Cambridge IGCSE Geography Past Paper Questions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS Cambridge IGCSE Geography past paper questions Past paper questions are reproduced by permission of University of Cambridge International Examinations. Chapter 8: Climate and vegetation QUESTION 1: Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460/11 Q4 November 2009 (a) Study Fig. 7, which shows the location of areas with a tropical rain forest ecosystem. Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Key Tropical rain forest ecosystem Fig. 7 (i) What is meant by the term ecosystem? [1] (ii) Describe the distribution of areas with a tropical rain forest ecosystem. [2] (iii) Explain why areas of tropical rain forest have a high annual precipitation. [3] (iv) Explain the effects of climate on the natural vegetation in tropical rain forests. [4] 1 © OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2012 Chapter 8: Climate and vegetation PAST PAPER QUESTIONS (b) Study Fig. 8, which shows deforestation of an area of tropical rain forest. 1960 Settlement Tropical rain forest River 2000 Tree felling New road Mining Farming River Fig. 8 Describe and explain the likely effects of deforestation on: (i) food chains; [3] (ii) rivers. [5] (c) Name an area of tropical desert which you have studied. Describe and explain the main features of its climate. [7] [ Total: 25 marks] 2 © OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2012 Chapter 8: Climate and vegetation PAST PAPER QUESTIONS QUESTION 2: Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460/ 01 Q3 June 2008 (a) Study Fig. 5A, which shows the location of the Mojave Desert, along with Fig. 5B, a graph showing its climate. N N NEVADA NEVADA UTAH UTAH CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA Mojave Desert Mojave Desert ARIZONA Paciﬁc Ocean ARIZONA Paciﬁc Ocean 0 250 km 0 250 km Fig. 5A CANADA CANADA USA USA Area shown by Fig. 5A Area shown by Fig. 5A MEXICO MEXICO 3 © OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2012 Chapter 8: Climate and vegetation PAST PAPER QUESTIONS 40 30 20 Temperature (ºC) Temperature 10 40 0 35 30 25 20 Precipitation (mm) 15 10 5 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D Months Fig. 5B (i) Estimate the total annual precipitation in the Mojave Desert. [1] (ii) What is the annual temperature range in the Mojave Desert? You must show how you worked out your answer. [2] (iii) Describe the location of the Mojave Desert. [3] (iv) Explain why tropical desert areas, such as the Mojave Desert, are hot and dry. You may use labelled diagrams or sketch maps in your answer. [4] (b) Study Photograph D (Insert), which shows vegetation in part of the Mojave Desert. (i) Describe the main features of the vegetation shown in Photograph D. [3] (ii) Explain the effects of climate on the natural vegetation in tropical desert areas. [5] (c) Many areas of natural vegetation are at risk from human activities. Name either an area of tropical rain forest or tropical desert which you have studied and explain why and how it is at risk from human activities. [7] [ Total: 25 marks] 4 © OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2012.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Middle Jurassic Plant Diversity and Climate in the Ordos Basin, China Yun-Feng Lia, B, *, Hongshan Wangc, David L
ISSN 0031-0301, Paleontological Journal, 2019, Vol. 53, No. 11, pp. 1216–1235. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2019. Middle Jurassic Plant Diversity and Climate in the Ordos Basin, China Yun-Feng Lia, b, *, Hongshan Wangc, David L. Dilchera, b, d, E. Bugdaevae, Xiao Tana, b, d, Tao Lia, b, Yu-Ling Naa, b, and Chun-Lin Suna, b, ** aKey Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Environment in Northeast Asia, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130026 China bResearch Center of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130026 China cFlorida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611 USA dDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405 USA eFederal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] **e-mail: [email protected] Received April 3, 2018; revised November 29, 2018; accepted December 28, 2018 Abstract—The Ordos Basin is one of the largest continental sedimentary basins and it represents one major and famous production area of coal, oil and gas resources in China. The Jurassic non-marine deposits are well developed and cropped out in the basin. The Middle Jurassic Yan’an Formation is rich in coal and con- tains diverse plant remains. We recognize 40 species in 25 genera belonging to mosses, horsetails, ferns, cycadophytes, ginkgoaleans, czekanowskialeans and conifers. This flora is attributed to the early Middle Jurassic Epoch, possibly the Aalenian-Bajocian. The climate of the Ordos Basin during the Middle Jurassic was warm and humid with seasonal temperature and precipitation fluctuations.
[Show full text]
Supplement of the Global Forest Above-Ground Biomass Pool for 2010 Estimated from High-Resolution Satellite Observations
Supplement of Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3927–3950, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3927-2021-supplement © Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. Supplement of The global forest above-ground biomass pool for 2010 estimated from high-resolution satellite observations Maurizio Santoro et al. Correspondence to: Maurizio Santoro ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the article licence. 1 Supplement of manuscript 2 The global forest above-ground biomass pool for 2010 estimated from high-resolution satellite 3 observations 4 Maurizio Santoro et al. 5 S.1 Auxiliary datasets 6 7 The European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Land Cover (CCI-LC) dataset consists of 8 annual (1992-2018) maps classifying the world’s land cover into 22 classes (Table S6). The overall 9 accuracy of the 2010 land cover dataset was 76% (Defourny et al., 2014), with the most relevant 10 commission and omission errors in mixed classes or in regions of strongly heterogeneous land cover. The 11 land cover maps were provided in equiangular projection with a pixel size of 0.00278888° in both latitude 12 and longitude. In this study, we used the land cover map of 2010, version 2.07. The dataset was re- 13 projected to the map geometry of our AGB dataset. 14 15 The Global Ecological Zones (GEZ) dataset produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 16 2001) divides the land surface into 20 zones (Figure S2, Table S2) with “broad yet relatively 17 homogeneous natural vegetation formations, similar (but not necessarily identical) in physiognomy” 18 (FAO, 2001).
[Show full text]
Tectonic-Driven Climate Change and the Diversification of Angiosperms
Tectonic-driven climate change and the diversification of angiosperms Anne-Claire Chaboureaua,1, Pierre Sepulchrea, Yannick Donnadieua, and Alain Francb aLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, Unité Mixte, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique– Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and bUnité Mixte de Recherche Biodiversité, Gènes et Communautés, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 33612 Cestas, France Edited by Robert E. Dickinson, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and approved August 1, 2014 (received for review December 23, 2013) In 1879, Charles Darwin characterized the sudden and unexplained covers the large uncertainties of pCO2 estimates for these rise of angiosperms during the Cretaceous as an “abominable mys- geological periods. tery.” The diversification of this clade marked the beginning of To validate our paleoclimatic experiments, the geographical a rapid transition among Mesozoic ecosystems and floras formerly distribution of climate-sensitive sediments such as evaporites (dry dominated by ferns, conifers, and cycads. Although the role of en- or seasonally dry climate indicators) and coals (humid climate vironmental factors has been suggested [Coiffard C, Gómez B (2012) indicators) have been compared with our maps of simulated biomes Geol Acta 10(2):181–188], Cretaceous global climate change has for each time period (Fig. S1). Overall, for every time period, the barely been considered as a contributor to angiosperm radiation, spatial fit between coals and humid biomes is higher for 1,120-ppm and focus was put on biotic factors to explain this transition. Here and 2,240-ppm pCO2 scenarios than for 560 ppm (Table S1 and we use a fully coupled climate model driven by Mesozoic paleogeo- Fig.
[Show full text]
The Coastal Plains
Hydrology of Yemen Dr. Abdulla Noaman INTRODUCTION • Location and General Topography • Yemen is located on the south of the Arabian Peninsula, between latitude 12 and 20 north and longitude 41 and 54east, with a total area estimated at 555000 km2 excluding the Empty Quarter. Apart from the mainland it includes more than 112 islands, the largest of which are Soqatra in the Arabian Sea to the Far East of the country with total area of 3650 km2 and Kamaran in the Red Sea YEMENYEMEN: Basic Information • Area: 555,000 km2 • Cultivated area: 1,200,000 ha • Population: 22,1 million – Rural 75% – Urban 25% – Growth rate 3.5 % / year • Rainfall: 50 mm - 800 mm /year average 200 mm / year NWRA-Yemen 2005 Socio-economic features • Population • The total population is around 22.1 million (MPD, 2004), of which 74.4 % is rural. The average population density is about 31 inhabitants/km2, but in the western part of the country the density can reach up to 300 inhabitants/km2 (Ibb province) while in the three eastern provinces of the country the density is less than 5 inhabitants/km2. Socio-economic features • The largest part of the population lives in the Yemen Mountain area in the western part of the country, where rainfall is still significant, although not high in many locations. The hostile environment of the desert and eastern upland areas is reflected by low population density. Concentration of population in Yemen Area Pop. 8% 46.8% 12.2% 58.66% 32.74% 85.59% NWRA-Yemen 2005 Socio-economic features • Agriculture and economy • Agriculture contributes 25% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Yemen, employs 60% of the population, and provides livelihood for rural residents who constitute about 76%of the total population.
[Show full text]
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Southern California
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Southern California Climate and Vegetation Over the Past 125,000 Years from Lake Sequences in the San Bernardino Mountains A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography by Katherine Colby Glover 2016 © Copyright by Katherine Colby Glover 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Southern California Climate and Vegetation Over the Past 125,000 Years from Lake Sequences in the San Bernardino Mountains by Katherine Colby Glover Doctor of Philosophy in Geography University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Glen Michael MacDonald, Chair Long sediment records from offshore and terrestrial basins in California show a history of vegetation and climatic change since the last interglacial (130,000 years BP). Vegetation sensitive to temperature and hydroclimatic change tended to be basin-specific, though the expansion of shrubs and herbs universally signalled arid conditions, and landscpe conversion to steppe. Multi-proxy analyses were conducted on two cores from the Big Bear Valley in the San Bernardino Mountains to reconstruct a 125,000-year history for alpine southern California, at the transition between mediterranean alpine forest and Mojave desert. Age control was based upon radiocarbon and luminescence dating. Loss-on-ignition, magnetic susceptibility, grain size, x-ray fluorescence, pollen, biogenic silica, and charcoal analyses showed that the paleoclimate of the San Bernardino Mountains was highly subject to globally pervasive forcing mechanisms that register in northern hemispheric oceans. Primary productivity in Baldwin Lake during most of its ii history showed a strong correlation to historic fluctuations in local summer solar radiation values.
[Show full text]
CLASS- IX SUBJECT- GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER- NATURAL REGIONS of the WORLD {2ND TERM} Unit- (1) Tropical Deserts (2) Tropical Monsoo
CLASS- IX SUBJECT- GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER- NATURAL REGIONS OF THE WORLD {2ND TERM} Unit- (1) Tropical Deserts (2) Tropical Monsoon 1. With reference to the Tropical Desert: • The Tropical Deserts are located between 15⁰ - 30⁰ North and South latitudes, on the West coast of the continents. • List of Deserts in each continents - ❖ Sahara Desert, Kalahari and Namib Desert in Africa. ❖ Arabian Desert, Thar Desert in Asia. ❖ Mexican Desert in North America. ❖ Atacama Desert in South America. ❖ The Great Australian Desert in Australia. • Climate Conditions- ❖ It is characterised by off shore dry Trade winds originated from the high pressure belt. ❖ Summer temperatures may range from 30⁰ to 45⁰. ❖ Rainfall is less than 25cm annually. ❖ Relative humidity is extremely low, less than 30% ❖ Hot and dry winds like Mistral, Bora and Sirocco blow over and bring pleasant weather conditions there. • Natural Vegetation- ❖ The natural Vegetation is scanty due to the scarcity of rainfall. ❖ The vegetation is Xerophytic which have special adaptations to the climate like they have- ➢ Long roots to absorb ground water. ➢ Leaves modified into spines to prevent the loss of water. ➢ Fleshy sterns to store water. ❖ The important tree like cacti, acacia and date palms are found there. • Human Adaptations- ❖ The desert inhabitants are primitive tribes like, The Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert and The Bindibu of Australian desert live there. They are nomadic hunters and food gatherers. 2. With reference to the Tropical Monsoon: • It extends between 10⁰ to 25⁰ North and South latitude • It covers- ❖ India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand in Asia ❖ Northern Australia. • Climatic Conditions- ❖ The average summer temperature is about 30⁰c and the winter temperature is about 18⁰c.
[Show full text]
King's Research Portal
King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.11.010 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Yan, N., & Baas, A. C. W. (2015). Parabolic dunes and their transformations under environmental and climatic changes: Towards a conceptual framework for understanding and prediction. GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE, 124, 123-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.11.010 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
[Show full text]
2217/01 Paper 1 May/June 2008 1 Hour 45 Minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper *1713276716* Ruler
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level GEOGRAPHY 2217/01 Paper 1 May/June 2008 1 hour 45 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper *1713276716* Ruler READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer three questions, each from a different section. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. The Insert contains Photographs A, B and C for Question 2, Photograph D for Question 3 and Figs 8A and 8B for Question 5. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 13 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 Insert. SP (SLM) T60251 © UCLES 2008 [Turn over 2 Section A Answer one question from this section. 1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows population density in Mali (an LEDC in Africa). 10° W00 500 ° N km ALGERIA 20° N 100mm MAURITANIA MALI 400mm Timbuktu 15° N Nioro du Sahel Mopti Ségou R iv San e NIGER Kita Koulikoro r N Bamako ig e Bia r BURKINA FASO 1000mm Sigasso NIGERIA 10° N BENIN GUINEA SIERRA GHANA LEONE IVORY COAST TOGO LIBERIA Key 100mm annual precipitation Population density (people per km2): fewer than 1 Location of Mali 1.0 to 2 2.1 to 10 more than 10 Fig.
[Show full text]
Africa from MIS 6-2: the Florescence of Modern Humans
Chapter 1 Africa from MIS 6-2: The Florescence of Modern Humans Brian A. Stewart and Sacha C. Jones Abstract Africa from Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 6-2 saw Introduction the crystallization of long-term evolutionary processes that culminated in our species’ anatomical form, behavioral The last three decades represent a watershed in our under- ﬂorescence, and global dispersion. Over this *200 kyr standing of modern human origins. In the mid-1980s, evo- period, Africa experienced environmental changes on a lutionary genetics established that the most ancient human variety of spatiotemporal scales, from the long-term disap- lineages are African (Cann 1988; Vigilant et al. 1991). Since pearance of whole deserts and forests to much higher then, steady streams of genetic, paleontological and archae- frequency, localized shifts. The archaeological, fossil, and ological insights have converged into a torrent of evidence genetic records increasingly suggest that environmental that Africa is our species’ evolutionary home, both biological variability profoundly affected early human population sizes, and behavioral. When these changes occurred, however, densities, interconnectedness, and distribution across the remains less well understood, and much less so how and why. African landscape – that is, population dynamics. At the Where within Africa modern humans and our suite of same time, recent advances in anthropological theory predict behaviors developed is also problematic. One thing seems that such paleodemographic changes were central to struc- clear: the changes that shaped our species and its behavioral turing the very records we are attempting to comprehend. repertoire were gradual, rooted deeper in the Pleistocene than The book introduced by this chapter represents a ﬁrst previously imagined.
[Show full text]
A Spatial Analysis Approach to the Global Delineation of Dryland Areas of Relevance to the CBD Programme of Work on Dry and Subhumid Lands
A spatial analysis approach to the global delineation of dryland areas of relevance to the CBD Programme of Work on Dry and Subhumid Lands Prepared by Levke Sörensen at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge, UK January 2007 This report was prepared at the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). The lead author is Levke Sörensen, scholar of the Carlo Schmid Programme of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). Acknowledgements This report benefited from major support from Peter Herkenrath, Lera Miles and Corinna Ravilious. UNEP-WCMC is also grateful for the contributions of and discussions with Jaime Webbe, Programme Officer, Dry and Subhumid Lands, at the CBD Secretariat. Disclaimer The contents of the map presented here do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP-WCMC or contributory organizations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP-WCMC or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 3 Table of contents Acknowledgements............................................................................................3 Disclaimer ...........................................................................................................3 List of tables, annexes and maps .....................................................................5 Abbreviations
[Show full text]
Mesozoic Litho- and Magneto-Stratigraphic Evidence from the Central Tibetan Plateau for Megamonsoon Evolution and Potential Evaporites
Gondwana Research 37 (2016) 110–129 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Gondwana Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gr Mesozoic litho- and magneto-stratigraphic evidence from the central Tibetan Plateau for megamonsoon evolution and potential evaporites Xiaomin Fang a,⁎, Chunhui Song b, Maodu Yan a, Jinbo Zan a, Chenglin Liu c, Jingeng Sha d,WeilinZhanga, Yongyao Zeng b, Song Wu b, Dawen Zhang a a CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences and Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China b School of Earth Sciences & Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China c MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China d Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China article info abstract Article history: The megamonsoon was a striking event that profoundly impacted the climatic environment and related mineral Received 3 September 2015 sources (salts, coals and oil-gases) in the Mesozoic. How this event impacted Asia is unknown. Here, we ﬁrstly Received in revised form 19 May 2016 reported a Mesozoic stratigraphic sequence in the northern Qiangtang Basin, in the central Tibetan Plateau, Accepted 21 May 2016 based on lithofacies and chronologies of paleontology and magnetostratigraphy. How the planetary and Available online 02 July 2016 megamonsoon circulations controlled the Asian climate with time has been recorded. Using the basic principles Handling Editor: Z.M.
[Show full text]
Geomorphology and Biogeography of Tropical Deserts - Silvio Carlos Rodrigues, Gelze Serrat De Souza Campos Rodrigues
TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol. IX - Geomorphology and Biogeography of Tropical Deserts - Silvio Carlos Rodrigues, Gelze Serrat de Souza Campos Rodrigues GEOMORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF TROPICAL DESERTS Silvio Carlos Rodrigues Instituto de Geografia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil Gelze Serrat de Souza Campos Rodrigues Instituto de Geografia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil Keywords: Tropical deserts, geomorphology, landforms, landscape, morphological systems, eolian process, dune, erg, hamada, inselbergs, playas, climate, temperature, precipitation, continents, latitude, longitude, biogeography, water-balance. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Tropical Deserts 2.1. Geographical Distribution 2.2. Controlling Factors 2.3. Distinguishing Characteristics 2.3.1. Temperature 2.3.2. Precipitation 3. Processes, Landforms and Tropical Desert Typology 3.1. Eolian Processes 3.2. Sandy Deserts 3.2.1. Dunes 3.2.2. Ergs 3.3. Pavement Features 3.3.1. Regs 3.3.2. Wadis and Chotts 3.3.3. Pediments, Playas and Alluvial Fans. 3.3.4. Mountains Features 4. Biogeography of Tropical Deserts 4.1. Biological Adaptation to Aridity 4.1.1. DesertUNESCO Vegetation – EOLSS 4.1.2. Desert Fauna Glossary Bibliography Biographical SketchesSAMPLE CHAPTERS Summary Geomorphology of Tropical Deserts is driven by the dry climatic condition of the environment. The heat provided by the sun reaches the surface and creates a high temperature in days, but at night the temperature falls. This cycle creates the conditions conducive to the physical weathering that predominates in the tropical deserts. Aeolian processes commands the shaping of surfaces, moving sediments provided by the weathering. These conditions occur in a specific area of the Earth near the sub-tropical ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol.
[Show full text]