Suma Oriental De Tomé Pires (“Que Trata Do Mar Roxo Até Aos Chins”) A.1

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Suma Oriental De Tomé Pires (“Que Trata Do Mar Roxo Até Aos Chins”) A.1 China e Portugal Cinco centúrias de relacionamento: uma leitura académica FICHA TÉCNICA Título: CHINA E PORTUGAL Cinco centúrias de relacionamento: uma leitura académica Concepção RobeRto CaRneiRo e Coordenação: GuilheRme d’oliveiRa maRtins Editor: CEPCEP – Centro de Estudos dos Povos e Culturas de Expressão Portuguesa Universidade Católica Portuguesa Palma de Cima · 1649-023 Lisboa Tel. 2172141333 e-mail: [email protected] www.cepcep.fch.lisboa.ucp.pt Tiragem: 1000 exemplares Data de publicação: Fevereiro de 2014 Depósito legal: 370999/14 ISBN: 978-972-9045-33-2 Concepção gráfica: SERSILITO-Empresa Gráfica, Lda. Travessa Sá e Melo, 209 · Apt. 1208 · 4471-909 MAIA Telef. 229436920 · Fax 229436922 e-mail: [email protected] www.sersilito.pt COLECÇÃO ESTUDOS E DOCUMENTOS 18 China e Portugal Cinco centúrias de relacionamento: uma leitura académica Coordenação de RobeRto CaRneiRo GuilheRme d’oliveiRa maRtins CENTRO DE ESTUDOS DOS POVOS E CULTURAS DE EXPRESSÃO PORTUGUESA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA PORTUGUESA LISBOA 2 0 1 4 Nota: O CEPCEP não se responsabiliza pelo conteúdo dos artigos que são da exclusiva responsabilidade dos autores que tiveram também a liberdade de redigir os textos em nova ou antiga ortografia. PREFÁCIO Ro b e R t o C a R n e i R o China e Portugal, Cinco centúrias de relacionamento: uma leitura académica, apresenta­‑se, em essência, como um livro comemorativo, uma obra que celebra um extraordinário acontecimento: o encontro primeiro do Oriente e do Oriente, evento esse cujos frutos resistem a todas as intempéries e conjunturas que fustigaram os tempos, e que foi arauto dos conceitos de globalização, e de interdependência, que fizeram caminho até à sua incontornável expressão contemporânea. Há seis centúrias, mais exactamente em 1415, teve início a extraordi- nária epopeia da expansão portuguesa, com a conquista de Ceuta. Numa sequência estonteante de aventuras marítimas, cerca de cem anos mais tarde, em 1513, o navegador português Jorge Álvares singrava por mares e litorais de Guangdong e acostava a essa província meridional do extenso continente chinês, maravilhando­‑se com um povo misterioso, cuja existên- cia foi sendo cerzida ao longo de milénios de história e de poderes impe- riais, avultando à época a poderosa dinastia Ming que governava Cathay. Gerou­‑se a partir desse encontro primordial uma das vertentes mais fecundas do relacionamento intercultural de que há memória no planeta. Este singular, e único, relacionamento perdurou em Macau – fundada cerca de 40 anos mais tarde – onde essa recíproca fecundação se tornou tangível e resistiu à erosão implacável do tempo, território minúsculo que serviu de entreposto à aproximação de povos e culturas, tão distantes quanto díspares. Macau é, inclusivamente, como bem o lembra o autor de um dos artigos de referência do presente livro, a plataforma na qual se sustenta um diálogo interreligioso complexo. É a partir desse choque filosófico e civilizacional que o próprio cristianismo de recorte “ocidental” se vem afeiçoando aos formatos orientais de ver a vida, o outro e o mundo, dando 8 Prefácio lugar à emergência de novos entendimentos na maneira de compreender o transcendente, sem prejuízo da fidelidade à base doutrinal e vivencial em que ele se funda há dois milénios. Seguramente, a consciência de europeu, que integra uma matriz ine- quivocamente tributária do legado humanista e cristão, muito se ficou a dever a esse confronto multissecular de distintas cosmovisões, onde releva a rica mundividência sínica que os portugueses tiveram o privilégio de conhecer, em primeira mão, e de com ela estabelecer traços de união que perduraram para além das vicissitudes da política, da geografia da distância, e dos sobressaltos da história. A presente obra recolhe, no essencial, as comunicações feitas numa série de seminários científicos que tiveram lugar no CEPCEP, no decurso do ano 2013, a título de preparação da histórica viagem à República Popu- lar da China, realizada no período 31 agosto­‑12 setembro 2013, por inicia- tiva conjunta do Centro Nacional de Cultura (CNC) e do Centro de Estudos dos Povos e Culturas de Expressão Portuguesa (CEPCEP). Deste modo, não espantará o leitor mais atento que o livro se desen- volva em obediência a um ritmo e a uma simetria verdadeiramente chi- neses. Assim, ele compreende quatro capítulos e doze artigos, três por capítulo, todos eles da autoria de reputados estudiosos das matérias em apreço, a saber: A. 1511 ‑1515 – Malaca, China, Ormuz, e a Suma Oriental de Tomé Pires (“que trata do Mar Roxo até aos Chins”) A.1. A China pelos olhos de Malaca. A Suma Oriental e o conhecimento europeu do Extremo Oriente, por Paulo Jorge de Sousa Pinto A.2. Tomé Pires: boticário, tratadista e embaixador, por Rui Manuel Loureiro A.3. A importância da Suma Oriental de Tomé Pires na historiografia do Arquipélago Malaio: sobrevalorização ou dependência?, por Manuel Lobato B. 1541 ‑1552 – Xavier e o sonho de cristianização da China: O Padroado Português do Oriente B.1. Cristianismo e relações interculturais Europa ‑China: Sec. XVI e XVII – elementos de problematização, por Luís Filipe Barreto B.2. São Francisco Xavier e aprendizagem do Extremo Oriente, por João Paulo Oliveira e Costa B.3. A face chinesa da Companhia de Jesus (séculos XVI ‑XVII), por Isabel Murta Pina China em Portugal – Cinco centúrias de relacionamento: uma leitura académica 9 C. Século XXI – Duas línguas de futuro no mundo: português e man‑ darim C.1. Português e Mandarim: as línguas portuguesa e chinesa como línguas globais, por José Ribeiro e Castro C.2. ‘Ting bu dong’: a língua como barreira simbólica para os migran‑ tes chineses em Portugal, por Irene Rodrigues C.3. O fascínio do Império do Meio, por Guilherme d’Oliveira Martins D. 2000 ‑2025 – O Império do Meio renasce para a economia global: oportunidades para intermediar e triangular D.1. O Espaço lusófono, os Oceanos e as Ásias, por José Félix Ribeiro D.2. O Regresso do Império do Meio e os Países de Língua Portuguesa, por Carla Fernandes D.3. As Grandes Divergências – Crises Extremas e Complexidade Polí‑ tica, por Joaquim Aguiar Cremos que o leitor não deixará de se entusiasmar com a qualidade geral dos artigos integrantes da obra e, ousamos mesmo dizê­‑lo, com a novidade e frescura dos insights que muitos dos textos nos oferecem. O CEPCEP e o CNC, co­‑editores irmanados nesta publicação, ficam endividados para com os autores que generosamente contribuíram para a sua feitura, nela empenhando o melhor dos seus conhecimentos e das novidades decorrentes dos seus trabalhos de investigação. Para concluir, julgamos oportuno citar o vice­‑presidente e diretor exe- cutivo (CEO) do grupo chinês Fosun (recentemente entrado em Portugal com actividade no ramo segurador), Liang Xinjun. Afirmou ele recente- mente: “Portugal é um país seguro e receptivo ao investimento chinês. Sentimo­‑nos muito confortáveis com Portugal por causa de Macau. Portu- gal manteve uma relação muito boa com o Governo e o povo da China”. O desafio de continuar a sementeira do entendimento num planeta repentinamente muito mais “pequeno” do que outrora, mas feito de gentes diversas, é hoje, como nos cinco séculos decorridos, o destino do relacio- namento Europa – China. Neste xadrez onde se joga a reinvenção do mundo, Portugal e os Portugueses são reconvocados a uma missão irrecusável, na redescoberta de uma vocação de interface dialogal, a qual só eles podem desempenhar cabalmente. Lisboa, 31 de dezembro de 2013 1511 ‑1515 – MALACA, CHINA, ORMUZ, E A SUMA ORIENTAL DE TOMÉ PIRES (“que trata do Mar Roxo até aos Chins”) A China pelos Olhos de Malaca. A Suma Oriental e o conhecimento europeu do Extremo Oriente Pa u l o J o rg e d e s o u s a P i n t o * OS PORTUGUESES EM BUSCA DE MALACA No muito conhecido e muito citado “regimento” que o rei D. Manuel entregou a Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, ao nomeá­‑lo capitão da armada que partiu de Lisboa com o objetivo de chegar a Malaca, há um capítulo dedicado aos “chins”. Trata­‑se de um conjunto de instruções simples, nas quais o monarca lhe ordena que, logo que atingisse a célebre cidade, pro- curasse saber quem eram, de onde vinham, qual o seu aspeto e riqueza e como era o seu regime de frequência e estadia em Malaca, sem esquecer as informações sobre a sua terra natal, o seu rei e a sua religião1. O interesse dos portugueses pela China – em especial pelos seus habi- tantes, como se verá abaixo – era reduzido, mas o monarca vinha, desde há algum tempo, manifestando uma crescente curiosidade acerca daquelas paragens, sobre as quais quase nada se sabia de concreto em Lisboa. Era apenas mais um motivo que o levou a apressar o envio da armada de Diogo Lopes. Malaca é que estava no centro das suas preocupações: era necessário estabelecer o contacto com o rei da terra, construir uma fortaleza, garantir o acesso às especiarias e outras mercadorias asiáticas e antecipar­‑se às possíveis movimentações de Castela, onde já havia quem afirmasse que a cidade estava situada na área de influência castelhana, * FCH/UCP – Centro de Estudos de Comunicação e Cultura 1 Regimento de Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, 13.2.1508, in Cartas de Afonso de Albuquerque, Lisboa, Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, 1898, II, p. 416. 14 Paulo Jorge de Sousa Pinto definida pelo Tratado de Tordesilhas. A China era apenas um conceito geográfico indefinido, e só possível de atingir depois de alcançada Malaca. A primeira viagem de Vasco da Gama parece não ter trazido qualquer informação acerca da China, com exceção de referências a uma armada de “cristãos brancos, com cabelos compridos, semelhantes aos alemães, sem barba, salvo em torno da boca” que havia chegado a Calecut oito décadas antes2; trata­‑se, seguramente, de uma referência à célebre expe- dição de Zheng He.
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