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Spodoptera Ornithogalli CAPS Lepidoptera Workshop Noctuidae Michael Pogue, Ph.D. U.S.D.A. Systematic Entomology Lab, Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. Noctuoidea 6 families, ca. 42,400 described species Six recognized families: Oenosandridae Notodontidae Erebidae • Lymantriinae • Arctiinae Euteliidae Nolidae Noctuidae Thoracic tympanum Reduced maxillary palps Largest group of pest species adapted from Todd Gilligan slide North American Noctuoidea 5 families, ca. 3,693 described NA species Oenosandridae: not present Notodontidae: 5 subfamilies; 138 species Erebidae: 18 subfamilies; 962 species • Lymantriinae • Arctiinae Euteliidae: 1 subfamily; 18 species Nolidae: 5 subfamilies; 40 species Noctuidae: 20 subfamilies; 2533 species Family Erebidae: Underwings, Tiger Moths, Tussock Moths, and Others * small, medium (usually), and large (some) nocturnal moths * mouthparts variable, but sometimes long; projecting in some; upcurved in some herminiines * antennae highly variable: often filamentous * venation: quadrifine (four veins leave cell in hindwings) * triangular forewing * hindwing often with pattern continued from forewing adapted from John Brown’s SWRS “Lep Course” slide Family Noctuidae: Loopers, Cutworms, Flower Moths, etc. * small (few), medium (most) to large (few) * stout-bodied moths * antennae usually threadlike or with short rami (branches in male) * mouthparts variable (labial palps rarely projecting) * venation: trifine (three veins leave cell in hindwings) * forewing long-triangular * hindwing often with reduced patterning relative to forewing adapted from John Brown’s SWRS “Lep Course” slide Noctuoid Venation Trifid Quadrifid forewing forewing e.g., Noctuidae Trifine hindwings Quadrifine e.g., Erebidae hindwing From Zahiri, R. et al. 2011. Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea). Sys. Entomol. Quiz: Quadrifine or trifine? Pheromones Chemicals produced by the females to attract males for mating If 2 or more species are sympatric, then pheromones do a good job of attracting only males of each respective species If a pheromone is used for a species that is not present, sometimes closely related species will be captured (among others) Autographa gamma Pheromone Z7-12Ac 10% and Z7-12OH 1% A. californica pheromone Z7-12Ac <3.4% and Z7-12OH <0.5% Pheromone chemicals are the same, only the proportions differ Setting out A. gamma pheromones in the presence of A. californica, you will probably only get A. californica and other Autographa species that are present Pheromones Chrysodeixis chalcites Pseudoplusia includens Z7-12Ac 67% Z7-12Ac 88.8% Z9-12Ac 0.5% Z7-12 Propionate 3.4% 12Ac 1.5% Z7-12 Butyrate 7.8% Z9-14Ac 14% 14Ac 1% 16Ac 16% Pheromones Helicoverpa armigera Helicoverpa zea Z11-16Al 87% Z11-16Al 87% Z9-12Al 3% Z9-12Al 3% 16Al 3% Z7-16Al 2% 16OH 1.6% 16Al 8% Pheromones Spodoptera littoralis Spodoptera litura Z9E11-14Ac 12.7% Z9E11-14Ac 5% Z9E12-14Ac 0.67% Z9E12-14Ac 0.7% Pheromones Spodoptera latifascia Spodoptera ornithogalli Z9-14Ac 75% Z7-12Ac 56% Z11-14Ac <1% Z9-12Ac 0.7% Z9E12-14Ac 7% Diunsat. 12Ac 16% Z9E11-14Ac 1% Z11-16Ac 9% Z11-16Ac 8% Z7-12OH 1% Z9-14Al 8% Z11-16OH 1% Male Genitalia Uncus Tegumen Pleural Sclerite Valve Juxta Saccus Male Genitalia Parts of Valve Clavus - any structure arising at the base of the valve between valve and juxta Sacculus - ventral portion of valve Corona - spines along inner face of apex of valve Male Genitalia Internal parts of Valve Clasper - muscle attachment to valve Ampulla of Clasper - transverse costal process with fine setae Digitus - a long oblique process usually above clasper Male Genitalia Aedoeagus Vesica - eversible membranous structure Cornutus - chitinized structures that form spines, plates, or other processes Diverticula - one or many small pockets coming off the vesica Pest Erebidae Calpinae • Pests include: Eudocima phalonia Eudocima spp. Erebiinae • Pests include: Pericyma cruegeri Eudocima descrepans Pericyma cruegeri Eudocima phalonia (Linneaus) Eudocima phalonia (Linneaus) Fruit-piercing moth Pest of citrus, apple, pear, star fruit, grape, melon, tomato, banana, mango, papaya, pineapple and strawberry Adults are polyphagous on more than100 plant species Pest in the Pacific region, tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia E. phalonia Look-a-likes Pericyma cruegeri (Butler) P. cruegeri Look-a-likes Zale lunata (Drury P. cruegeri Look-a-likes Zale minera (Guenée) Pest Noctuidae Plusiinae • Pests include: Trichoplusia ni Autographa spp. Trichoplusia ni Plusia spp. ?Cuculliinae (likely Noctuinae) Copitarsia corruda • Pests include: Copitarsia spp. Heliothinae • Pests include: Helicoverpa spp. Copitarsia decolora Heliothis spp. Helicoverpa armigera Helicoverpa assulta Helicoverpa zea Pest Noctuidae • Noctuidae Spodoptera litura • Noctuinae • Pest species include: • Spodoptera litura • Spodoptera littoralis Spodoptera littoralis • Other Spodoptera spp. • Mamestra brassicae Spodoptera exigua Spodoptera frugiperda Mamestra brassicae Autographa gamma (Linnaeus) Subfamily: Plusiinae A Palearctic species from Europe to Japan Major agricultural pest in Europe Larval hosts include vegetable crops in the genus Brassica and many other families Autographa gamma (Linnaeus) Autographa californica (Speyer) A western species from Alaska south to California and Arizona and east to Manitoba and western South Dakota Highly polyphagous on vegetable and forage crops Alfalfa Looper Autographa californica (Speyer) Autographa bimaculata (Stephens) A boreal species from British Columbia to Newfoundland and in the northeastern U.S. west to South Dakota and in the Rockies from Colorado to New Mexico General feeder on herbaceous plants including dandelion and plantain Autographa pseudogamma (Grote) A boreal species from Northwest Territories to Newfoundland and in the northeastern U.S. west to South Dakota and in the Rockies from Colorado to New Mexico and west to Utah, Nevada, and California Host plant is unknown Autographa pseudogamma (Grote) Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) Widespread across US and Canada General feeder on herbaceous plants Agricultural hosts include alfalfa, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, tomato, and lettuce Soybean Looper - most serious pest in the U.S. on soybeans Male genitalia comparison Male genitalia comparison Chrysodeixis chalcites orbicular spot filled with silver (Esper) numerous metallic gold silver oval or gray scales Tomato Looper The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, such as Echium vulgare, celery, blackberry, but also tomato, strawberry, and tobacco which is why it is perceived as a pest. Recent US and Canadian records! Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday) Green Garden Looper The species is polyphagous on a wide range of plant families and a pest of non-woody crops, e.g. in the Solanaceae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae and Malvaceae. Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday) silver oval gray to bronze scales Chrysodeixis Look-a-likes Also visit Moth Photographers plate for North American plusiine: http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/pinned.php?plate=27&size=m&sort=h Autographa bimaculata (Stephens) Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) Chrysodeixis Look-a-likes Copitarsia species Three “species” involved in complex C. decolora C. incommoda C. corruda * Commonly intercepted caterpillars at US ports (especially from Mexico, Central, and South America * in produce and esp. cut flowers * high risk genus Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner): Old world (African) bollworm cotton bollworm, corn earworm, etc. Distributed in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea and Philippines Pests of many important crops including sorghum, corn, a Alfalfa, corn, cotton, garbanzo beans, tobacco, tomatoes, etc. H. zea native look-a-like pest Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) or Corn earworm Pest of corn, cotton, and numerous other crops including tomatoes, lima beans, and soybeans Distributed throughout North and South America H. gelotopoeon: another look-a-like Helicoverpa gelotopoeon Cotton bollworm Pest of corn, cotton, flax, alfalfa, tobacco, tomato, and onion Other hosts include marigold and red clover Distributed from the Altiplano of Bolivia south to Paraguay, southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus) Cabbage Moth Distributed throughout Europe Pest of cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, and tobacco Two broods per year in May-June and late July- September Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus) M. brassicae Look-a-likes Mamestra configurata Walker Bertha armyworm Distributed mainly in western North America from British Columbia south to Arizona and east to Manitoba and west Texas Pest of potatoes, rape, and mustard M. brassicae Look-a-likes Mamestra curialis (Smith) Distributed in northeastern North America Mamestra genitalia Spodoptera littoralis (Boiduval) Distributed from southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, east to Pakistan Highly polyphagous: 130 host plant species from 56 families Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) One of the most agriculturally important pests across its range Important crops include: cabbage, castor oil plant, peanut, soybean, rice, cotton, corn, tomato and tobacco Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Distributed from India, southeast Asia, southern China, south to Australia, and east throughout the south Pacific, except Hawaii Most polyphagous: 151 host plant species from 51 families Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Crops attacked are similar to those of S. littoralis Important crops include: beet,
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