CAPS Workshop

Michael Pogue, Ph.D. U.S.D.A. Systematic Entomology Lab, Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.

 6 families, ca. 42,400 described species  Six recognized families:  Oenosandridae  Notodontidae  • Lymantriinae • Arctiinae  Euteliidae  Nolidae  Noctuidae  Thoracic tympanum  Reduced maxillary palps  Largest group of pest species adapted from Todd Gilligan slide North American Noctuoidea

5 families, ca. 3,693 described NA species  Oenosandridae: not present  Notodontidae: 5 subfamilies; 138 species  Erebidae: 18 subfamilies; 962 species • Lymantriinae • Arctiinae  Euteliidae: 1 subfamily; 18 species  Nolidae: 5 subfamilies; 40 species  Noctuidae: 20 subfamilies; 2533 species

Family Erebidae: Underwings, Tiger , Tussock Moths, and Others * small, medium (usually), and large (some) nocturnal moths * mouthparts variable, but sometimes long; projecting in some; upcurved in some herminiines * antennae highly variable: often filamentous * venation: quadrifine (four veins leave cell in hindwings) * triangular forewing * hindwing often with pattern continued from forewing adapted from John Brown’s SWRS “Lep Course” slide

Family Noctuidae: Loopers, Cutworms, Flower Moths, etc.

* small (few), medium (most) to large (few) * stout-bodied moths * antennae usually threadlike or with short rami (branches in male) * mouthparts variable (labial palps rarely projecting) * venation: trifine (three veins leave cell in hindwings) * forewing long-triangular * hindwing often with reduced patterning relative to forewing adapted from John Brown’s SWRS “Lep Course” slide Noctuoid Venation

Trifid Quadrifid forewing forewing

e.g., Noctuidae Trifine hindwings

Quadrifine e.g., Erebidae hindwing

From Zahiri, R. et al. 2011. Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea). Sys. Entomol. Quiz: Quadrifine or trifine? Pheromones

 Chemicals produced by the females to attract males for mating  If 2 or more species are sympatric, then pheromones do a good job of attracting only males of each respective species  If a pheromone is used for a species that is not present, sometimes closely related species will be captured (among others) gamma Pheromone  Z7-12Ac 10% and Z7-12OH 1%  A. californica pheromone  Z7-12Ac <3.4% and Z7-12OH <0.5%  Pheromone chemicals are the same, only the proportions differ  Setting out A. gamma pheromones in the presence of A. californica, you will probably only get A. californica and other Autographa species that are present Pheromones

Chrysodeixis chalcites Pseudoplusia includens Z7-12Ac 67% Z7-12Ac 88.8% Z9-12Ac 0.5% Z7-12 Propionate 3.4% 12Ac 1.5% Z7-12 Butyrate 7.8% Z9-14Ac 14% 14Ac 1% 16Ac 16% Pheromones

Helicoverpa armigera Helicoverpa zea Z11-16Al 87% Z11-16Al 87% Z9-12Al 3% Z9-12Al 3% 16Al 3% Z7-16Al 2% 16OH 1.6% 16Al 8% Pheromones

Spodoptera littoralis litura Z9E11-14Ac 12.7% Z9E11-14Ac 5% Z9E12-14Ac 0.67% Z9E12-14Ac 0.7% Pheromones

Spodoptera latifascia Z9-14Ac 75% Z7-12Ac 56% Z11-14Ac <1% Z9-12Ac 0.7% Z9E12-14Ac 7% Diunsat. 12Ac 16% Z9E11-14Ac 1% Z11-16Ac 9% Z11-16Ac 8% Z7-12OH 1% Z9-14Al 8% Z11-16OH 1% Male Genitalia

 Uncus  Tegumen  Pleural Sclerite  Valve  Juxta  Saccus

Male Genitalia

 Parts of Valve  Clavus - any structure arising at the base of the valve between valve and juxta  Sacculus - ventral portion of valve  Corona - spines along inner face of apex of valve

Male Genitalia

 Internal parts of Valve  Clasper - muscle attachment to valve  Ampulla of Clasper - transverse costal process with fine setae  Digitus - a long oblique process usually above clasper

Male Genitalia

 Aedoeagus  Vesica - eversible membranous structure  Cornutus - chitinized structures that form spines, plates, or other processes  Diverticula - one or many small pockets coming off the vesica

Pest Erebidae

 Calpinae

• Pests include: Eudocima phalonia  Eudocima spp.

 Erebiinae • Pests include:

cruegeri

Eudocima descrepans

Pericyma cruegeri Eudocima phalonia (Linneaus) Eudocima phalonia (Linneaus)  Fruit-piercing  Pest of citrus, apple, pear, star fruit, grape, melon, tomato, banana, mango, papaya, pineapple and strawberry  Adults are polyphagous on more than100 plant species  Pest in the Pacific region, tropical , Asia, and E. phalonia Look-a-likes (Butler)

P. cruegeri Look-a-likes

Zale lunata (Drury P. cruegeri Look-a-likes

 Zale minera (Guenée) Pest Noctuidae

• Pests include: Trichoplusia ni  Autographa spp.

 Trichoplusia ni

 Plusia spp.

 ?Cuculliinae (likely Noctuinae) Copitarsia corruda • Pests include:

 Copitarsia spp.

 Heliothinae • Pests include:

 Helicoverpa spp. Copitarsia decolora

 Heliothis spp.

Helicoverpa armigera

Helicoverpa assulta Helicoverpa zea Pest Noctuidae

• Noctuidae • Noctuinae • Pest species include:

• Spodoptera litura

• Spodoptera littoralis • Other Spodoptera spp.

• Mamestra brassicae

Spodoptera exigua

Spodoptera frugiperda Mamestra brassicae Autographa gamma (Linnaeus)  Subfamily: Plusiinae  A Palearctic species from Europe to  Major agricultural pest in Europe  Larval hosts include vegetable crops in the Brassica and many other families

Autographa gamma (Linnaeus) (Speyer)  A western species from south to and and east to Manitoba and western South Dakota  Highly polyphagous on vegetable and forage crops  Alfalfa Looper Autographa californica (Speyer)

Autographa bimaculata (Stephens)

 A boreal species from British Columbia to Newfoundland and in the northeastern U.S. west to South Dakota and in the Rockies from to New  General feeder on herbaceous plants including dandelion and plantain (Grote)  A boreal species from Northwest Territories to Newfoundland and in the northeastern U.S. west to South Dakota and in the Rockies from Colorado to and west to , Nevada, and California  Host plant is unknown Autographa pseudogamma (Grote)

Pseudoplusia includens (Walker)

 Widespread across US and  General feeder on herbaceous plants  Agricultural hosts include alfalfa, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, tomato, and lettuce  Soybean Looper - most serious pest in the U.S. on soybeans Male genitalia comparison Male genitalia comparison

Chrysodeixis chalcites orbicular spot filled with silver (Esper)

numerous metallic gold silver oval or gray scales

 Tomato Looper  The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, such as Echium vulgare, celery, blackberry, but also tomato, strawberry, and tobacco which is why it is perceived as a pest.  Recent US and Canadian records! Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday)

 Green Garden Looper  The species is polyphagous on a wide range of plant families and a pest of non-woody crops, e.g. in the Solanaceae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae and Malvaceae. Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday)

silver oval gray to bronze scales Chrysodeixis Look-a-likes Also visit Moth Photographers plate for North American plusiine: http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/pinned.php?plate=27&size=m&sort=h

Autographa bimaculata (Stephens)

Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) Chrysodeixis Look-a-likes

Copitarsia species

 Three “species” involved in complex  C. decolora  C. incommoda  C. corruda

* Commonly intercepted caterpillars at US ports (especially from Mexico, Central, and South America * in produce and esp. cut flowers * high risk genus Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner): Old world (African) bollworm cotton bollworm, corn earworm, etc.  Distributed in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Indonesia, and  Pests of many important crops including sorghum, corn, a  Alfalfa, corn, cotton, garbanzo beans, tobacco, tomatoes, etc. H. zea native look-a-like pest

 Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)  or Corn earworm  Pest of corn, cotton, and numerous other crops including tomatoes, lima beans, and soybeans  Distributed throughout North and South America H. gelotopoeon: another look-a-like  Helicoverpa gelotopoeon  Cotton bollworm  Pest of corn, cotton, flax, alfalfa, tobacco, tomato, and onion  Other hosts include marigold and red clover  Distributed from the Altiplano of south to Paraguay, southern , Uruguay, , and Chile Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus)

 Distributed throughout Europe  Pest of cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, and tobacco  Two broods per year in May-June and late July- September Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus) M. brassicae Look-a-likes

Walker  Bertha armyworm  Distributed mainly in western North America from British Columbia south to Arizona and east to Manitoba and west  Pest of potatoes, rape, and mustard M. brassicae Look-a-likes

 Mamestra curialis (Smith)  Distributed in northeastern North America Mamestra genitalia

Spodoptera littoralis (Boiduval)

 Distributed from southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, east to Pakistan  Highly polyphagous: 130 host plant species from 56 families

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval)

 One of the most agriculturally important pests across its range  Important crops include: cabbage, castor oil plant, peanut, soybean, rice, cotton, corn, tomato and tobacco Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

 Distributed from India, southeast Asia, southern China, south to Australia, and east throughout the south Pacific, except Hawaii  Most polyphagous: 151 host plant species from 51 families Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

 Crops attacked are similar to those of S. littoralis  Important crops include: beet, cabbage, castor oil plant, peanut, soybean, rice, cotton, corn, tomato and tobacco…and some orchids S. littorals vs. S. litura

 Coremata of S. littoralis with dorsal lobe less than half length of ventral lobe  Coremata of S. litura with dorsal lobe approximately half length of ventral lobe S. littorals vs. S. litura

 Ampulla wider at base and more robust in S. littoralis and ventral margin of valve straight  Ampulla narrow at base and slender in S. litura and ventral margin of valve curved Spodoptera Look-a-likes

(Walker) on left  Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenée) on right  In U.S. S. latifascia is distributed in the Southeast  S. ornithogalli is widely distributed across U.S.

Native Spodoptera

(Grote)  Distributed in western North America from Washington south to California and east to ; also Alberta, Canada Spodoptera Look-a-likes

 S. latifascia on left, S. ornithogalli on right  Large, curved ampulla with wide valve in S. latifascia  Slender, curved ampulla with narrow valve in S. ornithogalli Spodoptera Look-a-likes

 S. praefica (Western Yellow-striped Armyworm)  Coremata reduced, closely appressed to sacculus  Slender, curved ampulla S. littoralis vs. Look-a-likes

S. littoralis S. latifascia

S. ornithogalli S. praefica S. litura vs. Look-a-likes

S. litura S. latifascia

S. ornithogalli S. praefica Questions?