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UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order Online
UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order online Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Glossary 1. Executive Summary The 1999 Offensive The Chain of Command The War Crimes Tribunal Abuses by the KLA Role of the International Community 2. Background Introduction Brief History of the Kosovo Conflict Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Kosovo in the 1990s The 1998 Armed Conflict Conclusion 3. Forces of the Conflict Forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Army Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs Paramilitaries Chain of Command and Superior Responsibility Stucture and Strategy of the KLA Appendix: Post-War Promotions of Serbian Police and Yugoslav Army Members 4. march–june 1999: An Overview The Geography of Abuses The Killings Death Toll,the Missing and Body Removal Targeted Killings Rape and Sexual Assault Forced Expulsions Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions Destruction of Civilian Property and Mosques Contamination of Water Wells Robbery and Extortion Detentions and Compulsory Labor 1 Human Shields Landmines 5. Drenica Region Izbica Rezala Poklek Staro Cikatovo The April 30 Offensive Vrbovac Stutica Baks The Cirez Mosque The Shavarina Mine Detention and Interrogation in Glogovac Detention and Compusory Labor Glogovac Town Killing of Civilians Detention and Abuse Forced Expulsion 6. Djakovica Municipality Djakovica City Phase One—March 24 to April 2 Phase Two—March 7 to March 13 The Withdrawal Meja Motives: Five Policeman Killed Perpetrators Korenica 7. Istok Municipality Dubrava Prison The Prison The NATO Bombing The Massacre The Exhumations Perpetrators 8. Lipljan Municipality Slovinje Perpetrators 9. Orahovac Municipality Pusto Selo 10. Pec Municipality Pec City The “Cleansing” Looting and Burning A Final Killing Rape Cuska Background The Killings The Attacks in Pavljan and Zahac The Perpetrators Ljubenic 11. -
Media Integrity Matters
a lbania M edia integrity Matters reClaiMing publiC serviCe values in Media and journalisM This book is an Media attempt to address obstacles to a democratic development of media systems in the countries of South East Europe by mapping patterns of corrupt relations and prac bosnia and Herzegovina tices in media policy development, media ownership and financing, public service broadcasting, and journalism as a profession. It introduces the concept of media in tegrity to denote public service values in media and journalism. Five countries were integrity covered by the research presented in this book: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia / MaCedonia / serbia Croatia, Macedonia and Serbia. The research – conducted between July 2013 and February 2014 – was part of the regional project South East European Media Obser vatory – Building Capacities and Coalitions for Monitoring Media Integrity and Ad vancing Media Reforms, coordinated by the Peace Institute in Ljubljana. Matters reClaiMing publiC serviCe values in Media and journalisM Media integrity M a tters ISBN 978-961-6455-70-0 9 7 8 9 6 1 6 4 5 5 7 0 0 ovitek.indd 1 3.6.2014 8:50:48 ALBANIA MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS RECLAIMING PUBLIC SERVICE VALUES IN MEDIA AND JOURNALISM Th is book is an attempt to address obstacles to a democratic development of media systems in the MEDIA countries of South East Europe by mapping patterns of corrupt relations and prac- BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA tices in media policy development, media ownership and fi nancing, public service broadcasting, and journalism as a profession. It introduces the concept of media in- tegrity to denote public service values in media and journalism. -
Propaganda Made-To-Measure: Dimensions of Risk and Resilience in the Western Balkans
ASYMMETRIC THREATS PROGRAMME A Study of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia PROPAGANDA MADE-TO-MEASURE: DIMENSIONS OF RISK AND RESILIENCE IN THE WESTERN BALKANS Rufin Zamfir (editor) Funded by: A project by I Bucharest, Romania May, 2019 The report can be accessed at www.global-focus.eu or ordered at [email protected] +40-721259205 26, Hristo Botev bvd, et. 4, ap. 9 Bucharest, Sector 3 GlobalFocus Center is an independent international studies think-tank which produces in-depth research and high quality analysis on foreign policy, security, European affairs, good governance and development. It functions as a platform for cooperation and dialogue among individual experts, NGOs, think-tanks and public institutions from Romania and foreign partners. The Asymmetric Threats programme focuses on strategic communications, terrorism and radicalization, cyber security and hybrid war. DISCLAIMER The views expressed belong to the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the GlobalFocus Center. GlobalFocus Center reserves all rights for the present publication. Parts thereof can only be reproduced or quoted with full attribution to the GlobalFocus Center and mention of publication title and authors' names. Full reproduction is only permitted upon obtaining prior written approval from the GlobalFocus Center. OiiOpinions expressed in thispublica tion donot necessarilyrepresent those of the BlkBalkan Trust for Democracy, the German Marshall Fund of the United States, or its partners. Argument and Methodological Explanation (by Rufin Zamfir) pg. 1 Albania (by Agon Maliqi) pg. 7 Society pg. 9 Economy pg. 16 Politics pg. 21 Foreign Policy and Security pg. 26 Bosnia and Herzegovina (by Dimitar Bechev) pg. -
Inter-Ethnic Relations in Albania: the Causality Between Inter-Ethnic and Inter-State Relations
RSP • No. 59 • 2018: 34-44 ORIGINAL PAPER Inter-Ethnic Relations in Albania: The Causality Between Inter-Ethnic and Inter-State Relations Agon Demjaha Ylber Sela Abstract: Throughout the period of communism, human rights and freedoms of all ethnic groups, both majorities and minorities, had been grossly violated in Albania, while spiritual and ethnic sentiments were forcibly mitigated by the communist regime. Consequently, during the period of communism, the impression from abroad was that ethnically Albania was a rather homogeneous country. Nevertheless, certain neighbouring countries as well as different ethnic minorities living in Albania have constantly questioned such perception. After the fall of communism, the size of different minorities living in the country has emerged as the main inter-ethnic dispute in Albania. Although currently several ethnic groups are officially recognized as national minorities in Albania, the Greek minority is the largest one and the only minority large enough to have sufficient political, economic and social significance. The main aim of the paper is to analyse the state of inter-ethnic relations in Albania, with special focus on relations between ethnic Albanian majority and ethnic Greek minority. The paper also offers an analysis of main factors that contribute to inter-ethnic tensions in the country and explores possible scenarios in the future. The most relevant part of the paper analyses the causality between inter-ethnic and inter-state relations. The paper claims that as in other countries of the Western Balkans, interstate and inter-ethnic relations in essencerepresent components of the same equation. The paper concludes that the overall inter-ethnic relations between Albanians and Greeks in Albania are heavily affectedby inter-state relations between Albania and Greece and vice versa. -
ALBANIA Ilda Londo
ALBANIA Ilda Londo porocilo.indb 51 20.5.2014 9:04:36 INTRODUCTION Policies on media development have ranged from over-regulation to complete liberali- sation. Media legislation has changed frequently, mainly in response to the developments and emergence of media actors on the ground, rather than as a result of a deliberate and carefully thought-out vision and strategy. Th e implementation of the legislation was ham- pered by political struggles, weak rule of law and interplays of various interests, but some- times the reason was the incompetence of the regulatory bodies themselves. Th e Albanian media market is small, but the media landscape is thriving, with high number of media outlets surviving. Th e media market suff ers from severe lack of trans- parency. It also seems that diversifi cation of sources of revenues is not satisfactory. Media are increasingly dependent on corporate advertising, on the funds arising from other busi- nesses of their owners, and to some extent, on state advertising. In this context, the price of survival is a loss of independence and direct or indirect infl uence on media content. Th e lack of transparency in media ratings, advertising practices, and business practices in gen- eral seems to facilitate even more the infl uences on media content exerted by other actors. In this context, the chances of achieving quality and public-oriented journalism are slim. Th e absence of a strong public broadcaster does not help either. Th is research report will seek to analyze the main aspects of the media system and the way they aff ect media integrity. -
Mbështetje E Mëtutjeshme Zhvillimit Të Tregtisë Në Kosovë
Instrumenti për Përafrim me Acquis të BE-së Mbështetje e Mëtutjeshme Zhvillimit të Tregtisë në Kosovë Nr. Identifikues i Projektit EuropeAid/138565/DH/SER/XK Kontratë Shërbimi Nr. 2018/395-320 SFIDAT DHE PRIORITETET E KOSOVËS NË TREGTINË NDËRKOMBËTARE Dhjetor, 2019 0 Kontakt personat tuaj në GFA Consulting Group GmbH janë Z-sha Martina Bernauer (Drejtoreshë Projekti) Z. Luis Abugattas (Udhëheqës Ekipi) Kosovë Mbështetje e mëtutjeshme zhvillimit të tregtisë në Kosovë Numri i Kontratës 2018/395-320 Raporti Akt. nr. 2.3.3 – Sfidat dhe Prioritetet e Kosovës në Tregtinë Ndërkombëtare Autor Z. Agon Nixha Origjinali është shkruar në gjuhën angleze . Mohim Përmbajtja e këtij publikimi është përgjegjësi e vetme e autorëve dhe GFA Consulting Group GmbH dhe në asnjë mënyrë nuk pasqyron pikëpamjet e Bashkimit Evropian GFA Consulting Group GmbH Eulenkrugstr. 82 D-22359 Hamburg Gjermani Tel: +49 (40) 6 03 06 170 Fax: +49 (40) 6 03 06 159 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Përmbajtja 1. Hyrje .............................................................................................................................. 2 2. Dialogu i Sektorit Publiko-Privat Lidhur me Tregtinë ................................................ 5 2.1 Korniza Ligjore e Kosovës për Përfshirjen e Palëve të Interesit në Hartimin e Politikave ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Mekanizmi Institucional i Kosovës për Dialogun Publiko-Privat ............................... 6 2.3 Sfidat -
From Official to Personal Relations of Political Leaders of Albania and Kosovo with the Turkish President Gentiola Madhi
WESTERN BALKANS AT THE CROSSROADS: ANALYTICAL STUDY 11 “Our brother Erdogan” – From official to personal relations of political leaders of Albania and Kosovo with the Turkish President Gentiola Madhi February 2021 “Our brother Erdogan” – From official to personal relations of political leaders of Albania and Kosovo with the Turkish President Author: Gentiola Madhi Proofreading: Zack Kramer Published by the Prague Security Studies Institute, February 2021, Prague The publication is written within the framework of the project “Western Balkans at the Crossroads: Ways Forward in Analyzing External Actors Influence“ led by the Prague Security Studies Institute with the support of the National Endowment for Democracy. © PSSI 2021 The Prague Security Studies Institute, Pohořelec 6 118 00 Prague 1, Czech Republic www.pssi.cz WESTERN BALKANS AT THE CROSSROADS: ANALYTICAL STUDY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive summary This paper focuses on the forging of personal relations Kosovo, are deemed essential for understanding the extent between leaders of Albania and Kosovo with the Turkish to which this personalisation of relations is of a strategic President and its coexistence with traditional interstate and transactional nature. relations. In particular, it deals with President Erdoğan’s approach to shifting from interstate institutional relations The research draws on a triangulation of sources in order towards the predominance and favouring of one-to-one to address the limits deriving from the personal and personal relations with country leaders, as an -
Lediona LUMI Prof.Dr
REPUBLIKA E SHQIPËRISË UNIVERSITETI I ELBASANIT “ALEKSANDËR XHUVANI” FAKULTETI I SHKENCAVE HUMANE DISERTACION PËR FITIMIN E GRADËS SHKENCORE: “DOKTOR I SHKENCAVE ALBANOLOGJIKE” TEMA: VËSHTRIM MBI GJUHËN E SOTME TË POLITIKËS (FUNKSIONE DHE VEÇANTI LEKSIKO-GRAMATIKORE) KANDIDATI UDHËHEQËSI SHKENCOR Msc. Lediona LUMI Prof.dr. Abdulla BALLHYSA ELBASAN, 2021 1 DOKTORATURË Përgatitur nga: Lediona Lumi Për marrjen e gradës shkencore “DOKTOR” Specialiteti : Gjuhësi VËSHTRIM MBI GJUHËN E SOTME TË POLITIKËS (FUNKSIONE DHE VEÇANTI LEKSIKO-GRAMATIKORE) Udhëheqës shkencor: Prof. dr. Abdulla BALLHYSA Mbrohet më, .................................. përpara komisionit të vlerësimit: 1.__________________________________ (kryetar) 2.__________________________________ (oponent i tezës) 3.__________________________________ (oponent i tezës) 4.__________________________________ (anëtar) 5.__________________________________ (anëtar) 2 Mirënjohje Kur e propozuam bashkarisht si temë doktorature “Vështrim mbi gjuhën e sotme të politikës” me udhëheqësin shkencor Prof.dr Abdulla Ballhysa, besimi im si doktorante në proces ishte mbështetur në rezultatet dhe vlerësimet maksimale që arritëm të sigurojmë në nivel masteri shkencor, por edhe në besimin dhe bashkëpunimin e mëtejshëm me udhëheqësin. Vizioni, strategjia dhe bashkëpunimi me udhëheqësin më ndihmuan të mësoj rreth metodologjisë shkencore të kërkimit mbi gjuhën e sotme të politikës, të ndërtoj një strukturë kërkimore që i përgjigjet kritereve, parimeve dhe metodave bashkëkohore të një punimi në nivel doktorate. -
Formation Des Enseignants D'histoire
[Albanian version] Mësimdhënia e Historisë Evropiane e shekullit të 20-të Nga Robert Stradling Opinionet e shprehura në këtë punim janë ato të autorit dhe nuk reflektojnë domosdoshmërisht politikën zyrtare të Këshillit për Co-operim Kulturor apo atë të Sekretariatit. Një vështrim në shekullin e XX1 Nëqoftëse do të më duhej t’i bëja një përmbledhje shekullit të XX-të, do të thoja se ai ngjallii si asnjëherë shpresat më të mëdha të përshkuara nga humanizmi dhe shkatërroi gjithë iluzionet dhe idealet. Yheudi Menuhin (muzikant) Historianët nuk mund t’i përgjigjen kësaj pyetjeje. Shekulli i XX-të është për mua çdo lloj përpjekje për ta kuptuar dhe rivlerësuar atë. Franco Venturi (historian) * * * Këshilli i Evropës u krijua në 1949 për të arritur bashkimin më të madh midis demokracive parlamentare Evropiane.Ai është një nga institucionet më të vjetra politike Evropiane dhe ka 43 shtete anëtare,2 duke përfshirë këtu 15 anëtaret e Bashkimit Evropian. Ai është organizmi më i gjerë ndërqeveritar dhe ndërparlamentar në Evropë dhe e ka qendrën e tij në Strasburg. 1 Nxjerrë nga Eric Hobëm në Age of extremes: the short twentieth century, Abacus, London, p.2.Origjinali është marrë nga Paulo Agosti dhe Giovanna Borgese, Rittrati e parole di centosei protagonisti del Novecento, Turin,1992, pp.2,160 2 Shqipëria, Andora, Austria, Belgjika, Bullgaria, Kroacia, Qipro, Republika Çeke, Danimarka, Estonia, Finlanda, Franca, Gjeorgjia, Gjermania, Greqia, Hungaria, Islanda, Italia, Latvia, Liteshtejni, Lituania, Luksenburgu, Malta, Moldavia, Hollanda, Norvegjia, Polonia, Portugalia, Rumania, Federata Ruse, San Marino, Republika Sllovake, Sllovenia, Spanja, Suedia, Zvicra, “ish republika Jugosllave e Maqedonisë”, Turqia, Ukraina, Mbretëria e Bashkuar. -
International Norm Echoing in Rebel Groups: the Cases of the Kosovo Liberation Army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2014 International norm echoing in rebel groups: The cases of the Kosovo Liberation Army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Jennifer A. Mueller Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/260 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] International norm echoing in rebel groups: The cases of the Kosovo Liberation Army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam by Jennifer A. Mueller A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2014 © 2014 Jennifer Anne Mueller All rights reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Susan L. Woodward Date Chair of the Examining Committee Alyson Cole Date Executive Officer Susan L. Woodward Thomas G. Weiss Peter Liberman Supervisory Committee iii Abstract International norm echoing in rebel groups: The cases of the Kosovo Liberation Army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam by Jennifer A. Mueller Advisor: Professor Susan L. Woodward This research demonstrates that rebel groups use international norms in their discourse and echo patterns in the discourse of states and that they do so to promote their own legitimacy at key turning points in their conflicts. -
ENDRI KONFERENCA ICSNS XII Mars 2021.Indd
Book of proceedings TWELFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON: “SOCIAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES – GLOBAL CHALLENGE 2021” (ICSNS XII-2021) Berlin, 4 March 2021 Organized by International Institute for Private- Commercial- and Competition Law (Austria) in Partnership with Institute of History and Political Science of the University of Białystok (Poland), School of American Law (Greece) Edited by: Dr. Lena Hoffman 1 TWELFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON: “SOCIAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES – GLOBAL CHALLENGE 2021” (ICSNS XII-2021) Editor: Lena Hoff man Berlin, 4 March 2021 ISBN: 978-9928-259-43-1 Disclaimer Every reasonable eff ort has been made to ensure that the material in this book is true, correct, complete, and appropriate at the time of writing. Nevertheless the publishers, the editors and the authors do not accept responsibility for any omission or error, or any injury, damage, loss or fi nancial consequences arising from the use of the book. The views expressed by contributors do not necessarily refl ect those of University of Bialystok (Poland), International Institute for Private, Commercial and Competition law (Austria), School of American Law (Greece). 2 (ICSNS XII-2021) Prof. Dr. Helmut Flachenecker, Universität Wuerzburg (Germany) Prof. Dr. John Rowley Gillingham, University of Missouri (USA) Prof. Dr. Jürgen Wolfb auer, Montanuniversität Leoben (Austria) Prof. Dr. H. Ekkehard Wolff , Universität Leipzig (Germany) Prof. Em. Dr. Karl Otwin Becker, Universität Graz (Austria) Prof. Em. Nikolaus Grass, Universität Innsbruck (Austria) Prof. Em. Rolf Ostheim, Universität Salzburg (Austria) Prof. Dr. Werner Lehfeldt, Universität Goett ingen (Germany) Prof. Dr. Horst Weber, Universität Chemnitz (Germany) Prof. Em. Josef Barthel, Universität Regensburg (Germany) Prof. Dr. Gracienne Lauwers, Universiteit Antwerpen (Belgium) Prof. -
Table of Contents
REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA ASSEMBLY OF ALBANIA PEOPLE’S ADVOCATE ANNUAL REPORT On the activity of the People’s Advocate 1 January – 31 December 2007 Tirana, 2008 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Speech of the People's Advocate Resolution of the Parliament of the Republic of Albania 1. Summary of statistics for the year 2007 2. Cases started at the initiative of the People’s Advocate ( ex-officio) 3. People’s Complaint Office 4. General Opinions on Human Rights in Albania 5. Relations with the Parliament of Albania 6. Cooperation with the Council of Ministers (Government) 7. Applications addressed to the Constitutional Court 8 National Conference on Prevention of Torture 9. Activity of Subsection on Children’s Rights 10. The Right of the People’s Advocate for Legislative Recommendations 11. Media Coverage for 2007 2 People's Advocate Speech Distinguished Mrs. Speaker of Parliament of the Republic of Albania Distinguished Members of Parliament, This is the eighth annual report with which the People's Advocate appears before this honored Parliament. The People's Advocate comes before you with a fuller and clearer physiognomy not only to unfold his vision, but also to express again his commitment and motivation to carry out the other duties that the Parliament is expected to commission him with. As in previous years, this report presents a summarized picture of our annual work. Regardless of its form and conclusions, in general, the content of this report was part of all daily media broadcasts in Albania for cases examined by the People's Advocate. The daily practice of relations individual-State shows that the level of good governance, as a human right, still leaves much to be desired in Albania.