THEBLACKSCHOLAR THE CULTURE OF REVOLUTION ADOTEVI CARMICHAEL CHRISMAN CLEAVER HARE JONES KILLENS TOUR[t THE BLACK SCHOLAR has been born out of the struggle of black scholars, black intellectuals, black leaders - all black people - for an education that will provide meaningful defini- tions of black existence. So born, THE BLACK SCHOLAR is the first journal of black studies and research in this country. We recognize that we must re-define our lives. We must shape a culture, a politics, an economics, a sense of our past and future history. We must recognize what we have been and what we shall be, retaining that which has been good and discarding that which has been worthless . THE BLACK SCHOLAR shall be the journal for that definition . In its pages, black ideologies will be examined, debated, dis- puted and evaluated by the black intellectual community. Arti- cles which research, document and analyze the black experience will be published, so that theory is balanced with fact, and ideology with substantial information . We cannot afford division any longer if our struggle is to bear fruit, whether those divisions be between class, caste or func- tion . Nothing black is alien to us . A black scholar recognizes this fact . He is a man of both thought and action, a whole man who thinks for his people and acts with them, a man who honors the whole community of black experience, a man who sees the Ph .D., the janitor, the businessman, the maid, the clerk, the militant, as all sharing the same experience of blackness, with all its complexities and its rewards. THE BLACK SCHOLAR is the journal for such a man . It is your journal. Support it. THEBLACKSCHOLAR Staff Journal of Black Studies and Research Publisher Nathan Hare Editor Robert Chrisman Coordinator Allan Ross Production B. W. Friendly Promotion Julia Reed Volume I Number 1 November 1969 Circulation T. B. Smith Advertising Victoria Barnes Contributing and Advisory Editors Contents Andrew Billingsley, Ph.D. Assistant Chancellor for Academic Affairs, 2 TITATHAN HARE University of California, Berkeley J. Herman Blake, Ph .D . A Report on the Pan African Cultural Festival Department of Sociology, University of California, Santa Cruz SEKOU TOURS Dolores Cayou II Secretary, Black Faculty Union, A Dialectical Approach to Culture San Francisco State College Price Cobbs, M.D . Department of Psychiatry, 27 STANISLAS ADOTEVI University of California Medical Center Emory Douglass The Strategy of Culture Minister of Culture, Black Panther Party Herman Ferguson 36 STOKELY CARMICHAEL Minister of Education, Republic of New Africa Carlton Goodlett, M.D ., Ph.D . Pan-Africanism - Land and Power Publisher, The Sun-Reporter Charles V. Hamilton, Ph .D. Professor of Political Science, Columbia University 44 ELDRIDGE CLEAVER Vincent Harding, Ph .D. Institute of the Black World Education and Revolution Milton Henry, LL .B . Detroit, Michigan 54 IMAMU AMEER BARAKA (LEROI JONES) Maulana Ron Karenga Founder-Chairman, US A Black Value System John O. Killens Creative Writing, Columbia University 61 JOHN 0. KILLENS Joyce A. Ladner, Ph .D . Institute of the Black World, Atlanta, Georgia The Artist in the Black University Don L. Lee Black Writer in Residence, Northeastern Illinois State College 66 ROOSEVELT JOHNSON Acklyn Lynch Black Administrators and Higher Education Department of Social Science Federal City College, Washington, D.C . Floyd McKissick, LL .B. ROBERT CHRISMAN President, McKissick Enterprises, New York 77 Gerald McWorter, Ph .D . The Crisis of Harold Cruse Social Theoretician, Chicago Alvin F. Poussaint, M.D . Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University Sonia Sanchez Black Studies Program, University of Pittsburgh The Black Scholar is published monthly, except July Chuck Stone and August, by The Black World Foundation, a John T. Dorrance Professor, Trinity College Jesse Taylor non-profit educational organization . All editorial cor- Department of Black Studies, respondence should be addressed to Box 31245, San San Francisco State College James Turner, Ph.D . Francisco, Calif. 94131. All subscription correspond- Director, Afroamerican Studies, Cornell University ence should be addressed to Box 908, Sausalito, Ca. Sid Walton Principal, Martin Luther King School, 94965. Phone (415) 332-3152 . Subscription rates: Sausalito, California $10 per year, $25 for 3 years; single copies $1 .25 . Preston Wilcox Chairman, National Association of Foreign rates on request. Second class privileges ap- Afroamerican Educators plied for in Sausalito, Calif. 94965. Copyright 1969 . A. Cecil Williams Minister of Involvement and Celebration, All rights, including translation into other languages, Glide Urban Center reserved by The Black Scholar . ALGIERS 1969 A REPORT ON THE PAN-AFRICAN CULTURAL FESTIVAL by NATHAN HARE NATHAN HARE was the first coordinator of a black studies program in the country. He is on the Ad- visory Council of the National Conference on Black Power, where most recently he was Chairman of the Education Committee. Hare has written some sixty articles and The Black Anglo Saxons (to enter its second printing in December) . He received the Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago and is an active member of the New York Academy of Sciences. He is publisher of THE BLACK SCHOLAR. THE BLACK SCHOLAR NOVEMBER 1969 HERE WAS A BATTLE IN ALGIERS in late were : the serious and quietly charismatic July, with lighter skirmishes both old young poet, Don L. Lee; Carmichael lieu- Tand new, and emerging signs of struggle tenants, Courtland Cox and Charlie Cobb; which now lurk ready to boomerang Panther Chief of Staff, David Hilliard, around the world in the years (and months) who had to return to the United States be- to come. The troops came together, African fore the festival was over to take care of a generals and footsoldiers in the war of crisis with Chicago police; and the com- words and politics that splashed against passionate black Parisian poet, Ted Joans. the calm waters of the Mediterranean Sea There were many young black Americans - in the First Pan African Cultural Festival who had not been invited, but who had -from everywhere in greater numbers than cared enough to piece together their own ever before; from San Francisco to Senegal, fare; including Oakland's Harriet Smith, from Dakar to the District of Columbia. who, as of this writing, is still in Africa The conflict was over which course a traveling and lecturing. potentially unified Africa could take to- Hoyt Fuller of Negro Digest was there. ward national and continental liberation, He had been also in attendance at the particularly the role of culture in the strug- Dakar Festival of 1966 and seemed par- gle for liberation and in social and eco- ticularly struck by the contrast in the type nomic development. Which, in the context of black Americans at the two festivals. of things, revolves in some presently in- Dakar had collected the most well-known transigent way around the relationship of artists and entertainers, the Duke Elling- black and white revolutionaries. Though tons and the like ; Algiers had attracted the antagonists centered their fire on the ques- new breed young militant whether those of tion of culture, the battle was recognized fame, those on the rise, or those yet to all around as "98 per cent political," and begin the making of their names. Students, clearly hinged at last in long and passion- of course, also came, notably from San ate debate, private and public, over the Francisco State College, and others around future direction of the struggle for libera- the world (including Stokely's chief aide tion on the continent and, indeed, the en- now studying sociology in Europe whose tire world. name oddly slips me at the moment though I got to know and like him well enough HUNDREDS OF DELEGATES came from thirty- before I left to give him my favorite da- one independent African countries and shiki) and ex-patriated young Americans representatives from six movements for from Paris, some of whose names I never African liberation, from Palestine to An- knew. Like their African counterparts, they gola-Mozambique and the Congo-Brazza- had journeyed in search of new hopes for ville. And there were Black Panthers and freedom to a most appropriate place, Al- "black cubs" and old lions from the Ameri- giers, Algeria-most famous in recent times can contingent. Secretly exiled Eldridge for the revolutionary overthrow of a major Cleaver chose this occasion to reveal his oppressive power. whereabouts, and expatriated Stokely Car- michael came with his South African-exiled A LGIERs, the adopted home of the late wife, Miriam Makeba. Kathleen had her black Martinique psychiatrist, Frantz Fan- baby during the Festival, and there was on, stands mysteriously like a quaint and Panther Minister of Culture, Emory Doug- complex ant hill - almost inhuman in its lass, international jazz artists, such as Nina architectural and natural beauty - over- Simone and Archie Shepp, and Julia Her- looking the Mediterranean at the apex of vre (the late Richard Wright's daughter the continent of Africa, the "cradle of civil- now living in Paris) . ization." On the first night of the Festival, Leroi Jones (whose passport had been its streets were filled with multi-colored held up) could not get over, but there balloons floating against the background of THE BLACK SCHOLAR NOVEMBER 1969 PAGE 3 fascinated, a gaily illuminated sky, as twenty African intellectuals who are likewise so solution for countries came through in a parade. Guinea who fail to visualize a certain "reaction- was the most applauded, but there was fel- the present, and hold on to the excessive lowship and entertainment for all, from ary theory of negritude and the past. If Africans Guinean ballet to restrained dancing in the cult of a revolutionary not to regret streets. must lean on their past, this is in order to The next day saw a somewhat different a lost paradise but to recover it Algiers, and what has been achieved since assert it fully today."2 shared by the revolution, not all of it yet so good.