Ecosystem-Based Adaptation in Africa
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Middle Jurassic Plant Diversity and Climate in the Ordos Basin, China Yun-Feng Lia, B, *, Hongshan Wangc, David L
ISSN 0031-0301, Paleontological Journal, 2019, Vol. 53, No. 11, pp. 1216–1235. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2019. Middle Jurassic Plant Diversity and Climate in the Ordos Basin, China Yun-Feng Lia, b, *, Hongshan Wangc, David L. Dilchera, b, d, E. Bugdaevae, Xiao Tana, b, d, Tao Lia, b, Yu-Ling Naa, b, and Chun-Lin Suna, b, ** aKey Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Environment in Northeast Asia, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130026 China bResearch Center of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130026 China cFlorida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611 USA dDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405 USA eFederal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] **e-mail: [email protected] Received April 3, 2018; revised November 29, 2018; accepted December 28, 2018 Abstract—The Ordos Basin is one of the largest continental sedimentary basins and it represents one major and famous production area of coal, oil and gas resources in China. The Jurassic non-marine deposits are well developed and cropped out in the basin. The Middle Jurassic Yan’an Formation is rich in coal and con- tains diverse plant remains. We recognize 40 species in 25 genera belonging to mosses, horsetails, ferns, cycadophytes, ginkgoaleans, czekanowskialeans and conifers. This flora is attributed to the early Middle Jurassic Epoch, possibly the Aalenian-Bajocian. The climate of the Ordos Basin during the Middle Jurassic was warm and humid with seasonal temperature and precipitation fluctuations. -
Supplement of the Global Forest Above-Ground Biomass Pool for 2010 Estimated from High-Resolution Satellite Observations
Supplement of Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3927–3950, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3927-2021-supplement © Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. Supplement of The global forest above-ground biomass pool for 2010 estimated from high-resolution satellite observations Maurizio Santoro et al. Correspondence to: Maurizio Santoro ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the article licence. 1 Supplement of manuscript 2 The global forest above-ground biomass pool for 2010 estimated from high-resolution satellite 3 observations 4 Maurizio Santoro et al. 5 S.1 Auxiliary datasets 6 7 The European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Land Cover (CCI-LC) dataset consists of 8 annual (1992-2018) maps classifying the world’s land cover into 22 classes (Table S6). The overall 9 accuracy of the 2010 land cover dataset was 76% (Defourny et al., 2014), with the most relevant 10 commission and omission errors in mixed classes or in regions of strongly heterogeneous land cover. The 11 land cover maps were provided in equiangular projection with a pixel size of 0.00278888° in both latitude 12 and longitude. In this study, we used the land cover map of 2010, version 2.07. The dataset was re- 13 projected to the map geometry of our AGB dataset. 14 15 The Global Ecological Zones (GEZ) dataset produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 16 2001) divides the land surface into 20 zones (Figure S2, Table S2) with “broad yet relatively 17 homogeneous natural vegetation formations, similar (but not necessarily identical) in physiognomy” 18 (FAO, 2001). -
Tectonic-Driven Climate Change and the Diversification of Angiosperms
Tectonic-driven climate change and the diversification of angiosperms Anne-Claire Chaboureaua,1, Pierre Sepulchrea, Yannick Donnadieua, and Alain Francb aLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, Unité Mixte, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique– Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and bUnité Mixte de Recherche Biodiversité, Gènes et Communautés, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 33612 Cestas, France Edited by Robert E. Dickinson, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and approved August 1, 2014 (received for review December 23, 2013) In 1879, Charles Darwin characterized the sudden and unexplained covers the large uncertainties of pCO2 estimates for these rise of angiosperms during the Cretaceous as an “abominable mys- geological periods. tery.” The diversification of this clade marked the beginning of To validate our paleoclimatic experiments, the geographical a rapid transition among Mesozoic ecosystems and floras formerly distribution of climate-sensitive sediments such as evaporites (dry dominated by ferns, conifers, and cycads. Although the role of en- or seasonally dry climate indicators) and coals (humid climate vironmental factors has been suggested [Coiffard C, Gómez B (2012) indicators) have been compared with our maps of simulated biomes Geol Acta 10(2):181–188], Cretaceous global climate change has for each time period (Fig. S1). Overall, for every time period, the barely been considered as a contributor to angiosperm radiation, spatial fit between coals and humid biomes is higher for 1,120-ppm and focus was put on biotic factors to explain this transition. Here and 2,240-ppm pCO2 scenarios than for 560 ppm (Table S1 and we use a fully coupled climate model driven by Mesozoic paleogeo- Fig. -
B La Contribution Partielle Des Poussières Aux Autres Sols Et
B La contribution partielle des poussières aux autres sols et sédiments désertiques et péridésertiques 13 Les sols et sédiments hydro-éoliens Sous cette rubrique, on a classé les sols et sédiments répondant aux caractères suivants : — une situation topographique déprimée, plaine de piémont ou dépression plus ou moins fermée, assurant une dépendance par rapport aux dynamiques colluviales ou alluviales de ver- sants. — une sédimentation très fine résultant à la fois d'apports éoliens et hydriques. — une dynamique éolienne comportant à la fois des apports et des départs de poussières. En effet, ces surfaces argilo-limoneuses sont un réceptacle pour les poussières (zones-puits), mais dénudées et asséchées une grande partie de l'année, elles sont aussi soumises à une intense déflation (zones-sources). Les maaders, tirs, takyrs et sols évaporitiques de sebkha répondent à ces caractères et ont cette particularité déjà suggérée pour d'autres sols et dépôts désertiques et péridésertiques de se conduire suivant les circonstances comme des zones-sources ou des zones-puits de pous- sières. En revanche, si les trois premiers sont caractérisés par une faiblesse ou absence de sels due à l'infiltration des eaux ou à leur évacuation vers l'aval, il en est différemment des sols de sebkha. Ces derniers sont riches en sels et gypse qui favorisent une active déflation souvent matérialisée par un bourrelet de «pseudo-sables». Pour étudier ce problème, extrêmement vaste, on a choisi quelques cas significatifs de dé- pressions de 1 à 20 km de diamètre où débouchent des oueds à crues épisodiques causant de brèves inondations de la cuvette. -
The Coastal Plains
Hydrology of Yemen Dr. Abdulla Noaman INTRODUCTION • Location and General Topography • Yemen is located on the south of the Arabian Peninsula, between latitude 12 and 20 north and longitude 41 and 54east, with a total area estimated at 555000 km2 excluding the Empty Quarter. Apart from the mainland it includes more than 112 islands, the largest of which are Soqatra in the Arabian Sea to the Far East of the country with total area of 3650 km2 and Kamaran in the Red Sea YEMENYEMEN: Basic Information • Area: 555,000 km2 • Cultivated area: 1,200,000 ha • Population: 22,1 million – Rural 75% – Urban 25% – Growth rate 3.5 % / year • Rainfall: 50 mm - 800 mm /year average 200 mm / year NWRA-Yemen 2005 Socio-economic features • Population • The total population is around 22.1 million (MPD, 2004), of which 74.4 % is rural. The average population density is about 31 inhabitants/km2, but in the western part of the country the density can reach up to 300 inhabitants/km2 (Ibb province) while in the three eastern provinces of the country the density is less than 5 inhabitants/km2. Socio-economic features • The largest part of the population lives in the Yemen Mountain area in the western part of the country, where rainfall is still significant, although not high in many locations. The hostile environment of the desert and eastern upland areas is reflected by low population density. Concentration of population in Yemen Area Pop. 8% 46.8% 12.2% 58.66% 32.74% 85.59% NWRA-Yemen 2005 Socio-economic features • Agriculture and economy • Agriculture contributes 25% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Yemen, employs 60% of the population, and provides livelihood for rural residents who constitute about 76%of the total population. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Southern California
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Southern California Climate and Vegetation Over the Past 125,000 Years from Lake Sequences in the San Bernardino Mountains A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography by Katherine Colby Glover 2016 © Copyright by Katherine Colby Glover 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Southern California Climate and Vegetation Over the Past 125,000 Years from Lake Sequences in the San Bernardino Mountains by Katherine Colby Glover Doctor of Philosophy in Geography University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Glen Michael MacDonald, Chair Long sediment records from offshore and terrestrial basins in California show a history of vegetation and climatic change since the last interglacial (130,000 years BP). Vegetation sensitive to temperature and hydroclimatic change tended to be basin-specific, though the expansion of shrubs and herbs universally signalled arid conditions, and landscpe conversion to steppe. Multi-proxy analyses were conducted on two cores from the Big Bear Valley in the San Bernardino Mountains to reconstruct a 125,000-year history for alpine southern California, at the transition between mediterranean alpine forest and Mojave desert. Age control was based upon radiocarbon and luminescence dating. Loss-on-ignition, magnetic susceptibility, grain size, x-ray fluorescence, pollen, biogenic silica, and charcoal analyses showed that the paleoclimate of the San Bernardino Mountains was highly subject to globally pervasive forcing mechanisms that register in northern hemispheric oceans. Primary productivity in Baldwin Lake during most of its ii history showed a strong correlation to historic fluctuations in local summer solar radiation values. -
Cambridge IGCSE Geography Past Paper Questions
PAST PAPER QUESTIONS Cambridge IGCSE Geography past paper questions Past paper questions are reproduced by permission of University of Cambridge International Examinations. Chapter 8: Climate and vegetation QUESTION 1: Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460/11 Q4 November 2009 (a) Study Fig. 7, which shows the location of areas with a tropical rain forest ecosystem. Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Key Tropical rain forest ecosystem Fig. 7 (i) What is meant by the term ecosystem? [1] (ii) Describe the distribution of areas with a tropical rain forest ecosystem. [2] (iii) Explain why areas of tropical rain forest have a high annual precipitation. [3] (iv) Explain the effects of climate on the natural vegetation in tropical rain forests. [4] 1 © OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2012 Chapter 8: Climate and vegetation PAST PAPER QUESTIONS (b) Study Fig. 8, which shows deforestation of an area of tropical rain forest. 1960 Settlement Tropical rain forest River 2000 Tree felling New road Mining Farming River Fig. 8 Describe and explain the likely effects of deforestation on: (i) food chains; [3] (ii) rivers. [5] (c) Name an area of tropical desert which you have studied. Describe and explain the main features of its climate. [7] [ Total: 25 marks] 2 © OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2012 Chapter 8: Climate and vegetation PAST PAPER QUESTIONS QUESTION 2: Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460/ 01 Q3 June 2008 (a) Study Fig. 5A, which shows the location of the Mojave Desert, along with Fig. 5B, a graph showing its climate. N N NEVADA NEVADA UTAH UTAH CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA Mojave Desert Mojave Desert ARIZONA Pacific Ocean ARIZONA Pacific Ocean 0 250 km 0 250 km Fig. -
CLASS- IX SUBJECT- GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER- NATURAL REGIONS of the WORLD {2ND TERM} Unit- (1) Tropical Deserts (2) Tropical Monsoo
CLASS- IX SUBJECT- GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER- NATURAL REGIONS OF THE WORLD {2ND TERM} Unit- (1) Tropical Deserts (2) Tropical Monsoon 1. With reference to the Tropical Desert: • The Tropical Deserts are located between 15⁰ - 30⁰ North and South latitudes, on the West coast of the continents. • List of Deserts in each continents - ❖ Sahara Desert, Kalahari and Namib Desert in Africa. ❖ Arabian Desert, Thar Desert in Asia. ❖ Mexican Desert in North America. ❖ Atacama Desert in South America. ❖ The Great Australian Desert in Australia. • Climate Conditions- ❖ It is characterised by off shore dry Trade winds originated from the high pressure belt. ❖ Summer temperatures may range from 30⁰ to 45⁰. ❖ Rainfall is less than 25cm annually. ❖ Relative humidity is extremely low, less than 30% ❖ Hot and dry winds like Mistral, Bora and Sirocco blow over and bring pleasant weather conditions there. • Natural Vegetation- ❖ The natural Vegetation is scanty due to the scarcity of rainfall. ❖ The vegetation is Xerophytic which have special adaptations to the climate like they have- ➢ Long roots to absorb ground water. ➢ Leaves modified into spines to prevent the loss of water. ➢ Fleshy sterns to store water. ❖ The important tree like cacti, acacia and date palms are found there. • Human Adaptations- ❖ The desert inhabitants are primitive tribes like, The Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert and The Bindibu of Australian desert live there. They are nomadic hunters and food gatherers. 2. With reference to the Tropical Monsoon: • It extends between 10⁰ to 25⁰ North and South latitude • It covers- ❖ India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand in Asia ❖ Northern Australia. • Climatic Conditions- ❖ The average summer temperature is about 30⁰c and the winter temperature is about 18⁰c. -
King's Research Portal
King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.11.010 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Yan, N., & Baas, A. C. W. (2015). Parabolic dunes and their transformations under environmental and climatic changes: Towards a conceptual framework for understanding and prediction. GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE, 124, 123-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.11.010 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
2217/01 Paper 1 May/June 2008 1 Hour 45 Minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper *1713276716* Ruler
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level GEOGRAPHY 2217/01 Paper 1 May/June 2008 1 hour 45 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper *1713276716* Ruler READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer three questions, each from a different section. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. The Insert contains Photographs A, B and C for Question 2, Photograph D for Question 3 and Figs 8A and 8B for Question 5. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 13 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 Insert. SP (SLM) T60251 © UCLES 2008 [Turn over 2 Section A Answer one question from this section. 1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows population density in Mali (an LEDC in Africa). 10° W00 500 ° N km ALGERIA 20° N 100mm MAURITANIA MALI 400mm Timbuktu 15° N Nioro du Sahel Mopti Ségou R iv San e NIGER Kita Koulikoro r N Bamako ig e Bia r BURKINA FASO 1000mm Sigasso NIGERIA 10° N BENIN GUINEA SIERRA GHANA LEONE IVORY COAST TOGO LIBERIA Key 100mm annual precipitation Population density (people per km2): fewer than 1 Location of Mali 1.0 to 2 2.1 to 10 more than 10 Fig. -
01. Antarctica (√) 02. Arabia
01. Antarctica (√) 02. Arabia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Desert A corridor of sandy terrain known as the Ad-Dahna desert connects the largeAn-Nafud desert (65,000 km2) in the north of Saudi Arabia to the Rub' Al-Khali in the south-east. • The Tuwaiq escarpment is a region of 800 km arc of limestone cliffs, plateaux, and canyons.[citation needed] • Brackish salt flats: the quicksands of Umm al Samim. √ • The Wahiba Sands of Oman: an isolated sand sea bordering the east coast [4] [5] • The Rub' Al-Khali[6] desert is a sedimentary basin elongated on a south-west to north-east axis across the Arabian Shelf. At an altitude of 1,000 m, the rock landscapes yield the place to the Rub' al-Khali, vast wide of sand of the Arabian desert, whose extreme southern point crosses the centre of Yemen. The sand overlies gravel or Gypsum Plains and the dunes reach maximum heights of up to 250 m. The sands are predominantly silicates, composed of 80 to 90% of quartz and the remainder feldspar, whose iron oxide-coated grains color the sands in orange, purple, and red. 03. Australia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia Great Victoria Western Australia, South Australia 348,750 km2 134,650 sq mi 1 4.5% Desert Great Sandy Desert Western Australia 267,250 km2 103,190 sq mi 2 3.5% Tanami Desert Western Australia, Northern Territory 184,500 km2 71,200 sq mi 3 2.4% Northern Territory, Queensland, South Simpson Desert 176,500 km2 68,100 sq mi 4 2.3% Australia Gibson Desert Western Australia 156,000 km2 60,000 sq mi 5 2.0% Little Sandy Desert Western Australia 111,500 km2 43,100 sq mi 6 1.5% South Australia, Queensland, New South Strzelecki Desert 80,250 km2 30,980 sq mi 7 1.0% Wales South Australia, Queensland, New South Sturt Stony Desert 29,750 km2 11,490 sq mi 8 0.3% Wales Tirari Desert South Australia 15,250 km2 5,890 sq mi 9 0.2% Pedirka Desert South Australia 1,250 km2 480 sq mi 10 0.016% 04. -
Vol. 1 (1991) (1991.12.25) 原著論文 吉野正敏:新疆の沙漠地域の風と雨
Vol. 1 (1991) (1991.12.25) 原著論文 吉野正敏:新疆の沙漠地域の風と雨:Taklimakan desert, Wind storm, Circulation system schema, Desertification, Rain in desert…1-15 松村一夫・小島紀徳:沙漠緑化による炭素固定のエネルギー収支: Desert Afforestation, Carbon Balance, Irrigation, Green-house effect, Arid Lands…17-26 Kunihiro OTSUBO: Water Balance and Evaporation Property on Bare Soils in Lysimeters under Constant Weekly Water Supply: Water balance, Evaporation, Lysimeter, Bare soil…27-39 Nobuhiko OHGA: Distribution Patterns of Buried Seeds in the Herbaceous Lomas Community over the Entire Plateau on Loma Ancon in the Coastal Desert of Central Peru: Dead seeds, Distribution pattern, Fog, Herbaceous lomas, Viable seeds…41-51 長島秀樹・内田 修:SPOT 衛星画像による沙漠地形の 3 次元解析‐ 1986 年タクラマカン沙漠チーラ地区砂丘地帯の沙漠地形‐: Taklimakan desert, Three dimensional analysis, SPOT images, Sand dunes…53-59 短報 長島秀樹・趙 景峰・岡嵜守良・李 崇舜・夏 訓誠:タクラマカン沙 漠における気象要素と砂面変動の自動観測‐チーラでの 1990 年 10 月~1991 年 3 月の観測から‐:Taklimakan desert, Sand dunes, local wind…61-66 特集:日本沙漠学会沙漠工学研究分科会 沙漠工学を考える-第 1 回沙漠工学講演会講演要旨集- 遠藤 勲:沙漠工学の提唱…68-72 小島紀徳:沙漠にもっと水を…73-76 新田義孝:沙漠での有用物質生産‐沙漠を利用するバイオテクノロ ジー‐…77-81 吉川友章:沙漠を快適居住空間に…82-86 高野義大:日本に沙漠の研究施設を:86-90 総合討論…91 Vol. 2 (1992) (1992.12.25) 口絵 嶋田義仁:ニジェール川湾曲部の稲作 原著論文 嶋田義仁:人間の生産活動から見たサハラ南縁地帯の乾燥化‐マリ 国の事例‐: Drought, Sub-Sahara, The Inner Delta of the Niger, Pastoralism, Flood plains farming…1-17 安部征雄・山口智治・横田誠司・大塚義之・井伊博行:土壌表層に 集積する塩類の捕集法:Soil salt, Accumulation, Capture sheet… 19-17 Akihiko OKADA, Sadayo YABUKI, Cong-Qiang LIU, Zi-Wei HUANG: Distribution of Salt-Constituting Chemical Species in the Desert Soils of the Turpan Basin and Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China: Desert, Desert soil, Salt, Evaporite, Gypsum, Bassanite, Thenardite, Glauberite, Eugsterite, Xinjiang, Turpan basin, Junggar basin…29-37 Takashi ISHIYAMA, Shigehiko SUGIHARA, Kiyoshi TSUCHIYA, P.J.