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Naziste-James-Wyllie.Pdf Titolo originale: Nazi Wives: The Women at the Top of Hitler’s Germany Traduzione dall’inglese: Luca Fusari e Sara Prencipe © James Wyllie, 2019 Per l’edizione italiana: © 2020, DeA Planeta Libri S.r.l. Redazione: Via Inverigo, 2 − 20151 Milano In copertina: Adolph Hitler con Gertrud Forster, moglie di Albert Forster, alla Teehaus am Mooslahnerkopf, Berchtesgaden, 1943. © Galerie Bilderwelt/Getty Images www.deaplanetalibri.it Prima edizione e-book: ottobre 2020 ISBN 978-88-511-8299-1 www.utetlibri.it www.deagostini.it @DeAPlanetaLibri @DeAPlanetaLibri @DeAPlanetaLibri @Utetlibri @UtetLibri @UtetLibri Nessuna parte di questo volume può essere riprodotta, memorizzata o trasmessa in alcuna forma o con alcun mezzo elettronico, meccanico, in fotocopia, in disco o in altro modo, compresi cinema, radio, televisione, senza autorizzazione scritta dell’Editore. Le riproduzioni effettuate per finalità di carattere professionale, economico o commerciale o comunque per uso diverso da quello personale possono essere effettuate a seguito di specifica autorizzazione rilasciata da CLEARedi, Corso di Porta Romana n. 108, Milano 20122, e-mail [email protected] e sito web www.clearedi.org Edizione elettronica realizzata da Gag srl James Wyllie NAZISTE Le mogli al vertice del Terzo Reich Traduzione di Luca Fusari e Sara Prencipe Indice Introduzione Prima parte. Ascesa al vertice 1. Prime reclute 2. Fuggitivi e prigionieri 3. Il gioco delle coppie 4. Arrivi e partenze 5. La svolta Seconda parte. Alta società 6. First Lady del Reich 7. A sud 8. Il club delle mogli delle SS 9. Un salto nel buio Terza parte. Un lento declino 10. Guerra e pace 11. Vittime 12. Sotto pressione 13. Senza via d’uscita Quarta parte. Resistere 14. Prigionieri 15. Ricordare e dimenticare 16. Ultimi metri Conclusione Ringraziamenti Note Bibliografia Indice analitico Introduzione La sera del 10 luglio 1937 la giornalista ebrea tedesca Bella Fromm, titolare della rubrica di cronaca mondana su un quotidiano di Berlino, andò al cinema a vedere la commedia romantica La canzone di Broadway. Il film, liberamente tratto dall’originale del 1929, metteva insieme, tra le altre cose, la canzone di successo You Are My Lucky Star, un gruppetto di personaggi impegnati nel tentativo di lanciare uno spettacolo a Broadway, retroscena e intrighi farseschi, ambientazioni glamour – attici e terrazzi – e un finale con un corpo di ballo impegnato a ballare il tip-tap in cilindro e frac mentre due pianoforti a coda scivolano sulla pista. Dopo aver parcheggiato l’auto nei pressi del cinema, Bella si accorse di aver attirato l’attenzione di due ufficiali delle SS. Uno dei due prese nota della targa e l’altro le puntò addosso la macchina fotografica e le «scattò un’istantanea». Il motivo di quei controlli fu chiaro quando lì accanto si fermarono numerose auto con la svastica: da una di esse scesero Heinrich Himmler e sua moglie Margarete, che poi entrarono nel cinema scortati da «arcigne guardie del corpo».1 Una volta entrati, i due presero posto – affiancati dai loro angeli della morte – pronti a sorbirsi centouno minuti di frizzi e lazzi. Questa scena surreale e grottesca lascia piuttosto spaesati, considerata la percezione che in genere abbiamo di Himmler: un pedante privo di senso dell’umorismo, un fanatico spietato e ossessionato da fantasie pazzoidi su una razza ariana dominante. Ma allora perché portò Margarete a vedere un allegro musical della Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer? A differenza di altri personaggi dell’élite nazista, incluso Hitler, Himmler non era un cinefilo impaziente di godersi le ultime uscite di Hollywood. Forse aveva voglia di un po’ di spensierata evasione per staccare dalla routine quotidiana. Oppure voleva vedere il film con occhio critico, per giudicarlo come un esempio di tipica depravazione e decadenza americana? È anche possibile che volesse soltanto far contenta la moglie. Fin dall’inizio, le tante ore che Himmler dedicava al lavoro e i suoi continui viaggi avevano minato il loro matrimonio. L’opportunità di trascorrere una serata insieme era molto rara. Vestiti bene. Chiama un corteo di auto ufficiali e la scorta in divisa. Falla sentire importante e portala a vedere un film leggero. Purtroppo, non sappiamo se a Margarete piacque La canzone di Broadway, o se apprezzò che il marito avesse trovato il tempo di accontentarla; forse la parte più emozionante della sua serata fu percorrere in auto le strade della capitale scortata dalle SS, facendo venire la pelle d’oca a chiunque li vedesse sfilare. Tra le migliaia di testi sul nazismo, pochissimi si concentrano sulle mogli delle figure di spicco del regime hitleriano: Gerda Bormann, Magda Goebbels, Carin ed Emmy Göring, Ilse Hess, Lina Heydrich e Margarete Himmler. Gli uomini che portano questi cognomi hanno lasciato un’impronta indelebile nella nostra memoria collettiva, ma le donne che furono fondamentali per sostenerli, incoraggiarli e indirizzarli sono perlopiù rimaste relegate alle note a piè di pagina della Storia. Negli anni ottanta del secolo scorso il ruolo delle donne durante il nazismo è stato oggetto di studi approfonditi, che hanno esplorato un territorio fino a quel momento poco indagato e fornito un’immagine complessa e sfaccettata tale da mettere in discussione gli stereotipi perpetrati dalla propaganda nazista; ma proprio delle donne che furono al vertice di quel sistema, invece, nessuno ha parlato a dovere. Il motivo è in parte da imputare alle fonti, la maggioranza delle quali vanno trattate con cautela. Sebbene negli ultimi decenni siano emerse molte più informazioni, nei diari e nelle lettere che ci sono pervenuti esistono ancora vuoti temporali e lacune considerevoli, mentre le numerose autobiografie scritte nel dopoguerra dalle compagne dei nazisti si sforzavano di dipingere le autrici come spettatrici innocenti, e i loro mariti come modelli di virtù; le autobiografie e le memorie di altri protagonisti di quella stagione – scritte ciascuna con uno scopo ben preciso – hanno creato una camera d’eco di aneddoti, dicerie e pettegolezzi che complicano il tentativo di distinguere tra realtà e finzione. Tuttavia, si tratta di problemi comuni a qualsiasi indagine storiografica e non sufficienti a spiegare perché gli storici abbiano rinunciato a riconoscere a queste donne l’importanza che meritano. Oltretutto, con il loro atteggiamento gli studiosi hanno finito per avallare la versione delle mogli su certi aspetti delle biografie dei mariti, a cominciare da una netta separazione tra vita pubblica e vita privata. Tutto questo, invece, non regge a un esame minuzioso. I nazisti miravano a controllare ogni aspetto dell’esistenza dei loro cittadini –che cosa mangiavano, come si vestivano, con chi andavano a letto, che battute facevano, in che modo festeggiavano il Natale – così da rendere insignificante ogni separazione tra pubblico e privato. E a dispetto del loro indiscutibile privilegio, le mogli dei capi erano sottoposte alle stesse pressioni delle donne normali. La loro vita sociale era influenzata dalle considerazioni politiche, in nome delle quali dovevano rinunciare alle amicizie o interrompere bruscamente rapporti di tutti i tipi, anche quelli familiari. La loro condotta fu un fattore essenziale nelle lotte interne all’élite nazista, in particolare se coinvolgevano Hitler; non godere più del favore del Führer poteva avere gravi implicazioni per la carriera dei loro consorti. Anche ammettendo che non fossero al corrente delle decisioni prese ogni giorno dai mariti, erano circondate dalle prove delle loro azioni criminali: opere d’arte depredate affisse alle pareti; arredi fatti di pelle e ossa umane nascosti in soffitta; frutta e verdura colte negli orti dei campi di concentramento locali; manodopera schiavizzata che coltivava la loro terra. I rituali della vita familiare – nascite, matrimoni, funerali – erano indissolubilmente legati all’ideologia nazista. Forse giudicare queste donne con superficialità e considerarle personaggi minori è stato inevitabile; prenderle sul serio significa accettare che i loro mariti si cimentassero anche in attività normali e provassero riconoscibili emozioni umane. Innamorarsi, disamorarsi. Preoccuparsi delle spese, della dieta e di dove mandare i figli a scuola. Organizzare cene e picnic. Trascorrere le vacanze da turisti. Riconoscere che sotto molti aspetti non erano persone diverse da noi crea una forma di dissonanza cognitiva: un senso di profondo disagio. Eppure, la storia delle donne naziste ci dà modo di capire più a fondo la natura del nazismo e la psicologia dei suoi leader, e fornisce una prospettiva inedita sui principali eventi che ne determinarono l’ascesa e il declino. L’obiettivo di questo libro è descrivere le vite di queste donne dal momento in cui vennero coinvolte nel movimento nazista – in molti casi, ancora prima di conoscere i mariti – fino agli anni delle lotte, del potere, del declino e della distruzione, e infine nel crepuscolo del dopoguerra, fatto di negazionismo e illusione. Vissero nel lusso, da vere celebrità, ma d’altro canto dovettero sopportare matrimoni infelici, mariti infedeli, suicidi, assassinii, abbandoni del tetto coniugale, povertà e prigionia. Nonostante tutte queste tribolazioni e sofferenze, però, la loro dedizione alla causa di Hitler non vacillò mai. Ognuna di loro aveva un fascino unico, così come ciascuna trovò modi diversi per affrontare la pressione, le attese e le richieste che le venivano dal ruolo; tuttavia, avevano in comune la classe sociale di appartenenza. Tutte erano figlie colte di conservatori medioborghesi – professionisti, uomini d’affari, militari, piccola nobiltà – nelle cui famiglie i ruoli di genere erano rigidamente definiti; al di là dei suoi successi, la miglior speranza per una donna era trovare un buon partito. I genitori, protestanti o cattolici che fossero, prendevano sul serio la religione e crescevano le ragazze secondo valori che ne plasmavano le inclinazioni, gli interessi e il punto di vista politico: la fede nella supremazia della cultura, della musica, dell’arte, della letteratura e della filosofia tedesche, nella genialità dei successi germanici in campo scientifico, nella forza di un esercito imbattibile; la devozione al Kaiser e allo Stato; l’odio profondo per il socialismo e la paura che le masse ribelli potessero distruggere le loro vite.
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