­ wal. About 500 villagers, whose main occupation is agri­ NEWS IJI6EST culture, have address.ed a petition to the Indian Army authorities to come o their rescue. NOT A RUPEE PAID BY P AK TO INDIA OUT OF THE PARTITION D.EBT OF RS .. 300 CRORES NEHRU'S ADMISSION-PANCHASHEELA HAS LOST ITS LUSTRE New Delhi: That Pakistan owed India Rs. 300 crores as Partition Debt but so far not a rupee has she cared New Delhi: Nehru declared today that India would to return to India. ThiSI was disclosed in Parliament continue to hold to the principles of .. panchasheela" by the Union Finance Minister Morarjibhai Desai. and non-alignment despite the developments in Tibet Mr. Desai further stated that the Government of India but admitted that the .. panchasheela" .. has suffered is in corresoondence with the Pak Finance Minister in considerably in people's mind8". the matter and he hoped at an early date there is the Continuing he confessed to a feeling of .. hurt" and likelihood of the meeing of the two Finance Ministers .. shock" at the fact that Peking should make such seri­ over the matter. · ous charges against India in a most irresponsi~le way. In addition to this Partition Debt there are a num­ ber of outstanding dues that Pakistan has not cared to meet so far. such as the bills for the supply of coa!, NEHRU AGAINST COMMON DEFENCE electricity and canal water dues. The settlement of the evacuees' properties claim aginst Pakistan is still ARRANGEMENTS WITH PAKISTAN banging fire. New Delhi: Regarding the sugge1>tion of common defence arrangements with Pakistan, Nehru said, .. I INDIAN ARMY OFFICERS HELD BY am all for settling all ourtroubles with Pakistan. We have tried for that _all these years. But I cannot CHINA understand when people say, •Let us have a common Srinagar: Six Indian Officers are being held pri"oners defence policy'. Against w~om I ask them. Are we on hhe Indo-China border, according to reliable infor­ going to become members. of the Baghdad, SEATO mation reaching here.' or some other alliance?" These Officers were ski-ing in Ladakh near the border Nehru ended by saying, .. We don't want to hav~ a when the Chinese Army officers took them into cus­ common defence policy. which will always some kmd tody, claiming that territory belonged to China while of military alliance. The whole policy we pursue is Indian maps showed it as a part of India. opposed to this conception. ••

THE INDIAN LIBERTARIAN 20 RED AGENTS FILTERING INTO INDIA American individualist anarchists. And yet the theme AS TIBETIAN REFUGEES of his book could be summed up in this one oft-quot­ ed paragraph from Benjamin Tucker's address at New Delhi: The Government of India has decided Chicago in 1899: to screen every Tibetian refugee, before granting him "Free access to the world of matter, aboiishiug asylum in India, it is reliably learnt here. land monopoly; free access to the world of mind, This step has been taken to prevent, so far as JX'S­ abolishing idea monopoly; free acces.s to an untaxed sible the entry of communis.t agents or others who might and unprivileged market, abolishing tariff monopoly embarrass both the Government of India and tlte and money monopoly-l>Ccure these, and the rest shall Dalai Lama. be added unto you. For liberty is the remedy of every social evil, and' to Anarchy the world must look at bst The Government of India has also decided that for any enduring guarantee of social order." Tibetian refugees should on no account be rehabilitated Although the 1929 edition was dedicated "to the me­ anywhere near the Indo-Tibetian border. mory of Moses Spartacus-Henry George-and al' These measures were almost inevitable in view of those who have s.triven to create an adequate ecun.:~­ the well-organised Chinese spy-ring, which came to mic basis for peace and goodwill among men and light when the New China News Agency recently broke nations", Gesell did not advocate the Henry Gcorge­ the well-guarded secret about the Dalai Lama's arrival "Single Tax" as a means of abolishing the land mono­ in India. poly. He proposed the expropriation of land with fuJi Courtesy; "Current" compensation to landowners by means of payment with parity flexible interest bonds. Land parcel-; would be leased to the highes.t bidders and as interest RIFT IN SINO -SOVIET RELATIONS on the bonds decreased year by year through the ador· Soviet Deputy Premier Mikoyan has received tion of an unhoardable money system. the rental in· favoured treatment from America before. It come would eventually be sufficient to redeem the was through his hands that Lend-Lease aid to bonds, and henceforth Gesell suggested that the in· Russia was funneled during World War Two- come could be used "to pay mothers' a national r.::nt after he had captivated Harry Hopkins ...... Arab for their services in rearing their children, a rent equi· Communists, drive by Damascus, have taken valent to the use of soil by primitive woman. It is the precaution against any determined anti­ proposed to pay these mothers' rents from rent on Communist drive by Nasser, of dividing their land, in opposition to the proposal of Henry George Lebanese and Syrian centers ...... In Moscow, re- by which rent on land would be used for the remis· portedly, Chinese Communists are being ostra­ sion of taxation". · cized from restraurants and places of amuse­ Gasell held that with the introduction of Free-Land ment. The Soviet man in the street apparently and Free-Money ~'officials. the State itself and all other resents Mao's ideological pretensions. tutelage" would be superfluous, therefore taxes would not be reequired and "all rent on land will flow into the wage fund" which fund could be used as payments BOOK REVIETVS to mothers. NA11JRAL ECONOMIC ORDER And yet he recognized that there must be some au­ thority to control the issue of his "Free-Money''. This The Natural Economic Order by Silvio Gesell, would be a paper currency the face value of which Translated by Philip Pye, Peter Owen Co. Ltd. would depreciate one-tenth of one per cent. each 30 sh. week. This depreciation would be restored by the affi­ xation or imprinting of demurrage stamps. This form 1 HE I 95~ editio~. of Silvio Ge~eirs "The Natun,l of negative interest would eventually do away with all 1 Econom1c Order has been shghtly revised from interest on both money and real capital, prices would the limited 1929 edition. For instance, the elimina­ be stabilized, and unemployment abolished. Although tion of the sub-title which read, "A plan to secure Gesell proposed that a "National Currency Office" an uninterrupted exchange of the products of labour, would issue and withdraw currency as required, and free frotn bureaucratic interference, usury and exploi­ this would eliminate the use of bank credit and its tation". trans.fer by the means of bank cheques, many of the In the preface Gesell writes. "Its ideal is the ideal "Free Economists", as his supporters are called, feel of the personality responsible for itself alone and that this would be "throwing the baby out with the liberated from the control of others-the ideal of bath water". Demurrage could be easily applied to all Schilkr, Stirner, Nietzsche and Landauer". cheques and bank accounts aside from savings bank In the introduction Gesell writes that the abolition accounts. of unearned income is the immediate economic aim of No doubt all readers of the "Natural Economic soc!al!st m?vements, but that he knew of only one Order" will agree with Oscar Sachse who wrote i.1 socmhst-P1erre Joseph Proudhon-who did not pro­ "The Socialisation of Banking". 1933, ''In Gesell's pose the nationalisation or socialisation of productlon book there are a number of other points which might to secure this aim. be criticised, but on the whole I think it mus.t be one Gesell. born of a German father and a French of the most original works on economics that has ever mother, does not appear to have been influen.:ed by been published." the many experiments and years of effort of the -LA. Gale. EX-MARXIST LOOKS AT MARXISM As you have rightly pointed out, we must avoid the twin dangers of laissez-faire Capitalism on DIAMAT AS PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE, By the one hand and totalitarian Communism on P. Spratt,Published, By the Libertarian Social the other. There is an attempt in America to Institute, Arya Bhuvan, Sandhurst Road, Bom­ embellish Capitalism by calling it by the new bay-4. Pp. 122. name of Libertarianism. I presume that you This is a book written by ex-Marxist, Spratt, one disapprove of this move. . of the pioneers of the communist movement in Great The family as the unit of society is in my Britain. He came to India in the 'twenties to organise opinion inconsistent with the principles of Liber­ the communist movement. He was involved in the tarianism which guarantee the maximum possi­ Meerut Conspiracy case. Later, he broke from the CPI ble liberty to the individual. Here are the wc:::-ds and from Marxism as a philosophy. He has now set­ of Bakunin: (Page 326 and 321-T.he Political tled down at Bangalore as an editor of an English Philosophy of Bakunin, edited by G. P. Maxi­ weekly. moff). Spratt has mobilised his vast knowledge of the uFree Marriage Union: -We are convinced communist movement to repudiate the fundamental that in recognising the freedom of either party tenets of dialectical materialism (Diamat) as the phi­ to the marriage to part from the other when­ losophy of Marxism. To Spratt as is the case with ever he or she wishes to, without having to ask numerous anti-Marxists today, the "philosophy'' of anyone's permission for it--and that likewise the Soviet regime under Stalin is but a logical culmi­ in denying the necessity of needing any permis­ nation of, and not a deviation from then Marxian sion to unite in marriage and rejecting in gene­ approach to world problems. He ignores the existence ral the interference of any authority with that of powerful schools of Marxist thought who repudiate union-we make them more closely united to the practices of Stalinism as negation of Marxism but each other. relies on the stray statements of the present-day empi­ The Upbringing of Children: -With the abo­ rical followers of Marx to denounce the edifice of a lition of marriage there comes to the fore the new philosophical outlook. which according to his question of upbringing of children. Their up­ own -admission or "is still helping to entice young keep from the time of their mother's pregnancy men into the communist fold." until their maturity, their training and educa­ Spratt approaches dialectical materialism as an tion, equal for all-industrial and intellectual idealist, for he thinks that "materialism is not a plau­ training combining preparation for both manual sible theory.' He is also convinced that Diamat must and mental labor-must be mainly the concern be rejected because it does not "conform to reason of the free society." and fact.'' Although the author claims that "he does The individual should be the unit in a Liber­ not profess any theory and does not try to establish tarian Society. The family idea is· to-day bein~ one '' he has been more than unfair to Marx while exploited by all the religions and especially b} - rep;odueing the views of the philosopher as .opposed the Catholic Church. Libertarians, who are ra­ to the "idealist" philosophers of his period. tionalists, cannot approve of this reactionery The book is bound to rouse a great deal of interest idea. It may be that the Marxists and the Com­ among students of philosophy, Marxis.ts and non-Mar­ munists condemned the family to start with, xh.ts alike, at a tims when there is a total absence of but in Stalin's days they exploited the emo­ discussion on current philosophical and other pro-­ tional features of the family system to the blems in India. Spratt is no doubt a fascinating writer, maximum extent, as is evidenced by the enorm­ whatever his views. ous amount of Soviet literature that has been "K" put out in support of the worship of mother, father, brothers, sisters, and all other family relations. The Libertarian ideal is unqualified liberty for the individual. This liberty should OPEN LETTER TO DR. BORSODI not be curtailed in the interest of the State, the Mr· S. Ramanathan, Secretary, Rationalist Asso­ community, the caste, the tribe, the kindred. ciation of India, has addressed this Open Letter to the family etc. There is no reason whatever Dr. Ralph Borsodi~ why the husband and the wife should be forced to live together after they have ceased to love Dear Mr. Borsodi, each other. Why should they not be at liberty Please permit me to reply to two points raised to seek other mates,--if they so desire? Why in your letter of January 24th. In regard to should children in a rational society come in the others there may be slight misunderstandings, way of the happiness of their parents? Looked but there are really large areas of agreement. at from the point of view of the children, why The two points which are controversial relate should growing children ..at impressionable ages to (1) the leadership of the "elite" and (2) the be forced to live with parents who do not har­ family as the primary unit of society. monise with each other and whose home life is I take it that in drafting! the Libertarian full of bickerings which are bound to have un­ Manifesto you are drawing up the blue prints healthy effects on the children? There should be for the launching of a modern version of the independent arrangements · made available for anarchist movement as defined by Bakunin who the children to grow up in healthy surroundings. was the greatest historical rival of Karl Marx. Even as children have to be put together in

THE INDIAN UBERTARJAN schools for their education, they have to be put NEW BOOKS ADDED TO together for healthy growing up. The schooling must begin at the very birth or as soon as pos­ R L FOUNDATION UBRARY sible thereafter. This idea is entirely consistent --:o:-- with libertarianism and with rationalism while the opposite idea of family worship is religious The following new books have been added tB reaction which leads to economic and social ex­ the R. L. Foundation Library, Arya Bhuvan, ploitation. Sandhurst Road, Bombay 4. Atom and its Energy: Das Gupta. India Wins Freroom; I grant that marital relationship should not Autobiographic Narrative: Azad, Maulana Abul be lightly set aside and every effort should be Kalam. made to· enable the couple to hold together for . Diamat as Philosophy of Nature: Spratt. P. as long as possible. But since Libertarians do Theory of :Monopolistic Competition: Cham­ not believe that marriages are made in heaven, or berlin, Edward Hastings. sacrosanct they should have no scruples to an­ Germany and the Revolution in Russia 1915- nul marriages which have grown unpleasant for 1918: Zeman, Z.A.B. (Ed.) the parties concerned. Great Powers; Es.

23 Mq IS. 11S9 May 15, 1959 Regd. No. B 6520

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Edited by Miss K. R. Lotwala for the Libertarian Publishers (Private\ Ltd. Printed b~ G. N. La~ande, at G. N. Printers, Lalchimny, Lamington Road, Bomba:v-11 and published by him at the off1ce of the Libertarian Publis'bers (Private) Ltd., 26 Durgadevi RoliN, Bombay-4.