Ontogeny of the Ostracod Conchoprimitia Osekensis (Přibyl, 1979) from the Darriwilian of the Prague Basin (Czech Republic)
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Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2014, 63, 3, 144–155 doi: 10.3176/earth.2014.13 Ontogeny of the ostracod Conchoprimitia osekensis (Přibyl, 1979) from the Darriwilian of the Prague Basin (Czech Republic) Karolína Lajblováa,b, Petr Krafta and Tõnu Meidlac a Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic; [email protected], [email protected] b Department of Palaeontology, National Museum, Václavské nám. 68, 115 79 Praha, Czech Republic c Department of Geology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; [email protected] Received 8 January 2014, accepted 4 June 2014 Abstract. The ontogeny of the species Conchoprimitia osekensis (Přibyl, 1979) from the Šárka Formation (lower and middle Darriwilian) is evaluated. Eight ontogenetic stages (A-8 to A-1) and one adult specimen are described and illustrated. This study displays that another common species of the same stratigraphical unit, Conchoprimitia? dejvicensis Přibyl, 1979, represents early instars of C. osekensis. It clearly demonstrates the importance of such ontogenetic studies for understanding real taxonomy and diversity of fossil ostracods. Key words: Ostracoda, ontogeny, Ordovician, Darriwilian, Šárka Formation, Bohemia, Prague Basin. INTRODUCTION uncommon. Two other species, Conchoprimites osekensis Přibyl, 1979 and Conchoprimitia? dejvicensis Přibyl, Ostracods are small crustaceans with a well-documented 1979, are very abundant. These two species were dis- fossil record from the Early Ordovician (Tinn & Meidla tinguished in the revision by Přibyl (1979), both being 2004; Salas et al. 2007; Williams et al. 2008b; Salas & previously attributed to a single taxon Primitia prunella Vaccari 2012). A major species diversification of ostracods Barrande, 1872 (for original type specimen see Fig. 1C2). took place during the Middle Ordovician, in the time Primitia prunella has been mentioned several times in span between the Floian and Darriwilian (Tinn & lists of fauna from the Šárka Formation (Holub 1908; Meidla 2004). Since then, ostracods have continued their Bassler & Kellett 1934; Havlíček & Vaněk 1966) but diversification and colonized almost the entire aquatic never described or figured. (The species is valid but ecosystem from the ocean abyssal planes to damp leaf occurs in the upper Katian Králův Dvůr Formation.) litter. They are also the most abundant arthropods in the Přibyl (1979) revised Barrande’s material for his fossil record and are widely used in palaeoecology and monograph on Ordovician ostracods and distinguished as additional tools in biostratigraphy (Tinn et al. 2006). the two new species mentioned above. They are both The systematics of modern ostracods is mostly based on characterized by simple morphology. According to soft body anatomy. Except for rare examples of soft Přibyl’s (1979) diagnoses, one of critical features of anatomy preservation (Siveter et al. 2003; Siveter 2008; identification was the size of the carapace. The specimens Williams et al. 2008a; Wilkinson et al. 2010; Olempska that were smaller than the smallest Conchoprimites et al. 2012), the identification of fossil ostracods is osekensis were referred to Conchoprimitia? dejvicensis. possible only through the morphologies of the calcified Both forms were mentioned in later studies on Ordovician carapace. ostracods of Bohemia by Schallreuter & Krůta (1988) Ostracods are one of the major components of the and Lajblová (2010). They were originally attributed to fossil assemblages in the Ordovician of the Prague Basin different genera but the generic name Conchoprimites (Barrandian area, Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic). was later considered a synonym of Conchoprimitia Öpik, They are very abundant in the Šárka Formation 1935 by Schallreuter (1993, p. 126; see also Schallreuter (Darriwilian), however, their species diversity is very & Krůta 2001, p. 100). low. Three species have been mentioned in recent papers. The common co-occurrence of both of Přibyl’s species Brephocharieis? ctiradi Schallreuter & Krůta, 1988, in the Šárka Formation (with the overall prevalence previously often recorded under the name Cerninella of smaller Conchoprimitia? dejvicensis), the similar complicata (Salter, 1848) (in Phillips & Salter, 1848), is morphological features of the valves of these species 144 K. Lajblová et al.: Ontogeny of Conchoprimitia osekensis Fig. 1. A. Siliceous nodule with ostracods, NM L 36446, locality Osek. B1, B2, specimens representing the growth stage classified formerly as Conchoprimites osekensis Přibyl, 1979. B1, biometric features, NM L 35977, left valve, locality Osek; B2, morpho- logical features, NM L 42166, originally designated paratype, left valve, locality Osek. C1, C2, specimens mentioned previously as Conchoprimitia? dejvicensis Přibyl, 1979. C1, biometric features, NM L 36020, left valve, locality Ejpovice near Rokycany; C2, morphological features, NM L 8861, holotype, left valve, locality Osek. S2 = sulcus; N2 = preadductorial node (node-like lobe); L = maximum length of the valve; L1 = length from the preadductorial node (N2) to the anterior margin; L2 = length from the N2 to the posterior margin; H = maximum height; H1 = height from the N2 to the dorsal margin; H2 = height from the N2 to the ventral margin. Scale bars equal 1 mm. and the absence (by definition) of younger ontogenetic of the basin (Havlíček 1998). The shales are usually stages of Conchoprimites osekensis raised the question monotonous and partly bioturbated and contain early about their probable conspecific nature. The purpose of diagenetic siliceous nodules. These richly fossiliferous this study is to evaluate the potential affinity between nodules are well known for their palaeontology (Havlíček these two species and to describe the ontogeny of & Vaněk 1966; Chlupáč 1993; Havlíček 1998) and sedi- Conchoprimitia from the Šárka Formation by assessing mentology (Kukal 1962; Mikuláš 2003) and have attracted the size, shape and convexity of the valves at different the attention of numerous geologists and palaeontologists stages of growth. because of their unique invertebrate fauna (Fig. 1A). The Šárka Formation is of early to middle Darriwilian age (Oretanian in the regional stratigraphy of the European GEOLOGICAL AND PALAEONTOLOGICAL Variscides, equivalent to the latest Arenig to middle/late SETTINGS Llanvirn of the British regional chronostratigraphic scheme that has been applied in the Barrandian area in The ostracods studied here occur in the Šárka Formation, the past). Two graptolite biozones have been established which represents a significant unit within the volcano- in the formation: Corymbograptus retroflexus in its sedimentary infill of the Prague Basin (Havlíček 1981, lower and middle parts and Didymograptus clavulus 1998). This basin was located in the peri-Gondwanan in the upper part. The nodules are mostly collected on realm (e.g. Havlíček et al. 1994). The Šárka Formation farmed fields where they accumulate in soil where the is typified by dark grey to black shales. Ferrolites (iron shales are denuded. Thus, the exact stratigraphic horizon ore deposits) are locally developed at its base or may of the nodules, with the exception of those containing represent the whole thickness of the unit in some parts graptolites, is unclear. However, based on the occurrence 145 Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2014, 63, 3, 144–155 of graptolites in the nodules at the localities listed the material preservation (internal and external molds) below, almost all studied specimens come from the has put some limits on the selection methods of the Corymbograptus retroflexus Biozone. study. Only a part of the diagnostic features could be The fauna of the Šárka Formation occurs both in used, although the most important aspects of carapace shales and in nodules. It belongs to the Euorthisina– morphology could still be considered. Placoparia Community (Havlíček & Vaněk 1990; Latex casts were made in order to analyse the morpho- = Euorthisina–Placoparia Association according to logical features properly. The casts were mounted on Budil et al. 2007), characterized by the predominance of stubs and sputter-coated in gold and photographed using benthic organisms. Trilobites are the most diversified the scanning electron microscope Jeol JSM-6380. Other and abundant component of the Euorthisina–Placoparia specimens were coated with ammonium chloride and Assemblage; brachiopods, bivalves, hyolithids, gastropods photographed digitally (Leica DFC495 and Olympus and echinoderms are also very common but their diversity DP72). The material studied is mostly deposited in is variable. Ostracods are a significant component of the public collections of the National Museum in Prague assemblage. Although very abundant, their diversity is (prefix NM) and the Museum of Dr Bohuslav Horák in very low. In this respect the assemblage is comparable to Rokycany (MBHR). Some of the specimens used for the very early (latest Floian–earliest Dapingian) ostracod morphometric analysis are deposited in the private assemblage from the mid-ramp carbonate succession collection of V. Kozák (the material will be moved to in Estonia (Meidla et al. 1998). Assemblages that are public collections in the future). coeval to the Euorthisina–Placoparia Assemblage in Our study is based on the examination of the size, the Prague Basin are mostly much more diverse in the shape and