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1 Drivers of Herbivorous Arthropod Pest Resistance

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1 Drivers of Herbivorous Arthropod Pest Resistance DRIVERS OF HERBIVOROUS ARTHROPOD PEST RESISTANCE IN URBAN ORNAMENTAL GARDENS By GISELE P. NIGHSWANDER A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2019 1 © 2019 Gisele P. Nighswander 2 To everyone who has given me their love, their support, and their time 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Basil V. Iannone III for dedicating his time and his patience and for providing as much guidance and insight as possible throughout the entirety of this project. I thank the rest of my committee, Dr. Adam Dale and Dr. Jiangxiao Qiu, for their ongoing support and for offering up their respective expertise to help create a unique, multifaceted product. I thank my collaborators, Dr. Michael Dukes and Dr. Esen Momol from the former Center for Landscape Conservation and Ecology, now the Center for Land Use Efficiency, for their funding and support. I thank members of my lab, Dr. James Sinclair for his extensive involvement with my writing and analyses, and Kayla Hess and Oguz Sariyildiz for their valued feedback and emotional support. I thank Dr. Haleigh Ray and Alex LoCastro for their much-needed assistance with arthropod identification. I thank Wendy Wilber, Donna Bloomfield, Bailey Hillman, Steve Pritchett, the Wilmot Gardens Committee, UF|IFAS Straughn Professional Development Center, Luis Diaz, Ed Bravo, Phillip Hisey, Lloyd Singleton and Dr. Jim Davis for their assistance with sample site allocation and acquisition of pest management information. I would especially like to thank the Garden Club of America and the UF|IFAS College of Agriculture & Life Sciences for their financial support. Finally, I thank my family, as well as my wonderful friends at the University of Florida for their unceasing love and support throughout. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 8 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 12 2 THE ROLE OF VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS IN REGULATING ARTHROPOD PESTS IN URBAN ORNAMENTAL GARDENS ..................................... 16 Background ............................................................................................................................ 16 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 19 Study Design and Region ............................................................................................... 20 Vegetation Survey .......................................................................................................... 21 Arthropod Pests and Natural Enemies ............................................................................ 22 Temperature .................................................................................................................... 24 Statistical Analysis ......................................................................................................... 24 Results.................................................................................................................................... 26 Overall Patterns in Arthropod Community .................................................................... 26 Pests Response to Vegetation Characteristics (Objective 1) .......................................... 27 Natural Enemies Response to Vegetation Characteristics (Objective 1) ....................... 27 Temperature Response to Vegetation Characteristics (Objective 2) .............................. 28 Pests Response to Natural Enemies ................................................................................ 28 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 29 3 EFFECTS OF PLANT ORIGIN ON ARTHROPOD PESTS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES IN URBAN ORNAMENTAL GARDENS ......................................................... 48 Background ............................................................................................................................ 48 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 54 Study Region and Design ............................................................................................... 54 Vegetation Survey .......................................................................................................... 55 Arthropod Pests and Natural Enemies ............................................................................ 55 Statistical Analysis ......................................................................................................... 56 Results.................................................................................................................................... 58 Overall Patterns in Arthropod and Plant Community .................................................... 58 Effects of Native and Non-Native Vegetation on Pests ................................................. 58 Effects of Native and Non-Native Vegetation on Natural Enemies ............................... 59 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 60 5 4 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX: LIST OF PLANT SPECIES ................................................................................... 82 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 84 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...................................................................................................... 100 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Summary statistics of all vegetation, pest, natural enemy, and temperature variable ...... 37 2-2 Effects of vegetation characteristics on pests and natural enemies) ................................. 38 2-3 Effects of vegetation characteristics on temperature ........................................................ 39 2-4 Effects of natural enemies on pests ................................................................................... 40 3-1 Summary statistics of all variables pre- and post-Zamia pumila removal ........................ 67 3-2 Effects of native and non-native cover on pests and natural enemies .............................. 68 3-3 Effects of native and non-native richness on pests and natural enemies .......................... 69 A-1 List of plant species .......................................................................................................... 82 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Nested sampling design .................................................................................................... 41 2-2 Proportion of gardens infested by pests ............................................................................ 42 2-3 Natural enemy taxa and their occurrence in gardens ........................................................ 43 2-4 Effects of vegetation scatter on pests ................................................................................ 44 2-5 Effects of multiple vegetation characteristics on natural enemies. ................................... 45 2-6 Effect of vegetation structure on temperature ................................................................... 46 2-7 Effects of natural enemies on pests ................................................................................... 47 3-1 Proportion of subplots infested by pests ........................................................................... 70 3-2 Natural enemy taxa and their occurrence in subplots ....................................................... 71 3-3 Effects of native cover on pests ........................................................................................ 72 3-4 Effects of non-native cover on pests ................................................................................. 73 3-5 Effects of native richness on pests .................................................................................... 74 3-6 Effects of native cover on natural enemy abundance ....................................................... 75 3-7 Effects of native cover on natural enemy richness. .......................................................... 76 3-8 Effects of native richness on natural enemy abundance ................................................... 77 3-9 Effects of native richness on natural enemy richness ....................................................... 78 8 Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science DRIVERS OF HERBIVOROUS ARTHROPOD PEST RESISTANCE
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