Les Gilets Jaunes : Violents Ou Pauvres ?

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Les Gilets Jaunes : Violents Ou Pauvres ? Les gilets jaunes : violents ou pauvres ? Pauline Gründemann 5986249 Mémoire de Bachelor: Franse taal en cultuur, Université d’Utrecht Sous la direction de Dr. Yvonne Vermijn Le 19 août 2019 Table des matières Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 2 Méthodologie ........................................................................................................................ 3 Le choix de la semaine et le choix des journaux ................................................................................. 3 La construction du corpus ..................................................................................................................... 4 L’analyse quantitative et qualitative ...................................................................................................... 5 Le contexte ............................................................................................................................ 7 Le début du mouvement ......................................................................................................................... 7 Les événements qui ont eu lieu entre le 19 et le 25 novembre .......................................................... 7 Les revendications des gilets jaunes ....................................................................................................... 9 L’analyse ............................................................................................................................. 11 Le nombre d’articles .............................................................................................................................. 11 La publication des articles pendant la semaine choisie ..................................................................... 12 Les mots les plus souvent utilisés ........................................................................................................ 13 Les citations ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Les violences des gilets jaunes .............................................................................................................. 15 L’aspect social du mouvement des gilets jaunes ................................................................................ 18 La manque de structure du mouvement ............................................................................................ 20 La fermeté des gilets jaunes .................................................................................................................. 22 Interprétations possibles ..................................................................................................... 25 Les valeurs de la gauche ........................................................................................................................ 25 L’engagement de Libération ................................................................................................................... 25 L’orientation du Figaro ........................................................................................................................... 26 Le Figaro et Macron ................................................................................................................................ 27 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 29 Bibliographie ....................................................................................................................... 30 Annexes ............................................................................................................................... 36 1 Introduction Des photos de manifestants avec des drapeaux à côté de l’Arc de Triomphe, des articles annonçant des nouvelles actions des gilets jaunes et des vidéos qui montrent les confrontations entre les gilets jaunes et la police aux Champs-Élysées : les six derniers mois, les journaux français étaient bondés avec des articles décrivant les manifestations des gilets jaunes. En lisant les journaux, j’avais l’impression que la France était très divisée en ce qui concerne les manifestations. Dans les journaux, je lisais qu’il y avait des confrontations entre la police et les manifestants et qu’il y avait des violences à Paris. Je me demandais si les français soutenaient les manifestations. De plus, dans les articles des journaux qui décrivaient les manifestations des gilets jaunes, on mentionnait « la gauche » et « la droite », je me demandais pourquoi « la gauche » et « la droite » étaient mentionnées explicitement dans les articles. Il me semblait intéressant à examiner les différentes opinions de « la droite » et « la gauche ». De plus, ces derniers ans, le « fake news » est un sujet actuel et il y a des personnes qui se méfient des médias traditionnels comme les journaux. Certains gilets jaunes se méfient des journaux aussi et préfèrent Facebook ou des autres sites web pour suivre l’actualité1. La question se pose de savoir pourquoi les journaux donnent-ils une vision négative des manifestations ? Dans ce mémoire, nous étudierons par conséquent deux journaux français, l’un de gauche (Libération), l’autre de droite (Le Figaro) pour voir s’il y a une différence entre la façon dont « la gauche » et « la droite » décrivent les manifestations. Ainsi, nous trouverons une réponse à la question suivante : Est-ce qu’il y a une différence entre la façon dont Le Figaro et Libération décrivent les manifestations des gilets jaunes et comment peut-on l’expliquer ? Cette étude pourra bénéficier à tous ceux qui souhaitent mieux comprendre les relations entre les gilets jaunes et la presse écrite française. En examinant les différentes approches des journaux de gauche et de droite, nous éluciderons la méfiance apparente qui s’y est installée. Portant sur un sujet d’actualité, notre travail pourrait libérer le chemin à d’autres études sur les gilets jaunes, dont l’impact ne peut pas encore être mesuré, mais qui semblent être là pour rester. Selon Larousse, la gauche « se rassemble autour de collectivité, de progrès et d'égalité. »2 Dans ce cas, il est possible que Libération en étant un journal de la gauche, soutient les manifestations des gilets jaunes, qui veulent entre autres plus d’égalité et luttent contre la pauvreté. La droite est souvent considérée comme conservatrice et la liberté, la justice et l’ordre sont importants pour les politiciens de la droite. Dans ce cas, il est possible que Le Figaro soutienne les idées des gilets jaunes mais qu’ils critiquent l’aspect violent des mouvements. Notre recherche analysera des articles qui ont été publiés au début du mouvement. 1 Vandepitte, F. (2019). Le petit livre des gilets jaunes (1e éd.). (p. 119) Paris, France : Éditions First. 2 Larousse Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne - gauche. Consulté le 20 juin 2019, de https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/gauche/54713 2 Méthodologie Le choix de la semaine et le choix des journaux Afin de se faire une vue d’ensemble représentative de ce que la presse écrite française a rapporté sur les gilets jaunes, il faut avoir un corpus constitué d’articles qui ont été publiés par des journaux français. Nous prenons un journal quotidien de la gauche et un journal quotidien de la droite. Selon « le classement diffusion presse quotidienne nationale 2018 »3 sur le site web de l’ACPM, L’Alliance pour les Chiffres de la Presse et des Médias, le journal le plus diffusé en France en 2018 est Le Figaro. Sur le site web de l’ACPM, nous voyons que la diffusion du Figaro en 2018 était de 309.492 exemplaires en moyenne par jour. Le Figaro a une orientation politique de droite et conservatrice.45 Le Figaro est donc le plus grand journal avec une orientation politique de droite. Le plus grand journal de la gauche est Libération à la septième place du classement général. Ce journal est connu pour son orientation politique de gauche. Ce journal a une diffusion de 67.238 exemplaires par jour et c’est donc le journal de gauche avec la plus grande diffusion en France6. Les autres journaux qui étaient plus hauts sur la liste de l’ACPM que Libération n’étaient pas aptes pour notre recherche étant donné qu’ils ne sont pas des journaux de gauche. Le Monde et Aujourd’hui en France (Le Parisien) sont en général considérés neutres.7 L’Équipe et Les Échos n’étaient pas aptes non plus parce qu’ils sont respectivement consacrés aux sports8 et à l’économie9. La Croix a été supprimée de notre corpus parce qu’il s’agit d’un journal catholique.10 Afin d’avoir un corpus étendu et représentatif, nous prenons les articles qui ont été publiés sur les sites web de Libération et du Figaro. Aujourd’hui, les sites web des journaux sont devenus plus importants que les éditions en version papier et les journaux publient de plus en plus d’articles sur leurs sites web. En sélectionnant les articles sur les sites web du Figaro et de Libération, nous disposons de la majorité des articles que ces deux journaux ont publiés. Les journaux offrent aussi des articles payants. Pour Libération, nous avons un abonnement pour avoir accès aux articles. Malheureusement, il n’a pas été possible de prendre un abonnement du Figaro. C’est pourquoi nous consultons ces articles payants par Lexis Nexis par le site web de l’Université d’Utrecht. Cela a pour conséquence que nous ne pouvons pas voir la mise en pages
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