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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Das Naturgesetz der Gesellschaftskritik in spanischen Medien am Beispiel von Goya und Álex de la Iglesia Verfasser Markus Prummer angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im Oktober 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 236 352 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Romanistik Betreuerin: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kathrin Sartingen Danke an das Café Weidinger und den Rüdigerhof für die Inspiration. an die Betreuerin Kathrin Sartingen für die effiziente Umgestaltung des Themas. an den Gastprofessor Raul Fornet-Betancourt an der Philosophie für die Literaturhinweise. an Papa und Mama für die Unterstützung. an das Café Montmatre in Budapest für die vom Wind verwehten und darau#in eingesammelten Zettel während meines Toilettenbesuchs. 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 5 1.1 Konzeption und Realität ____________________________5 1.1.2 Die Kritik und die Künstler_______________________ 10 1.1.3 Konditionierung und Realitätsverweigerung ________11 1.2 Ziel ____________________________________________16 1.3 Hypothese _______________________________________17 1.4 Wissenschaftlicher Ansatz _________________________17 2 Theorie 18 2.1 Freud und das Unbehagen in der Kultur _____________18 2.2.1 Tendenzen der Postmoderne ______________________22 2.2.2 Universelle Ansätze _____________________________26 2.2.3 C.G. Jung und die Innenperspektive _______________30 2.3 Vipassana Buddhismus ____________________________34 2.4 Das Naturgesetz der Gesellschaftskritik ______________38 3 Methode 42 3.1 Hauptmethode ___________________________________42 3.2 Funktionen des Vergleichs _________________________43 3.3 Kategorien der Beschreibung _______________________44 4 Beispielanalyse 46 4.1 Inhaltsüberblick _________________________________47 4.2 Beispiele ________________________________________48 3 4.2.1 Vernunft und Verlangen__________________________ 48 4.2.2 Der Tod _______________________________________55 4.2.3 Schönheitswahn ________________________________57 4.2.4 Die Ausgegrenzten ______________________________59 4.2.5 Aberglaube ____________________________________61 4.2.6 Pseudowerte ___________________________________64 4.2.7 Das Ende als geschlossene Form ___________________80 4.2.8 Schein und Lüge ________________________________86 4.2.9 Tierisches und Monströses _______________________92 4.2.10 Liebesbeziehungen _____________________________98 4.2.11 Kinder ______________________________________111 5 Schlusswort 115 6 Bibliographie 118 6.1 Primärquellen __________________________________118 6.2 Sekundärliteratur _______________________________119 6.3 Internetseiten ___________________________________125 7 Anhang 126 7.1 Resumen _______________________________________126 7.2 Lebenslauf _____________________________________137 7.3 Abstract _______________________________________137 4 1 Einleitung Wieso haben Fernsehserien und Filme oft weltweiten Erfolg? Warum richten wir uns in unseren Gedanken gerne nach Büchern, die schon 1000 Jahre gelesen werden? Wie kann das sein, dass der ganze Planet mitunter dieselbe Musik hört, sei es Bob Marley, Mozart oder Michael Jackson? Der Grund liegt auf der Hand. Wir alle haben eine Hand, einen Körper. Wir atmen, leben und sterben. Wir sind Teil einer gemeinsamen Lebensform. Über Zeit und Raum hinweg können uns deshalb in der Kunst immer wieder dieselben Tiefenstrukturen faszinieren. Aber wie vollzieht sich der dahinter verborgene Mechanismus? Für die Untersuchung habe ich gemäß der Studienrichtung Romanistik spanische Medien ausgewählt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der kritischen Haltung, da sich so ein Kreis schließt: Kollektive Gesetze bestimmen das Wohlergehen, geraten in der Kultur gegenüber dem Ego ständig ins Hintertreffen und werden von der Kunst wieder ins Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit reklamiert. Um die Wirkweise des Naturgesetzes der Gesellschaftskritik zu veranschaulichen werde ich im theoretischen Teil Grundlagen aus westlichen und östlichen Ansichten erarbeiten. Danach soll die Beispielanalyse beweisen, wie das Gesetz die verschiedenen Ausprägungen von Gesellschaftskritik regelt. Zunächst soll nun ergründet werden, wie der Eindruck einer Kultur der Differenz (vgl. Antweiler 2007. S.19; siehe 2.2.2 Universelle Ansätze), wonach jeder nur sein eigenes Leben in einer individuell erschaffenen Welt lebt, überhaupt entstehen kann. 1.1 Konzeption und Realität Betrachten wir die häufig gestellte Frage 'Warum studierst du etwas völlig Brotloses, warum machst du nicht BWL oder Jus, damit du beruflich größeren Nutzen daraus ziehen kannst?' Diese Argumentation spiegelt eine weit verbreitete Ansicht wider. Warum ich ihr nicht nachgegeben habe, liegt an den mehr oder weniger 5 gesellschaftskritischen Werken, mit denen ich mich vor Studienbeginn beschäftigt hatte. Das erste Buch, das ich nach der Matura gelesen habe, war Der Mythos des Sisyphos von Albert Camus (1998). Nach einigen Monaten der intensiven Beschäftigung mit mir aufgedrängten Inhalten aus den Matura-Fächern Mathematik, Englisch, Musik, Deutsch und Geographie war ich nun besonders bereit, selbst ausgewählte Ideen in mein Denken aufzunehmen. Camus' Erklärungen zur aussichtslosen Sinnlosigkeit des Daseins des völlig absurden Menschen, der in der fruchtlosen Tätigkeit des ewigen Stein-auf-einen- Berg-rollens gleichzeitig Glücklichkeit findet, erzeugten ein Paradigma des Lesens (vgl. Kolodny 1985). Die philosophischen Konzepte brannten sich in mein Ästhetik- bewusstsein ein und bestimmten das Wie der Lektüre aller folgenden Bücher. Mein Auge für die Inhalte des nächsten Romans Der Ekel von Jean-Paul Sartre (1982) war demnach geschult durch Camus. Alle Vorgänge las ich vor dem mir meist unbewussten Hintergrund der Ideen über die Absurdität. Die dortige Beschreibung des Autodidakten, der die Bibliothek von A-Z durchliest, erschienen mir lächerlich. Dagegen folgte ich Roquentin in die eindringliche Baumerfahrung, die als tatsächliches Wirklichkeits- erlebnis das dumpfe Auswendiglernen obsolet macht. Ich ergänzte meine aus Camus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse und mein ästhetisches Paradigma erweiterte sich. Vereinfacht gesagt wußte ich nun über die Absurdität des Daseins bescheid und konnte mir auch erklären, dass die Wahrheit der Wirklichkeit jenseits von Sprache zu begreifen ist. Zuletzt las ich im Jahr meines Zivildienstes im Altenheim, dass zwischen Matura und Studienwahl stand, eine Abhandlung über Zen von Zenkei Shibayama. Zen ist eine fernöstliche Anleitung zum Tod des egoistischen Denkens, wie es Shido Bunan, ein japanischer Zen-Meister aus der Tokugawa-Periode ausdrückt: Stirb während du lebst, und sei vollkommen tot. Dann tue was immer du willst - alles ist gut (zitiert nach Shibayama 2000. S.42) Die Erkenntnisse aus den drei Werken, dem philosophischen Essay von Camus, dem Roman von Sartre und den Erläuterungen zu Zen, gesellten sich zu dem Paradigma, das bereits seit dem Kindesalter geformt wurde. Meine Wirklichkeitswahrnehmung wurde durch die in den Texten enthaltenen Prämissen 'Die Welt ist absurd und sinnlos' aus 6 Camus, 'Das Auswendiglernen von toten Worthülsen erklärt die Wirklichkeit nicht' aus Sartre, und 'Egolosigkeit macht glücklich' aus dem Zen, geformt und gereichte zu der Schlussfolgerung 'Ökonomische Erfolgsaussichten müssen die Studienwahl nicht bestimmen'. Das Paradigma des Fragestellers hatte sich dagegen nach anderen Vorgaben geformt.1 Lesen beeinflusst unser Leben. Wir glauben darin Bestätigung für unsere Welt- anschauung zu finden. Jedes Buch erfüllt die aus den vorangegangenen Werken extrahierten Erwartungshaltungen, weil paradigmatische Vorurteile gefällt werden. Für uns entsteht der Eindruck eines Intertextes, in dem sich verschiedene Autoren immer wieder gegenseitig bestätigen. Beim Leser kommt es zu Verzückung, wenn er in einem Buch Übereinstimmungen mit seinem Paradigma findet, wenn er zusätzliche Weisheiten und Erläuterungen erfährt oder wenn ein Autor eine neue Perspektive eröffnet. Wenn etwas gegen die konstruierten Überzeugungen vorgeht, so können wir dies aus dem Paradigma, das wir uns angelesen haben, leichter abwehren (vgl. Kolodny 1985. S.154). So verfügt jeder Mensch über ein gewachsenes Modell, mit welchem er Inhalte beurteilt. Es nährt sich nicht nur aus Büchern, sondern aus Kunst generell und auch aus z.B. Schulunterricht, Fernsehen, Gesprächen u.s.w. Wenn wir allerdings ein Bewusstsein für diese Verhältnismäßigkeiten erlangen, kommen wir unweigerlich zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass Paradigmen nur wie hilfreiche Baugerüste neben dem Haus der Wirklichkeit stehen. Wir können alle Stockwerke unbeschadet einsehen, das Haus selbst aber bleibt unerreicht. Paradigmen verhalten sich der Wirklichkeit gegenüber wie eine Bedienungsanleitung zu einem Gerät. Ein Benutzerhandbuch für einen Staubsauger etwa kann viele Aspekte der korrekten Handhabe erklären, um aber erfolgreich den Staub aus der Wohnung zu entfernen, braucht man mannigfaltiges Wissen über die Gegebenheiten im Wohnraum, Strom, den eigenen Körper und vieles mehr. Die Realität des Staubsaugers muss verstanden werden. Das vollendete Paradigma ist also jene Konzeption, die deckungsgleich mit der Wirklichkeit wird. In diesem Fall wird die Konzeption zur Wirklichkeit, d.h. die völlige Überschneidung verwandelt das 1 Anette Kolodny erarbeitet in ihrem feministischen Text Dancing through the minefield (1985) wie sich unsere ästhetischen Anschauungen mit jeder Lektüre weiterentwickeln und vom bisherigen Paradigma gelenkt werden. 7 Paradigma in ein Nicht-Paradigma, aus der Konzeption wird eine Nicht-Konzeption.2
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