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Musa Sp.) Cultivars in the Subtropics of Coastal Alabama by Edgar Louis Vinson, III

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Musa Sp.) Cultivars in the Subtropics of Coastal Alabama by Edgar Louis Vinson, III Assessment of commercial fruit crop potential of selected banana (Musa sp.) cultivars in the subtropics of coastal Alabama by Edgar Louis Vinson, III A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama May 8, 2016 Keywords: Banana, subtropical, phenology, Musa, non-Cavendish Copyright 2016 by Edgar Louis Vinson, III Approved by Elina D. Coneva, Chair, Professor of Horticulture Joseph M. Kemble, Co-chair, Professor of Horticulture Esendugue G. Fonsah, Professor Agricultural Economics, University of Georgia Penelope M. Perkins-Veazie, Professor of Horticulture, N.C. State University Jeff L. Sibley, Professor of Horticulture Floyd M. Woods, Associate Professor of Horticulture Abstract Global demand and increased adaptability of banana cultures has led to the development of a potential niche market for non-Cavendish bananas. This present work was conducted to determine the feasibility of producing banana fruit in the coastal region of Alabama, USA. In the seasons leading to fruit production, several banana cultivars demonstrated suitability for production due to vigor that was similar to banana cultivars produced in other subtropical regions. In the first season cultivars ‘Veinte Cohol’ and ‘Ice Cream’ produced significantly more leaves (39 and 38 leaves-1 plant respectively) than all other medium height banana cultivars. Overall ‘Cardaba’ and ‘Ice Cream’ had the highest number of leaves present (NLP) and produced the highest total number of leaves (TLN). Several cultivars produced mature bunches by the end of the 2015 season: ‘Cardaba’, ‘Gold Finger’, ‘Double’, ‘Grand Nain’, and ‘Sweetheart’. Preliminary findings in cover crops studies have found no increase in soil carbon or organic matter supplied by Hairy Vetch or Crimson Clover and had no significant effect on growth of ‘Mysore’ banana plants compared to the bare ground treatment. Reflective mulch treatments resulted in yields that were consistently, numerically higher than the control treatment but these differences were not significant. Several cultivars have exhibited adaptability to the gulf coast region of Alabama and hence hold promise as being part and parcel of a banana niche market. More research must be conducted such as extended phenological studies and a precise determination of responses to critically low temperatures to assess banana cultivar’s ability to produce mature bunches before the first ii frost in coastal Alabama, and the effect of innovative cultural practices to reduce inputs and increase sustainability. iii Acknowledgments The author thanks his Sovereign God for the people who have helped along this journey. The author thanks his graduate committee: Dr. Elina Coneva, Dr. Joe Kemble, Dr. Floyd Woods, Dr. Jeff Sibley, Dr. Penelope Perkins-Veazie and Dr. Chief Esendugue G. Fonsah for their wisdom, guidance, encouragement, giving of their precious time and sharing their wonderful gifts. The author greatly appreciates the help of fellow graduate students, Andrej Svyantek and Roy Langlois for their help with labor, suggestions and support. It is appreciated by the author more than they will probably ever know. The work here would not have been possible without the hard work and commitment of the staff of the Gulf Coast Research and Extension Center, Fairhope, AL.: Mr. Malcomb Pegues, Director, Mr. Jarrod Jones, Assistant Director, Mr. Bryan Wilkins, Horticultural specialist, and all of the crew members that helped make the work lighter. The author is also indebted to the entire Department of Horticulture for their support, well wishes, and positive, kind words. Lastly the author thanks his wonderful wife and children, Joyce Thomas-Vinson, Jared and Adriel for their loving support and constant reminders that we ‘can do all things through Christ which strengthens’ us. iv Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………....……ii Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………..iv List of Tables………………………………………………………………...………….viii List of Figures………………...……………………………………………………........xiii Chapter I: Introduction and Literature Review…………………..…………………….....1 Introduction……………………….………………………………………….……1 Phenological and Morphological Factors…………………………………………7 LER………………………………………………………………….…….7 LAI………………………………………………………………….……..8 Number of Standing Leaves…………………………………………..…...9 Planting to harvest duration (PTH)………………………………….…….9 Pseudostem height……………………………………………………….10 Other Influences of Banana Plant Vigor and Flower Emergence………………..13 Water requirements and irrigation……………………………………….13 Planting Density………………………………………………………….15 Diseases and Nematodes…………………………………………………17 Research and Concepts of Reduced Inputs and Plant Cycle Duration Reduction...…………………………………………………………………..19 Cover Crop Usage Promote Sustainable Production of Banana and Plantains…………………………………………………………........19 Improve light penetration in lower canopy leaves……………………….23 v Determination of pseudostem survival of low temperatures…………….24 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………30 Literature Cited…………………………………………………………………..32 Chapter II: Exploring the use of Cold-Tolerant Short-Cycle Banana Cultivars for Fruit Production in Coastal Alabama……..…………..….……….…..42 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..43 Production of Banana Fruit in Alabama………………………………….45 Health Benefits of Banana Fruit………………………………………….47 Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………..49 Statistics………………………………………………………………….51 Results and Discussion………………………………………………………….52 Floral initiation, yield, and bunch characteristics of the R3 crop…………57 Survivability……………………………………………………………...59 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………..60 Literature Cited………………………………………………………………….63 Chapter III: Concepts to Improve Sustainability of non-Cavendish bananas cultivated in the subtropics of Coastal Alabama...……………...……….………………….……118 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..121 Innovation one: Reflective Mulch……………………………………...123 Innovation two: Cover Crop Usage…………………………………….124 Materials and Methods………………………………………………………………….126 Reflective Mulch………………………………………………………………..126 Cover Crop…………………………………………………………………...…128 Statistics………………………………………………………………………...130 vi Results and Discussion…………………………………………………………………130 Reflective Mulch………………………………………………………………..130 Discussion……………………………………………………………......…………132 Cover Crop Experiment………………………………………………………...133 Clover Treatments………………………………………………………………134 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………135 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………..137 vii List of Tables Chapter II: Table 2. 1. P-values of interaction terms of dwarf, medium, and tall banana Cultivars…..……………………………………………… ………………..……67 Table 2. 2. Pseudostem length (cm) of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast Rec, Fairhope, AL – parent crop 2013………………....…...………………………..………….………..…………68 Table 2. 3. Pseudostem circumference (cm) of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL – parent crop 2013..…………………………………………….…69 Table 2. 4. Height: circumference ratio of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL – parent crop 2013.……………………………………...……………………………...…….…70 Table 2. 5. Pseudostem circumference (cm) of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL – parent crop 2013.........……….……………………………….…71 Table 2. 6. Length and width (cm) of the third-position lamina of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL – parent crop 2013.. …………....………......….……………….…72 Table 2. 7. Leaf area index (LAI) of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL – parent crop 2013…..............................................................................................................…73 Table 2. 8. Leaf emergence rate (LER) of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL – Parent Crop 2013………………………………………………………………………..……..74 Table 2. 9. Cumulative leaf number (CLN) of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL – parent crop 2013……..……...…………....………......…………………………………….…75 Table 2. 10. Pseudostem length and circumference at each sampling period of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL, R1 crop, 2014……….......….………………………….…76 viii Table 2. 11. Mean height:circumference at each sampling period of dwarf (Musa AAA(Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL R1 crop 2014......……......……………………………………………...….…77 Table 2. 12. Mean number of standing leaves (NSL) of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL – R1 crop 2014………………………………………………….…78 Table 2. 13. Mean laminal length and width at each sampling of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish Subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL – R1 crop 2014……….…....………................................…………79 Table 2. 14. Leaf area index (LAI) and LER each sampling of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL – R1 crop 2014.................................................................…………80 Table 2. 15. Cumulative leaf number (CLN) of dwarf (Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup)) bananas cultivated at the Gulf Coast REC, Fairhope, AL – R1 crop 2014……………..……….……………....…………..…81
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