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A Brief Review of Naga (Lead) Through Ayurvedic Literature B.J

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A Brief Review of Naga (Lead) Through Ayurvedic Literature B.J eVersion J. Res. Educ. Indian Med., 2013; Vol. XIX (1-2) 49-59 ISSN 0970-7700 A BRIEF REVIEW OF NAGA (LEAD) THROUGH AYURVEDIC LITERATURE B.J. PATGIRI1 AND DHIRAJSINGH SUMERSINGH RAJPUT2 Department of RS & BK, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar-361 008 Gujarat (India) Abstract:Literature survey is most essential backbone of the any research work. Critical review helps in understanding and framing an idea about the subject to be dealt. It deals with everything right from the past to the present, related to the subject and a clear picture of subject matter. Hence, for the complete knowledge of the subject, it is necessary to trace out its historical background, which gives a tangible firm in the development of stages from time to time. Bhasma’s are one of the unique preparations therapeutically used in Ayurveda and have been used as effective drugs for centuries without any noticeable side effects. Naga bhasma (incinerated powder of Lead) is one such preparation containing lead as a main ingredient. In present study critical review of Ayurvedic literature regarding Naga, various methods of Shodhana, jarana, Bhavana, Marana and various researches carried out on safety issue of Naga bhasma are described in detail. In this study it is observed that Naga bhasma is mixture of PbO Pb3O4 and contain either OH, (CO3)2 or (SO4)2 and (AsO4)3 group. The research work on acute and chronic toxicity study showed that Naga bhasma is free from toxic effect. The testicular regenerative potential study elaborates the aphrodisiac property of Lead. This work helps to know various pharmaceutical process of Naga bhasma, its chemical nature and safety profile. Keywords: Naga, Bhasma, Lead, Safety, Toxicity. Introduction texts differ between themselves in terms of Use of metals and minerals for the accompaniments and process detail. medicinal purpose was prevalent even in pre- Correspondingly, the processing of certain metals historic period but to a very limited extent. It is lead to bhasmas with different forms and colors. also clear from the literature, that in earlier times, Based on their experiences, the ancient Acharya’s these drugs were used either in the form of fine described many methods for Shodhana, Jarana powder or as paste after rubbing. The more and Marana of metals and minerals depending suitable forms were developed after the evolution on the therapeutic utility of respective metal; of Rasashastra. The review of ancient Rasa compounds prepared through these processes literature revealed that the ancient Rasaacharyas are considered as pharmaceutically most suitable have recognized doshas (untoward effect) in forms, hence it is important to know the various almost all drugs including metals, minerals and ways of processing the single metal. mercury. To remove these untoward effects they Naga bhasma which is obtained from have described suitable techniques and procedures metallic lead, is a miraculous Ayurvedic drug[1] such as Shodhana, Marana etc and these and used in various diseases such as diarrhea, processes were used to convert the metal and spleen enlargement and diabetes.[2] Although, the minerals in to the pharmaceutically suitable and therapeutic efficacy of Naga bhasma changes ideal forms. For most of the metals, methods of with change in the preparative procedure e.g. bhasma preparation as given in the classical Naga bhasma prepared by triturating with juice 1. Associate Professor 2. Ph.D. Scholar 50 B. J. Patigiri and Dhirajsingh Sumersingh Rajput of Ahiphen (Papaver somnifera) possesses more Naga in Samhita period: Acharya aphoristic property while the Naga bhasma Sushruta categorizes the Naga under Trapavadi prepared from Manashila, Gandhaka and Vasa gana (group of Tin) and is the first who mention (Adhatoda vasica) is more effective in skin its utility in eye diseases [16]. Dalhana mentioned diseases.[3] Therefore in this paper, attempt has corrosive property of Naga and advised its use been made to decipher the different preparative in the treating eye diseases like conjunctivitis.[17] procedure of Naga bhasma along with Acharya Vagbhata while describing the treatment description of Naga which includes synonyms, for corneal ulcer and iritis, gave a formulation of historical background, therapeutic properties, Anjana (a kind of local applicant in ocular different methods of Naga shodhana and Marana therapeutic procedure) prepared from powder of according to different Rasa Granthas and study Naga and some herbal drugs.[18] Ashtanga Hridaya of various researches carried out of the safety is the first treatise which mentioned the and toxicity aspect of Naga bhasma. Chakshushya (very useful for eyes) property of Synonyms: The synonyms of Naga Naga and used it in the treatment of cataract, according to various Rasashastra texts viz. pterigium, purulent iritis and conjunctivitis. [19] Sisa[4,5] Kutila (flexible)[6], Ahi (looks like The other formula (Timirantaka anjana)[20] cloud)[7], PanNaga[8], Phani[9], Kari (can be mentioned for cataract contain Naga as a main scrawl by nail)[10], Uraga (like snake), Bhujanga ingredient. The potency of this formulation is (like snake) [11], Jada (heavy), Shita (cool in described as it destroys the cataract as the rising touch), Yavaneshta (Muslims are found of using sun destroys darkness. it as Anjan in eyes), Kuvanga (inferior In color Naga in 8th to 20th Centaury AD: than Tin), Paripishta (malleable)[12], Rasendra Mangala (8th century) mentioned utility Naganamakam (synonyms of Naga)[13], Naga of Naga in purifying silver,[21] to destroy the (which gives strength just like elephant), discoloration of copper[22] and to prepare Kuranga (inferior Tin), Sindurakarana (May incinerated gold.[23] This treatise also describes produce Sindura which is red oxide of the therapeutic uses of Naga in the treatment of mercury).[14] anal fistula,[24] Visarpa,[25] and all eye diseases.[26,27] This is the first treatise which Historical background of Naga described a combine formula of Naga along with History is as important as any other branch tin, silver, gold, copper, mica, diamond, iron and of science, since it is the bridge between past mercury as rejuvenator, appetizer and able to condition and present position. Therefore its make body as strong as iron.[28] Rasopanishada review provides the road map for development (10th century) counted Naga in best seven in the field of Ayurveda. metals[29] and emphasized on the utility of Naga Naga in Vedic period: No description of in preparation of gold and silver.[30] The author Naga found in Rig-Veda but in Yajurveda also mentioned nine blemishes in Naga but their (Yajurveda 18/13) and Atharvaveda Seesa[15] names are not given. Three methods of (Lead), is enumerated along with other metals. incineration of Naga are given which produces Shukla-Yajarved, Shatapatha Bramhana & white, red and golden colored Naga bhasma.[31] Chhandogyopanishad mentioned Naga as one The commentator of Rasopanishada, Badrinarayan of the five metals. According to Atharvaveda Sharma mentioned in his preface that Naga and (1/16) Naga is originated from lord Indra and tin are highly potent drugs but contain mild poison it possesses Krimighna (antimicrobial) property. hence should be used cautiously and should not Some references of Naga along with other metals be used as a rejuvenator and after complete cure are also found in Koutilya Arthashastra (Koutilya of illness. This treatise describes some Arthashastra 1/12/8). formulation of Naga useful in preparation of gold Review of Naga bhasma (incinerated Lead) 51 and silver but therapeutic utility is not mentioned. appetizer.[46] The author also advised a broad In Rasahridayatantra (10th century) one method acting formula of Naga as “Naga Rasayana” of purification[32] and two methods of and indicated it in the treatment of 80 diseases incineration[33,34] of Naga has been mentioned. of Vata, all diseases of Kapha and all urinary Therapeutic properties or use of any metal or diseases. No reference of Naga is observed in mineral is not mentioned in this scripture. The Rasadhya (13th century) while in Rasapaddhati methods mentioned for purification and of same century mentioned only one method of incineration of Naga are very difficult and may purification and incineration of Naga is mentioned. be mentioned for Lohavada (conversion of lower The detail information of Naga regarding metals into gold and silver). Rasarnava (12th its easy methods of purification, incineration and century) counted Naga in Ashta Loha (eight formulations are mentioned in sixth, seventh and th metals) and categoriesFigure it into 7 Puti loha (metals ninth chapter of Rasendrachintamani (14 having unpleasant odor).[35] Softness and quick century).[47] Some important formulations of Naga melting are the characters of Grahya Naga mentioned in this text includes (acceptable Lead) mentioned in this book.[36] After Navajwarebhasimha Rasa,[48] Ratnagarbhapottali Rasendra Mangala, Rasarnava is the second Rasa,[49] Chandraprabha Vati,[50] Talakeshwara treatise in which 22 methods to convert lower Rasa,[51] and Manikyorasa.[52] In Rasamanjari metals like tin, brass, copper into higher metals (15th century) some formulations of Naga are like gold and silver with the help of Naga are mentioned which are similar to the formulations found mentioned. The therapeutic uses of Naga given in Rasendrachintamani e.g. are not mentioned but use of Naga is Ratnagarbhapottali Rasa[53] and contraindicated for rejuvenation or as an Navajwarebhasimha Rasa,[54] while “Pratyanjana
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