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In Heaven and on Earth: Church Treasure in Late Medieval Bohemia

In Heaven and on Earth: Church Treasure in Late Medieval Bohemia

CEU eTD Collection

- i- Treasure in La in partialfulfilment for thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Medieval Studies Central European University In Heaven and on Earth: Supervisor: Gerhard Jaritz Kate Budapest, Submitted to ř ina Horní 2009 by

of therequirements te Medieval č ková CEU eTD Collection I.TeCuc rauyi oeinrlgospatc ...... 45 ...... TheIII. Church Treasury inBohemianreligious practice ...... Research Subject I. TheMedievala Treasureas ...... Foreword Abbreviations...... - ii- ...... V. ThePolitics ofTreasure Treasuries Tradition:under theIV. TheBirth a P of 32 AdministrationII. and Manipulation ofChurch Treasury in Bohemia...... ROM Plates onCD Acknowledgements...... Table of content VI. ReformationTreasury...... the of 2. New Intensity, New Media:the Piety oftheP last P the by Donations 1. .Tesrso evnadErh...... Treasures2.Earth on Heaven and 73 ...... Treasure:The1. Hidden Fromintellectual implementation concept the to of policy ...... 3. Holy in Treasuries and Devotion ...... 2. The Eucharist cult and treasuries ...... 1.Treasury inLiturgy ...... 2. Theft and Loss of Objects 32 1. Keeping, manipulating,and inventoringtreasury...... the 3. Research in treasures...... Treasury,The2. Church the the Public...... and ...... 1. The Treasure in MedievalCulture Maps...... h utudrCiiu ...... 1. The Cult Critique under .2Bhma ore o eivltesre ...... 21 ...... medievalsources Bohemianfor 3. 2 treasuries 3. Scholarship1. and selected literature...... 2.2 Content ofChurch Treasury...... and2.1 Definition FunctionChurch of . on ulc eisdsly ...... 2.4 GoingRelics public: displays ...... 2.3. Treasures onEarth 89 ...... 2.2 “Totus honor ecclesiae nostrae…”:The Treasury of St. Vitus in 2.1 The “True Treasures”: Karlštejn...... 1.1 Against “human inventions”...... Part I – Treasures of churches in prospective ...... 3 3 ...... PartTreasures I– of churches inprospective atI h itrclNraie fTesr...... 62 Part TheHistorical II – Narratives ofTreasure...... ř msi rne n ig ...... 62 ...... emyslid princes andkings ...... Treasury...... ř msis...... 62 ...... emyslids ř msi ues...... 67 emyslid queens...... 1 1 ...... vii ...... viii viii ...... v v ...... iv ...... 73 ...... 45 ...... 15 ...... 133 ...... 133 ...... 39 ...... 98 ...... 7 7 ...... 49 ...... 82 ...... 3 3 ...... 10 ...... 118 ... ..15 .... .133 ...... 3 3 ...... 55 ... 7 ...... 84 ...

CEU eTD Collection X ilorpy...... IX. Bibliography - iii- VIII. Appendices...... VII. Conclusions

Appendix IV: Church treasuries in treasuries Church Appendix IV: Chapel Bethlehem the of treasury The III: Appendix Appendix Medieval inventories: Late II: Their catal 199 Appendix I: Aspects of MedievalTreasuries in Bohemia ...... and 170 ...... 3. Confessionalising theObjects: ChurchTreasuries around 1500 ...... 2. Treasuries in Confrontation eodr ieaue...... Secondary literature Sources...... ahlcTesr mdtteRfrain...... 184 ...... 3.2 Catholic Treasure amidst the Reformation ...... 3.1 The Utraquist Treasury 2.2 Memory, Politicsandthe Holy Catholic Relics: 2.1 Treasuries in Hussite iconoclasm...... TheHu “chasuble dispute”: The 1.2 teVstto rtclo 39-18 ...... 257 ...... theVisitationProtocol of1379 - 1380 sts oiino amns...... positionongarments ssites’ geadeiin...... 206 ogue and editions...... i h itet etr ...... 255 ...... in the sixteenth century Tcisais h ust eomto ..161 .... Reformation Tacticsthe Hussite amidst ...... 258 ...... 199 ...... 191 ...... 258 ...... 268 ...... 153 ...... 144 ...... 170 170 ...... 153 . CEU eTD Collection not be able to finish this work. work. this finish to be able not to my parentsand, particularly, to my littleson Jeroným– without their patienceand support I would who help with finding the sources, who often were difficult to identify. Mysincere thanks, however, go Academy of Sciences, Prague). Iam thankful also to many colleagues from various Czech archives, - iv- DavidMengel (Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio), and dr.Michal Šron Prague), prof. JozsefLaszlovsky, prof.Gabor Klaniczay, prof. BelaZsolt Szakacs(all CEUBudapest), Ka to dr. valuable help particularily thankful for fo first named be should Budapest) (CEU Choyke my supervisor Prof. Gerhard Jaritz (CEU Budapest), and tireless of my English Prof. Alice their time and read parts ofmy work, consulted withme oradviced on particular points.Among them mycould workInI relymanyon helpful advices. Whatfollows a list is people of who didnotspare Acknowledgements rel Otavskýrel (Catholic , , r their immense help throughout the writing. the writing. I am r immense their help throughout ě k (Institutek ofart history, CEU eTD Collection 16, , 1350, Chronique de Matthieu Paris, f. 141v,) f. 141v,) Paris, Matthieu de Chronique 1350, Paris, 16, 132v) (NK, p. 231,f. 132a) st.Vitus treasury Adalbert, MartyrdomofSt. Wenceslaus, prince ofBohemia Martyrdomand of St.Wenceslaus, prince ofBohemia depicted on a votive panel ofJan of Vartemberk, Master ofLitome Piccolomini (ed. MikulášKoná - v- Plates onCDROM 16) 19) 18) 17) 15) 14) 13) 12) 11) 10) 9) 8) 7) 6) 5) 4) 3) 2) 1)

St. LouisSt. showing theof ofThorns (Cambridge CorpusChristi College, ms. Velislav Bible: A,b - Velislav Bible: CharlesIV(the portrait fromvotive panel ofJan O P of Elisabeth The bust of St. Ludmila (Collections of , inv. no HS 03342) ofSt.Adalbert,(a) reliquarycomb St. treasury, reliquary Vitus (b) episcopal ringofSt. Cunigonde, of Pasionale St. Wenceslaus accepts therelicofSt.V of St. Vitusaltar, Legend ofSt. Wenceslaus in Matthias Hutsky,The Life Relic of Christ’s white dress ( Reliquary head of St. Adalbert intheSt. Vitu thealtar, the Host on adoring Rokycana Communion ofchildren, Jena codex, ar. 1500(Library the of National Museum) Vir Dolorumof Baltimore, before 1350(The Walters Art Gallery, inv. no. 57.700) Museum, London Albert Victoriaand adonkey, on Christ Inventory of Chrudim, 1465(?) ( Wenceslaus’St. inventory, Olomouc, 1430(AO, MCObox A IIId 2) VitusSt. inventory of1355(APH, KA box 260/1-7, text-ficheinv.no. 5187) ř emysliden (the bust from triforium of St. Vitus) č Vita Antichristi of Hodiškov), of Vita Antichristi Vita tunicain albafuitillusus quo Liber contractuum Liber , Antichrist distributes false treasures (NK, p. 231, f. f. 231, p. (NK, treasures false distributes Antichrist , Historia bohemica , Antichrist exposes false treasures for his followers followers for his treasures false exposes , Antichrist and the communion,Utraquist Aeneas Silvio s’ treasury donated under the Jagiellonians Jagiellonians the under donated s’ treasury itus in Matthias and Hutsky, TheLife itus in , 1313-1321 (NK MS XIV A 17, fol. 10r) fol. XIV A MS 17, (NK , 1313-1321 č I of 1439) 1439) Iof (MS , inv. (MS Strahov,inv. ř ko of Vlašim) of ko ice altarpiece, before 1508 1508 before ice altarpiece, ) fromSt.the Vitus’ treasury č . DR IV 10) IV DR . CEU eTD Collection - vi- (British Mandeville’s Travels John no. HS 003357, after 1350, (b) the relic of Tablecloth, inv. no. HS 3686 HS3686 no. inv. Tablecloth, of relic the (b) after 1350, HS003357, no. 1523 Eisenach, Karlštejn cross, royal Bohemian the of the Office of the Holy Lance feast 20) 21) 41) 24) 22) 43) 42) 40) 39) 38) 37) 36) 35) 34) 33) 32) 31) 30) 29) 28) 27) 26) 25) 23)

(a) Imperialtreasury, (b)Imperial relicsas symbols ofroyaland imperial power,Sir ,Mandevil in relics Christ’s Wooden reliquary busts, Bohemia 1360, Alšova jiho Alšova 1360, Bohemia busts, reliquary Wooden 116 no. VO 2. inv. gallery, National the loneto 1350, , of Madonna VO 791 no. inv. National gallery, the loneto 1370, Vyšehrad, of Humility of Madonna St.(a) Adalbert from B B Mitre of St.Eligius, National Museum,inv. no. H2 60 701 Relics in St.treasury, Vitus engraving of1690 K98 no. inv. treasury, St. Vitus’ Aracoeli, Madonna Mary, the Virgin on Veil Blooded Last Judgement mosaic from St.Vitus Reliquiary ofthe Virginfrom Veil St. Vitus treasury, inv. no.224 1370 ar. Prague, treasury, Vitus St. from scenes relics with V. Urban of Cross (a) Reliquary Tableclothof from the LastSupperfrom Vitus St. treasury, Prague, inv. Charles’ donations achat- bowlfrom St. Vitus’ treasury,inv.no. K19 Capita before 1520 treasury, from Halberstadt cupboard Reliquary Display ofrelics, showing a) ofimperial Pilgrim of Prague,badge Artsand Prague Crafts Museum, no. inv. 2369, interior chapel St. Cross fro Thorns the of – Relic with (a) Scene Adoration of thecross, Karlštejn cross,ar. original 1370, reliquary Bohemian Initial from ř evnov St. Margaret plenary, 1408 1408 St. plenary, Margaret evnov - St. Paul from Archbishopric of Prague, inv. no. o15364, after 1400 inv. o15364, no. Prague, of - fromSt. Archbishopric Paul Liber Viaticus Library,MS (c) 24189), Holy of John of Neumarkt withMan of Sorrows at beginningthe ř evnov, (b) St. Paul from Arts and Crafts Museum Museum Crafts and Arts from St. Paul (b) evnov, le Travells (British Library, MS 24189) MS Library, (British Travells le treasury treasury in Nürnberg, (b) showingrelicsin ly Karlštejn, today St. Vitus’ treasury treasury St. Vitus’ today Karlštejn, ly m the Holy Crown, (b) relics inserted to to inserted (b) relics Crown, Holy m the Lance from St. Vitus treasury Vitus from Lance St. č eská galerie, inv. č . P 18 . P 18 CEU eTD Collection discussed - Maps vii- ofAnnunciation and St. Benigna inZaje Museum, inv. no. 2630) garment in a rich (c)Roman vestment, a in poor St. Apostels (b) 28v, Codex, Jena a chasuble, in poor an with opening for arelic Prague page),(title KNM,inv. no. IA 15 church, ar. 1500 ar. church, 1500 1. 4. 3. 2. 44) 54) 53) 52) 51) 50) 49) 48) 47) 46) 45) 55) 58) 57) 56)

Plan of the with the patron graves and the places of showing showing places of the and graves saints the patron with cathedral the of Plan Klaudian’s mapofBohemia with the treasuries ofthefifteenth and sixteenth centuries Places of Bishop Phillibert’s activityPrague in Map of Prague treasuries under Charles IV and Wenceslaus IV Wooden relikviary statue of St. Benigna (Dobrotivá), from the Augustinian monastery monastery Augustinian from the (Dobrotivá), St.Benigna statueof relikviary Wooden Interior ofthe Utraquist church, Virgin Mary of St. Stephen, 1470, stil on the of the church Master of Tyne Calvary –Calvaryin the Tynechurch Sigismund ofLuxembourg (portrait MasterVáclav, by , Kunsthistorisches Master of Tyne Calvary - Virgin Mary from theTyne church, ar. 1440 Pieta from Franciscan monastery of Pieta from St. George in Prague Castle Weightingthe Husitechaliceand of tiara,Jena papal Codex, 25r inUtraquist chasubles with NovýBydžov Altar priests of Apostolic povertzarguments in against the RomanCatholic (a) St.Martin serving Utraquist with a spout: chalice of Kadaa chaliceof spout: chalicewith Utraquist Utraquist altarswith niche: Utraquist Utraquist monstrance of St.Bartholomeus’s church in Kutná Hora, today St. Jacob’s Utraquist ciboriumofHradec Královéand spoons, before 1500 č ov, lone to the National Gallery, inv. no.VP 1801), statue with statue with 1801), no.VP Gallery,inv. National the loneto ov, (a) altar of Libiš, (a) altar Slav Libiš, (b) of Písn Č eský Krumlov ě chval božských chval ň , ar. 1520 , ar.1520 ě tín from St. Michal’s churchin fromSt. CEU eTD Collection Domažlic Domažlic Prague Metropolitan Chapter].1 Vol. 1424). – (1420 7 1408), – (1407 6 -1898, – 1404) (1401 5 vol. 4(1396-8), vol. (1392-3), vol. 3 -1387), (1380 PragueConsistory], ed.Ferdinand Tadra,Prague: 7vols. 1893-1901.(1373 1 –1379) -1893,vol. 2 Prague: Svoboda Prague: Svoboda 1979. František He transl. 1903. Prokopa, popis a proceedings. 2001. ed. Balázs Nagy and Frank Schaer, trans. Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer. Budapest: CEU Medievalia, Wenceslas St. of legend his IV and charles Emperor of Autobiography martyre: Wenceslao sancto de Archivníspráva Ministerstva vnitra, 1956. - viii- Abbreviations vols. Prague 1873-1932. Prague 1873-1932. vols. APMK – Jaroslav Eršil, and Ji AMK - Archive of the Metropo AHMP – Archive ofthe City ofPrague AI - Laurentius (1979) - Vav - FRB PodlahaCPSVP Antonín, – BRRP - and Religious Practice. Series of biennial conferences and their Autobiography – Laurentius (1954) - Vav KNM – Library of the NationalMuseum, Prague [The Cathedral treasury ofSt. Vitus inPrague: history and description]. Prague: Náklademsv. [Hussite chronicle. The Song on the Victory of Domažlice], transl. František He Soudní akta konsisto akta Soudní Fontes rerum Bohemicarum ř manský, introd. Macek. SNKLHU, Josef Prague: 1954. introd. manský, Karoli IV imperatoris Romanorum vita ab eo ipso conscripta et Hystoria nova nova Hystoria et conscripta ipso eo ab vita Romanorum imperatoris IV Karoli ř ř inec (Laurentius) B of (Laurentius) inec inec (Laurentius) of B ř e pražské /Acta iudiciar and Eduard Šittler. Šittler. Eduard and litan Chapter, today litan Chapter, part of PragueCastle the Archives. ř Katalog listin alist Katalog listin í Pražák. í Pražák. [Sources onBohemian history] ed. Joseph Emler et al. 8 Archiv Pražské metropolitníkapituly Chrámový sv. u Chrámový poklad v jeho Víta Praze: d ř ř ezová. ezová. ia consistorii Pragensis ů z doby p Husitská kronika Husitská kronika. Píse kronika. Husitská ř edhusitské (-1419) edhusitské [Hussite Chronicle], Chronicle], [Hussite [Court Records of of Records [Court ň o vít o [Archive of . Prague: . Prague: ř manský. ě zství u ě jiny jiny , CEU eTD Collection klášter 1333-1346 (vol. 3 1882-. EmlerPrague, al. Josef et 7 vols. 2 Vol. Pragae 1875-1889. vols. 5 Borový, Klement ed. centuries], 15th and 14th in Prague of Archdiecese - ix- 82 made by Pavel of Janovice], ed. Ivan Hlavá Ivan ed. Janovice], of Pavel by made 82 Pragensem factae archidiaconum Janowicz de ů Acta Innocentii VI. Pont.Rom. Acta Innocentii SÚA AZK-SÚA Státní úst Archive District State – SokA SOA – State Regional Archive MVB – RBM - MGH – MGH – LE - - LE Protocolum - NK – National Library, Prague Prague Archive, NA National – (National Archive, Archive (National . Prague 1892). 1892). . Prague Libri erectionum archidioecesis Pragensis saeculo XIV et XV XIVet saeculo Pragensis archidioecesis erectionum Libri Regesta diplomatica nec non epistolaria Bohemiaeet Moraviae Monumenta Germaniae Historica Germaniae Monumenta Monumenta vaticana resgest Protocolum visitationis archidiaconatus Pragensis annis 1379-1382 per Paulum Paulum per annis 1379-1382 Pragensis archidiaconatus visitationis Protocolum ř ední archiv (today Národníarchiv-N (today archiv ední of dissolved monasteries). , 1352-62 as Bohemicas illustrantia č , ed. JanBed [Visitation Protocol of archdeaconate of Prague 1379- ek, and Zdenka Hledíková. Prague 1973. 1973. Hledíková.Prague Zdenka and ek, Annorum 1311-1333 Annorum . ř ich Novák.Prague: s.n. 1907. ational Archive), Archiv zrušených zrušených Archiv Archive), ational . Prague 1890, and vol. 4 vol. and 1890, . Prague [Vatican Sources onBohemia] [Books on altar erections of altar erections on [Books [Charters regests], ed. ed. regests], [Charters annorum annorum CEU eTD Collection geographical andchronological limits ofLuxembourg and Jagellonian rule inBohemia,and Moravia, culture of Bohemia, and to a lesser extent,with their management and content. Itis confined to the The study tackles questions ofthe treasuries’foundation, growth, function,and place in the medieval functions. social and religious as its well as existence, and creation its behind conceptions cultural and helpedme to untangle the network ofmanifold social and cultural phenomenainherent to throughcultural thelens of history, ratherthana particular stylistic pointof view. Thisapproach has functions of ecclesiasticaltreasuries in Bohemian latemedieval culture. Thus, Istudy mysources evolving the examine I closely, More policies. cultural specific of manifestation asa – Bohemia media communicating the status of an individual or a community, or – as in the particular case of from roughly –1526. 1310 from roughly three main disciplines of history: art, religious, and cultural history. andfi development inthefourteenth oftreasuries roles. cultural and political their period greatof importance in the developmentand rede lost nowmostly albeit – excellent its with Bohemia majorany treasuring, shiftsin the practiceof but th 5 4 3 2 1 workhasfocussed My on Foreword treasuries. concepts, both biblical and literary, to treasures and their subsequent transformation in church In particular, I will examine treasure as an intellectual construct, and its practical implementation in a a in implementation its and practical construct, intellectual an as treasure examine Iwill particular, In 116.377 (November 1,2001), 1240-1241. Henceforth Maddicott, review of myrole in consideration. a does notplay treasures” as“art meaning room. of“treasury” treasury Modern inhelda objects collectionofmeaning a collection ofobjects boundconceptual by idea of participating ofon theHistory Salvation (e.g., relics), and “treasury” “treasure” am when I to referring either ofintellectual concepts treasurein the sources, treasure asgeneral term ora History: Problems ofMethod,” Lands. the toJagellonians its end, but it isalso roughly the time, when the Lutheran confession began toarrive to the Bohemian sixteenth Moraviacentury wasnominally attached to Hungary. This episode did notchangeour questions. John R. Maddicott, review of Iwould like draw to reader’s attentionmy distinction to terminological “treasure” and between “treasury”.I use Idrawmy inspirationfrom cultural history as found for instance inAlon“Collective Confino, Memory and Cultural Year 1526 isnot only the dateof death of of Louis Jagello atthe battleMohács of bringingthemedieval late cultureof Ihave left out due to the complicated accessto the sources. Oneshould alsonotethatin the latefifteenth-early

- 1- My work, c My the intellectual thus, focuses on 4 I view the medieval church treasury in its social context as a result of piety, as well as a as as well piety, of aresult as context social its in treasury church medieval the view I Treasure in theMedieval West The American History Review 2 the role thechurch of treasury in la These particular course, dates are,of Theseparticular

fteenth centuriesfteenth in Bohemia. It oscillates between , 102. 5 (December 1997), 1386-1403. , by , by Elisabeth M.Tyler, in ey embrace the flourishing late medieval culture in in culture medieval late flourishing the embrace ey –artistic output. These da oncepts and practical policies involved in the the in involved andpractical policies oncepts finition of ecclesiastical treasuriesin terms of Treasure in the Medieval West te te medieval Bohemia, and the political political dates with littlepolitical dateswith relevance to 3 I follow I the relation ofgeneral European History Review tes also tes also set limits toa . 5 atreasury. , 1

CEU eTD Collection historical perspective as well as the specific context of the confessional divide in Bohemia. broad its in treasures church Bohemian of development the illuminate best they because questions medieval treasuries can be approachedfromamu as such entities complex Research on history. European attempt in reformation religious nationwide century culminatedHussite inthe movementandthe rise of the BohemianReformation, the first Utraquist Church?These last questions are specificto the situationin Bohemia, which in the fifteenth confessionally-p this in treasury church medieval the of afterlife the is andwhat understood, be treasuries of destruction Hussite the confessional development in Bohemialeave its imprint churchon treasuries? And finally, shouldhow complicated the How did Bohemia? in 1400 around discourse reform-oriented religious in treasury What policiesinfluenced the use and presentation ofchurch treasuries? What is the position of Bohemia? in pre-1420 growth their fostered what and treasuries church medieval of in uses identify with material the Iapproached work, my starting CharlesIVLuxembourg of the upto deathLouisof Jagielloof battle inthe Mohacs of in 1526. When on the historical development ofBohemian treasuries, with the core part in the period from the rule of isa general introduction to thestudy of medieval Bohemianchurch treasuries. The secondfocuses part destruct or differentiation, administration, patronage, medieval church treasury with its own aspects of formation, growth, function and presentation, and Moravia.and Thelist reveals promising new discoveries and more substantial results inthefuture. availablechurch treasury inventories, both published and unpublished, fromthis period in Bohemia environment) in aseparate part attheend ofmy study.. The second appendix contains a full list of theconfessionalised and in donations sources behind the motivation on administration collecting, problems in thestudy of church treasuries inBohemia (forgery of a document, fragmentory nature of

- 2- I have attached two appendices offering there appendices offering two attached I have

olarised environment, especially environment, olarised a pool of questions,such as:Which functions canwe ion. The study is divided in two main parts. First parts. main First two in isdivided The study ion. ltitude of directions. I asked these particular theseI asked particular directions. ltitude of ader little known sources on the range of range the on sources known ader little with regard to the Bohemian CEU eTD Collection “Définition et fonction”. fonction”. et “Définition on the net 2006. 25.10. URL: built onits historicalfoundations and carryingspiritual a memoryits of origin. memory.Linguistic definitions of the word “ donations, symbols of power and status,as well as complex of objects imbuedwith public and private of aspects,such as thecult of relics, , in theword out it revealsstructure a ofconnotations and communication.The structured nature ofits meanings comes such, as and Community, Christian the and Christ between contract the of symbol a represents concept 10 9 8 7 6 constructionand spiritual memory of aparticular place. ranging from thestudy of treasuries as symbol medieval treasury, recent scholarship haslooked at a wider array ofaspects ofthe medieval treasury, As Ages. Middle the throughout faith ecclesiastical treasuries as complex independent an objects, it have their written about atten attracted have treasuries church Although 1. The Treasure inMedieval Culture I. TheMedieval Treasure asaResearch Subject Part I–Treasuresofch intertwinning aspects ranging from economy ranging aspects intertwinning vol. 6, “Thesaurus”,s.v. (p.580, the practise of purificationpontifical andbenedictionfound of treasures). ( (http://www.boydell.co.uk/52973480.HTM) vol. 6, s.v. “Thesaurus”, ( “Thesaurus”, s.v. 6, vol. 913: as indulgences: treasures Christi...Inveniunt nummos, et ponunt in Thesaurario George, “Définition etfonction”, s.p. S.a.,anotation of Philippe “Définition etfonction George, trésord’église,” d’un thesaurus inventus Thisrefers to a setof valuable objectsmoney (“royal treasury”), or or royal right to the buried hoards inthe earth Lexicon Latinitatis Medii Aevi praesertim ad res ecclesiasticas investigandaspertinens adres ecclesiasticas Medii Aevipraesertim Lexicon Latinitatis

- 3-

In the , church treasury is both a powerful cultural reality and a rich metaphor, a and reality cultural a powerful isboth treasury church Ages, Middle the In Treasure in the MedievalWest , thesaurus Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon minus Thesaurarium Christi http://cem.revues.org/document719.html. Consulted 22.7. 2007 Corpus iuris canonici that is endowed with both spiritual and materialcontent denoting a variety urches inprospective

, consulted15.4.2007. is only in the last fifteen years that close attention was given to fifteen is onlyinthelast to years thatcloseattention given was an alternative to the earlier aesthetic and economic studies of of studies economic and aesthetic earlier the to alternative an inSt.Augustin , by Elizabeth M. Tyler, ed. in , 579) , 579) (1304) thesaurus , vol. 2,s.v. “Thesaurus” (p. 1339), 10 tion and admiration for many centuriestion andadmirationfor and scholars toChristianreligion aesthetics,and personalto ; liturgy, Christian morality, collection Christianmorality, collection of valuables, liturgy, as relics: legends of saints). saints). as relics:legends of s of feudal power identity their roleinthe to d meaningful entities formed by communities of Bulletin du Centre d'études médiévales d'Auxerre ” Ennaratio inEnnaratio Psalmum 6 9

suggest a complex and broad cultural subject, subject, cultural broad and a complex suggest Boydell and booksellers Brewer : Lexicon Latinitatis Medii Aevi Numquid perdes in Thesaurario Numquid inThesaurario perdes , 1994 ed., s.v. “Thesaurus” (p. , 1994 ed.,s.v.“Thesaurus” (p. Lexicon Latinitatis Medii Aevi , s.p. henceforth George, 8 Treasury asanideal , placed , 7 ,

CEU eTD Collection kleinod a precise definition isneededin a particular context. 16 15 14 13 12 11 communication functions and ritual has that and economy, history, and status,memory to related meanings complex conveys pieces, individual inits as well as whole a as which, value, of objects of composed institution ma the In memory. and continuity Thesaurisation plays varioussocial rolesin personal and publicspheres, representation, contructing constituent danschamp le realia des l’un des aspectsessentiels lacivilisationde du MoyenÂge. communicatedin someother way.third A party—theaudience—attests to the donation, confirming presentation. commemorated is It often in avi attitude towards the objectsor attitude towardsthe receptor—a person of status, or a religious inst the and the patron between relationship the is a donation into objects of conversion and formation 57-81. für Mittelalterliche Realienkunde Österreichs Mittelalter“, in appropriating “Seelenheil Gerhard Jaritz, und Sachkultur: Gedanken zur Objekt Beziehung Mensch - imspäten of“Memoria””, Medieval Counter-Memory Nora,Pierre “Between and History: Les LieuxMemory de Mémoire,” the administrative aspectsattached tothem. “treasure” when referring tothoughts and the concepts andthe for term“treasury” theactual collections of objects all with context for the purposeof between distinguishing the concepts and Itheir implementation. usethemore general term “Définition et fonction”, 3. 3. fonction”, et “Définition Antiquité etle tardive Haut Moyen Âge political, and cult and political, memory of the social group that created them. created that group social the of memory narratives oftheir origin. stemsthe rareness from theobjects,of theirrole term Aevi Medii Aevi praesertim ad ecclesiasticas res investigandas pertinens Anu Mänd, “Liturgical inmedieval vessels Livonia,” (MA thesis, Central European Budapest, University 1996), 33. On Confino, “Collective 1391. Memory,” On the principlesmemory of ofgathering thepast indifferent social contexts, see Philippe Buc,“Conversion Objects,” of Jean-Pierre Caillet, “Les desanctuaires Trésors del’Antiquité à l’époque romane,” My defitions cf. footnote 3. Due to comprehensive nature myof work, Ineededmy to define own terms ina particular Thesaurus , vol. 6, S-Z,s.v. “Thesaurus”, 579-580 (herebannedfrom beingor pawn sold to theJews, and the occurrence of the vasa sacra

- 4- , kirchengerät It ispsychologicalnatural for humanstoy gather valuable objectsand hold ontothem. Treasuries as a wholeare the repository of their own past, as well as part of the constructed ( thesaurarium Europäische Sachkultur Anlass des Mittelalters:Gedenkschrift aus des zehnjährigen des Instituts Bestehens in 13-14 in (Spring 1989), 12. medievalOn capacity of “presence of the present”, cf. Faith Wallis, “The Ambiguities 11 . toadministrative considerations.also It representsa problem ofterminology when th centuries). In the Bohemian sources for ecclesiastical treasures: fortreasures: ecclesiastical theBohemiansources In centuries). Canadian of Journal History /Annales canadiennes d’histoire ), thesauri ecclesiastici 14 originating in the sacred content of the treasury. The religious experience experience religious The treasury. the of content sacred the in originating the institution, and is materialised in the donation ritual materialised thethe donation is in institution, and VI, ed. J.-P. Caillet VI,ed.J.-P. (UniversitéParis X-Nanterre: de 1996), cited in George, Viator. Medieval and Renaissance Studies Studies Renaissance and Medieval Viator.

terial sense, treasury is acoll (Vienna: Verlagder Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1980), , thesauraria itution. The act of donatio itution. Theactof 15 sual or written record of the donation scene or scene or the donation of record sual orwritten The key interaction in the process of treasury theprocess of in Theinteraction key in of liturgy, contexts in presentation, their andthe 12 or or As J.-P. Caillot puts it nicely: “ vasa sacra , s.v. “Thesaurus”, 913, and Representations mean treasures, church ection pertinent to a person or a person to ection pertinent 28 (1997), 99. Cahiers ducentre de Cahiers Recherches sur 26, 26, 30 (April / Avril 1995), 79. jocalia Special Issue: Memory and n expresses the donor’s expresses donor’s the n Lexicon Latinitatis Medii , ornamenta Lexicon Latinitatis Trésors d’églises d’églises Trésors 16 , pretiosa or public or public ” 13

, CEU eTD Collection “Duch 1:13, svatý”,Proverbs 1:19, 2:6, 25:11-12,22:1, Wisdom 20:15. treasures Proverbs above 3:14-15. charity is sinful. In his sermon in the mount, warns the faithful against ostentatious alms-giving alms-giving ostentatious against faithful warns the Jesus In sermonhis sinful. inthemount, is charity is allowed; theyarepresumed possession to live wealth ostentatiously, denies the person access to Salvation—for the servants of God, no worldly oppositions, 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 the latter being a prerequisitelatter being Salvation. to the treasures, (spiritual) permanent and material), (i.e. ephemeral of contrast the on elaborates Matthew Religiösen undReligiösen Wissenschaftlichen Denkens Kalivoda, andAlexander Kolesnyk, www.oxfordscholarship.com Jesus Mean? Explainingthe Sermon on Mountthe Parablesand the in and simple Universal Human Concepts and silver, theBook of Proverbs likens the desire for wisdom, prudence and diligence to searching for treasury runs thecommunicationthe treasuryworld. of theoutside with performance versus private contemplation and “exclusive” viewing is one of the lines along which donation today represents one of the key areas of interest in the study of treasures. A game of public or a of treasury contextualisation this context; cultural and social proper itinthe placing act and the silver, nor brass in your purses,” your in brass silver, nor Judgement. Last the at chances one’s hand inthe effects positive corrupting, causing thesins ofpride, avariceand luxury. Whereas gathering treasuresmay bring that one which originatesthe in gifts oftheSpirit; Holy the false treasury, theon other hand,is becamean important issue rhetoricin and religious critique. specifically, the discourse and comparison between the biblical models and the reality of treasuries distributestreasures wisdomof through the Holy Spirit. have I none”. 10: Proverbs 2 (treasury reached inan wayshall ungodly not be useful). Proverbs 17: 3, 17: 8. Mt. 13:44-46,and Mt Anna 6:19-21. Wierzbicka, “The Hiddenand Treasury the Pearl ofGreat Price,” chap. in JeanJacques von Allmen, 8:19, Proverbs 20:15, 21:20. 2:2-4. Proverbs Aurum et argentum non estmichi Nolite aurum possidere et argentum.

- 5- In Christian medieval culture, the term “treasury” acquired spiritual values. King Solomon in Solomon King values. spiritual acquired “treasury” term the culture, medieval Christian In In the Gospels,Jesus bans goldand silvertothe followers of Christ.“Provide neither gold, nor The Bible differentiates between desirable and non-desirable treasures. The “true” treasury is 17 21 but God’s wisdom is above gold or silver. and this dichotomy was echoed repeatedly in medieval treasury imagery. In Bohemia 23 In theTestament, New living in luxury, gathering wealth andmoney, or displaying , consulted Henceforth 23.7.2007,, 266-268. Wierzbicka, Biblický(Dictionary slovník of theBible) s of worthy people, it may have a bad impact on Christian morals and limit and impactmorals onChristian a bad worthy have it may people,of s (Acts3: 6.). Das Hussitische Denken imLicht Quellen, seiner Beiträge zurGeschichte des 22 (Mt 10:9). Quoted John by Hus, “O církvi“ (On the Church), chap. in Rudolf commanded the Apostles. And St. Peter reassures: “Silver and gold

, ed.E.Winter and H.Mohr, vol. 8 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1969), 164. 20 Spiritual andmaterial possessions are inthe Bible as in voluntary poverty. Even public ostentation of of public ostentation Even poverty. voluntary in 18 In the ofworld Chri (Prague: Evangelické(Prague: nakladatelství 1991), s.v. 19 In theNew In Testament, theGospel of What Did Jesus Mean? stian spirituality, God

(2001), What Did CEU eTD Collection of St. Denis, goes even further. In his perception, the precious and beautiful helps people to Eco, legends of the 11 your whereand thieves break through andsteal. But up lay for yourselves the faithful saying: “Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, Matthew and Lucas, Jesus stresses the difference between earthly and heavenly treasures and warns gold, silver, and precious stones. ( craftsmanship of quality ( ofGod work a of qualities metaphysical secret and modestly—this isa sign of the worthiness of the donor. 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 thetreasury objects, Christianaesthetes praised preciousmaterial treasury is,there will heart your be also.Lc 12: 33-34. not atreasury in old, the heavens thatfaileth not, where no moththief approacheth, neither corrupteth. Forwhereyour est thesaurus tuus, ibi eritet cortuum autem vobisthesauros in ubi caelo, neque aerugo neque tinea demolitur, et ubi fures non effodiunt necfurantur; ubi enim similarly ambivalent nature ofmetaphysical and material alternatives thatare closely interwinned. showsthe in Ages the Middle ideal beauty of The thought. aesthetic medieval in also but parables, bear fruitslong in perspective. would which treasures, those choose to are are desirable—faithful treasures heavenly only life, eternal beautiful objects, claiming them appropriate for church decoration as as decoration forchurch them appropriate claiming objects, beautiful finall Victor, St. and Hughof asBonaventure, such and piety and piety to display wealth. one’s content—the content—the relics ofthe saints. wordly treasures. “Thesaurus”, 913) becomes important tothe understanding ofmedieval as seen as ecclesiastical acounterparttreasury, to spiritual matters, as well as inspire warnings of the seduction of worldly riches. worldly of seduction the of warnings asinspire aswell matters, spiritual Eco, Beauty of Eco, the martyr’s bodies, Eco, Jacquesle Goff, Umberto Eco, of Parables and Hidden Treasury, the Pearl of GreatPrice (Mt Wierzbicka, 13: 44-46). Mt6:1-4. “That thinemay be almsin secret: and thy Father which seeth himself in secret shall rewardthee openly.” Nolite vobis thesaurizare thesauros in ubi terra, aerugo ettinea et demolitur, ubi fureseffodiunt thesaurizate et furantur; Art treasure

- 6- Art Art . In the key passagefor the understanding of moral notions of“treasury” in the Gospelsof Spiritual and material qualities oftreasures , 5-10. , 5-10. , 13-14. is, there will your heart bealso” (Mt 6: 19-21, cf. Lc 12: 33-34). Art and Beautyin the MiddleAges th century, century, Kultura st Kultura Lexicon Lat. Medii Aevi praesertim ad ecclesiasticas res pertinens investigandas ř edov opus hominis opus ě ké Evropy(Culture of Europe) medieval . (Matt 13;44-46). Sell that have,ye and giveprovide alms; yourself bagswax which Art 30 24 The beauty of treasury objects were objects treasury of beauty The 29 , 9. The specific of nature relicsasbothmaterial spiritual and from(examples the Only those donations are pleasing to God, which are carried out in out carried are which God, to pleasing are donations those Only

Beautifulcoverred wrapping, however, even an important more ): medieval imagery linked beautytothe shining and glitter of (New Haven Press, 1986), –London:Yale 35. University Henceforth opus Dei y accepted contemplative and subjective values subjective of accepted contemplative and y ). The quality of material mattered more than the more than mattered material of ). The quality form opposite categories not only in biblical (Prague: Vyšehrad, 2005, 434). 28 25 asthesource of beauty, having the

intended to stimulate interest in treasures ornamentum Dei What Did Jesus Mean? What DidJesus in heaven…for where heaven…for in 26 31 For the prospect of Medieval writers, , s.v. . Suger, the , 265. 27 In CEU eTD Collection the church and exhort the poor.” decorate they Heaven; and Salvation reach desireto and love faith, towards faithful the “move objects The tr memory. collective closely linked to is which treasuries,concerning the prime func Treasuries perform a variety of functions in medieval culture. While looking into specific contexts 2.1 Definition and Function ofChurch Treasury 2. The Treasury, the Church and the Public ritual, display, representationand memory. Essentially, the spiritual quality meets thematerial qu vision…“ powerthrough that exercise to isdestined image, an yet not though which, power.., (its) display of preciousmaterial adorning a sacred object ”is first and foremost the vehicle and vector of harming the basic tenantsofChristian morality. Stone where the Body reclined, the corporal for the Host, the Sudarium, veiling the Body of Christ in in Christ of Body the veiling theSudarium, Host, the for corporal the reclined, Body the where Stone each represents with thesymbolismCharged oftheSacrifice, duri treasuries and splendor theologically. As commented on by Louis Marin on Suger, Suger´s ideas of contemplation, display, and approapriateness justified the existence of church 36 35 34 33 32 need consecration to serve. need consecrationto serve. 20. contemplate God. Such are the materials befitting to wrap the relics in or decorate decorate or in relics the wrap to befitting materials the are Such God. contemplate property—it belongs to the saints and the poor of the community; the treasuryroomthe and the main alta medieval devotion; this link is also often visualised inthe architectural structure church,of the where Liturgicalcontext exemptsthe objects from ordinary life and gives themspecific meaning and value. Cod. MSC5infol. AMK, “On 2. service”priestly links liturgy the withApocalypse and tradition of Lévi priests—they Cod. MSC5infol. AMK, 24. Cod. MSC5infol. AMK, 24. On theprinciples of display in theliturgicalspace, Louis Marin, Eco,

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Liturgy provides a natural setting for treasury object setting fortreasury provides anatural Liturgy , 10, 67-8, 13. memoria of the Passion of Christ: the chalice chalice the Christ: of Passion the of Ergo resecclesie pauperibus et militibusChristi stipendia debent intelligi. 34

In the religious context, church In thereligiouscontext, r are often optically connected or connected optically often are r tion of an ecclesiastical treasury an ecclesiastical of tion ng the mass, altar vessels and liturgical textiles easury represents collec represents easury ality in medieval treasury in a joint venture of Des pouvoirs de l´image s. Next to the altar, treasury is the focus of focus isthe treasury altar, tothe s. Next symbolises theSepulchre, thepatenasymbolises the 35 it cannot be alienated without without bealienated cannot it is its role role in liturgyand isits piety, treasury isa special form of lie in proximity to eachother. in proximity lie (Paris: Edition du Seuil, 1993), tive sacred its patrimony, 33 the medieval domus Dei domus

. 36 32

CEU eTD Collection Holeton for discussing this with me. me. with this discussing for Holeton the vessels during the episcopal have been difficult to always keep totheprescriptions ofthe of the Time) (Prague: in Mittelalter des Intern. Kongresses derBibliotheca Hertziana Aspekte Liturgieentwicklung Mittelalterlicher im Spiegel Liturgischer Quellen,“ in concede michi protectionem contra mortem insidiatorem each piece of servicegarment separately (eg. for chasubles: of for supplications garmentsliturgical standingfor purification and preparationfor the service. Supplications aresaidfor prescribedvestments andvessels—prayers for the . Thetwelfth-century mass. Andreas Speer, ”Luculento Ordine,“ 19-37, in the altar and andanointing the altar, censing, followed by covering of altar,the dressing in the garments and consecrating new church: a festive procession tothechurch with relicsand ornaments , the burning 12 candlesticks, settingof relics on In In the symbolic language of the thirteenth century German practices,a however, remains still liturgyin the development oftreasures, altar. or achurch of consecration the in apart vessels play the return, In mass. the serving before them of transsubstantiation. SinceEarly timeChristian moment the frame corporal and paten chalice, The blessings. and ceremonies special in employed are recognised. 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 135-147. priests vicars or participatehad to allin processions wearingappropriate garments. be dresse priests that demanded Church participants decoratedshow to theirsignificance. In the fourteenth centurythe at latest, both thefaithful and grave. episcopal consecration. episcopal and needgarments used thevessels and altar, aconsecrated space, upon aconsecrated in place take treasury. the of inventory the in also reflected treasury, the of hierarchy internal the Cf. Madelin H.Caviness, “Stained Glass windows Gothicin chapelsfeast andthe of saints,” the in George, “Définitionfonction”, et s.p. Following theRoman ceremonies from Pontifical the 12 TheOrdo XL offor the Pontifical Dedication Romano-Germanic the a of Church(10 Cod. MSC5, AMK,fol. 27. LE Liber pontificalis, TheBook of Pontiffs IV (1390-1397), 1391.362, no.506, year 39

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37 Paten, chaliceand pyx hold the Body ofChrist, reliquaries the relics, censers censethe gifts, or Jacques le Goff has examined the medieval treasury in its representational and economic roles. roles. economic and representational its in treasury medieval the examined has Goff le Jacques The treasuries originated in the practical needs of liturgy. The Sacrifice and the Communion Communion the and Sacrifice The liturgy. of needs practical the in originated treasuries The Their proximity to the sacred and active thepa and or Their to proximity sacred . František Pokorný, 43 To what extent may the development of treasuries in Bohemia be linked to local cult tolocal linked be Bohemia in treasuries of may development the extent what To Č KCH 1979), 34f.KCH In the fourteenth andfifteenth centuries large dioecesesof Europe it mustCentral 38 Special episcopal blessings must be said over them, and the priest greets greets priest the them,and said over must be blessings episcopal Special sedesvacantium Liturgika by Raymond(trans. Davis) (Liverpool: Liverpool Press, 1989), University 10. desideratum

IV. Liturgické reálie Posv of Bohemia represents of represents Bohemia yet another problem. am I thankful Davidto Prof. , ed.NicBock Hirmer (Munich: 2000), 16,henceforth Kunst und Liturgie in Mittelalter in Liturgie und Kunst 42 as well as church decoration has now been fully fully been now has decoration church as well as of the study. study. the of …, Andreas Odenthal,…, “Von Messfeierder zur Messfrömmigkeit. th century, the century, following acts are neededfor theconsecration a of Indute me, Domine, ornamento humilitatis et caritatis et Ordo s, the vessels were made from rare materials rare from made were vessels the s, d solemnlyd atmass. Even in villagechurches, the concerning TheUtraquist the consecrationblessings. of ssive assigned rolethem inliturgy in aposition ě cení cení Nibelungenlied č asu Ordo missae (Liturgy IV. Kunst und Liturgie inMittelalter. Akten , 24, 37. th century) includes century) blessings of fromRhineland has a passage , it represents one of the of one represents it , Realia in the Sanctification Kunst und Liturgie Kunst und Liturgie 41 The roleof 40 and and , CEU eTD Collection modern collection, 14-15. iconoclastic attacks on the ecclesiastthe iconoclastic on attacks were Bohemia of specific another common; quite been have to seems clerics by committed objects quotes aFlorentine manuscipt from the 13 were often insufficient means to protect , garments, and booksfrom being alienated. Le Goff punishments and and bans was popular treasures ecclesiastical of theft sins, worst the among ranked behind many sacrilegeous thefts, though other motivations coul also beinvolved. also motivations coul other sacrilegeous though thefts, many behind was value monetary treasury’s the Ages, Middle the in practice A common treasuries. medieval of knight. of the Devil, and was married to a farmer. Another Devil’s daughter, “Theft”, was married to a 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 construction. community´sTreasury, identity. thus,emerged memory with the physical joined and relics treasury’s as historical, material, well as as symbol oftheir diminishedstatus. The treasury also bearswitness to its own originsfrom the timesof war,strategy a of defamation resulting theloss in ofaleader’streasury represented a public of status is performed during important visits when the treasury was exhibited. was treasury the when visits important during performed is status of served to promote the patron andcommunity, representing both statusand social position. The ritual 5 (1401 -1898, – 61404) (1407 – 1408), 7 (1420 – 1424). Henceforth AI. Tadra, 7vols. (Prague 1893-1901). Vol. 1 (1373 –1379)-1893, vol. 2 -1387), 3 (1380 vol. (1392-3), vol. 4(1396-8), vol. violations such as pillage, theft, as pillage, such violations ruler’s status symbols lossand its meanshumiliation. or melted down in time of need. Julius von Schlosser, LeGoff, Geary, LeGoff, Appendix no.14. Cf. Patrick Geary, George, “Définitionfonction,” et 3-5. George, “Définitionfonction,” et 6-7. LeGoff, Soudní akta konsisto

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51 Julius von Schlosser anticipated in the church treasury, the social and cultural functions of a a of functions cultural and social the treasury, church the in anticipated Schlosser von Julius A church treasury also served as a handy economic resource. economic as a handy served also treasury A church Furta sacra In Bohemia, where therecordstheof Consistory courtsare preserved, Kultura Kultura Kultura 46 Next to the cult and its social functions, its non-religious aspects included potential , 349. , 632. , 646. Furta sacra: Theft of relics in the central Middle Ages , 8, 57, 87, 130. 53 ř e pražské /Actae pražské iudiciaria consistorii Pragensis Kunst- und Wunderkammern derSpätrenaissance merging the profane and sacred world as a mirror of the Universe. Although this this Although Universe. the of mirror a as world sacred and profane the merging

47 49 symbolic points of view. Spiritual or sacrilege, or and destruction ofpublicmemory. This, together This, with changes in fash

ical treasuries by the . Hussites. the by treasuries ical th century, where “Sacrilege” belonged to the nine daughters daughters nine the to belonged “Sacrilege” where century, as a powerful means of identity andhistory of as a powerful means 44 of its founders in a perpetual re-invention of a of re-invention in a perpetual its founders of In the case ofan important church treasury, it (Recordsof Court) ed.Ferdinand the Consistory (Braunschweig: Klinkhardt andBiermann (Braunschweig: 1978), (Princeton: Press, Princeton University 1990). substance was materialised inthe substance was 48 ion, is why so little hassurvived little so is why ion, Objects could be pawned,sold 45 50 52 In contrast, during during contrast, In Althoughsacrilege theft of liturgical ofliturgical theft CEU eTD Collection Prague, 1973), Vlk,15. Henceforth “Um 581. Henceforth Starnawska, sredniowieczu ed. (Munich: 1997),C.H.Beck, 103-106. Henceforth Angenendt, patron ,“ sibi dari et attulit secum Pragam temporis requiescebat church. The medieval term“ Treasury Church of 2.2 Content contexts of a treasury’s reality.historical inside a network of relations turns out to thebe most helpful model in illuminating the complex 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 medieval hagiography and charters. and hagiography medieval in as“treasures” were praised in heaven, to dowork was earth guaranteed the on presence whose particular point of time. addingand new objects, asopposedto an inventory, which is“dead”imprint ofa momentary state ata evocating their ancient sacred history in the present. of indulgencesand inmoreintercession) a sense. general church, they—through nature—belonged theirvery to the as they treasury, church represent the church‘treasure’ (a source mayimages and have reliquaries not been kept in roomthe treasury and wereexhibited in round-the-year the interior of the Baroque and crafts the relationship ofdonor and Vlk, craftsman, “Um residedheaven. in martyr the of the bodies existence: cosmological construct—the primaryfunction of amedievaltreasury inliesits devotional dimension. a or collection amemorial not only is treasury Medieval overestimated. be not mind—should my to role of the first, at seem may convincing notion treasury plays in historical discourse. treasuryas a cultural-historical structure composed of varied cultural layers reflecting various roles the Ja Angenendt, Arnold Angenendt, Medieval devotional objectsinclude relics—and towards the latefourteen century images as well. Although some the of Inspite of proposing abroadapproach to incultural history the introduction, Vlkfollows hisarthistoryicalinterest in MiloslavVlk, “Um Venit ś Elsner,“Replicating Palestine andReversing the Reformation,”

- 10- (emperor Charles IV) 56

MiloslavVlkin his studyinventories the on of With dual substanceand acapacityfor procurringSalvation and miracle-making, holyrelics, (TheAfterlifeof the Saints.Relics in religious culture inmedieval ) (Warsaw: DiG, 2008),578-9, Helige BRRP (forthcoming), 21, ft. 28. , 135. MariaStarnawska, ě Heilige und Reliquien. Die ihres Geschichte Kultes vom frühen Christentum bis Gegenwartzur 58 lecké lecké preciossissimus thesaurus preciossissimus Their power lay in their physical tangibility and tangibility presence their Theirpower physical layin thesaurus ř 55 emeslo kostela Týnského (Artcrafts ofthe Tyne church),”(MA thesis, University Charles Swietych zycie pozyciu Swietych zycie in Agaunum causa devotionis visitandi sanctorumlimina martirum Thebeorum,ubi tunc Vlk’s cultural historical concept of tr . Beneš of Weitmil, ” comprises yet anotherspecial meaning: the devotional objects inthe ě lecké lecké

s and saints were left on the earth, whereas their soul already soul their whereas earth, the left on were saints s and 54 57 Swietychpo zycie zyciu. Relikwie e kulturze religijnej na zemiach w polskich He sees a treasury as a “living” structure, constantly changing changing constantly structure, as a“living” atreasury sees He ř Relics gained their fame through double nature of of their nature double through fame their Relics gained emeslo”. , videlicet corpus sanctiZigismundi, regis Burgundie, quod impetravit . FRB , 4, 533. DavidMengel, “Remembering Forgotten Bohemia’s medieval treasury inthe medieval treasury 60

Heilige the Tyne the defineschurch theecclesiastical ě Journal of ofthe History Collection lecké . easury as a multilaye as easury ř emeslo”. development of collecting— 59 among thefaithful, red cultural entityred cultural 9.1 (1997), 126. , 2d CEU eTD Collection wrappedin silver and gold reliquaries tomark theirexcellence. (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2006), Henceforth 174-6. Sommer, “Procession“. Kultur/ Pilgrimages inEuropean Culture Castrum Pragense Eben, ”Organizace liturgického prostoruv bazilice sv. (OrganisationVíta,“ of liturgical in space the basilica of St. Vitus) investigandas pertinens iconography, communicating the importance of theimportance of communicating iconography, fe the on liturgy of centre the were they church, effect was, however, correlated by the and bishops when they issued the indulgences for a certain certain a for indulgences the issued they when and bishops pope the by correlated however, was, effect 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 sphere of politics sphere of armies, making, and oath-taking, to protection, and intercession for individuals and thecommunity. decision- important staging unity, of a sense and patriotism local supporting needs, through daily and powerthefor community, their and“practical” also Folia Artium Historiae (1997), 4. PaulCrossley, “Bohemia and“Polonia Sacra” Sacra”: liturgy and history in in Prague and Cracow ” Beauchesne,(Paris: 2007), 119-20, 139-140. treasures themselv which merits”), of (“treasury indulgences as heavenlytreasures located earth on was popularised bygrowing numbers ofpapalepiscopal or indulgences freeing them from sins. them freeing indulgences and behalf, their on intercession of promise the by churches the in relics visit to exhorted were Deutscher Deutscher Starnawska, Kunstverlag, 2006). 1982). Janke, Petra Peter Brown, ecclesiasticas investigandas pertinens formation coutumière d'un(Relics droit the Saints) of Kult zwischen Kult zwischen Antike und Aufklärung(Relics in Art and Cult) Indulgences treasures Clemens as - VI ( Angenendt, Fromvast recent literature Angenendt, Carolyn Walker Bynum, and PaulaGerson, Reliquaries“Body-Part in and Parts the Body Middle Ages,” E.g., from loss ofmonastery treasury the Cistercian in Zbraslavmilitary on expedition of Wenceslas toPoland. III Starnawska, „Procesje z relikwiami“, 59-77, (on theprocession with relics on Palm SundayinPraguediocese 62, 71, Edina Bozóky, Starnawska, George, “Définition etfonction”, 11. Rogationes

- 11- 65 The collection of relics forms the core of medieval church treasury, and as such, they were were they such, as and treasury, church medieval of core the forms relics of collection The The role of relics in the organisation of church space has already been recognised. been already has space church of organisation the in relics of role The and taken as booty. asbooty. taken and given by Christ to the community of the Church to ease the burden of their sins; their of burden the ease Churchto of the community the to Christ by given The Cult of the Saints: its rise and functionin Christianity Heilige Swietych zyciepo zyciu and St. Marcus processions72). Procesion with relicson La Politiquedes Reliques Constantinde àSaint Louis. Protection collective etlégitimation dupouvoir 2 (1999), 230. PetrSommer, “Processionmedieval inearly Bohemia,“ in Ein Heilbringender Reliquienverehrung Schatz. am Dom imHalberstädter Mittelalter , 106-8. 63 7 (2002), 49-69. , s.v. “thesaurus”, 913. 913. “thesaurus”, s.v. , they were manipulated, shown, given as gifts, carried in processions, in carried as gifts, given shown, manipulated, were they , s.v.“thesaurus”, s.v. “thesaurus”, 913. , 561-563, 603-4., 561-563,

, Daniel Doležal,and HartmutKühne, eds., Europäische Wallfahrtsstudien1 Heilige undReliquien, Heilige Corpus iuriscanonici

68 Swietych zyciepozyciu. From beginning the ofthe fourteenth century,the idea of relics ( Paris: Klincksieck, 1975) Lexicon Latinitatis Medii Aevi preasertim ad ecclesiasticasres the saints’ contribution to the Salvation. the to contribution saints’ the (Darmstadt:Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995) 2, 1304), 2,1304), benefitsrangedfrom healing thesick, helping in

es were presented in homilies and writings as writings and homilies in were es presented Nicole Herrmann-Mascard, astdays, legendary traditions, aswell as its Bynum, Gerson,and “Body-Part Reliquaries,” 3-7. Rogationes Lexicon Latinitatis Medii Aevipraesertim adres 61 ( Chicago: University Chicagoof Press, The relics were a source of prestige , Anton Legner, , JanaMa Les reliques dessaints: Wallfahrten in europäischen ř íková-Kubková, and David

Reliquien inund Kunst (Munich-Berlin: Gesta 67 Faithful Faithful 66 62 36.1 69 64 In the Inthe with with their their ,

CEU eTD Collection privately or shown publicly in in publicly shown or privately or theft. or treasuries such as such treasuries inventories, thecompilers used general Latin and vernacular terms in their description of church the Bohemian In origin. legendary or mythical miraculous, of items some as occasionally well as vesselsand liturgical non-consecrated consecrated and includes It aumbry. an called chamber secluded a in or cupboard or chest a in altar, the on church the ofone its late medieval peaks. Prague toamong themost important imperial pilgrimage sites where public devotion ofrelics reached elevated that displays these was It cathedral. St.Vitus in and Prague of NewTown the of centre the 1350, an annual display of most the important imperial, royal and the metropolitan relics took place in 74 73 72 71 70 was authorised and they were tagged as authentic because of a common fear of false relics ( relics false fear of common a of because authentic as tagged were they and authorised was thefirstand position ininventories the was given toCorpus Christimonstrances. The originofrelics century),however, relicsthe lost their preeminent positionreflecting aweakening oftheirimportance, inventoried first as the valued contentents oftreasury.a theIn Utraquist treasury (the latefifteenth also enjoyed a special regime ofpreservation, identification, viewing and protection, and were Ostensio reliquiarum. Heiltumsweisungen Regnum im römisch-deutschen Salvation, andmemorial on pilgrims’ pamphlets. Treasures of important pilgrim were centres reproduced on wood-cuts ( well. authenticity as Le trésor duMoyen Âge.Questions etperspectives de recherché was available if its source (relics or an image) was properly approached and and venerated. approached was an image) source(relics if properly was or available its church, relic, image or cult object, andfor a particular period of time. Then, the “ specially-made reliquaries, which—through their their which—through reliquaries, specially-made in rooms treasury in held were objects cult treasury, church medieval of part key the As presentation. Cf. Hartmut Kühne, Geary, Cf. Emler, Bynum, and Gerson, “Body-Part Reliquaries,” 4-5. Phillippe „Les Cordez, usage du trésor desgraces. L’économie idéelle etmaterielle desindulgences au Moyen Âge, in:

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Relics were a sought-after commodity which f which commodity Relics were asought-after In ecclesiasticalIn a narrowsense, The The Furta sacra 73 Public and private devotional practices met in their veneration: they could be approached be could they veneration: their met devotional practices in and private Public Regesta mysterium III, 672-4, the no.1722, III, where labels arestressed not onlymeans as a of butidentification asproofof . The topography of wasrecorded relics in itineraries boosting pilgrimages to the important centres. ornamenta ecclesiae ornamenta

Ostensio reliquiarum.Ostensio Untersuchung Gestaltüber Ausbreitung, Entstehung, und Funktion der ofrelics was underlined by therituals framing their location, manipulation and ostensio

. , treasury contains a set of objects for church services, kept in kept services, church for objects set of a contains treasury 74 sacraria (imperii), res ecclesiae InBohemia, theimperial after treasury herewas brought in (Berlin, and (Berlin, New York: Walter 2000). deGruyter, Henceforth Kühne, form—referred back to their sacredcontent. back form—referred (Neuchâtel: 2005), 55-88. (Neuchâtel: 2005), ound their way to treasuries through donations donations through treasuries to way their ound textiles, images and objects relatedtextiles, tothecult, imagesand objects Heiltumbücher ), medieval to guides personal ( v ě ci kostela Trésor de grâces 70 in Czech) in

falsa 71 ). They They 72

and

”

CEU eTD Collection set for ablution; pax, bells and the altar cross would also fall into this category). fo boxes wine-strainers, spoons, containers, chrism and set, oil censer the (ewers, the of distribution asthe such practices, liturgical other for of consecrated liturgical vessels. Eucharist— forthe vessels medieval late 79 78 77 76 75 and—in the Utraquist church—spoons). Other— church—spoons). Utraquist the and—in of vasa sacra Liber pontificalis, The Bookof Pontiffs Hradec Králové, and in thecathedral in Olomouc: cleinodia. there aresothere few extant medieval textiles, which are sometimes difficult to imagine the richness and colourfulness of medieval church interiors because a rhythmical visual construction of liturgical time through their temporal presence. temporal their timethrough liturgical of construction visual a rhythmical part of interior decoration ofthechurch, covering altars, walls, pulpits, seats,and pillars, providingfor the for covers banners, theophoric or burials:pillows, carpets, tapestries hangings, or canopies, banners of nobles orbrotherhoods, accessories.with Specific textiles werepriestly vestments—festive or ordinarysets for theMass orfor Hours,the and altarcloths 1985), p.377, pag.189, henceforth Kadlec, ed., Kadlec, (Jaroslav Prague: mobilia, res mobilia, mobilia, res iocalia, ecclesiastica, Vod Thomasmonastery of Augustinian ( the des Vereinsfür Geschichte der Deutschen inBöhmen 1439,” KleineBeiträge zur Geschichte derDeustchensüdlichen im Böhmen und insbesondere Krummau 7, German, Anton Mörath, “Ein Kleinodienverzeichnis Hohenfurth desZisterzienserstiftes und der Rosenberger vom Jahre Kyrchengerat in Czech, Appendix II), Cf. hangings ( PopeStephen Ihad bannedalready the use ofvestments consecrated outside church services orfor purposes, everyday Theterm Definitions vessels ofliturgical and objectsvary, seeMänd, E.g., inthe Latin of inventories St. Vitus: vasa sacra vasa ň any (inventory inany Czech,Apendix II),

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res, ornamenta etjocalia Ecclesiae Religious textiles—Religious A large group of objects inchurch treasury are the altar vessels divided conventionally into Other names for treasuries found in Bohemian and Moravian sources are monstrance and and tapecia comprises the vessels celebratingfor the Eucharist (chalices,, ciboria orpyxes, sacramenta vasa non sacra. non vasa Codex Thomaeus. AugustinerklosterDas Sankt Thomas in Prag is inused Bohemia for either reliquary or the container for oreventhe Eucharist, both together ), Kadlec,), klenoty ,

textilesarementioned in the inventor inthe St.Nicolas in the of Prague (inventory in Czech, Apendix Other, II). as I have notI found in inventories.the paramenta Codex Thomaeus These are the vessels used in Chri are the vessels These 77 , 10. Codex Thommaeus

ciboria

( Stuckchklainat und Codex Thomaeus cleinodiorum universarumque rerum Libri Erectionum —accompany sacred vessels in liturgy. vesselsin sacred —accompany monstrances clenodia, ornamenta Ecclesiae clenodia, , or ribbons forthe monstrance , pag. 182, p. 370.p. , pag.182, 44 (1906), 337), 337), 44 (1906), cimelia, paramenta, supellectilia, supellex, stuck supellex, cimelia, paramenta, supellectilia, vasa non sacra non vasa , 186,, p. 372. 175,p.357), ). IV,485), no longer found in their orig no longer found r non-consecrated wafers, the set, the the set, aspergillum the wafers, r non-consecrated Liturgical in vessels medieval Livonia monastery in Brodin theCistercian Vyšší (inventory in , a form, a of ciboria—also belonged tothe group poczet kostelnie sacra supellex and paramenta et ornatuset sacrasupellex paramenta and —served for preparing the elements or elements the preparing for —served ies serving in theophoric processions processions serving intheophoric ies stian services. The stian services. (CPSVP, (CPSVP, III), in theHoly Spirit in (Appendix in II), the St. Gallus in suppellectilia . (Würzburg:Augustiner Verlag, (=inventory) in (=inventory) (inventory s. Textiles were importants. Textileswere an 78 inal places. In orderto places. inal 76 The mainThe group of inthechurchof Special elaborated Special , 2-3. narrow definition 79 Today, it Today, is klenod Mitteilungen in the St. . , 75 bona bona

CEU eTD Collection Reliques 1413” of (Inventory treasury ofthe cathedral Olomouc church) stones, stonevessels, stones, precious interest: special of items, often other many contained treasures church utensils, liturgical to additon In aumbry. the in stored also weresometimes spectacles religious in were carried which for scissors of pair the or forms, candles, their church treasury objects also served practical usesin the church including candlesticks together with enamel. inte the and produced relics cathedral with treasures Western flooded especially 1204 of crusade fourth the following booty The Arabs. the and Byzantium the from fabrics and gems, objects, precious relics, brought which , the of result a as particular community. and patrons the of power economic the reflecting equipment, liturgical necessary of amount the exceeded What has mentionedto be here isthe fact that the number ofliturgical objects large in treasures archives. Some objects of profane origin were adapted for liturgical use or were venerated as relics. 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 goldsmiths’ works, goldsmiths’ of Emperor Charles’ IV inRome(Kadlec, howevercathedral), weapons and banners astrophies also givenwere to the treasuries. reliquaries, Vincenc Bradl, “Inventá churches in , Italy and transforming the sacred topography Europe. of the sacred topography transforming churches Germany and in France, Italy treasures where countless pieces thecolour of treasures where countless scale churches we mustthe look themof inventories evaluate in only of up in the use textiles of establishment ofthe Latin kingdom, theexploitation of this sourceintensified finally channelling all mainly Constantinople, always was amain source of relics and their containers, but with the tokens, free coins, cut items free memorable coins, gems and asscrapas metal, souvenirs tokens, well TheEastprovidedmost of the relics and riches, see thefts in Geary, Herrmann-Mascard, Comb of St.Adalbert in the St.Vitus treasury. Thevestments of HusJohn Master in Bethlehem Chapel (Appendix II,no.37).Textile canopy with eaglememory an in Theexamples from are cathedral treasuries (candlestickfrom Milan in the St.Vitus and treasury the booty fromGniezno Panelwith crystal roses from Brod. Vyšší Often for religiousadapted foruse their rareness (ostrich eggsfrom the Olomouc cathedral treasury in the function of Beryll cups in B Seethe Appendix no. II, 1 and 2.

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, 369-372. Next to the textiles, which served practical and decorative functions in the church, part of In the European West, ecclesiastical treasuries grew in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in in centuries thirteenth and twelfth the in grew treasuries West, ecclesiastical European the In 87 The thirteenth century thefts and sales of relics established the riches of large Western Western of large riches the established relics of sales and thefts century thirteenth The ř evnov, cristal jar in the St. Vitus treasury. Les Reliques 83 curtains with non-religious themes, objects gained aswar booty, themes, objects gained with non-religious curtains 81 natural curiosities, , 281-2. , 281-2. ř ná č iní, rouch askvost

Codex Thomaeus Codex 82 textiles of various various recorded. kinds havebeen textiles of archaeological and paleontological finds, unusual finds, unusual paleontological and archaeological ů dividingtheEucharist bread. Figuressculptures, or velechrámuOlomouckého, sepsaný 24.,25., a 27. b Method rest in expensive materials, such as ivory or as ivory materials, such expensive in rest Furta sacra , page. 182, p. 370) 15 (1889), 127. , 87, and Herrmann-Mascard, 85 from libraries and from libraries 88 80 TheEast, 84 ř Les Les ezna pilgrim 86

CEU eTD Collection arts. systematic work ofJoseph Braun, and the publication of museumcollections medieval ofthe minor large in resulted history cultural in interest and tradition positivist nineteenth-century the Germany, la Sainte-Chapelle In Western scholarship interest in interest In Western medischolarship 3. 1.Scholarship andselectedliterature 3. Research intreasures Golthwaite’s publication on the art market theartmarket on Golthwaite’s publication (Paris: s.p.1893-1900)), ( (Paris: VictorGay focused, until recently, on royal, Burgundian and Anjou ducal treasuries libraries. treasuries and ducal andAnjou Burgundian royal, on recently, until focused, contemporary accounts inItaly, Franceand Germany 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 extensive heuristic work wereextensive heuristic inthe published Orient Testament du Jeanroi leBonet inventaire joyaux de ses à Londres Inventaire général dude la mobilier couronne sousLouis (1663-1755) XIV Nationaux, 2001),38. Chapelle [Ergänzungsband] [Ergänzungsband] 18 (Freiburg am Breisgau 1897). Priestlichen Gewänder des Abendlandes nach ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung Entwicklung geschichtlichen und Vergangenheit Gaborit-Chopin, Orfévres etles principaux artistes du roi” in 1911). Paul Henwood, “Le Royal sous Trésor leRégne de Charles VI(1380 -1422). Études sur lesinventaires, les de la Sainte-Chapelle. Inventaire etdocuments the most important relics to the West. history accounts for ecclesiastical riches; (Paris 1865)). Liechtenstein:Kraus reprint, 1971-74)), Jacques-Albin-Simon Plancy (series Collin de 1971). Munich: Alte MeisterGuenther Koch &Co.,1924. Idem, Sammlung Schnütgen Köln Schnütgen Sammlung Freiburg im Herder, Breisgau, 1940. Fritz Witte, Richard A. Goldwaite, SanMarcotreasury within edited the series H. R.Hahnloser,by ed. Joseph Braun, JulesGuiffrey, 19 Herrmann-Mascard, Bernard Flusin, “Les Reliques de la Sainte-Chapelle passéimpérial etleur àConstantinople” in 93 th century: Charles Rohault de Fleury ( de Fleury Charles Rohault century: (Freiburg im (Freiburg Breisgau:Herder, 1907). Idem,

- 15- In Italy, older studies on the papal treasury, an treasury, papal the on studies Italy,older In

ed. Jannic Durand,Marie-Pierre Laffitte, and Dorota Giovannoni (Paris:Musée du Louvre Réunion - desMusées Das christliche AltargerätDas christliche L’inventaire duL’inventaire trésordu dauphin futur V,1363 Charles, Charles Inventaires de Jean Duc de [1401Berry – 1416] , 174-6. (Freiburg imBreisgau: Herder, 1924). Idem, Les Reliques Wealth and theDemand for Art inItaly, 1300-1600 Verlagfür Kunstwissenschaft,(Berlin: 1913). Idem, . Stimmen [Ergänzungsband] aus Maria-Laach 19 (Freiburg am Breisgau 1897). Idem, , 371. Jannic Durand,“Le GrandTrésorgotique XIVe etXVe in siècles” Glossaire archéologique du Moyen Âge et de la Renaissance la de et Âge Moyen du archéologique Glossaire

(Munich: 1932).Hueber, Idem, École Nationale de Chartres: position des théses Archéologie chrétienne: les saints de la messe et leur monuments messe etleur de saints la les Archéologie chrétienne: 89 (Paris: Mémoires dela Société de et l’histoire de Paris del’Ile-de-France, Records of the reception of Eastern relics can be found receptionin the of found relics Eastern of can be Records Die liturgischen Geräte und andere Werke der Metallkunst in der eval treasures has had alongtradition. has eval treasures in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. fifteenth and fourteenth the in Der christliche Der christliche seinergeschichtliche Altar in Entwickung 94 another inspiration came recently from Richard Die Reliquiare deschristlichen Kultes Entwicklung und ihre Dictionnaire d´Archéologie Chrétien etLiturgie 90 d on the treasury of St. Marco remained basic art art basic remained Marco St. of treasury the on d Die Pontificalen Gewänder des Abendlandes nach ihrer throughout the Early and High Middle Ages. Ages. Middle High and Early the throughout , vols. 1-2 Ernest (Paris: Leroux, Jules Guiffrey,1894). (Paris: A. Lahure1881). Alexandre Vidier, Il Tesoro diSan Marco (Paris: Rouam, (Paris: Germain1885-6). Bapst, Die liturgische Die liturgische Gewandung in und Occident (Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Die liturgischen Paramente Die liturgischen in Gegenwart . Stimmenaus Maria-Laach 1996). (Nogent-le-Roi: Laget, Les archives ecclésiastique Les archives 136 (1978), 13691-8. Danielle (1978), (: Sansoni,(Florence: 1965- Le Trésor de la Sainte- 95 91

French literature , 2 vols. (Nendeln, (Nendeln, , 2vols. 92 The results of of results The Le Trésor de , vols. 1-2, Le Trésor , 10 vol. vol. , 10 Die , vol. 1 , vol. , . In . In CEU eTD Collection Western scholars the on period of the12 Xantener Dom l’Art Louvre)(Paris: Monum, Éd. Du Patrimoine, 2001), M.-Madeleine Gauthier, Gaborit-Chopin, E.Taburet-Delahaye, and M.-C. Bardoz, Bourges), Jannic Durand etMarie-Pierre Laffite, and Giovanoni, Dorota ed. Since 1990s, there isanew wave of andexhibitions publications of church treasures in France Denis, (St. SteChapelle, Germanic Garland culture: Publishing, Ernst 1975), G.Grimme, Ages (London: of Society Antiquarians, 1993). Gaborit-Chopin, und Romanik Künstlerder Mitte Grossen bis zur des 13.Jhdts on the net 2006. 25.10. URL: http://cem.revues.org/document719.html. Consulted 22.7. 2007. of its focus, thus, it is only partially relevant to partially relevant only is it thus, focus, of its out completely almost treasuries ecclesiastical of features specific the leaves unfortunately, book, The Ages. Middle Late the in arts minor the of studies contain also works few A medieval decoration of churches the on works with together Germany in published were compendia large time, At that treasures. and Frenchat thistime scholars that criticismforthe disparate nature contributionsof failure and to bring togethermorea coherent view. assuch gender,patronage, inheritance, piety, and displayoftreasures; wonder no it that inspired 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 1993).Press, SocietyAntiquarians of London of medieval treasures arose in the 1990s when the Badford inventories in England were edited by the Schnell und Steiner, 2008). Sandstein, 2006), Harald Meller, and Boje Schmuhl, ed., Römisches deutscher NationReich 962-1806 Bock, ed. through the Ages German focusing works on regions in (summary Mänd,medieval “Liturgical in vessels Livonia,”), Gérald Taylor, M. Tyler and York University. published by M. Tyler treasuries. Adolf Reinle, JennyStratford, Johann Michael Fritz, BernhardBischoff, andFlorentine Mütherich, Philippe “Définition etfonction George, trésord’église”, d’un Maddicott, review of Elizabeth M.Tyler, ed. RudolfHuber, and Renate eds., Rieth, . 26 (1974), 64-77, and inGermany: eg.Udo Grote, Catalogue of an exhibition heldat Museum, Busch-Reisinger Harvard University

- 16- Lately, large thematic large exhibitio Lately, As aresult of thisinterest, firstthe general book onmedievaltreasures was editedElisabethby Kunst und Liturgie in Mittelalter (: Schnell und Steiner, 1998), and recently Matthias Puhle, andClaus-Peter Hasse, ed. Austattung deutscher Kirchen in Mittelalter Le Trésor de Saint-Denis (Harmondsworth: Peguin Books, 1956). The Badford Inventories. The wordly of goods John, duke of Badford, regent of 1389-1435 France, Treasure in Treasure the Medieval West Golschmiedekunst Gotik der in Mitteleuropa , vols. 1-3 (: Schnütgen Museum, Blaise 1985). deMontesquieu-Fezenzac, and Daniele Treasure in theMedieval West (Munich: Prestel, 1967). Cataloguesed. Anton (Munich: Legner, 99 started to publish extensively on th extensively on topublish started Glossarium Artis 98 and its terminology; , 3 vols. (Paris: A.etJ.Picard,1973-1977). . and the Journal of the History of . vol. 1: . vol. th ns in France and ns in Germany ha Mittelalterliche Schatzverzeichnisse -13 Von Otto dem bis Großen zum Ausgang des Mittelalters th 101 , 1240-1241. centuries themarkedmedieval by of growth treasures. Der Der Schatz von St. Viktor. Mittelalterliche Kostbarkeiten ausdem my study. An internet article by PhillipeGeorge, article by internet An study. my Der Heilige Schatzin DomHalberstadt zu These articlesbring together avariety of approaches (York: York Medieval Press, 2000).York MedievalPress, (York: Le Trésor de Le Trésor Conques , vol.2. (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgeselschaft, 1988). NickBuchgeselschaft,1988). (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche DerAachener Domschatz Bulletin duCentre d'études médiévales d'Auxerre Kirchengeräte 100 (Munich: C. H.Beck, 1982), and anumber of these, however, do not include Bohemian include not do however, these,

”L’or etl’Église auMoyen Âge” Le Trésor de la Sainte-Chapelle la de Trésor Le (exposition (exposition MuséeduParis (Munich: C.H.Beck, 1982). C.H.Beck, (Munich: e relationship between the relics e relationship the between relics Collecting appeared. It also It was appeared. Collecting , vol.1, Eucharistic of vessels the Middle (Busch-Reisinger (Busch-Reisinger Museum of ve focussed theattention of (Düsseldorf: Schwann, 1972). Ornamenta Ecclesiae: Kunst Ecclesiae: Ornamenta Von derZeit Karlsdes (Regensburg: Verlag 97

Newinterestin , Danielle , Revue de (Dresden: Heiliges

Silver , placed 103

the 102 96

CEU eTD Collection exhibitions in that include entries minor on arts textiles.or entries on preserved objects cannot be named here. Nor canbe allrecent catalogues of medieval art in treasures medieval cultureof isstill position Europäische Kunst unterLuxemburgern den (1350 – 1400) Czech republic, one has tomention the catalogue Anton ed., Legner, to the Renaissance in Moraviaand Silesia Muzeum um Renaissance. Visual artsof Moravia and Silesia 1400 -1500) Chamonikola, ed., Bohemia)Western 1978, 126-46. Gotiky kRenesanci.kultura Výtvarná a Moravy Slezska1400 1500 - goldsmiths 1400—1471), Poche and Baroquegoldsmithing crafts. Drake-Boehm, andDrake-Boehm, Ji Grace)Emperor in God’s Charles IV) Akademie 2007). derWissenschaften, Veröffentlichungenfür desInstituts Realienkunde und Frühen desMittelalters der 20Neuzeit Österreichische (Vienna: Kongress Kremsan derDonau 28. bis30. October 2004 dispersed inalarge number articlesin of the s treasury. medieval the of nature multifaceted scholars medieval current efforts, these of spite In They are joined by PhillipeThey arejoined Buc by onth who focused considerations methodological including treasuries, and post-Hussite periods) and post-Hussite 108 107 106 105 104 and Thomas Kühtreiber book of Tyler and the new collectio through the existence of a “bourgeois” that developed around 1400 and the rise of urban urban rise and of the 1400 around style developed that a“bourgeois” of existence the through medieval goldsmithworks inBohemia;Ji Č echách Emanuel Poche, ”Pražské um Ji Buc, “Conversion of 99-143. Objects,” Elisabeth KorneliaVavra, Holzner-Tobisch, andThomas Kühtreiber, eds.

Dana Stehlíková, Dana Stehlíková, ř í Fajt, ed.,

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107 Some of the most important scholarsinthe fieldinclude the broad interests of Emanuel As for the , relevant theCzechfor literature,As informatio in medieval applied arts, and numerous studie she pointed out the problemof style conservativism and adherence traditional to forms late in (Prague: National Gallery, 1997). Ji ě ní Olomouc, 1999).Ivo Hlobil, and Ladislav Daniel, ed, Magister Theodoricus, dvorní malí , Od Gotikyk Renesanci. Výtvarná Moravy kultura aSlezska 1400 -1500(From Gotique to the

vol. 1-3 (Prague: National Gallery, 1995). Ji ř ” í Fajt, eds. eds. í Fajt, K č Staletá Praha Staletá Um eskému zlatnictví husitské doby apohusitské,“(On the Czech goldsmith works of the Hussite (Prague: Academia, 2006) English (the shortened) (somewhat version of cataloguethe Barbara 104 ě ní so farremain comprehensive the only on variousworks aspects of medieval ě 40.4-5 301-311. (1992), Eadem, „Pražští zlatníci 1400v letech až 1471“ (Prague Prague: The Crown of Bohemia lecké ř 14 (1984), 171—187. Eadem, ”Um emeslo zaKarla IV“ (Prague artcrafts during Charles IV reign), (Olomouc: Muzeum um 108

n of articles edited by Elisabeth n ofarticlesedited by In her contribution to the catalogue of of catalogue the to contribution her In ř í Fajt, ed., ř ř í Fajt, on the other hand, tried to explain this conservatismexplain this to tried hand, the other Fajt, on í císa , Sitzungsberichte der ÖAW philosophisch-historische Klasse 771, Klasse ÖAWphilosophisch-historische der Sitzungsberichte , ř e Karla IV. (Magister Theodoricus, court of painter the emperor econdary literature, missing. The numerous studies short and catalogue , vols. 1-4(Cologne:, Geven and Bechtold, 1978). Gotika vzápadních e motivations e motivations and contextualisation ofdonations. , vol. 1-4 (, and Olomouc: MoravskáGalerie vBrn among the large pool of individual case studies. casestudies. individual of pool large the among ř í Fajt,ed., (New York: Metropolitan Museum ofArt, 2005). still find it somewhat difficult to tackle the the tackle to difficult somewhat it find still ě s by Dana Stehlíková, a Stehlíková, Dana s by ní, 2000). From the exhibitioncatalogues outside From the ní, 2000). , 539-606. n on variousBohemian church treasuries is Die Parler und Schöneder Stil 1350 –1400. The Last Flowers ofthe MiddleAges: from Gothic Karel IV., císa IV., Karel ě lecká Vom Umgang mit Schätzen: internationaler internationaler Schätzen: mit Umgang Vom

Č echách (1230-1530) (Gotique in the Vavra, Kornelia Holzner-Tobisch, Holzner-Tobisch, Kornelia Vavra, ř but literature c literature but emesla“ (Artsand Crafts), in: 106 ř zBožímilosti(Charles IV. The

specialist inmedievalspecialist Gotika v západních Gotika vzápadních ontextualising the Staletá Praha Staletá Od ě , 9, 9, 105

CEU eTD Collection to scholars. the 15 Vitus in Prague, itshistory and description 1(1999), 3-13. of production art 1420-1470“(To inventories published1903 in Františka Josefa pro v Winter, parallel material from Pilsen. from material parallel on methods culturalhistorical applied Dragoun Lately, Michal work. his in approach cultural historical resource because of th because of resource from sources are—inspite extracts theirshortnes of and records His unsurpassed. remains far so historian, late-nineteenth-century a Winter, Zikmund remain they although Ages, cultural history works form substantial foundations for the study of church ornaments inthe Middle Dragoun, ”Vybavenísv. Bartolom kostela (E. Leminger, A. Neumann, B. Bretholz, K.Navrátil, C. von Kutná Hora) (Kutná Hora:Josef Šolc,1907), 54-5. For anumber of works with cultural history interests on local churches kutnohorských nakladatelství, 1985). Josef Neuwirth, Böhmens imMittelalter“ the 15th and and 16th century its guild book of Old Townof (Prague: Prague) Nákladem Moravia) and Bohemia 475-76. 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 culture. approaches to visual culture and its sources. its and culture visual to approaches triedto demonstrate the richnessBohemian of pre-Hussiteandfifteenth century culture. (Prague: (Prague: Národní galeriev Praze, 1995-6), 423. K 700. výro Josefa pro v pro Josefa of Wenceslas II) in monastery) of information fromBohemian medieval sources depictingeveryday life. Antonín Podlaha, andEduard Šittler, Josef Šimek, Josef Petrá Karel Chytil, Zikmund Winter, Hana Soukupová, ”Relikviá Ji Dana Stehlíková, ”Um ř í Kuthan, ”Poklady cisterciáckých klášter th

- 18-

-16 Život církevní v The most important work on the St. Vitus’ metr most importantVitus’ The workonthe St. 109 th č Památky ap Ji centuries) vols. 1-2 (Prague: Matice Matice (Prague: 1-2 vols. centuries) ě í založení m dy, slovesnosta um ň 112 (Kutná Hora in the 15th 16thImages and and century. sketeches from of thecultural history and political ř et alii, et í Kuthan and Jan Müller focused mainly on Cistercian treasures. Cistercian on mainly focused Müller Jan and í Kuthan Kutná Horav15. a 16. století Geschichte Bildenden Kunstder Malí Methodological inspiration can be drawn fromKarel Chytil’s and Joseph Neuwirth’s Um Kulturní obraz ř ě stvo pražské XV. a XVI. v aXVI. XV. stvo pražské D dy, slovesnost aum ě Um Č ř ní 13. století v v století 13. ní ě ě íroda jiny hmotné kultury ě sta Plzn echách Mitteilungen des Vereins Mitteilungen für Geschichtedes inBöhmen derDeutschen eir notableand first-hand reliabilityeir knowle lecké ě ní 7 (1988), 395-400. Jakub Vítovský, ”Zlatnícina dvo ř 36 ”Kcharakteru(1988), 127-141. Müller, Jan kultury výtvarné e z kláštera blahoslavené v Praze na Anežky Františku,“(Reliquariesfrom the Agnes St. ř emeslo“ and (Arts Crafts), in: Ji (Ecclesiastical life inBohemia), vols. 1-2 Nákladem (Prague: ě within the malimits ofoverviews Č ě 115 (Gothic inWesternBohemia. To 700. yearsanniversary of founding of Pilsen) ní, 1906). Josef Neuwirth, ”Beiträge zur Geschichte der Klöster und der Kunstübung Kunstübung und der Klöster der Geschichte ”Beiträge zur Neuwirth, Josef 1906). ní, eský Krumlov 1420-1470), 1420-1470), Krumlov eský 116 č eských m

togetherwith the treasury’s historyreferring to a widerange ofother č eských zemích Chrámový poklad u sv. Víta v Praze. Jeho d Jeho Praze. Víta v u sv. Chrámový poklad ě

ě je vje Plzni“ of(Equipment thechurch of St. Bartolom (Prague: Nákladem D ní, 1895 1896). and (History ofmaterial(History culture), vol. 1.2 (Prague: Státní pedagogické . ě ů

Ř st: Život ve ě

v ku a jeho ku ajeho cechovní knihastarom ada obraz (1898). č Č eská, 1890), bookesp. 3 onthe church equipment, p.444. Zikmund echách anaMorav 113 , ed.Josef Krása, (Prague: Josef Petrá ř ů ejný v aXV. XVI. v , pojednání a Bienenberg, and others) see the bibliography. See also Michal s and almost complete lack of context—a valuable valuable context—a of lack complete almost and s Um ě dictví sv. Prokopa, 1903), text 3-111. (hereafter (hereafter text3-111. 1903), Prokopa, sv. dictví ř ě í Fajt,ed. ní opolitan treasury is Podlaha’s edition of the the of edition Podlaha’s is treasury opolitan ň 33 (1985): 520-545. ě presents a detailed and erudite compilation compilation erudite and detailed a presents ,“(Treasures of,“(Treasures themonasteries Cistercian in č rt zkulturnícha politických d Gotika vzápadních ě dge of resourceswh ku terial culture. The leading work of work Theleading culture. terial Č ě stská zlet1490-1582 stská (Cultural image of Bohemian towns in SAV Ústav teorie a d a teorie Ústav SAV ř ě e Václava II,“ (Goldsmiths inthecourt jiny a popis (Cathedral treasure of St. Č eské Akademie císa eské Akademie 114 34 (1896), 92-123,225-248. (1896), 34 110 Č Č ě Josef Šimek used a j in Pilsen), eského Krumlova v letech letech v Krumlova eského eské císa akademie Č Other scholars have scholars Other echách (1230-1530).echách ich today are lost today arelost ich (Prague painting of (Prague ě ě jin um jin 111 Kud ř ě General e Františka ní, 1983), ě , vol.2 j ř e CEU eTD Collection v srdciPrahy Sciences around 1990 unfortunately remained unfinished. remained unfortunately 1990 around Sciences Academy of the of History Art of Institute the by conducted treasury St.Vitus the of evaluation new centuriesinventory nineteenth to the fourteenth date—and of out resource—albeit now a unique they were displayed in Prague. Historiae Artium (PhD. Disseration, of University Notre Dame, , 2003). Cult of 53-72.KarelOtavský,Thorbecke, 2006), “Kult nástroj Spätzeit“ in Karls IV English. Boydell Press, 2000). The good author’s knowledgemakesCzech literature of this into a good introduction to thetopic in antiquadevotio 281-290. 38 (1990), Karel Otavský, and Kate 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 CPSVP). way Charles IV collected relics. A number of studies have been written since Vojt since written been have studies of A number relics. collected IV Charles way studythis on topic. the medieval treasury in Bohemia. Bohemia. in treasury medieval the at the forms of devotion, the evolution of the iconography, and coveal cultural and policy. iconography, the of evolution the devotion, of forms at the of the sources. The work comprises editions of twenty-two inventories predating 1620, editions of two orders mapping Prague’s religious topography and parochial life in the context of royal policy, royal of context the in life and parochial topography religious Prague’s mapping articles of Paul Crossley. Karolus Quartus Romae. KarelIV.a Constantine and the Greek-Persian antithesis in the ofart IV) Charles A. Birnbaumová 1947),(Prague 146-156. um 1980), 55-79.Pavel ostatcích svatých“ (Passion of CharlesIVfor therelics of saints) in pecularities) in in pecularities) Paul “Bohemia Crossley, and Sacra” “Polonia liturgy Sacra”: and history in Prague and Cracow cathedrals” David “Bones, Mengel, Stones and Brothels:Religion andTopography in Prague under Emperor Charles IV (1346-78)” Karel ”Das Otavský, Mosaik am Burg Prager und DreiReliquiare in Prag und Wien: KarlsIV. Kunstaufträge ausseiner Karel Otavský, On artand policy also IvaRosario, Rudolf Chadraba, “Tradice druhého Konstantina a Vojt Only alittle part waspublished, e.g., Anežka Merhautová, ”Relikviá ě ní slohu krásného v

- 19- ě arma Christi ostensiones Europäische Hochschulschriften 28.Kunstgeschichte (Bern: Peter Lang, 1992). Kate ch Birnbaum, “KarelIVjakoch Birnbaum, sb Podlaha’swork on theSt. Vitustreasury focussed the attention of scholars a on newtopic the– Künstlerische Wechselwirkungen Künstlerischein Mitteleuropa Wechselwirkungen , ed. Klára Benešovská, and Kate Otec vlasti, 1316-1378 vlasti, Otec ,” , ed.Václav Van 7 (2002), 49-69. Idem, “Bohemia sacra:Liturgy and in History Prague Cathedral”, in: Medievalia Bohemica Die Sankt Wenzelskrone imPrager Domschatz und dieFrageder Kunstauffassung amHofe Kaiser Ř Č Charles IVandunder Karlštejn textile with in angels) ím of relics from the treasury, and accounts of accounts and treasury, the from relics of erný, ”KarelIV.an 118 (Imitatio Romae. Charles IV and ) (Prague: Artefactum 2006). Č echách Rudolf Chadraba, Karel Stejskal, Zden Stejskal, Karel Chadraba, Rudolf 124 ř ina Kubínová published texts on Charles’ relics, Both authors have provided fresh methodological support for the the of study for support methodological fresh provided have authors Both ěč (Study to (Study the beginnings of the Style)(Prague: Beatiful Karolinum,1974). ek (Prague: Univerzita Karlova, 455-467. 1984), Jaroslav V. Polc, “Váše (Rome: K (Rome: Art and propaganda.Charles IV of Bohemia (1346 – 1378) 122 1(1969), 51-68. KarelStejskal, “Karel jako sb ě ratel ratel a Praha”(Charles IVas acollector and in Prague), Theirfindings have been complementeda recent by dissertation ě které zvláštnosti mariánské ikonografie“ (Charles IV and iconography and mariánské IV (Charles zvláštnosti ikonografie“ které ř ina Kubínová (Prague: Academia, 2007), 61-76. ř es ť anská akademie, 81-117. 1980), Jaromír Homolka, ř ů ecko-perská antiteze v um Kristova umu by inventory. A long-awaited attempt to produce a , ed. Ji , ed. it follows the fromthe history it of thetreasury Otec vlasti 1316-1378 ř í Fajt and MarkusHörsch, (Sigmaringen: Jan 117 Um č ení zaKarlaIVakarlštejnská látka ands ř

sv. Mikuláše“ of (Reliquary St.Nicolas), ě ě important donations to the treasury. It the treasury.It is important donations to ní k Kalista and Jaroslav V. Polc Jaroslav and Kalista k Emauzy. Benediktinský klášter NaSlovanech klášter Benediktinský Emauzy. 16 (1968), 567-603, and his “Kaiser IV Karls ě ní Karlaní IV” (Traditionofsecond ě ratel“ (Charles (Charles ratel“ as ina collector) (Rome: K 121 ř especially on the way ina Kubínová, Listy zd (Woodbridge: The (Woodbridge: ě ch Birnbaum´s first first Birnbaum´s ch ř es

ť Pierre, lumière, Pierre, Studie kpo anská akademie, ě 123 jin um 120 ň Karla IV. po and the by Imitatio Recently, 119 ě ly,“ (The ě Folia Um looked ní

č átk , ed. ě ní ů m

CEU eTD Collection Acta Universitatis CarolinaeActa–Philosophicaet Universitatis Historica ,Monographia -1965 9 (Prague: Univerzita Karlova 1966). St v Z. Hledíková), ed.Ivan Hlavá times) Karolinum, (Prague: Blanka “Záduší“ 2002). Zilynská, (Donationfor the soul) in Polc, and Zde st Philosophica Historicaet 2 (1999) (Prague: Karolinum,2003). Pavel Krafl, administration and its on charters the turnofthe Middle Ages and ModernEra), 1344-1994 zákonodárství“ (Chapters from Churchthe life of following Bohemia thepre-Hussite legislation) in 2007). Communication in European Reformation. Artistic andOther Media inCentral Europe 1380-1620 st Peter Lang, 2006); Colloquia Medievalia Pragensia (esp. Martin Nodl, ed. Deutschland und Böhmen inden Umbrüchen der frühen Neuzeit come from broad-based studies on Central European space. European Central studies on come from broad-based religious practices inBohemia the in LateMiddle Ages and Early Modern Era.Important results have Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice andReligious Bohemian Reformation liturgického prostoru v bazilice sv.Víta,“ 227-240. 1920) cannot be fully trusted because of manipulative ofits use thesources. (Hradec Králové: Tiskové družstvo, 1922),or Hrdina, and Hartmut Kühne, eds. Culture European in Kultur/Pilgrimages Hussite destruction oftreasuries would ce 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 Minnis (York:York Medieval Press, 2000), 99-172. Charles IVofBohemia” in: (Paris: Presses de l’Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 1999), 341-65. Idem,“The Politics ofPresentation: The Architecture of d’histoirecouleur: Études de l’art du Âge Moyen en l’honneur d’Anne Prache used Praguemartyrology in her study on Charles IVand Rome. Wenceslaus IV). Liturgical sources are largely undervalued as well; lately, Kubínová successfully (e.g., personalities powerful of policies cultural of interpretations on and books account and liturgical and practices, liturgical cult Catholic both 1996. since well as a thematic volume on church administration. church on volume thematic a as well in Bohemia were rehabilitatedaseries in of ř ř Č ř As abeginning of this new interest, see Milena Bartlová, “UnderstandingHussite iconoclasm,“ (forthcoming). Iam Kubínová, The workofAugustin Neumann, Polc, “Váše Bohemian Reformation Seriesof the biennial Villa Lanna Ivan Hlavá Europäische Wallfahrtstudien (esp.Daniel Doležal, andHartmut Kühne,eds. edov edov edov echách1418 -1440

- 20- ě ě ě ku ku ké soupisy knih aknihoven vdob It hasonly been recentlythattheattention ofayoung generation scholarsof hasturnedto Remaining , ed. Jaroslav V.Polc, and HledíkováZdenka (Prague: Zvon, 1994), 30-57. (Synods and of statutes Olomoucdiocese intheMiddle Ages) (Prague: Historický Ústav, 2003).Jaroslav V. (Piety of(Piety the Middle Ages), (Prague: and CMS,2007)) Milena Bartlová, and Michal Šron ň č Imitatio RomaeImitatio ň ka Hledíková, Hledíková, ka ek, andek, JanHrdina, eds. Karla IV.“, 55-79, JaroslavV. Polc, “Kapitoly z církevníhoživota (Hussite in Synods Bohemia 1418-1440) (Prague: Univerzita Karlova, 1985). Ivan Hlavá desiderata Courts and regions in Medieval Europe . Liturgical for sources the of basilica St. Vitus, Kubková-Ma Pražské synody akoncily p č ek, and JanHrdina (Prague: Scriptorium, 1998), 535-547. Blanka Zilynská, WallfahrtReformation—Pou und of medieval scholarship in Bohemia include detailed studies on studies on detailed in Bohemia include scholarship medieval of Z d Církevní správa a jejípísemnosti nap ě , Europäische 1Wallfahrtsstudien (Frankfurt am Lang, Peter Main: 2006); Jan jin bohoslužebjin vdob ě p ř edhusitské Církevní jm , appearing since1996;volumes 1, 2, 3,6 and 7,henceforth BRRP). rtainly bring interesting results as well. as results interesting bring rtainly 128 and Protestant, and (Medieval inventories of (Medieval inventories booksand libraries beforethe Hussites), ř colloquia edhusitské doby ě ní za doby husitské se z se husitské doby za ní colloquia ě husitské 126 , Europäische Wallfahrtsstudien 2 (Frankfurt am Main: Reformation amendments to religious practices practices religious to amendments Reformation ť , ed.SarahReesJones, Richard Marks,and A. J. areformace: Zur Veränderung religiöser Praxis in on the Bohemian Reformation Bohemian the on (Zden (From of the History Liturgy in the Hussite times) 125 129 (Prague synodsand councilsin the pre-Hussite Several new Colloquia MedievaliaPragensia on the Protestant church administration administration church Protestant the on Synody a statutaolomoucké diecéze období 130 ě ř , ed.Fabienne Joubert, andDany Sandron k David, andDavid eds. Holeton, elomu st

A new, more detailed evaluationof Acta Universitatis Carolinae— Wallfahrten in europäischen ř Č etelem kMorav ech podle p ř Facta probant homines edov ř íková, andEben, ”Organizace statutes ě ku a novov ku a ř 131 edhusitského edhusitského (Prague: Artefactum, ě

(Olomouc: Našinec, (Olomouc: Našinec, Pražské arcibiskupství,Pražské ě were published as were published k eds.,

ě ku Husitské synody 127 6. (Church Public published published Zbožnost Zbožnost (Festschrift The č ek,

CEU eTD Collection století century), vol.century), 11. Regensburg. Vom Bauen und Gestalten einer gotishen Kathedrale Germany, where the state ofpreservation medieval of objects is better (Achim Hubel, and Manfred Schuler, 1471) inventories at the beginning of in the 15.c.) hundreds of items, of hundreds even many dozens, contained Bohemia in treasures cathedral and monastic medieval Although 3. 2Bohemiansources for medieval treasuries Č submission, in Chrudim Whit of the Battle after pressure re-Catholisation seventeenth- in mentions from only known treasuries relics. this number!), similarly asin the church Augustinian of St. Thomas in Prague.St. Vitus treasurycontains severalhundred Brn Univerzity v 1.6 m high (Karel Chytil, Chytil, m 1.6 (Karel high century and beg. of the16th century), na za Hussite time) “Exkurs 1. Olomoucká kapitulní knihovna ajejí inventá 135 134 133 132 indebted tothe authorforme letting havemanuscript. thepre-publication that only 2-3% of objects from church treasuries survived down to time; our to down survived treasuries church from of objects 2-3% only that Deutschen inBöhmen Schmidt, ”Ein Gojauer Pfarrinventar aus demEnde des15. Jahrhunderts,“ today, asasymbol ofits departurefrom its Protestant past. even preserved monstrance, “Catholic” make anew large to silverware church its Utraquist melted plundering. and re-building works on the churches then to direct losses through Hussite (or any other party’s) these unfortunate results.Losstreasury jewels of in for are responsible wars that the Napoleonic after collapse fiscal state the (4.) mainly and century, financing new building and restoration of thechuches), 3. the confessional conflict of theseventeen tr medieval to attitudes in changes 2. objects, old about at even lower, 1 %.Less than the virulent ti eské akademii císa Antonin Fr. Rybi Dana Stehlíková, ”K The inventory of 1413 of Cathedral in Olomouc coontained almost one pieces hundred of jewellry (Miroslav Flodr, Appendix II, no. 35—chalices of in treasury Kájov itsCatholic sold by for priest the restoration of thechurch, Valentin č (Description ofhistorical and artmonuments in the kingdom of Bohemiafrom prehistory to the beginning ofthe 19 átku XVI. století” (The lists of andjewels rentsof thedeaconate churchin Chrudimin the half sec. of the 15th Staletá Praha

- 21-

Um 134 Virtually unreflectedin theliterature is ě ě Politický chrudimský okres —Filosofická fakulta 67 (Prague: SPN, 1960), 164, thefollowing of inventory 1430 shows adecrease of ní č 14 171—187. (1984), Situation inBohemia is particularily bad when compared for to, example, ř e Františka Josefa prov 40.4-5 (1992), 301-311.40.4-5 eadem,“Pražští zlatníci vletech 1400 až 1471,” (Prague goldsmiths 1400— ka, “Seznamy klenot “Seznamy ka, (MVGDB) 44, (1906), 193. 132 č eskému zlatnictví husitské doby a pohusitské“ (On Czechgoldsmith artof Hussite and post- Soupis památekhistorických aum objects surviving from themedieval treasures are scarce. Stehlíková assumes 135 the town council, upon for ’s Catholic demand upon thetowncouncil, “heretic vessels”, V ě stník královské ů a úro Scriptorium Olomoucké. K po (Political district of (Praha: Nákladem Chrudim) archeologické komise p ě dy, slovesnost a um č ních plat ř č e na po e na eské spole ů easuries,and their pragmatic economic use (oftenfor d ě leckých vkrálovství me of the , it Hussitewas me 1. there-working the of of e Mountain. For example, in the symbolic act of of act symbolic the in example, For e Mountain. ě kanského chrámu Pán chrámu kanského the fifteenth century torelated more is restoration č century town sources – a situation resulting from resulting – asituation sources town century átku 15.stol.“ 1. (Excurs Olomouc chapter library and its ě (Regensburg: Friedrich Pustet, 1995), 10). 10). 1995), Pustet, Friedrich (Regensburg: ní, 1900). 1900). ní, č the Catholic destruction of Utraquist church Utraquist of the Catholic destruction nosti nauk č Mitteilungen desMitteilungen fürGeschichte Vereins der átk ů (1895), 2,ftnotemonstrance 2.The silver is m písa Č eském odprav ě vChrudimi polovici vdruhé XV.a ř ské tvorby v 133 I would put the the number put would I ě ku do po č eských zemích

č átku XIX. Der Dom zu

. Spisy ř i th

CEU eTD Collection there are only two inventories known from the early period of the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. thirteenth to eleventh the of early period from the known inventories two are only there facts knownfrom thechroniclesfor the period before themid-fourteenth century because inBohemia main the summarised only I sources. the reading in selective be to arose need a research, the of scale compiledlistainventories of Bohemian of medieval church treasures. Unavoidably, giventhe broad sources; Iedited several theof unpublished sources chronicles, charters,statutes, and manuscriptsas fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries,among theminventories, registers, and—to alesser extent— registers. church e.g., sources, specific of evaluation aswell an isstill needed, functions, singleitemsor documents. Aboader narrative on the treasures, respectinga variety ofaspects and beyond actualeditions. Theresearchersfocused mostly treasures’ onthe content, and often only on little attentionrather surprisingis how was paid medieval testimony treasures,the of writtenrecords of 110. 137 136 growing number of charters and sources generally f generally sources and charters of number growing Prague. Access to the sources from thisperiod is worse, and they are comparatively rare given the outside andregions churches the town to attention of focus the shifts preservation of state different of kind source materialregisters, (town entirely an by covered are centuries sixteenth and fifteenth the hand, other IV. the On Wenceslaus under sources administrative of a collection as as well IV, Charles of reign the from treasures chronology and content-related texts.I had a good account onthe growth and use of(mainly monastic) representations in the West is a print depicting the St. Vitus treasury. similar with casecorresponding exceptional An Prague). St. Nicholas in of gradual (Utraquist century Bible)desi (Velislav moralist texts or of illustrations representations theof liturgy (eg. Jena Codex), the in found are them of Most function. or design original their reflect not does often rendering their Martin Nodl, ed., Appendix I, no. 1, and Appendix II,no. 18. Michal Šron

- 22- I used a wide pool of narrative, diplomatic and administrative sources mainly from the Written evidence treasureson is, on the otherhand, more substantial. For reconstructing Visual representations of the obj When reviewing thesources on thelater period,encountered I astrong disproportion of ě k, “Karel IV,Jan Rokycana ašlojí Zbožnost st ř edov ě ku (Piety in the Middle Ages), Colloquia Medievala Pragensia 6 (Prague: CMS, 2007),

ects in the treasures are also also re are treasures the ects in ř nejistý“ (CharlesIV, Jan Rokycana and the“uncertain veil“ in ) well. I employed both published and unpublished unpublished and published both Iemployed well. church registers, and fragmentory inventories). The andfragmentory registers, inventories). church to medievalchurch trea ound in this period. Throughout this dissertation, this dissertation, Throughout in this period. ound gns of the interiorgns of ofchurchesthe sixteenthin the in memorial donations scenes (Karlštejn), in and attachedAp themin treasures—the inventories may be relied on. It relied on. be may inventories treasures—the 136

latively rarein Bohemia,and sures in Central Europe sures in Central endix II, where I have have I II, where endix 137

CEU eTD Collection treasuries. In the area of the Holy Roman Empire, such inventories appeared as early as the eleventh to to eleventh the as early as appeared inventories such Empire, Roman Holy the of area the In treasuries. church administrationfuture and study) in its (1965) (Prague: Universita Karlova 1966) books andin the libraries times) pre-Hussite 10. 1991), University thesis, Charles Prague (MA Prague) Charles IV’s collection ofrelics St. Vitus treasury. and Charles study of treasures appeared around 2000. New evaluations and questions concentrate the on Emperor identifyth objects usedto in mostly editions were 141 140 139 138 development, Zilynská called foreditions and eval economic value and administration). towncouncil) and avariety purposesof (representationaland memorial, visitation, property evidence, treasury. Also,the inventories were often writtenfor various institutionsChurch (the authorities, the the in objects the part—of typical most the one part—albeit only covers therefore and purposes, needs ofthechurch. Thisdefinition omits objects donatedrepresentational, for curiosity and memorial service, i.e. a property of achurch, chapter orcl li and detailed less,complete or more asa, treasury a Tomáš Sekyrka, Church inventories information, which left a significant mark on the testimony of the sources. of coverage the in disparities geographical and chronological the mind in keep must reader the stol.“, 162-182. stol.“, 162-182. National Gallery inPrague: 2003). 142-155, both in: Kroupová, and Pavel Kroupa, “On thequestion of the depositing Sacramentalia ofthe Holy Roman Empire in Bohemia,” Fassungen,” 129-141, and Otavský’s articles in Ji down in the town and church registers in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. sixteenth and fifteenth the registersin church and town the in down of books. of lists of framework the within only then edited, are inventories such if exceptional; are WWII editions century interestinculture history. Lesshas been published on churchinventories afterWWI, and post- Zilynská, “Záduší“, Blanka Zilynská, 535-547. “Utrakvistická církevnímožnosti a správa jejího studia” (Utraquist nástroj “Kult Otavský, Editions ofthe lists ofIvan books: Hlavá Tomáš Inventá Sekyrka,

- 23- Churchinventories the aremost important source of informationabout medieval church In Bohemia, editionsofthe the inventories of tr

139 Untilvery recently, theintere Court Chapels ofthe High and Late Middle Agesand theirartistic decoration 138 in his work onpre-Hussiteinventories Prague of churches,defines inventory an of ů “; “; ř e kostelních poklad Die SanktDie Wenzelskrone . Flodr,“Exkurs 1. Olomoucká kapitulní ajejí knihovna inventá

č Acta Universitatis Carolinae -Philosophica etHistorica Monographia 9 ek, Církevní aspráva její písemnostina p ů St vp ř í Fajt, ed. ed. í Fajt, ř edov st in inventories among schola among st inventories in ř edhusitské Praze (Inventories of in treasures pre-Hussite church ; “Reliquien in BesitzKaiser KarlsIV, ihre Verehrung undihre ě ké soupisy knih a knihoven v dob v knihoven kniha ké soupisy Karel IV.Císa oister, which is written down to serve internal the e treasury.e first The asignsnew of approach tothe st indirectly objectsrelated directlyof or God’s to uations of theleast-stud easures are mostly the result of a nineteenth- of result the easures aremostly 140 ř zBožímilosti From the perspective of Fromthe later the perspective ř elomu st rs was surprisingly low; the low;was surprisingly rs (Prague:Academia, Jana 2006). ě p ř 141 ř edov edhusitské ied inventories, written written inventories, ied , ed. Ji

ě ku a novov ku a ř í Fajt (Prague: (Prague: í Fajt

(Medievalof lists ř e na po e na ě ku č , 49-52. , 49-52. átku 15. átku 15. CEU eTD Collection Geschichtsquellen Chorgewänder u.a.m.“ Jahre 1435, Verzeichniss oder aller Kostbarkeiten derselben in GoldundSilber, Reliquien von Heiligen, Bücher, Mess und Gregor Wolny1915)). editedimportant Moravian inventories (Gregor Wolný. “Inventarium Domkirche derOlmützer vom Základy starého místopisu pražského 1870), vol. 3 Augustinian (cca1340) in Sušice no. 172; (cca1348), no.61. century. Wladivoj Tomek, inventorize church movables was given in the church synodal or metropolitan statutes, metropolitan or synodal church the in wasgiven movables church inventorize 149 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 half of the fourteenth throughout the sixteenth centuries, and further. and centuries, sixteenth the throughout fourteenth the of half ofinventories collection from theme the monetary value of the objects. even or donors employed, materials include some objects, the namesof only provide inventories some Chrudim Olomouc paper in booklets ( libraries,including lists thebooks of inventoriedin the treasuryinventory. critical catalogue has been written the about treasury inventories;there iscatalogue a only ofmedieval this time, however,the inventories come fromeither monastic and parish churches for the time around 1400 and again for the time around and after 1500— comealsofrom thecathedral ofSt. Wenceslaus inOlomouc.We then possessimportant inventories of dating to this period (around 1130). (around period this to dating earliest inventories, the Bohemian of caston been has doubt however, twelfth recently, centuries; the protection ofthe church belongingsalso was ordered. fourteenth century, although few of these survived. these few of although century, fourteenth half of the thirteenthcentury, and morewere prob Editiones Archiviimetropolitani s.f. etBibliothecae capituliPragensis (Pragae 1905), 22. V. V.Tomek, and Teigepublished J. of inventories Prague monumentalchurches in their work on Prague (Wáclaw Sekyrka, Polc, and Hledíková, Article Hlavá CPSVP, III-LX. Hlavá Hlavá

- 24-

A substantial number of inventories or fragments fragments or inventories of number A substantial The format inventorie written material of and The č č č 149 ek, ek, ek, De inventariis ) or as parts of manuscripts, church or town registers ( ), inscribedor the on inner side of amissal binding. Their information value also varies— Inventá Isolated inventories were publishedin regional publications, Malá Strana St St St ř ř ř edov edov edov D

Heft ř ě e jepis m ě ě ě , 11-12,Vlk, ké soupisy knih a knihoven ké soupisy knih a knihoven ké soupisy knih a knihoven Oesterreichische III.Notizenblatt Geschichtsquellen 2-Beilage zum Archiv für österreichische Pl. 1., St.Vitusinventory of 1355 10(1852), 140-151, Pražské synody Pražské in (vol. 4 (vol.

Antonín Podlaha, ed. ě sta Prahy Hrad Pražský a Hrad Hrad Pražský Um (Old topography of Prague),vol. 1.2 (Prague: Nákladem obce král. hl.m ě (History of(History Prague), vol. 1 lecké , Krafl, , Krafl, 148

142 Heft tropolitan treasury of the cathed ř emeslo The next inventory from Bohemia dates as lateas second the Synody diecéze astatuta Olomoucké , 11, and 122. , 122: M , no. 76, 56. Appendix I. 11(1852), 168—172, Statuta Metropolitanae ecclesiae anno Pragensis consripta 1350 , 45-7. , 45-7. č any ě lník (1276-7), no.63;B lník , vol. 5 143 ably written in Bohemia in the first half of the firstBohemia halfof in the in ably written 147 Utraquist or Catholic town parish churches. No No churches. parish orCatholic town Utraquist s vary; they may be written s vary;they bewritten on may parchment or Staré m On On the other hand, Bohemiaoffers crucial a ), separate charters (

Vyšehrad of them were published in the late the in nineteenth werepublished them of Heft ě sto ), (Prague: F. 15 (1852), 225-231. Gregor Wolny, (Prague 1866), vol. 2 vol. 1866), (Prague ř evnov (1296-1306) no. 6; cloister of of cloister 6; no. (1296-1306) evnov . Pl. 3, Utraquist inventory of ral of St. Vitus from the second second St. ral from the Vitus of 144 Threeimportant inventories Ř Pl. 2., St. Wenceslaus in in Wenceslaus St. 2., Pl. ivná 150 č and mentions and were 145 , 1872), Josef Teige, Josef, 1872), Teige, Theobligation to Nowé m Nowé 146 ě sto ě wherethe sta Prahy, (Prague , CEU eTD Collection XVI. století,“ 1-4 from 1354 on. It consisted of ahistorical description theof St. Vitus treasury and the transcription of inventories 37. beyond the of time-span work. this kingof Friedrich the Palatine in1619-1620. The editions contains also inventories after 1620 after), (1649 and which are and 17thearly century inventories notare edited, Podlaha singlemainly includes only quotes, thelosses under the Winter mountainpre-White isthat inventory of Since 1512. 1512, manuscript AMK KACod. XXIV (with revisions). The16th bookletformat, not accessible for study), and in theNational Archive (15th century). The oldest isof and 1354 the latest Prague CastleArchives (APH, KA sign.260/1-7, text-fiche inv. no. 5187, originals inkare on parchment or paper in a inventories by Antonín Podlaha from 1903 represented a rich resources for medievalists, for resources a rich represented from 1903 Podlaha Antonín by inventories zachovaných zbytcích(Betlehem Chapel. Onitshistory and preservedpieces) (1437-1620) místopisu pražského Libri erectionum archidiocesis Pragensis saeculo XIV. et XV for the study of reliquaries, liturgical objects, and and objects, liturgical reliquaries, of study the for František Lipka, “Starší inventá 15.dem des Jahrhunderts“, Ende cathedral), skvost 153 152 151 150 list of fromrelics Prague churches various given to (Ond Andreas monastery of Zlatá Koruna, treasury in the Vyšší Brod Cistercianmonastery under patronage of the Rosenberg’s, and the late nineteenthcentury, threeimportant accountswere published in the editions: charter jewelsthe of Cistercian the Lehner, Selbstverlag Verfassers, Substantial footnote1855), des 268, 2.). report oninventories has F. Lehner (Ferdinand Josef TopographieKirchliche vonMähren nach meist Urkunden und Handschriften history, and in monographs. historical and in history, published inlarge acollection of Churchadministrative sources,in collections of sources Pragueon for registers fromentries intown the extracted M. Kobza, Realgymnasiummitdeutsche Unterrichtsprache im Znaim (Znojmo: F.M.Lenk, 1928). pr Rybi 187. 240, no. Archiv 23, Historický monastery), of Zbraslav zbraslavského” (Charters Ferdinand “Listy kláštera Tadra, archeologické a místopisné fromKrumlov) (Inventory Moraviae reliquiis Testimonium de (Former jewels of inPrague), (Former jewels St.Gallus medievalThe selective follows: of oftreasures list editions Fr. J. Zoubek, ”Bývaléklenoty kostelasv. HavlavPraze” Acta, vol. 37 (Vienna 1872)). Urkundenbuch des ehemaligen Cisterzienserstiftes Goldenkron in Böhmen Town Prague), m kostel Starého hlavní”Týnskýfarní Vladislav Zap, chrám, kutnohorských r. 1516“ (Vessels and textiles of Kutná Horaand churches), 1516“of (Vessels textiles r. Kutná kutnohorských ů Twenty-two inventories predating 1526,now partly (14 Podlaha, An importantpre-Hussite inventory from Prague parish the church of St. Gallus wasincluded in the Eg. Carl Josef von Bienenberg, myslu a podobným“ to (Material history of crafts art and similar) č ka, “Seznamyklenot ů

- 25-

a velechrámu olomouckého” (Inventory of knih equipment, church jewels textiles, andbooks of Olomouc D

, ě Method pars 3 pars jiny um jiny Kleinodienverzeichnis der St. Niklaskirche inZnaim imJahre 1524. Chrámový poklad 153

Památkyarcheologické místopisné a . Annorum 1311-1333

ě 15 (1889), 115-117, 127-129, 127-129, 115-117, (1889), 15 ní národa

.., no.1722, year1330, 672- 673, in Method ů 20 (1903), 551-556, mainly Mareš,”Materiálie (1903), 551-556, 551-554. František 20 kd a úro , III-LX. , III-LX. č eského , vol. 1.2, 97, no. 12, 13, 23. Ferdinand Hrejsa, ř Geschichte derGeschichte Stadt Königsgratz 4 (1878), 10-11, 23-24, 43-44, 4(1878), 70.Vincenc Brandl, “Inventá č kostelní v ofBoskovicích“ (Old churchin the inventory Boskovice) Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte der Deutschen inBöhmen Deutschen Geschichte der des Vereinsfür Mitteilungen ních plat ních (Art history (Art history of Czechnation), vol. 1.3 Doba románská (Prague: Unie, 1907). Inthe

Opera JosephiOpera Emler Method ů d 151 ě kanského chrámukanského Pán Method 9 (1883), 1-4, 7-9, 115-117. Antonín Baum, “Inventá 1-4,7-9,115-117. Antonín9 (1883), Baum, For more than a century, the edition of the St. Vitus’ St.Vitus’ the of edition the a century, than more For 1 (1855),“Nádobí 109, Karel 1 kostel B.Mádl, aroucha 16 (1890),7-9. Valentin Schmidt, ”Ein Gojauer Pfarrinventar aus th and 16 (Prague 1890), cf. Appendix I, no. 2. Matthias Pangerl. appliedarts in Bohemia und , vol. 4,1,no. 256 (henceforth LE).Teige, monographs on churches and towns. Otherswere Regesta Diplomaticanecnon epistolaria et Bohemiae ě sta pražského“ (Tyne church, main parish church of Olt mainchurch, churchof Olt pražského“ parish (Tyne sta ř ej of Pab ej of th centuries) in the Metropolitancenturies) Chapter archive inthe , vol. 1(Prague: Franz Gerzabek, 1780). 239, Raimund Památky archeologické ě v Chrudimi v druhé polovin , FontesRerumAustriacarum 2. Diplomataria et ě nice?) before 1330 Emler (Joseph ed. (Prague: Spole , vol. 1.1 Památky Archeologické Beilage zum Staats-Reform- Bericht des Betlémská kaple. O jejích d Olmützer Erzdiocese č nost Husova musea, nost Husova 1922), 16 (1893-5), 16297-302. (1893-5), Karel er Charles IV and later. IVandlater. Charles er ř ná č

iní kostelního, rouch, rouch, kostelního, iní

ě Klement Borový, ě XV. anaza Základy starého 17 (1896), 3-329. 3-329. 17 (1896), jinám um 44 (1906), 193. 193. (1906), 44 152 ě ř (Brno: Krumlovský” jinách a important

ě Památky leckého leckého č átku ů

CEU eTD Collection appear mainly in the context of larger, broadly focused monographs. focused larger, of broadly context the mainly in appear benches, hangings,and altarcovers curtains. and catalogue from the 1960s. from the catalogue development ofthe books andlibraries in kept churches the in Bohemia is provided by Hlavá inventoriesas well. Theseobjects di not form regularly of parts treasuries, although were ifthey storedin the treasury in monstrancesthe processions together with and other objects.Canopies, lights, listed and are images in these a partof Curtains thetreasury. and banners of guilds and used brotherhoods,were todecorate the church andinterior carried inventories.Such goods werepartof the equipment standard of alocal parish church in the fifteenth century - not typically focused onmaterial strictly archival that does not reach any historical, historical art interpretation orcultural history Bohemia insufficient(eg. catalogue data, which complicate His the search). compilation erudite; is however, remains catalogue of the sources. In his introduction,Sekyrka pointsmain out problems ofmedieval ofthe study inventories in follows thesources, type offormation objects, of treasures, handling theobjects and thefate of The fifth treasures. partis published.been previously As his work is not easily accessible,may it be helpful toreviewhereits content. The work Gallus); exceptthe St. Peter and Paul,Vyšehrad, and the Virgin of Mary monastery theCarthusian all inventories have Minor Town of Prague, the church of Mary ofthe Virgin monastery the Carthusian in Újezd, and the parish church of St. BonifaciusBenedikt, in andAlexius B remaining inventories arethe collegiate ofchurch the St. Peter and Paul in Vyšehrad, the Benedictine of St. eighteen pre-1420 inventoriesof Prague includingchurches, ofa series thirteenrelevant inventories of St. Vitus (the Verl. Wiss. Archiv 1967). Böhmen inRechnungsbücher 1382-1411 ihren Prag 157 156 155 154 church inventories, but both, unfortunately, remain unpublished. remain unfortunately, both, but inventories, church Vlk Miloslav and inventories Prague pre-Hussite sculptures, images, altar ornaments, the Eucharist ve chapels altars in the toanaltar—ne adjacent or inventory. Theseare objects keptin the interior of the church,at the altars, the in cupboards nextto the mind that a large proportion of church equipment, as well as ornaments is often not recorded in the in keep must researchers finally, And readers. for problems cause also may paleography complicated fragmentory nature that that complicat nature fragmentory as their well as in appear they the formats of diversity is the inventories study of the of problem cataloguing which complicatesselection ofthe inventories from alarge pool ofmaterial. Another century authors. of the turn those of the achievement advancebeyond much not did minor and rather are inventories the registers ofthe Teutonicregisters Order. knights Inaddition, objects suchasorgans used andbells, inmaterial the culture ofmay thechurch alsobe found in Sekyrka, “Inventá Ivan Hlavá Such isthe edition of theinventories of St. Thomas in inPrague the edition of (Würzburg:Verlag Augustiner 1985). Hereafter

- 26- In the twentieth century few newinventories were brought to light from archives; the they Thereseveral are problems inthestudy of inventories.First is thetraditional form of archival č ek, ek, St ř ř edov e“. Vlk, “Um ě ké soupisy knih a knihoven 155 ě More was promised by two Prague MA theses by Tomáš Sekyrka on lecké lecké ř

evnov, monastery of Hermits, the thechurchof St.Thomas in the Jaroslav Kadlec, ed. es identification of the sources sources the of es identification ř

emeslo“(with of edition of theinventories 17-18th centuries). Sekyrka collected , Quellen und, Quellen Studien Geschichtezur Deutschen des 22 Ordens (Bonn: Codex Thomaeus.Codex . 157 Codex Thomaeus. Das Augustinerkloster Sankt Thomasin

xt to liturgical books and vessels in additon to additon books and in vessels to liturgical xt on the seventeenth – eighteenth centuries Tyne Tyne centuries eighteenth – seventeenth the on ssels, pulpits, baptismalssels, pulpits, Josef Hemmerle, ed. 156 in the catalogues. Fragmentory and Fragmentory the catalogues. in New contributions on research on on Newcontributions Codex Thommaeus 154 Die Deutschordens-Ballei An overview of the fonts, chancels, lamps, lamps, chancels, fonts, and inventoriesthe in č ek’s a CEU eTD Collection (Town in registra Bohemia and Moravia) scholars. theirand editions are rather rare,church registers havenotbeen yet sufficientlyexploited bythe locations up-to-date with catalogues recent any contain do not books town Bohemian Asthe behind. lags considerably registers and books town research preserved on in matters based church of study The Town and Church Registra Louny. objects probably used as a financ Books available are (Tábor, and Ji Specialised registers of church donations (a book of donations for the soul— forthe donations (a of book donations church of registers Specialised 161 160 159 158 (flowers, ears of wheat and wine runners). the the angelin same costumes is for fortrue liturgical although dramas, breviary describes the anenacted dialogue between women and my they do knowledge, not occur in Bohemianmention inventories. No made is might wherethey havebeen kept; the although mentioned these goods rarely are the sources in in general(see Crucifix or theResurrected Christfor Easter Sunday were also likely to havebeen storedin the sacristy or aumbry, mightroom, they havebeen inventoried.for Hurdles figures ofcoffins, donkeys for PalmSunday, the Holy Grave, the also includedalso editions of the inventories from registersthe in Chrudim(no. and 34) Vod and church donations (Znojmo, Ji covers period of 1497to 1550s. 36),begun in1497,serves asanexample ofnew developments in treasury administration. Apendix II. Among them,the Book of of St.Nicholaus church in Prague Old Town (no. candles. for provisions and stalls of exchanges as such life, parish on details as practical well as expenditures, relevant to parish economy, including private donations, inventories of treasures, incomes and Prague) inthe second half ofthe fifteenth and in the sixteenth centuries. They comprise allmatters Book ofSacristans) were wr all the churches mentioned were Utraquist Utraquist were mentioned churches all the Book of (Booksacristans of Nový, seeRostislav and Foroverviewbooks, ofregisters town 20. no. II, Appendix ForLouny, St.Nicolas in Town Old Prague, and Vod

- 27-

159

The first entries on church treasuries emerge among legal transactions: an inventory of church church of inventory an transactions: legal among emerge treasuries church on entries first The I use church registersin fifththe chapter andincluded inventories from some ofthemin 158 The number of preserved town registers that contain business matters including testaments testaments including matters business contain registersthat town preserved of number The

sepulcrum onone Saturday, Easter f. 16r). Nor does temporary decoration appear in the inventories záduší č ín). itten by laycustodians (Ji itten by ) of St. Nicolaus, Archive ofthe city ofPrague, no.1665 sv. 551(microfiche). It č . Acta Carolinae Universitatis Philosophica et Historica 4(Prague: SPN 1963). ín, Žlutice, Ústí and Labem, Chrudim) increased after the 1420s. ial resource was compiled in 1348-1350 in the Judicial book of of book Judicial the in 1348-1350 in was compiled resource ial at the time of the inventory compilations. the inventoryat time ofthe ň any seeAppendix (nos.34-36). II Only few editions of č ín, Tábor, Uherské Hradišt Uherské Tábor, ín, M ě Liber ordinarius stské knihyv stské Č echách a na Morav ana echách NK Cod. IV D 9,13r, 15v) and to záduší, zádušní kniha zádušní záduší,

ě , St. Nicolaus in Nicolaus , St. ň any35); (no. ě 1310 –1526 161

I have 160 ,

CEU eTD Collection Stiftung im Spätmittelalter John Klassen, “Giftsfor the Soul and SocialCharityin Medieval Late Bohemia,” in historica Brunensia fakulty Brn prací filosofické Wissenschaften 1990), 63-81. Veröffentlichungenfür derInstitut Mittelalterliche Realienkunde 12 (Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der brn narozeninám Františka Šmahela Bürgertestamente des 15. der Jh. Das Beispiel Prager-Neustadt“ in Thomas Krzenck, “Böhmische Testamente aus der Hussitenzeit“ Purkyn Jana Evangelisty Univerzita(Ústí nadLabem: Bohemia) townsof Northern royal of (Testament practice (1991), 389-403). 389-403). (1991), ústav, 1948). See ústav, 1948). Nový, See also Rostislav ”Dopl dokud duše v t K.Hrubá-Neudertová: Hrubá-Neudertová, ”Záduší“, 535-547,Krzenck, and Michala Zilynská, Zilynskij on the confessional balance of church endowments in the Hussite Prague is revealing. is Prague Hussite the in endowments church of balance confessional the on Zilynskij tendencies in pious lay donations infifteenth the and sixteenthcenturies. Inthis sense, the studyof B. about more reveal methods should statistical and future, comparative in the However, whole. and focused rather on the social of position the dono of the the in included were testaments the of part a large when however, objects; liturgical mention thesituationis of source on church treasures.In the pre-Hussite period, only a small portion of thetestaments It epitomises the fate of many other monastic treasu many other epitomises of fate It the precious pieces from metropolitan St.the Vitus, an us provide least at accounts these however, ambivalent; apparently was underwhat the deed of motivations The years. several for castle the hold to soldiers the allowed This Karlštejn. in safe kept treasuries, the z Bu Tluksa Zdislav the Burgrave under Hussites the metropolitan was treasury used to 164 163 162 position ofUtraquist and Catholic Confessions in the New Town of Prague between 1436-1459) has been edited by Pelikán—the Karlštejn accounts. Karlštejn Pelikán—the by edited been has Karlštejn“), Karlštejn“), Pelikán, Josefed., Thesubjectbecame thefocus of Klassen,T.Borovský, recentstudies byJ. several B. Zilynskij, B.Zilynská, T.

ě Bohdan ”Postavení Zilynskyj, utrakvistické akatolické konfese na Novém M nských m

- 28- záduší Church donations are also donations Church A unique source on the dispersion of rare pieces from the metropolitan and monastic treasuries treasuries monastic and metropolitan the from rare pieces of dispersion the on source A unique Folia HistoricaBohemica ě š (sacristans) economy. the informationI triedto uselimitedbut them they offeredwastoo ě ť le.“ Poz an ů (1999), 79-96. (1999), církevním institucím 1410—1530 (Testaments of Brno burghers totheChurchinstitutions)“ burghers of Brno 1410—1530 (Testaments církevním institucím Ú č ty hradu Karlštejna zlet 1423—1434 ů , ed. GerhardJaritz, Sitzungsberichte ÖA d stalostní praxe a agenda královských m ě nské university, Studia minora facultatis phlosophiae Universitatis Brunensis C 46, Studia 46, Studia C UniversitatisBrunensis facultatis phlosophiae Studia minora nské university, , vol. 2 (Prague: Historický ústav AV ústav , vol. 2(Prague: Historický 10 193-202. (1986), included in testaments in included pay Sigismund’s mercenariesin

ň ky k “Ú k ky č t ů m hradu Karlštejna zlet to1423-1434“ “Accounts(Additions of d several monastic Bohemian (AccountsKarlštejn of of Historický 1423-1434) (Prague: res, which fellvictimdirectly or indirectly, theto different anddifferent for the fifteenth sixteenth centuries rs to provide a broader view on the treasury as a as treasury the on view a broader to provide rs ř enic in 1423-1434 started to sell jewellry from jewellryfrom to sell started in 1423-1434 enic a strangely mild Hussite siege look rather rather look siege Hussite mild astrangely with an excellent source with anexcellent on some of the most 164 162 Testamentsbücher er Wissenschaften, Hist. Phil.- Klasse 554. Bohemia ě Shortly after a significant part of the the of part significant a after Shortly , documents that represent a specific type type specific a represent that ,documents st severozápadníchst Husitství—Reformace—Renesance. Sborník Husitství—Reformace—Renesance.k Sborník 60. Č R, 1994), 627-648, Tomáš Borovský, ”Odkazy R, 1994), TomášBorovský, ”Odkazy 627-648, 34.1 (1993), 7-28,and his “Böhmische ě st 1420, Karlštejn defenders against1420, Karlštejn defenders ě Materielle Kultur und Religiöse undReligiöse Kultur Materielle Pražském v letech 1436—1459“ (The and became a regular part part regular became a and Č ech v p Documenta Pragensia Pragensia Documenta ”Nedávej statku žádnému, žádnému, ”Nedávej statku treasures of the time. ofthe treasures ř edb ě lohorské dob 163 ě , 2002), Sborník Sborník

9.2 ě

CEU eTD Collection (History of(History theCzechs by Aeneas Silvio), prefaceŠmahel František (Prague: Koniasch 1998), Latin Press, 169. a general view of the administrator on the decoration of thechurch. Abouta third of the entries containshort lists ofliturgical objects kept inchurches,the and sometimes, Pavel’s records,the Although community. parishes,Pavel recorded the state ofparishadministration, priest’s behaviour,and relations insidethe written1380 by Pavel ofJanovice, ’s the administrator.Visiting Bohemian 171 170 169 168 167 166 165 plundering would not madehave much ofa difference countrysidein village churches. A uniquesource for the study of thefourteenth century Churchthe is Collections Church of the administrative sources known object of (reliquary St.Egidius innamesake its inchurch Prague). treasuries. or recoveredfrom athiefor when they were pawned. Italso contains afew records on village priests by churches the from lost or stolen to objects refer The entries clergy. the by thefts sacrilegious clerical abuse bygeneralof treasures.Written their original owners or to other church treasures. church to other or owners original their irretr and large ofspite apparent In wars. Hussite conpared to the flattering words of Aenea Silvio Picolomini of the mid-fifteenth century. mid-fifteenth the of Picolomini Silvio Aenea of words flattering the to conpared when modest rather were Bohemia in parishes out, countryside wars broke theHussite before and Prague. Although we are given informationlittle the interior,on it seemsforty that likely years economic situationof countryside parishesinthe pre-Hussite period, contrasted withrich monasteries -1898, 6 (1407—1408), 7 (1420—1424). Contains also recordsof donations of (1378/265, objects donation of a 1893). Hereafter asAI. 1 (1373—1379) -1893, vol. 2 -1387),(1380 vol. 3 (1392-3), vol. 4(1396-8), vol. 5 (1401—1404) Nákladem vols.1-7 (Prague:Ferdinand Tadra, Hlavá pragensem factae Appendix II, nos. 22-27. 22-27. nos. II, Appendix The situationmonasteries, wasdifferent in metropolitan and chapter treasures. Alena Hadravová, Dana Martínková, and Ji Tadra,

Acta Judiciaria consistorii Pragensis /Soudní akta konsisto Protocolum Pragensis visitationis archidiaconatus annis1379 -1382 per Paulum deJanowicz archidiaconum In a few cases we learn details about the material, state or decoration of the pieces. Exceptionally, Pavel recorded a decorationpieces. Exceptionally,of material,or the about the state few welearndetails cases In a č

- 29-

ek, andZde Single mentions in the consistory’s Court Records( Court the consistory’s Single mentionsin

Listy kláštera zbraslavského 171

(Visitation protocol ofPragueof archdeaconate made 1379-1382 by Pavel ed.Ivan of Janovice), ň ka Hledíková (Praha: Academia Hereafter 1973). Protocol personalia contains valuable comparative material for the study of church treasures. treasures. church of study the for material comparative valuable contains , no. 309, for the 1447. year and complaints ofthe moralsbad clergyof comprise amajor part of

ř Č í Motl, eds. eské Akademie císa 165 Aeneae Silvii Historia Bohemica /Enea Silvio Historie ievable losses, a few objects found their way back to back way their objects found afew losses, ievable vicars, theyreveal asurprisingly high number of

ř e pražské (Court Recordsof the Prague consistory) ř e Františka Josefa pro v pro Josefa Františka e Protocolum Acta Judiciaria Acta . Visitation Protocol 167 It also It describesthe basic ) ě 170 dy, slovesnost aum provide evidence for evidence provide 169

166 168 of 1379- viaticus Hussite Hussite ě č ní, , ed. eská ).

CEU eTD Collection Calve Hereafter 1875). LE. similar bans.LE,vol. 1, 38, no. 71. ecclesiarum suum were atdisposition of the altar priestand belonged to the altar. beneficium ( vestments ofpriests, provision of oils, carefor Eucharist,the conditionsfor keeping travel altars metropolitani capituli Pragensis, 1905). 1905). Pragensis, capituli metropolitani church of Pragueof 1350), Editiones Archivii et metropolitani s.f.Bibliothecae capituliPragensis (Prague: Sumptibus s.f. Utraquists vol. Consistories), 1. studia,“ book of Gallus in Prague is included in this collection. set punishments forset punishments sacrilege. Theregulatory role 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 treasuries. treasuries were recorded as well. as recorded were treasuries accounts offorwax candles, wood, animals, agricu There arealso 1407. and 1358 between jurisdiction diocesan under erected that were altar of registers Dr. Clemens Borový,Liber I-V the editionthe of recommendations, (provinc synodal the treasuries, their use in liturgy, and protection. Together with papal chartersand consistory matters. property parish in involvement active any up given regularcollection anddistribution sacred of wax, oilsand suggests thatthe UtraquistConsistory had to the local community orcity Thelack council. thetreasuries anyway; in reality, church property wasalready inthe handsoflay responsible did it provide precise rules for their administration. their for rules precise provide it did Species orLower Consitory),seems not to have required thatchurch its treasuries be inventorized,nor viatica Antonín Podlaha, ed. Klement Borový, ed. Our knowledge ofadministration Utraquist isstill (Zilynská, poor “Utrakvistická církevnímožnosti správa a jejího We know about the common practice of beingmade laity for responsible the safekeeping of church treasuries. The first LE,vol. 4, 1,no. 256. priest. ofthe property the be could they Otherwise, (1392). 540 no. 387, and (1392), 531 no. 379, 4, vol. LE, Libri Erectionumarchidioecesis Pragensis saeculo et XIV. sumtibusXV Pragensis Doctorum Theologiae Collegii edidit

- 30-

Acta 39-53), mainly39-53), dueto insufficient editions. source A few other Church administrative sources provide provide sources administrative Church few other A Administrationsources for the Utraquist Church contain only scarce information on Utraquist Onespecific form ofan administrative source,Church statutes,shed light on administration of ), the work of sacristans, and care of treasuries. They alsocodified inventorying practice 176 insertedalso a1312 charter (!) by Bishop JanIVofforbidding Dražice to the handclergy over “ . It mentions liturgical vessels belonging to an altar and describes the care for them; they for them; they care the describes an altar and vessels to . belonging It mentions liturgical The chief administrative body of the Utraquists, the Utraquist Consistory (under Both (under Both Utraquist Consistory the Utraquists, the of body administrative chief The Libri Erectionum Libri ” to lay people powerful underpenalty of afine. Theis ban even older; Jan’spredecessor had issued Jednání adopisy konsisto StatutaMetropolitanae ecclesiae Pragensis anno 1350 consripta (Altar erections in the archdiecese of Praguein the 14 Akta konsisto from the Prague Chapter Archive by Borový. by Archive PragueChapter the from 175

ř e utrakvistické ial, metropolitan) statutes regu ř e katolické iutrakvistické (Prague: I. L. Kober, 1868). 174 177 of regulations or mentions of treasuries beyond Some regulations concerning the running of of of the statutes is sometimes referredto in the ltural products, and rents andrents ltural products, The Consistory The didnot have any authority over helpful information on this problem: first, first, problem: this on information helpful (Protocols and letters of the Catholic and 173 The important inventory of St. lated the public th and 15 and (Statutes of metropolitan the th 172 centuries) (Pragae J.G. (Pragae centuries) The edition contains contains edition The pertinent to the altar appearance and bona bona 178 and CEU eTD Collection 779. transl. Alfred Thomas, in Thomas Head, ed. Vereins f. d. Geschichte undMährens Schlesiens Imperatoris narrative sources for the fifteenth century and the Hussites are the Chronicle of Laurentius of B of Laurentius of the Chronicle are Hussites the and century fifteenth the for sources narrative Chronicles as well as the Chronicles of Beneš of Weitmil and František of Prague. Themost important destruction.For theearly period and thefourteenthcentury, I used theCosmasand Aula Regia institutions of church treasuries, important donations, and often explain the background to a treasury’s Narrative sourcesmention treasury thein political Narrative sources donations, Charterscovered mattersrelated to institution, the use and exchange oftreasuries, especially Charters and letters památky jeho sbor Matice památky jeho sbor Bohemia and Moravia has appeared that even covers the Hussites and the Utraquist consistory. Specific regulations may be found in char may in be regulations found Specific 185 184 183 182 181 180 179 letters by Charles IV are importan are IV Charles by letters Quarti inventory church ornaments. to bishop-elect any obliging church his of statutes metropolitan the to referred Pavel Bishop 1435, inventories.theinventory In ofthemetropolitantr Piccolomini’s Piccolomini’s 1894). 673 (year 1330).673 (year Regis . Land archive in Opava (Zemský Archiv vOpav Charter fromViktorin of Opava(Appendix I, no. 3). “Výklady a nau Josef Emler, ed., Polc, and Hledíková, Wolný,“Inventarium derOlmützerdomkirche vom 149. Jahre1435,“

LE, vol. 1,38, no. 71. , andthe CzechLegend ofSt. Catherine ofAlexandria.

- 31- , the auto-biography of Charles IV, his

. Excerpta ex scriptura sacra cum ex. Excerpta sacra scriptura explicationibus,“ (Moral IV, Charles ofteaching theEmperor), 183 181 pawns, retrieval,inventor andselling.Afew pawns, For the chapter on the Charles IV policy, I used—among others—the others—the used—among I policy, IV Charles the on chapter the For č Historia Bohemica ení (Spiritual duchovní,” teaching andexplanations), in Laurentii de Brzezova historiahussitica Laurentii de Pražské synody Pražské č eské , ed. Josef Emler (Prague: Matice 179 Recently, a new edition of dioecesanand provincial statutes for both . Zilynská, . Zilynská, t sources for the metropolitan treasury.These documents referred to to referred documents treasury.These metropolitan the for t sources

, the Old Czech Anals, and the Chronicle of Bartošek of Medieval Hagiography: AnAnthology 1.4 (1897), 41-76. 1.4 (1897), ě Husitské synody ), Olomouc branch, AO, sign. MCOA AIII IIId2, c24, b16.AIII ters on the administration of treasuries. of administration the ters on Testimonium de reliquiis Testimonium de Moralitates domini Caroli Romanorum et et Bohemiae Romanorum Caroli domini Moralitates (Hussite chronicle of Laurentiusof B easury of St. WenceslausSt. easury of inin Olomouc, written and cultural contexts time. ofthe They record č eská, 1878). Karl Wotke, ed., “ . Krafl, The Old CzechLifeofSt. Catherine of Alexandria ies ies were also written in the charter format. 182 Synody astatuta Synody

Spisové císa … (New York: Routledge, 2001), 763- Routledge, 2001), York: (New RBM ř e Karla IV.Naoslavu p , vol. 3(Prague 1890), no. 1722, . Moralitates CaroliIV. ř ezová) FRB5(Pragueezová) 185 Charters and Charters Zeitschrift des Vita Caroli Caroli Vita ě 180 tistyleté tistyleté ř ezová,

, 184

CEU eTD Collection practice in the , as well as particular churches. The Codex of Jena interesting results in the future after they thefutureafter in results interesting perceptions of themost important Bohemian treasuries. These individualsources also promise more coeval on and Bohemia medieval in life religious biased—on and imprecise information—albeit ( under thePrague last bishop, John IV of Dražice, the Church took full control over the rents authoritieslocal theover institution ofpriestsand ch manipulation. administration Parish thetreasuries became institutionalised as regarded regulation oftheir donations, their maintenance and With theestablishment of parish organisation in Bohemia and advancement ofthe Church’s control, 1. Keeping, manipulating, andinventoring the treasury 209, 90, no.210. information. manuscripts Liturgical of type specific offer that format and content varied of sources comprises sources of group last The sourcesOther Hussite wars. 190 189 188 187 186 II. AdministrationandManipulation 23, them. to related ceremonies and relics of feasts the of establishment the Bohemia, into relics of influx the ideas,including the rite of docume texts and doctrine Utraquist of compendium zechorod, Pragae Anni 1675 in: beneficia KNM, inv. IVB 24. no. Breviarymetropolitan of Prague the NK IVD. church, E.g., for the HolyLance feast: at the request of Charles IV and the

Tomáš JanPešinaz Thesaurus in Lucem Protractus siveS. Mercurius,Maximus Orientis Martyr…Thomae Joanne Pessina de C Fontes Rerum Austriacarum/Oesterreichisches Geschichtsquellen Matthias Pangerl, 186 - 32-

Charters of the Rosenberg family inform us us inform family Rosenberg the of Charters , consisting of aquarter oftithe,a and paymentsfrom the endowments) that came under the 187

Urkundenbuch Mariaedes Cistercienserstiftes V.zu B. Hohenfurt in Bohmen Č ehorodu, ehorodu, .

Brevis narratio de ss. Reliquiis in S.Metrop. Pragensi Ecclesia sub utraque

188 functioned by the mid-fourteenth century limiting the influence of of influence the limiting century mid-fourteenth the by functioned provide information on the origin of relics and on religious are read and analysed in detail. detail. in analysed and are read . MonographsBaroque by historians of Church Treasury inBohemia urch property. During the first half of the century century the of half first the During property. urch nting the the origins nting Utraquism, of andits reform about monastic treasuries during and afterthe and treasuries during monastic about (Vienna 1865). 1865). (Vienna In redemptorisnostri 189 is a richly decorated isadecorated richly 190 , Diplomataria et Acta provide valuable valuable provide , MVB II, 89, no. CEU eTD Collection 1994), 15. Fudge quotes Šmahel (Šmahel, university, St. Vitus Cathedral alone had200-300 clerics.Fudge, “The“Law of God””, 49. Also Klassen, “Ownership”, 42. rose to fiftyfour percent and in Litomyšl docese less that fifty percent. Fudge, The“Law ofGod”, 49. state development), in disputes. “ over hand clerics to forbad 1312 of charter fromtheir ownrents. livings. Thus, priests were sometimes expectedto pr 199 198 197 196 195 194 193 192 191 Clergy was also concentrated was concentrated in Prague. Clergy also number ofclergy in Bohemia was unusually high incomparison with other regions of CentralEurope. the Finally, Prague. where and were churches around endowed in grouped 1379-1380, of Protocol Visitation the in treasuries church of distribution the echoing Prague, around concentrated however, archbishopric (archbishop since 1344) since (archbishop archbishopric matters. land of ownership Church’s the power; economic extraordinary an represent to came Church The Bohemia. in the high strata theof ecclesiastical hierarchy contributed tothe rising influence ofthe Church in from secularauthorities, the support the prestige, concerning regulations provide both 1350; supervision ofthe priests. Archbishop, founder, advisor) (Prague: Vyšehrad, 2008), theaccession esp. 31-34, on administration 119f. Archiv 118 1967), (bequest of LE, Henrich). vol. 5 (1398-1407), 548, no. 741, 1401, year 522, no.701, year 1400. 1382-1411 ihren Rechnungsbüchern the SupportCzech nobility’s for Hussitism,” Academy of Sciences ofCzech the Republic Main Library, 1996), 49. John Klassen, “Ownership of Church Patronage and Bohemia, inZden France, 1985,quotedJ. Fudge, Thomas 106)), „Thein La La Révolution husite, une anomalie historique percent of all owned land in Bohemia. Šmahel estimated during losses theHussite reachedwars eighty percent. (Šmahel, Oftenmentioned numbers for Prague are: 330 secularpriests,400monastic clergy, 1200 clericsstudying atthe The level of Churchparish patronage wasabout twenty-nine percent on averagealthough in the of vicinity Prague it The numbers amongvary Zden historians: Hledíková, Hledíková, and Polc, “Pražské arcibiskupství v kontextu vývoje zem Hledíková, Zdenka Ernest, on work Latest LE,vol. 1, no. 71 (1312), p. 38. They were at least partlyprovided by the prieststhemselves. Josef ed Hemmerle,

Zilynská, ”Záduší,“ 537. 537. ”Záduší,“ Zilynská, 197

- 33- in Bohemia attainedfifty percent beforethe Hussite wars. In the second half of the fourteenth century, an efficiently working organisation, social social organisation, working efficiently an century, fourteenth the of half second the In 195 193 Ernest issued new diocesan statutes in 1349 in statutes newdiocesan issued Ernest The accession of Ernest of Pardubice in Pardubicein of accession Ernest of The Arnošt zPardubic ě k David, and David R.Holeton Pražské arcibiskupství 1344—1994 192 192 Bishop John also banned the keeping of church treasuries in lay houses; his houses; lay in treasuries church of keeping the banned also John Bishop La Révolution hussite 191 , 105-9. This way the parish priests were guaranteed sufficient income for their their for income sufficient guaranteed were priests parish the way This . Quellen undzur Geschichte des Studien Deutschen Ordens 22 (Bonn: Verl. Wiss.

Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte ě Arnošt zPardubic. Arcibiskup, zakladatel, rádce , Essais , Essais et Conférences, Collège Universitaires .(Presses de France de k Bohá 194 199 speeded ffortsup to achieve independent control of church Bohemian Reformation and Practice Religious

the maintenance of church treasuries. the treasuries. maintenance church of , 106) that , 106) in 1500, the 1200 will clerics drop to200clerics in Prague. č estimated twenty five percent of land, Šmahel up considers tofifty w of God.Reform andReligious Practice in Late Medieval , ed.Zdenka Hledíková, andJaroslav V. Polc Zvon,(Prague: bona ecclesiarum suum ecclesiarum bona university, and—not least—a wise choice of people people of choice least—a wise and—not university, ovide liturgical vessels for their pastoral activity activity pastoral their for vessels liturgical ovide 196 1343 and the establishment of the Prague the of establishment the and 1343 and statutes for the metropolitan church in ě a (Praguestátu“ archbishopric in contextthe of 66(1975), 42. . Die 198 ” tolaymen to prevent later The distribution of wealth,

Deutschordens-Ballei in Böhmen (Ernest of (Ernest Pardubice. 1(1994) (Prague: CEU eTD Collection provincial statutes of 1349; statutes of provincial regulations were in place until 1497. until in place were regulations (gifts). Donated money fo wasused Donated (gifts). generating churchproperty is“ treasury, decoration of the church, the of decoration treasury, Pardubice established the office of lay keeper of donations ( quarto anno… 1368, vol. 1, 71, no.148. for the 1342 year in the of church Holy Spirit in HradecKrálové. Later,they appear in from J.Schlenz, parish administration in Bohemia in the highand lateMiddle Ages),in important economic reserve forthe church. popularwell through thesixteenth century independently ofthe confessional millieu, becoming an 205 204 203 202 201 200 the care of objects as well as the financial and practical matters related to to related matters practical and financial asthe as well objects of care vestments fortheservice wasthe sa provincial statutes made itclear that the care of church vessels and vestmentsand the procurence of chalices,and liturgical in textiles denotes all property and investments of the church, financialboth ( , Žlutice, Vimperk, or Turnov. other than moveables, permitting gifts of liturgical vessels or textiles but not money, as occurred in In the towns, therestrictions took the form ofba the kingand as nobility inheritance, of growth The church. the of reserve was an integral part of custodians. Since the mid-fourteenth century these were often laymen. often were these century mid-fourteenth the Since custodians. churchtrustworthy canons andmonks. Hledíková, and Polc, ed., Waska, “Vrachnostenskám Waska, ”Vrchnostenskám Waska, ”Vrchnostenskám Karel Waska, “Vrchnostenskám Wenceslaus de Budina, presbyter, professus ordinis predictorum, thesaurarius clenodiorum ecclesie sancte Crucis in sancte Crucis ordinis clenodiorum ecclesie thesaurarius predictorum, Budina, professus Wenceslaus de presbyter, vitrici

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The vernacular term used in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries‘ Czech sources forincome- sources Czech centuries‘ sixteenth and fifteenth the in used term vernacular The In thefourteenth century, the administration of were supposed to be well-known reliabl and were bewell-known supposed to Sekyrka, Das Kirchenpatronat in Böhmen Inventá Pražské synody ě ě záduší sta,“ 274 –276. sta,“ 276. ě sta,” 277. ř e , 198, no. 242. 204 ě sta a farní správa v 201 —this corresponds to the view of a church treasury as an economic economic an as treasury church a viewof the to —this corresponds it was an honorable office for the elders of the community. The the of elders community. honorable for office an the it was These limits werepartly responsible forthe growing number of záduší 200 the church records from thefift from the churchrecords

r the restorationmaintainancer and tried to supress donations for the for tried to supressdonations cristans‘ responsibility. and other possible expenditures. The content of the treasury room room treasury the of content The expenditures. possible other and , 145. In thesame for Moravia year too. Zilynská, “Záduší,” 538, ft. 9(quoted 202 záduší 205 “ (in Czech“ (in literally meaning ”(donation) forthe soul“). It

On the other hand, bequests and gifts of chalicesremained of gifts and bequests hand, other the On

, Prague 1928, 105). Zilynská, (“Záduší”, 539, ft. 9)mentions sacristans , however, was limited by certain restrictions imposed on on imposed restrictions certain by limited was however, , Č echách vrcholného apozdního st ns ns on donations tochurch institutions of anything e parishioners or in a chapter or monastic Církevní správa They also supported priests in the practical thepractical in supported priests They also záduší kostelník wasthetask of sacristans and beneficia eenth century,as some ofthese Church and keep the inheritance. keeptheinheritance. and Church of the church, acquisitions to the of thechurch,acquisitions záduší Protocolum , 277. , 277. — ř 203 edov vitricus ecclesiae vitricus , . In the parish churches, churches, parish the . In Archbishop Ernest of censi ě ku“ (Nobility towns and , andin for LE the year ) or non-financial non-financial ) or ), in his CEU eTD Collection important relics that must have attracted must that have the relics pilgrimsimportant the provided withSt. Stephen’s relics bytheEmperor Charlesand IV developedlocala cult. Thepossession of newly-fou into the villagewasencorporated when Later, they appear in have been behindthe explanations ofsynodal orderssurrounding the however, may it this implies that testamentaet allios fructus pro dicta ecclesia.” “ rents: other and collect bequests wasto responsibility donations. The church of St. Stephan in Rybní a cult,local incomesits increased and this, in tu “ accounts and keep possessions church record to obliged Hewasalso and benefits. maintenance church the and the town council there. The charter enum archbishop’scharter records settlementthe between the provostAugustinianthe of convent Jaromin 210 209 208 207 206 sacristans were controlled sacristans were by the Church, the of weakening the to due century, fifteenth the In them. through property church to the local priest; weresubordinated custodians written in 1379-1380, explicitly mentions in written 1379-1380, explicitly thosech vessels up to church spending and tending to provision oilof and candles. The Visitation Protocol, thro donations collecting and treasury church the Ernest,laysacristans by were es institutional level, Zilynská, “Utrakvistická církevní 42-3. správa,” Rožmberg´s dominium). Zilynskáthinks authority lay over thethat treasures developed gradually ata practical rather than he could not take and use money from the church rent freely, but got 30 30 got but freely, rent church fromthe money and use take not could he thesacristan and bell-ringer based theon synodalnorm. contains It orderscustodian tothe ( LE,vol.1, 1374, 94, no. 196. E.g., Waska, “Vrchnostenskám Zilynská, “Záduší”,ft.mentions 539, 9, sacristansfor the year 1342 in churchthe of Holy Spirit in Hradec Králové. Protocolum

- 35- Protocolum The number of of number The The The Even in the early period, attempts by local laymen tomingle in church property affairs may de bonis de bonis ecclesiae , 62. vitrici , 62, 91. Protocolum appear inthe sources aroundthe mid-fourteenth century. vitrici ě sta,” 277,sta,” patron’s interference in

(1379-80), and in LE for the year 1368, vol. 1, 71, no.148. ”, which hehad showto to both the provost and the councilmembers. is one of the indicators of the church’s importance. If the church received received church the If importance. church’s the of indicators the of isone the the town council or local patrons. tablished in churches. Their Their respon churches. tablished in not have been in every church.

erates precisely the responsibilities oftheerates precisely the 210 č nded town of Prague. The churchThe wasthen ndedPrague. endowedtown of ek in Prague hired more than one sacristan; their urcheswhich they in establishedhad sacristan; a later the community exercised influence over the the over influence exercised the community later

ugh restoration and provision of vestments and and vestments of provision and restoration ugh Originally church,its avillage importance grew rn, required capable and reliable accounting of of accounting reliable and capable required rn, záduší towns underin nobility´s jurisdiction (1347 in ecclesia commissit vitricis qui colligunt colligunt qui vitricis commissit ecclesia 207 Thirty years after the statues issued issued statues the after years Thirty testamenta testamenta sibilities from lookingranged after záduší grossi . Already in . Already in 1374, and and , which he could use for 206 Originally, the lay lay the Originally, alios fructus alios scholae rector vitricus for the the for 209 the 208 ěř ): ,

CEU eTD Collection 1407, several relics from the ”shelf“ at the St the at ”shelf“ from the relics several 1407, safety. When kept atthe altars, theremorewas dange value. monetary and memorial their for apparently there were kept chalices surplus the 1538,; in Nicholaus St. of church Utraquist Prague and 1390 in Gallus St. of church Prague the in twelve) Nicolaus St. in five, Gallus St. (in treasury theinventories by thechalices useddaily (in both casesfive), and those kept permanentlyin the the objects which were not used daily could be keptsecurely. For example, chalices were divided in churches often neededtwo spaces thefor treasury objects—one for thosedaily in use andone,where Halberstadt treasury Halberstadt piece. SchatzHeilbringender in cupboardcf. wood surfacedecoration (carving, their inlay). Reliquary Janke, andonly also Renaissance, differs the to Middle Ages fromthe goes drawers) double door,sometimes levels,furniture.The type (two resembling secular Salzburg,“ 215 214 213 212 211 treasury was often a vaulted room, vaulted a often was treasury tower. space,two-level a structure,small andscarce windows, and anarrow passageto the entrance. altar the (main) with communication orvisual to asproximity scholars such by upon remarked already directly at the altar in locked cupboards in locked altar the at directly the administer donations. church. Thisnot only helped theeconomic running churchof the but alsorequired morepersonnel to made as difficult as possiblewith keys many madeas difficult an function. an original such for candidates are likely churches these from originating chests reportedly and material although Bohemian in identified precisely altarpiece, with an openable hollowinside. Although no such cupboard orpredellasofar has been As inSt. Nicolaus in Old inTown Prague 1530s. Fromthe German namefor thetreasuryroom- This came inup discussion during the conference E.g., woodencupboardflat with carvingfrom Southern Bohemia. Iam indebted toJaroslav Sojkaforme showing the cupboards( fifteenth-century About preserved

- 36- 215 Sometimes, treasury objects were kept in the chambers of priests, probably for reasons of The spatial locations of the treasury rooms are often marked by specific architectural features features architectural specific by marked often are rooms treasury the of locations spatial The Church jewellry was kept in secluded spaces—either in sacristy, in a special treasury room—or room—or treasury aspecial sacristy, in in spaces—either secluded in was kept jewellry Church Access theto treasury room, which housed those objects which were not used daily, was 212 Pantheon

25 56-7. (Januar-juni 1940), They madewere specialised m in workshops (Salzburg),2–5 high , 133-137, cupboardfor relics formain the altar dated 1520-30), and cupboard).113-4 (sacristy ). Another place to keep vessels or reliquaries wasin 214

generally in upper levels of the church, above sacristyabovethechurch,levelsthegenerally inupper orin of gewölb Prachtschränke …das heilige machensichtbar 211 or chests ( . Agnes altar of the parish church in Pelh , kvelb d firm doorsto prevent th there are several late medieval wooden cupboards cupboards wooden latemedieval areseveral there . r that these objects incould forinstance these be lost; r that objects ): Otto von Falke, ”Ein Gotisher Sakristeischrank aus aus ): Otto von Falke, Sakristeischrank ”Ein Gotisher Pl. 29, reliquary cupboard from thePl. 29,reliquary , in September Merseburg, 17-20, 2008. eft. Large and important predella ř underthe imov were 213 The Ein CEU eTD Collection ed., 211-212. On the between polarity lay keepers and religious Vlk, authority, quotes from themetropolitan statutes. manipulation undermined the supervision theof au claiming them. houses. In 1398, In houses. altar along with other relics for the “decoration of the church”. If the loss of the reliquary was caused caused was reliquary the loss of the If church”. the of “decoration the for relics with other along altar the on put be to feastdays the on church the to it give welland it carefor to vicar the before promised the homeAnna,a Pragueof burgheress; it was donatedto thechurch her by brother Leonard. She beneficium the of as apart donated probably and used were cupboards secular formerly plates; often iron with Sekyrka, rules for clerical testaments, where 226 225 224 223 222 221 220 219 218 217 216 custos however, may have alsoreserved the righ monasteries, inventorying needed to be re-introduced. be to needed inventorying monasteries, Augustinian to visits Škvorec’s of Olbram Archibishop during in 1398, wasslow—even rule the any item without permission, the contract was deemed invalid. were obligedto hand all donations alienated by thechaplain. annually inventoried annually (gems,smallitems werekept. rings) testament. at the church where the deceased held his ; these items then could not be included in the AI, vol. 3,1398/26. Hledíková, and Polc, Hledíková, and Polc, LE,vol. 1, no. 71 (1312), p. 38. Hledíková, and Polc, “Inventá Brandl, Hlavá Forgrowing number of thefts, seeAI, vols. 1-7. Hledíková, and Polc, Olomouc, of inventory Appendix 1435, II. AI, vol. 6,1407/486 (hereafter He year/page). wasorderedto return themfined and 30 gr.

- 37- 221 The statutes ordered and regulated safekeeping of the treasury inside the church to prevent laity laity prevent to church the inside treasury of the safekeeping and regulated ordered statutes The Prague provincial statutes contained an order that the treasures of large churches should be be should churches large of treasures the that order an contained statutes provincial Prague č Inventá ek, “Studie kd ) were charged with looking after the treasury and conscripting new acquisitions. All officials officials All newacquisitions. and conscripting after the treasury looking with were charged ) 224 . Chests were also used in chapter and monastic archives where charters, where archives monastic and chapter in used also were . Chests

ř e 225 , 198, no. 242 (Václav deBudina, ř 226 ná In spite In of repeated bans, however, itwa a silver gilded head reliquary of St. Leonhard was recorded as being kept safe at safe at kept as being recorded was St.Leonhard of reliquary head gilded silver a č iní kostelního, rouch, skvost Pražské synody Pražské synody Pražské synody Pražské synody ě 218 jinám knihoven“,jinám 30, footnote 144. to prevent to loss ortheft, 216 For the purpose of security, the cupboards were locked and reinforced and werelocked cupboards security, the of the purpose For , 143. , 143. , 136. , 135. , 135. Tomek,

to the sacristy where a record a where sacristy the to bona ecclesie bona t to limit handling or sale of gifts. ů thesaurarius clenodiorum thesaurarius aknihvelechrámu olomouckého,” 116. For D ě jepis m jepis as sacrilege occurred regularly. , i.e. liturgical vessels and vestments, remainshould thorities—if the keeper so ě sta Prahy sta 220 The keepers keepers ( The s quite common to keep treasuries in lay in treasuries keep to common s quite , vol. 3,2d ed.(Prague: F. 222 In the donation charters, the donors, donors, charters, the In the donation ). Tomek, Um was made the of acquisition.Any ě lecké lecké D ř emeslo ě thesaurarius, sacristanus thesaurarius, jepis m 223 ld, donated or pawned ld, donatedor pawned 219 Thestatutes also set , 15. thesaurarius ě The will to follow to will The sta Prahy sta Ř ivná 217 č money money and 1893), 211, , vol. 3, 2d see see , CEU eTD Collection were raisedwere the to office, principalius regularly, every three years. repeated be to had Inventorising office. the to accession after his months three within canons elder in hishouse.Each deacon hadto write downan inventory church of ornamentswith the help oftwo The custodian was directlyresponsible to the deacon, whoalso keptthe best pieces with him,probably The statutesestablished the office of keepers of the metropolitan treasury, 232 231 230 229 228 227 bells, vessels, providing myrth, andincense. and such for services made provision the treasury of Wenceslas chapel).They looked after thee objects and were assigned various tasks related to the care precisely definedresponsibility a over These offices and canons had to hierarchically-structured from the trustworthy. be reputation, of good manipulation ofthe most precious items. Thekeepers, check of the treasury and all church furnishings and recording of any acquistions in the inventories. regular a ordered also He church. Vitus St. Prague of statutes metropolitan the in relics of safekeeping St.Apolinaire its had reliquary cross kept safein the house ofaPrague brewer. improper by her care, Anna promisedto provide another of thesameEven value. thechapter churchof sigillo suopoenasigillo a sub decanobeneficio suspensionis etcapitulo tradere teneatur. commiti promotionis principio rebussacristiae de universes inventarium clare et circadistincte faciat, easfraus ne aut doluspossit spectatet fidelis diligens custodia rerumsacristiae propter quod de ceterouterque singulariter infra a suae mensem esse vitae probatae et laudabilis etiam opinionis ac in sacerdotio constitutus habeant officia simplicia, inter ministros computantur, ecclesiae et uterque quamvis eisdem praeficiendus officiis debeat cum[factui effectu et assignaturi] percapitulumrequisitionis decanum vel superhoc sibi quavis facta [facte], cessante, excusatione facturus et assignaturus coppiam praepositus aliique prelati et canonici ipsius capitulo, ministri vero decanomensis a infra spatium die beneficii huiusmodi, quodadipiscuntur, invenerint, inventarium sufficiens faciant, sub suae fidei sacramento eius [cuius] statim post receptionem suam de universis redditibusgrossis sui beneficii,nec non mobilibus, si rebus quas in bonis clenodiis et rebussacristae custodiae commendatis, ceteri autem prelati, canonici acet ministriecclesiae eorum quilibet tollatur material occulte statuimus, distrahendi, ut archiepiscopus, proqui foret in tempore, principio suireginis de Tomek, Podlaha, ed. Podlaha, ed. Podlaha, ed. Podlaha, ed. Podlaha, ed.

- 38- … Archbishop Ernest ofPardubice defined a general coursefor the maintenance oftreasuries and D ě jepis m ) and had to compile an inventory of all things Statuta Metropolitanae Statuta Metropolitanae Statuta Metropolitanae Statuta Metropolitanae Statuta Metropolitanae ě sta Prahy sta 230 , vol. 3, 211. a copy of which had to be handed over to the deacon and the chapter. and the deacon the to over be handed to had which of acopy . 232

, 31. , 31. , 31. , 31. , 22.

...(inventarium)quod, apud se retenta co Ad ipsos(custos etsacrista) insimul etiam licet adcustodem principalius, officio De custodies et sacristae coniunctim. Custos veroet sacrista, cum inventariis.De Ut autem rerum plenior ecclesiae habeatur certitudo et easdem part the or treasury of objects fromaltars certain orchapels (St. 229 They reported to the main custodian ( custodian main the to reported They as binding as repairing books, and little bell ropes custos in the in sacristywithin a month after they and sacristan, and subsacristan, recruited . pia, infra alterius mensis spatium sub 228 and laid down rules for andlaid down rules custos custos 231 227

CEU eTD Collection thesafekeeping of liturgical vessels. liturgical of thesafekeeping on 1349 of Pardubice of Ernest of Statutes provincial the in written rules the behind clearly were laymen, and priests both treasuries, of keepers the by committed sacrileges of number great The Theft2. andLoss of Objects keeperfound guiltyalienating of any demand a note ( a note demand keepers had to obey strictsecurity ruleswhen lending anything outside thechurch. They were obliged deputatos. Wenceslai etreliquias ponitur, sanctorum pannos ac seubalkinos sericeos in exequiis funerum vel ecclesiae alias usibus et easdem per matronas etbonifantes etdiscretosprovidos custodiri procurare. pertinet ecclesiam altaria profestivitatem et solemnitate pallis cortinis ornare, reliquias sanctorum suotemporeexponere collectedfunerary clothsas aswell decorations orany other donations. (oblations, feastdays of St.Vitus and Wenceslaus.. Sacristans were also charged with collection of gifts tombAdalbert ofSt. andthe relics ofthe Virgin had to beplaced on theirrespective altars onthe 238 237 236 235 234 233 decoration ofaltarsthe during liturgicalfeasts, including theexhibition of relics. service vestments for the archbishop’s mass and return them back after the mass was finished. was mass the after back them return and mass archbishop’s the for vestments service exhibited on altarsina set order and guarded by specially-appointed canons ( They hadThey tomorning attend and servicesasoftenother livedas possible. They behindthechapter house Prague Castle.in dilligenter et custodir consueverunte.solicite lini siipsis vel ministretur etsericeo, sisericoconsuere sciverint, consuere…sanctorum reliquias…cum bonifantibus quem ad praedicti deben,hoc habere fideliter describatur. commodare, quae quidemcautio una cum commodata, re die,in qua, et presentibus testibus, quibus commodatur, in libro, vel status existat,nisi prius sufficienti cautione recepta, sacristia de extra ecclesiam subpoena premissa audeat officio peracto, suscipereet sacristae reservandaminibus consignare, hoc sacrista alias ipsum custodefacit absente. solemnitatibusad missam sepraeparat, eidem indumenta sacra priusaptata congrue personaliter ministrare, et ab eo, antiphons had to writtenbe down inthe accountbook. matrons vestments. Hledíková, and Polc, Podlaha, ed. Podlaha, ed. Podlaha, ed. Podlaha, ed. Podlaha, ed.

- 39-

The special task of the

Sacristan had to keep 12 clerics( in choro virginis ( matrones ecclesiae matrones 236 offertorium Thealtars were specified in thetask: the reli Statuta Metropolitanae Statuta metropolitanae Statuta Metropolitanae Statuta Metropolitanae Statuta Metropolitanae cautio Pražské synody . ), obligation, written acredit in the presen ) when the relicswere displayed and atthe grave ofSt.Wenceslas; they also ), whose responsibility was also was also responsibility ), whose custos , 42-43.“ , 32-3. , 32-3. , 31. , 31. , 135. , 135.

238 bonifantes Nec rem quamcunque communem ecclesiae personae, cuiuscunque conditionis Specialiter ad tamen officium custodies pertinet, cum archiepiscopus in ” Matronsalso had to take careof ill canons andnot leave them on theirown. —and in his absence of the of absence his in —and The archbishop ordered the punishment of loss of office for any any for office loss of of punishment the ordered archbishop The Colligit quoque Colligitet reservat offertorium, quoque quod apud sepulchrum sancti De officio et tantum.oneribus sacristae Ad sacristam specialiter autem pretiosam mobilem Officium(matronarum quarum ecclesiae) pallas est etalbas dissutas filo 234 ) from his beneficium) wes whoin Welika sing hours would and Sacristans were also charged charged also were Sacristans without legitimate without permissionChurch from cs of St. cs of Vitus, Cross, of theHoly of the ce of witnesses. All of the transactionof ce ofwitnesses. All sacrista to sew and repairaltarcloths and 237

—was to personally prepare with the care ofthefestive bonifantes 235 The relicswere , and church 233 The CEU eTD Collection (reliquaries), humerals chalices, and humerals (reliquaries), Wenceslaus also accused the bell-ringer servants of stealing church ornaments, namely monstrances parishioners of ungratefulness and infrequent donations. He chastised the priest for his negligence. motivated todonate. In the parish church of St.Eligius Prague,in Wenceslaus Borowsky accused the Hussite vol. times), 1, ed. Bed lack materialsimilar comparative for the rest of Europe orfor the which laity, the image. distorts 243 242 241 240 239 study. thechurch of the restoration asecond for Jakub, divi later and chapel, the in box treasury a locked manipulatedonatedtreasury tothe any or them in stealing ofalms and donations. No orpreacherallowed was alienateto money or objects into an unhealthy temptation for its clergy. The donors warned against the absence of priestsand the language. The foundation charter reflected the troubles that could result from a donation—it could turn Jan K burgher the Mühlheim and courtier Hans of were a must. The parishioners went so far as to refuse to bury bodies of poor people who had never never had who people poor of bodies bury to refuse as to far so went parishioners The must. a were low. was church the to donate to willingness parishioners’ the situation, this in that surprising It is hardly tothe parishioners. accounts shown which no were ever bell-tower, of church the animals,lay dress. and statuestheselling includeon churcha ban vestments,and alsomention donationshorses, of domestic illuminatingthe scale problemof the towards theend of the fourteenth century. Among other things, in reflected are and laity clergy both by property authorities. monstrancie, homiralia, calices et alia, dequibus anima campanatoris et incarceratusfuit. inculpabatur clenodia etquedam ornamenta quamplura, quenon enumenrat, erant adicta ecclesia per furtum ablata, videlicer ut plurimus diminutusestet diminuitur et, ut dicitur,propter inadvertenciam etnegligenciam dicti decani. Item dicit, quod et ornamneta addictam ecclesiam, etraro cantantur matutine, quecantabantur prius cottidie etdicit, quod cultusdivinus et testamentis, et perhocecclesia stat inhordinata, ita quod plebesani nonhabeat tantamgraciam addandum testamenta by priests were apparently a common occurrence. common a apparently were priests by Foundation of charter Betlehem Chapel, in Hledíková, and Polc, mentioned contrastedwithwe This phenomenon, often generated reformists´as having shouldbe critique, that thefact Hledíková, and Polc, Item dicit(Wenceslaus Borowsky) dictus detestamentis ecclesie, quod decanus ecclesieintromittit sede rebus ecclesie

- 40- 242 Clerical offences affecting the treasuries sometimes meant that parishoners were poorly parishoners that meant sometimes treasuries the affecting offences Clerical In 1391, the Bethlehem Chapel in Prague Old Town represented a private foundation by the the by foundation aprivate represented Town Old Prague in Chapel Bethlehem the 1391, In In the thevillage Podskalíin ofPr vicinity of

239 The Recordstestify thattheorder Court wa Pražské synody Pražské synody 241 ř

ich Havránek, Josef Hrabák,and Ji , 238-9, 260. , 238-9, , 135.

243 Výbor z andthe sacristan illicitly spendingof the money intended for č eské literaturyhusitské doby ř 240 íž, where university teachers preached in the Czech Czech the in preached teachers university íž, where harmful way. The revenue had to be kept in in triple- kept to be The revenue had harmful way. ded into three parts: one for the priests Filip and and the last designated for books for preachers‘ for preachers‘ books for last designated the and Growing worries of spoilingand abusing church the synodal statutes of 1386, 1387, and 1392 and 1392 1387, 1386, of statutes the synodal ague, on the hand,other on ague, donationsthe to church ř í Da ň s needed—that acts of sacrilege committed committed sacrilege of acts needed—that s helka, 386-7,(Prague: (Selection from(Selection literature Czech of the Č SAV, 1963-4).

Protocolum , 53-4.

CEU eTD Collection the misal donated through the through donated misal the St.a promise inthe included bytwoaltar priests Vi 1423 from record A late loss. fear of any than important more was benefactor the of memory the foster madeThe desirefor theobjects to be publically visi mantlewas “rediscovered” inthe chamberofthe altar priest ofSt. Leonardchurch inPrague. red tunic of Florence linen were stolen from Master Franciscus, of Olomouc. Later on, the stolencurtain alsoappears in therecords. often concern privately-owned books. personal belongings to a cleric at Prague University’s Charles College in 1380. in College Charles University’s Prague at acleric to belongings personal humeralmedallions and two ( Hanuš Krumpé This way, the donation was donation publicised andremembered.This way,the theentries mainly include debts they give us valuable information about church textiles in late fourteenth century Bohemia. 253 252 251 250 249 248 247 246 245 244 givenany bequests to the church ( missals and breviaries. taken fellow clergymenby aftertheservice. abbot’s commoners. the fourteenth century, donations churches to became general practice, required even from of end the towards Prague in case, any In poor”. the of “property the as teachings some in considered liber sententiarum AI vol. 7. 1423/101 AI vol. 2. 1380/130 AI vol. 1. 1376/79 AI, vol. 3.1392/288. AI, vol. 3,1392-3: 17, 42, 49, 82, 87,108,151, 243, 250, 467, books pawned1398/109. AI, vol. 1.1373/180, vol. 4. 1402/321, an burned antiphonary vol 4, 1402/129, vol. 6, 1407/28, with 2 1408/23.chalices AI, vol. 1.1371/71 1408/117.AI, vol6, Protocolum AI, vol.1 1379/35, 1379/99, 1379/157, vol. 3 1392/314, vol. 4 1402/340 sold), vol.(ornatus In 1408/1421 4 1403/274).

- 41- 247 Occasionaly, adispute occurredabout the place and manner the treasury was being cared for. Liturgical books appear in the Court Records, amongst the items most frequently alienated; frequently most items the amongst Records, Court the in appear books Liturgical pallium Accounts involving books refer mostly to the most common books used by priests, such as such by priests, used books most common the to refer mostly books involving Accounts , 114. ř of Prague promised to compensate to the deacon of O thedeacon of compensate to to promised Prague of from theAugustinian monastery of the Virgin and St. Charlemagne in Prague thatwas ), a dark mantle with green silk reverse (here wrongly called wrongly (here reverse silk withgreen mantle a dark ), 248 clipeos Disputes over liturgical overliturgical Disputes ) on) achasuble. beneficium paramenta 246 244

or failureor ofpayment for books, or substitutions for alienated –astrange perceptionat atime when achurchtreasury was exhibited at their altar of the Assumption of the Virgin. the of Assumption the of altar their at exhibited that priests brought to the churches with them—although a them—although with churches tothe brought priests that 250 251 Itsometimes too far, went as case in the a of stolen In another In case, fellow clerics stole vestments and paramenta tus cathedral to keep both their altar garments and and garments altar their both keep to cathedral tus ble from the time they were donated at the altar to to altar at the donated were time they from the ble (paraments) are comparatively rarer, but comparatively are (paraments) ř echov for the loss of a maniple, gloves, stole, 252 pallium A book of sentences sentences of book A ), and a dark 249 Disputes 253 245

CEU eTD Collection stolen fromhim the by knight of Stráž. The owner oftherelics, however, proved with testimoniesthat finally decidedthe by vicar infavo of the donation. In 1408, a dispute over safekeepingthe ofa yellow garment pertinent to an altar was several times. pr the by later pawned and church the to endowed d. Nicolaus reliquias vendidit d. huiusmodi Henrico de et Straz superhoc duos testes produxit... cistula, quas reliquias presentianno de dominus deStraz Ibido recepit dictoNicolao d. violenter. comex dixit quoddictus quedam reliquie fuerunt in argento admodum ciboriorum item (!), de ligno domini in item vitro, fuerunt reliquie in una cum reliquiis, ymago Wenceslais. et ymago s. Johanis Bapt.cum itemreliquiis, unum oss repositum in argento, item mandavit quod ...librum ...redimat... Item dixit quod infrascri infracapella dies. confessusItem VIII estsevendisse unum viaticum…(vicarius ut) mandavit restituit vendicioni et duas unumdalmaticas, calicem, monstranciam argenteam(!) etunum missalem, quelibrum reponere promissit in dicta and vol. 3,1398/185, chalice 1398/250, 1401/75, 1403/146 1379/59 vestments, three threechalices and one sacristy or to the altar. the to or sacristy Sometimes,the testimony of the parishioners was sought beforethe chalicecould be returned to the two garments with dalmatics,and another silverre psaltery (breviary), and the reliquarie missal, chalice, treasury’s the stealing of accused was priest chapel the Nicolaus, enrichment. personal 261 260 259 258 257 256 255 254 priest, who demandedthegarment be kept Town square. Old the in St.Leonard of church the in sacristan the mistrusted they because them with or altar each orderedthat it should given be tothepriestas needed.Thealtar priestskept theirservice vesselsat and objects, of remainder the with together sacristy the in it keep to prefered vicar the Prague, in pawned by priests, images themain altar,on altar textiles,and lost oneofthe church’s chalices. clenodia in ecclesie Kosteleczobligata, videlicet calicem argenteum, librum gradualis etunum missale AI vol. 1. 1378/270. AI vol. 1, 1377/133, 193. vol.2,1385/128 chalice with together alienated vestment bythe priest, similarly 1396/175, AI vol. 6, 1408/369, 1421—1428/2 a viaticus, vestment money and a chalice and alienated bytheparish priest. AI vol. 1. 1373/247—an vestment andtwochalices, 1378/270 1392/265, seebelow, vestment andchalice 1403/321). AI AI vol. 2, 1382/119, 1384/266, 1385/3, 1386/91, 1386/142, 1387/ 36,1392/72, 1402/1551392/100, ( AI vol. 1. 1376/83, vol. 6. 1408/515, additionsvol. 71394/67 AI vol. 6. 1408/117 Protocolum

- 42- Keeping things visible at thealtar was contended churchby administrationers who feared loss The fate of the Lomn the of fate The Chalices were—at any were—at any rate—among mostChalices freque the , 91, 92-5, no.13-15. 255 258 Hehad been responsible for burning downa curtain covering (

Compensations or restitutions were restitutions dema Compensations or 256 Item die XXIV Julii predictus Nicolaus confessus est serecepisse dedictaduos capella ornatus, or their ownership challenged, 260

ice castletreasury ur of keeping it inthesacristy.keepingit of ur

s. After theinvestigatio s. matutinale visibly pawned by the priest. priest. the by pawned 261 at the altar of the Corpus Christi in the Tyne church church Tyne the in Christi Corpus the of altar the at pte relliquie in dicta capella fuerunt, primomanus argentea is an illuminatingis an case of a clerical attempt at liquary. He told the invest the told He liquary. iest. Their sales for personal profit were noted were noted profit personal salesfor Their iest. 257 especially in the cases when they had been had when they cases inthe especially nded, but occured comparatively rarely. comparatively occured but nded, ntly stolen treasury items. Chalices were Chalices treasury items. stolen ntly n, the priest admitted to have also stolen 254 Inspite oftheprotests of thealtar

igators that they they were that igators circumdabantur ), 1408/666) redimere certa redimere certa ) the 259

CEU eTD Collection unlimited time. away for“safekeeping” after the death theof priest, “ way the This was endangered. treasury 1393, to the goldsmith,Stephen ofPrague, forrestoration stolen was from him. revenge. in stolen been had that horses knight’s the return to promised priest the after only contents its return 268 267 266 265 264 263 262 church after the pawn was paid by the parish priest in 1380. priest parish the by was paid pawn the after church elsewhere. Another silver head, this time areliquary of St. Stephen, was successfuly returned to its that was apparently used inprocessions on thefeast John ofSt. the Baptist, apracticealso knownfrom St. John theBaptist. Here we have interestingan Bohemian testimony ofthe separable statue’s head originally belonged to a lay person, Petr Višn Petr person, a lay to belonged originally containedsmalland St.Vi bones of the bitsof the priest Henslin of Lobkowicz in 1398. in Lobkowicz of Henslin priest the that ifhe had not sold theornaments, the knight would have taken them regardless. Nicolaus had sold the relics to the knight for his own profit. Nicolaus tried to defend himself by saying clergy may have strengthened clergy may have strengthened po the objects to the church and keep themthere, where all other church jewels were kept. Offences by the that he had alienated them,keptheathem safe in place.” The vicarthen ordered himreturnto the take care elsecould time, them of long as“no one that wantedhe to prevent themfrombeing stolen. Headded thathehad been right to keep athem for his church. Whenauthorities demandedthat hereturnthem the“archive” to thein church,he answered accessed with difficulty. In 1374, In difficulty. with accessed only and well-guarded were they objects, rare As relatively pawns. in only figure Records—they Court AI, vol. 2,1393, 44. AI, vol. 1,1374, 162. AI, vol. 1, AI, vol. 1,1373, 367. 1398,AI, vol3, 150. AI, vol. 2,1380, 67. AI, vol. 1.,1374, 175. 268 - 43-

Church treasuries were also attractive for lay thieves, and when the parish priest died, the the died, priest parish the when and thieves, lay for attractive werealso treasuries Church It was sometimesdifficult to distinguish whether atreasury was stolen or being kept safe. In It is interesting that reliquariesthatexpe andIt isinteresting more Andreas, a priest from Pelh apriest Andreas, 266 When in need of repair, the vessels were carried to a goldsmith; however, the chalice given

1375, 128. 265 In another In case, a knight kepttreasury the of the church inVod unum annulum aureum in valore floren., IV in quo particula de unoosseVincencii est inclusa .. 262

a canon was fined 300 gr. for pawning a silver head of a statue of a statue of asilver gr. washead 300 for pawning fined acanon ř imov, confessedthat hehad takentwo chalicesandmissal a from sition of the lay sacristans; in 139 sacristans; in sition ofthelay 264 omnia etsingula omnia The expensivepiece of jewellry was valued at 4 florenes florenes at4 was valued jewellry of expensivepiece The ě ,from whom it may have beenstolen by Henslin. ncentius. The interesting thingthe interesting wasthat ncentius. ring The better than him, and should the archbishop think think the should archbishop him, and than better apparently with the intention of keeping it for anfor it intention ofkeeping with the apparently nsive silverstatues are rarely mentioned in the ” of the parish church church in K theparish ” of 263 Agold reliquaryring was pawned by 8 in Trnová,theparishpriest 8 in 267

ě rady, promisingto ř ešín was taken CEU eTD Collection amendation ofchurch vestments, knownfrom preserved pieces,as aswell sources. Histestimony also provides evidence ofwhat seems tohave been the common medieval practise of there. worked had he when than better looked now they that thought he ways; various in manipulated and shapes different into re-cut been have they that however, admitted, He stolen. were curtains adaptedfor usebythesick and poor. IV donated twelvesilver statues ofthe Apostles and saints theto sepulchre ofSt. Wenceslaus. 272 271 270 269 know about other donations other about know Pomerania) gave the mansionaries three pieces of cloth, one long and twoshort ones. Havel did not donated a cloth, from which they made garments and mantles. And today’s Empress (Elisabeth of also She mansionaries. the to she gave third the and background, a blue-grey on eagle black large solemncurtain embroidered with black eagles on goldfor the celebration offeasts, the another witha gave a large curtain and approximately twelve small of Valois gave three largeand beautiful curtains fourand smaller ones, while Queen Anne of valuablecurtains with him. the of some kept had like thedeacon because look had remembernot curtains howthese particular church. Duringtheinquiryhewas showntheaumb the of decoration and service for the other objects and books curtains, and garments of care taking textiles, office in St. Wenceslaus chapel for one year, twelve years ago. His job was to conserve and exhibit the collection was caredfor.PriestHavel,being Vitus St. of Cathedral the from curtains expensive objects ( objects precious other about made were and inquiries sacristan, the garment the to return was to ordered were all kept properly and were now kept in the treasury. treasury. the in kept werenow and properly kept were all current number ofhangings in the Praguechurch. He, however,insisted that those given tothe canons (Pragae: Nadace(Pragae: Patriaeand Historický AV Ústav In1305, Peter of Zittau recorded the precious cloth and textiles given King silk by Wenceslaus tothe hospital and AI, vol. 1,1377/6 d. AI vol. 1. 1377/6 Chronicon Francisci Pragensi

- 44- Havel’s testimonywas not very helpfulthe to investigators,could ashe say not ifany ofthe Manipulation treasuries includedof their useas Havel then enumerated the donations ofthe curtains theby Bohemian queens: Queen Blanka A rare, deeper insight into the work of a treasury 1377, keeper from atreasury of comes the work into A rare, insight deeper pretiosa ) reportedly lost from the church. church. fromthe lost reportedly )

(Chronicle of Franciscus of Prague), ed. Jana Zachová, FRB Series Nova tomus 1 270 Chronicon Aulae Regiae to the St. Vitus, as they were not his duty, nor was he aware of the the of aware he was nor duty, his not were they as Vitus, St. the to

Č R, 1997), 164, 164, 1997), R, mansionarius , FRB,vol. 4,92, 129. was suspected. An inquir An suspected. was balkin ry with the textiles.At that point, Havel could Chronicon Aulae regiae financial reserves. In 1333, the future Charles Charles future the 1333, In reserves. financial

inSt. Vitus, had held the sub-sacristan ones.Anne ofPoland bequeathed one , 414. Otavský, y was made into how the intohow made was y 271

269 when theft of of theft when Die Sankt 272 They They CEU eTD Collection instructions on the manipulation of liturgical objects, the core of future treasuries; future core of the objects, liturgical of manipulation the on instructions early Bohemian on light sheds Office, of Book the includes which Opatovice, of Homiliary objects from other church treasuries to the Karlštejn castle for safekeeping during the Hussite wars. century and the importance of practical cult for the needs of everyday life. everyday of needs the for cult of practical importance and the century Bohemian sources suggest an advanced level oflay participation inchurch rituals theby twelfth in Liturgy Treasury 1. duringsiege. the them for living a provide to pieces the from taken gold and silver sold defenders the years, several For 280 279 278 277 276 275 274 273 Wenzelskrone Treasuryin Church III. The viaticum celebratemass inshelters ornon-consecrated spaces, have asufficientlysolemn container forthe recommendations will later be included in the synodal statutes. The source advised the priests notto metropolitan treasury(mostly by his collected fromthe silver and gold with his mercenaries paid Luxembourg of Emperor later, Sigismund the years J King when installed partly been have only may were requirements that the Eucharist vessels and relic in the cathedral (which alone covered their needs for almost a year) for almost needs their covered alone (which cathedral the in monasteries, and from Vyšehrad, asas wellthe other goldfrontals from theSt. Wenceslaus sepulchre religious goods and precious metals that was largely fed by religious wars. wars. religious by fed waslargely metalsthat precious and goods religious The Eucharist carried to the sick. Ferdinand Hecht, Sommer,“Procession,” 176. Fajt, ed. Pelikán, 87. CPSVP, 83. CPSVP,

Pokorný,

- 45-

The sameThe was fate instore for partof theSt.

279 Magister Theodoricus Ú for the sick, the for Liturgika IV č , 19, Poche, “Um ty hradu Karlštejna zlet 1423-1434 275 Das desBischofs von Homiliar Prag Thus, major pieces ofjewellry from the St. Palmacius chapel, Zbraslavand Ostrov ,

278,the viaticumis 280 ě and lock up the hosts against mice and godless people. Interestingly, there lecká , 46. ř emesla gotické doby,“ 456. Bohemian religiouspractice subutraque . father) and from the St. Wenceslaussepulchre. fromthe father) and , Beiträge zurGeschichte Abtheilung Böhmens, (Prag1863).I (soaked inthe Blood). ohn seized them and pawned them in 1336. Eighty Eighty them1336. in seizedpawned them and ohn Vitus treasury, which was brought together with together wasbrought which treasury, Vitus s be kept at the altar all the time, suggesting that that s suggesting at time, the the altar be kept all

276 were lost to market the in 277 The twelfth century twelfth The

278 273 similar similar

274

CEU eTD Collection 13. per oculos kitchens. APH Sign. P3, f. 35. described for benediction of that candles were afterwards taken home, protected roomand houses, beds, corners, and The useof -at vases the altar -takes place the anointmentwith oilon the priestshead and chalice (f.3). Asimilar ritualis humani genis maxima…ut…(aqua) ad demons serviens abrissiendos morbosque…in domibus vel locis fidelium homines sive super pecora iumeta vel efficiaris fonsexorcizatus utubicunque fueris aspersa sivein domo sive angulisin cubiculorum sive in agro sivesuper church. APH Sign P3“… des Kirchengebäudes in und seiner Ausstattung der Hoch und - Spätgotik blessings and benedictions. agenda from1359-1362, when Archbishop Ernest orderedmasses, processions, fastingand singing. The performances re-enacted the historical narrative of the suffering of Chris, however, only some of them some them of only however, Chris, of suffering of the narrative historical the re-enacted performances 286 285 284 283 282 281 other religious occasions religious other on and of churches consecration for saints, of feasts the on held were processions century, eleventh the feasts, processions, and special ritesconnected to relics. the Eucharist meal only once a year on Easter, on a year once only meal Eucharist the to came however, people, lay most century thirteenth the in feasts; Spirit Holy and Easter Christmas, on year per times three communion take and feasts fasts, keep confession, to come should people priest should have assistentan toread psalmsfor him.Following the Homiliary recommendations, lay bo of liturgical set a possess basic should church abuse.Italso limits the material forused chalices—they should not be made fromwood or glass. The is chrism sacred oils—the of preservation concerning recommendations gives also Homiliary a The clean place. in stored and beclean should vessels church and vestments, wear special cleanunderwear, have should thecelebrant is prominent— hygiene good churches. episcopal the of exception the with Bohemia, in common yet not was space a secluded as treasury Tripps, See Describes prayers and benedictions over water and saltin the vigil of Epiphany, and the ofreach powertheir outside the Sommer,“Procession medieval in early Bohemia,“ 170-176. Johannes Tripps, Miri Rubin,

- 46- rubrics Objects from the treasuries were used in the ceremonies on feasts on ceremonies the in used were treasuries fromthe Objects Specific Specific objects were, of course, performances used asin liturgical well. The Homiliary instructed the priests on the kinds of vessels needed for the service. Care for for Care service. the for needed vessels of kinds the on priests the instructed Homiliary The of BishopTobiáš ofBechyn Das Handelnde Bildwerk , i.e. throughviewing. inmissals,e.g., missals ofSt. Prague CorpusEucharist Christi: in LateMedieval Culture Das Handelnde Bildwerkin derGotik, Forschungen zu den Bedeutungsschichten derFunktion und Efficere ergoaqua Efficere sancta, aqua benedicta, aqua quecordes lavat acmundat peccata…sed 283 284 when special rites were also performed; such as during a plague lasting a plague as such during performed; werealso rites special when , 12-13. Moreover, metropolitan,chapter and monastic churches had their own (f.13)…(the God createdthe of assubstancewater towards

ě from 1294 informs about the use of church vessels in special special in vessels of church the use about informs 1294 from Vitus in Pilsen, seeAppendix II,no. 18. 281 on other occasions they participated in the mystery mystery the in participated they occasions other on oks, a misale, lectionary and antiphonary, and the the and antiphonary, and amisale, lectionary oks, kept buriedin the earth or lockedto up prevent 285 (Cambridge 1991), Press, University repr. 1992, 36-7.

, 2 nd ed. (Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag2000), 12- 282 of the liturgical year. liturgical From the of “… salutem …”(f.14). 286 These These

CEU eTD Collection Vitus, chapter, chapter, 89 in other chapters and colleges, parishpriests 107, altarpriests monastics105, 360. bonifants, 30 students, aprovost, choir and adeacon. InPrague there were around 250 in clerics St.Vitus, 100 in Vyšehrad to the graveFriday,on Good where itwa an of account an provides even 292 291 290 289 288 287 metropolitansymbolised church the coming of theHo the burial of the image of Crucified Christ until its elevation on the Resurrection Sunday. Resurrection the on elevation its until Christ Crucified of image the of burial the services, Zden P of church the in 1366 for documented already is practice boys threw flowers. ( Christ introduction of choral singing and and music. singing choral of introduction Charles’ with haveintensified seems to liturgy could betraced in theinventories of treasuries. In mentioned. is time fasting the during church) of the theinterior in cross a wooden on scene carved or a painted (apparently cross the veiled that orhanging acushion of 1387, inventory Vitus Saint the In Offices. of Books and treasuries of inventories the in look to described—is rarely John Hus. Master of the writings in was recorded even processions was ceremonially buried.students’ A mocking performance ofsuch theatrical PalmSunday procession; another Christ sculpture was placed by the grave and people kneeled around it before it theDuring Easterceremony,the crucifix, veiled in objects. and practices such on attack Hussites’ the on testimony precise rare a us giving Želiv of Parasceve 308. no. XLI, CPSVP, 1387, inventory Vitus ducit(ntur?) asell(um) ymaginecu(m) Salvatoris Esztergom Cathedral treasury. In In treasury. EsztergomCathedral recorded. LE,vol. 1, 60 (1366) no. 123. P XLI, 1387, CPSVP, inventory no.308, NK IVD 9, f.13r. National Library, NK IVD 9 (from secondhalfthe ofthe 14 The number of in individuals the St. Vitus chapter rose to 32 canons, 34vicars, 24mansionaries, 12 psalmer singers, 12 Codex Thomaeus

- 47- 288 One wayto performances aboutreligious learn pl. 4 Christ Christ on donkey 4 pl. the processionthe on Palm Sunday theled large wooden figure ofa donkey carrying an imageof . In Hronský Be 290 Anearlyfifteenth century inventory ofthe Augustinianchurch of St.Thomas Prague in ě k ofRonov ordered perpetual reading of psalmssix by persons continuously between , p. codex 255-CXXIIIv, p. edition 373. 373. edition p. 255-CXXIIIv, codex p. , Pueros…sequu(ntur) portansp(res)b(yte)r crucifixu(m) casula..ante coop(er)tum chorum in 289 ň Later, this(or similar) imageswere adik, , asculpturefrom ofChrist the Grave is preserved, the Grave isnow in the Codex Thomaeus ř ibyslav “ ibyslav ); it was pulled from theentrance of the church to the main altar whilst ymago Cortina alba admodum culcitri,cum qua velaturcrux in quadragesima.

tumulatione imaginescrucifixi incepto tamdiu usque ad elevationem ipsius , a sculpture of Christ with wounds that was traditionally carried . Probably lent textile or cushion ( also twostatutes of pregnant Virginwith thechild inherwomb are 287 s buried asinre-enactment Entombent.s buried of Removal of the Lent veil hanging veil hanging Lent the of Removal Item ymago v(u)lneribus cum que ponitur in sepulcro in die IV reorganisation of the a borrowed cushion-like textile, was carried in wasthe in carried textile, cushion-like a borrowed St. Vitus cathedral Vituscathedral the St. ritual aspectschurch, of th century there is theSt. Sigismundfeast). ly week. In ly week.the fourteenth in liturgy—performances that are that liturgy—performances in otherwise mocked and destroyedthe by mob ofJohn ř ibyslav. In the donation charter for its ad modum culcitri metropolitan chapter and -century missal of St. -century missal ofSt. ante chorum ), mentioned in mentionedSt. ), 292 291

Asimilar ofthe ”. CEU eTD Collection example, for centuries; fifteenth and inthefourteenth Bohemia in masses increased of anniversary number anniversary ofhis/her death,aswell astheir settingand the formritual ofthe heldin hismemory.The in every church, where itstopped. occasion (and later swappedfor woodenfor the burial),as wellas the decorated biers ( co gold-embroidered with coffin tin the over canopy deceased Charles IVtouredPrague churches;men carriedlights, banners oflands and after In 1378, treasury. the church to added demanding the use ofspecial objectsfor the occasion;some objects ofvaluemight have beenlater several dayswith a procession ofclergy, knights, servants, university studentsand town patriciat— the gravewitha cloth—both commonin the inventories, and burningnumerous candles. Plze in church provision of the the of provision Vorlesungen der KatholischenVorlesungen UniversitätEichstätt der during procession and the Communion; in practice, the altar was illuminated with up to four four to up with wasilluminated altar the practice, in the Communion; and procession during deacons were thefamily and queen and a canopy; all these objects we objects these all a canopy; and Ho of church 299 298 297 296 295 294 293 grave was covered by a cloth senta priest there; duringthes annual anniversary ofhis death,masses of funeral candles were lit.The archbishop of Prague, erectedthe altar of St. Erhard, Ottilia and Albanusin St. Vitus Cathedral, and the use of at least two candles two least at of use the FranzMachilek, fränkischer“Spätmittelalterliche Lichtverzeichnisse Kirchen,“ in E.g., LE,vol. 5(1398-1407), 1403); 571, no.770 618, (year no. 837, where lighting was priest’s responsibility.the František Šmahel,politischen ”Zur Präsentation im und Allegorie 14. in und15.Jahrhundert,“ LE,vol. 1, 66 (1367), no. 137. Covers ( LE,vol. 4 (1390-1397), no. 359, 503, 557; vol.5no. 752 (1402), 566, no.762 (1402). LE.359, no. 503, 566, no. and 762., others, 582, no. 783, seeabove.

- 48- Also royal advent, coronation or burial were accompanied by ceremonies—lasting up to to up ceremonies—lasting by wereaccompanied orburial coronation advent, royal Also Another special group of objects in the treasuries are related to privateanniversaries. The Illuminationof thechurch was an important external sign ofmass. the coopertoria thirty three thirty ř ín ň every year in 1485. The anniversaries included carrying the canopy or bier, covering bier, or canopy the carrying included anniversaries The 1485. year in every ě beneficium ves, bells were rung and a solemn procession circled the church twice with candles candles twice with church the circled procession a solemn were rung and ves, bells ) are mentioned are ) in the B solemn masses were said at the altar of the Virgin Mary in St. Bartholomeus Bartholomeus St. in Mary Virgin the of altar the at said were masses solemn sacrificed at the altar. the at sacrificed justified the donor’s right to order particular procedures to be held at the the at be held to procedures particular to order right the donor’s justified 295 and guarded by clergy. by guarded and 299 297 that in the Late Middle Ages we Ages Middle Late the in that

re then laid over the grave. the over laid then re Banners, king’s armour, coats of arms,as well as of the ř evnov Zoubek, inventory, “Nový d 9(Munich: 12-17. 1994), Oldenbourg ostensio corporis ver. Silver gilded jewels weremade for the 296

in Prague Castle, the procession with the with procession the Prague Castle, in 294 In 1367, Jan O Jan In 1367, re placed on the altar or held by held or the altar re placedon ů ležitý pramen,” 51. Církevní správa 298 Otto-von-Freising Otto-von-Freising Roman Roman č , 83. ko of Vlašim, the insignia castra doloriscastra Ordo 293 , orgold In the In orders ) CEU eTD Collection church. David RHoleton, the in Eucharist of the marklocation the to wasadded light The eternal blessings. in was used them, and to was carried masswith processions. and The Eucharist was displayed in the church, played a part in the Easterritual, healed the sick, of Corpus Christi was established in Christianity. ConfirmedLatin in 1317 by Pope John XXII, the feast was celebrated Corpus Christi. Corpus Christianity, textiles thedecorative inventories. Nextthe to ornate liturgical vestmentsthatwere inseparate part of the mass since early real Body and Body real Blood(Rubin, Christ of promised to sendapilgrimto and donate alarge candle ( 303 302 301 300 settlements, candles ( to six candles. Candles candles. Candles were at the six bier; burning to Christian worship became more accentuated. more became worship Christian Eucharist. the to left theirmark on the compositon of treasuries; thereforeI would like to dedicateseparate a subchapter positioninthe Europe—its developmentthe ofEucharist positioncult—which in is on vestments, not solemn requiring processions during all – canopies monstrance, banners, and for used the andribbons bier a decorated Eucharist: the important items in the treasury. To exhibited on the altars and in sanctuaries or carried in processions were considered among the most themonstrances for Corpus Christi among others.Over time,these containers for the consecrated Host composition oftreasuries and structure ofthe inventories byintroducing new objects intotreasury— Over the course of the fourteenth century, the growing cult of the Eucharist influenced the 2. The Eucharist cult and treasuries sacrifice. of Christ´s enactment re- the frame symbolically to helped objects treasury the such, as created; treasuries in objects the that role inthecult—contributed toso Dragoun, “Vybavenísv. Bartolom kostela inThe FourthLateran council 1215 accepted of that declared the containsdogma the the transubstantiation, Eucharist E.g., in 1504, in the peacesettlement contract of JanBavor of Švamberk, who asonhad killed of a Plze Eg. LE,vol. 5 (1398-1407), 662-3, no. 894, (1405). LE,vol. 5 (1398-1407), no. 582, 783, and 593, no. 798.

- 49- From the mid-thirteenthFrom the century andinthe fourte

postavnik 302 and numerous iron, brass, bronze or silver candlesticks were inventoried in the the church in werecandlesticks or inventoried silver brass, bronze iron, and numerous 301 In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, sixteenth and fifteenth the In in Czech) were mentioned also in church accounts as tokens of peace peace of tokens as accounts church in also mentioned were Czech) in The Bohemian Eucharistic inits context The movement European liturgy Bohemiain liturgy ledin Corpus Christi lemn decoration of the sacred act. It was this complex solemn setting ě

the treasuries were added other obje other added were treasuries the je v Plzni,“ 7. of various kinds (astapestries, cu , 36-7), , 36-7), and also provided rulesfor its protection. In1264, the feast 303 The Eucharist was detached from other sacraments, sacraments, from other wasdetached Eucharist The 300 donations were made to postavník the fifteenth to century the fifteenth ly for the priest, butalso enth century,the in line with a growing interest in the rest of the restof interestin a growing with in line provision of candles and large Easter large and candles of provision )

made from pounds four ofwax. Michal shions)—in spite ctsrelated tothe publiccult of , BRRP1(1996), 24,26-27. The the perpetuallight atthe remarkable resultsthat thelaity.Unlike the n oftheEucharistin of their passive of ň burgher, he CEU eTD Collection Zbraslav Cistercian monastery shortly before 1321. before shortly monastery Cistercian Zbraslav of Bohemia, had already donated a reliquary with a miraculous Host from Ivan Eucharist,. and deeds.Later developmentsinBohemia, however, placed both these claimsscrutiny. under character priest´s from the independent was the Eucharist effect of Salvation-bringing the that claimed development of devotional iconography of the Christ’s sacrifice in her Passional. in her sacrifice Christ’s the of iconography devotional of development the last P by introduced already were Bohemia in cult Eucharist the of growth the for incentives Europe, across caughtclosely up with developmentsFrancein and Germany.a As part ofgenerala development Benedictine monastery in Pustim monastery Benedictine reliquary of statuette IV—thegilded of Charles illegitimate son of Wenceslaus IIand step-brother 309 308 307 306 305 304 chalice and Communion children by was introduced inthefifteenth century. thelay Bohemia, In bread. withthe only communion in part thenfaithful took the chalice; winefromthe and a patene (monstrancia pace,pro paczem) expressive When followed,gestures. the Communion wasopened it kissing the by onhighEurcharist was practised, together withboth the celebrant andthekneeling, and accompanied by believers fifteenth century, raisingby ringing In bells. the accompaniedbefore to the the community Host wasshown raised fourteenth century. fourteenth and the Communion under one kind of host was deemed validas itwas under both. ( Body the and Blood the was both presence real the Host consecrated way; in the any Church doctrine,theneed totakeChrist’sthe bodyfull in (i.e. under bothkinds) wasnot affectedin originally for reasons of safty (the danger spilingof the Blood or spreading disease). According to entirely, Communion lay from withdrawn was chalice the century, thirteenth the During erected. in the Eucharist grew,confraternities of the CorpusChristi were established,and Corpus Christi altars itsand importance wasrelatedto the faithful way by ofreports related on miracles. Asresult, a interest dolorum, the Baltimore reliquary Abatyše Kunhuty Man of Sorrows with Karel Otavský, ”Relikviá Sekyrka, National Library Prague, UK XIV A 17, fol. 3a, dated ar. 1320. KarelStejskal, and Emma Urbánková, CPSVP (1354), IV,I no.61 Rubin, Rubin,

- 50-

Public devotion Corpusof Christi played the central part inthe rituals surrounding the Corpus Christi Corpus Christi Corpus Inventá 305 ř emyslids around 1320. Cunigonde, abbess of St. George monastery, prompted the the prompted monastery, George St. of abbess Cunigonde, 1320. around emyslids Corpus Christiprocessions inSt.Vitus cath (Pasionale of theAbess Cunigunde) (Prague: Odeon, 1975), 11-16. ř e arma Christi , no. 212,, no. 180-1.Neuwirth, 306 , 243-259. , 55-6. It is remarkable that the growing public veneration ofthe Eucharist in Bohemia ř ová statueta Bolestného Kristasnástroji asymboly jeho umu . Unain corpus monstrancia cristallina, qua christiindieportatur corporis xpi. , i.e. kiss of peace.Thepriest communicated on faithfulofbehalf the consecrated on bread ) in Karel IV., císa IV., Karel ěř ) It may be ofsignificance herethat inParis the processionsfor the in commemoration of the queen and her parents. queen andher the of commemoration in Geschichte der Bildenden Kunst ř z Boží milosti of Elisabeth, of approval possiblydonated—withthe the Man of Sorrows (today in Baltimore) to the to in Baltimore) (today of Sorrows the Man 308 Later, theOlomouc bishop Jan Volek, an , 153. edral were already attested before the mid- the before attested already were edral , 148. osculatorium (osculum) osculatorium č ení“ (Reliquary statuetteení“ ofthe 307 304 č ice inMoravia to

Elisabeth, queen Elisabeth, Secondly, itwas Secondly, concomitance 309 Pasionál ( or

pl. 5,Vir

pacificalis

), CEU eTD Collection 2007), 226-9. influence architecture. of Parler’s in treasuries. The Sacrament was displayed for adoration for was displayed Sacrament The treasuries. in the side walls of the church to provide from 1330s. from the mid-fourteenth century, and may have come from Charles’ IV original decoration of the chapel altar in the chapel of St. Wenceslaus in the cathedral above the main hanging dove agilded with pyx agolden replaced 1375 made around tabernacle gilded Moreover, the use of the same vessel for both the Host and a relic, is also attested in the sources. the in attested also is relic, a and Host the for both vessel same the of use the Moreover, monstrancia term revealing—the the name is indeed, reliquaries, wasmadearrangements for the cylinder with acrystal comprised Horní the second half offifteenth century). the (Kate Víta vPraze,”(Tabernacle of St.Vitus in Cathedral Prague), reservatione corporis xpi. Christi. Protocolum 1379-1382, the church of the Virgin Mary at Tyne had a large a had at Tyne Mary Virgin the of church the 1379-1382, ante altarem ante 318 317 316 315 314 313 312 311 310 fourteenth century, probably at the altar or in a stone enclosure with a fence in the wall. a in fence enclosurewith astone orin at the altar probably century, fourteenth Eucharist for the Zbraslav church of St. Gallus; valentinus plebanus king andRoman Emperor Charles IV Luxembourgof arrivedinFrance toreceive hiseducation. 13 year the after place took Christi Corpus of feast a week. 1320, then in in Paris 1323. the Eucharist, probably meant to be placed at the main altar. main at the be placed to meant probably Eucharist, the Rubin, The tabernacles were marked by the figures of angels bowing or censing the niche or central space, Kate St. Bartholomeus in Kolín, datedfrom 1360-1380. An example of theUtraquist stone tabernacle: Hradec Králové inv. CPSVP, I (1354), V,no. 64 Rubin, Rubin, Rubin,

“ due canne (straws) argentee pro communica(n)tibus. Item una monstrancia magna argentea monstranciamagnadeaurata procorpore procommunica(n)tibus. una argentee Item due (straws) canne corpus dominicumcorpus viditantealtare iacereinmatta... quem ř č ina Horní

- 51-

ková, ková, “Eucharistický Kristus mezi and The apogeeThe the cult of of Corpus Christi waspart Designed for viewing, vesselsfor the Eucharist were often made of transparentglass or Corpus Christi Corpus Christi Corpus Christi Corpus Christi Corpus ) was used intheBohemian inventories for both the Eucharistic vessels and reliquaries. 313 ”). In Bohemia, as in Germany, elaborate stone tabernacles ( tabernacles stone elaborate Germany, in as Bohemia, In ”). č ková,“Enrichment topublic representation of (Czech)Utraquist towns,”BRRP 7, (forthcoming), datesto Before 1379/1380, a priest named Valentin carved a (stone?) tabernacle for the ”. ,

101 Protocolum . , 290-1. , 290-1. , 44. Protection of theEucharist was regulated bythe synodal stattutes. Generally, it was kept for , 289-90. , first243. Thesynodal statutes decreedthere would be aCorpusChristi procession in Sens

Karel IV., císa Codex Thomaeus .

. Pixis aurea cum columbadeaurata, pendens ad sanctum Wenceslaum superaram pro ř z Boží milosti

lunula ě ly zTýna,” in the Eucharist with a a with Eucharist the for mounting the Host and heldin silver or gold. Similar Similar orgold. silver heldin and Host the mounting for , pag. 189, 377. , pag.189, , cat.no.68, p. 219. MarieKostílková, “Pastoforiumkatedrály sv. 314 the Eucharist was shown directly at the altar (“ altar the at directly shown was Eucharist the Um Žena ve 23, i.e.inthesame year ě of St. Vitus; the St. of dove stat locum matte demum excisit...eccls. Galli inAulaRegia ní 23 536-543. (1975), MadeVáclav, by Master itshows icularly marked in icularly marked chur č lunu distinguished location. distinguished 311 , ed. Horní, ed. inBohemian churches by the mid- 318 monstrancia The church also possessed special special possessed also church The č ková, Šron pastoforia for public presentation of of presentation public for that the later Bohemian uette is attested around attested uette is ch interiorswell as as ě 316 k (Praha: Artefactum, )

315

monstrantia were carved in carved were ř ina 312 An iron iron An 310 317 vidit vidit

(or (or In In CEU eTD Collection Paris, and began his autobiography with a descriptio with autobiography his began Paris, and court of Charles IV. In his youth, youth, his IV.In Charles of court has been littleinterest in theparallel growth ofdevotion to theEucharist and itsconnection tothe by by the laity during theseprocessions. brotherhoods andmedieval guildsin (Prague: Bohemia) KLP,2000). metropolethe MiddleAges,“ of Gnieznoin Bíteš, ibid, 305-6, cat. no 112, height 85,7 cm. 1389, andŠtroblová,96 cm,possibly Altová, memoriesmonstrancies: (Prague:(Oldmonstrance ofKutná Hora) Lidovénoviny, 2000), of315. Preserved , height As attested in the sources, the Emperor took communion with the Eucharist frequently, and and frequently, Eucharist the with communion took the Emperor sources, the in attested As carried thein Corpus Christi processions and shown during thefeast ofCorpus Christi. pieces of the community’s wealth. Asfor otherobjects fromtreasury, the relics could have also been Carried on biers by severalmen, they were sources of Protocolum reservanturin plebaniplebanum Etisteres dote per ante tunctenentur altare. quando communicant homines, Eucharist (of the “spire “spire type”) oc Eucharist (ofthe presentaltar onthe in a form the of consecratedthe host in monstrance. main altar of thechurch wasconsecrated to the Virgin Mary andthe Corpus Christi,latter the being faithful theon altar atthemoment of the Communion might have been inspired by the fact that the 324 323 322 321 320 319 from the eyes of the faithful when they communicated. they when faithful the of eyes the from also an interresting mention of three cloths silk fo vessels for theCommunion—two silver straws for the Communion of wine. Fromthis churchthere is were often kept inthe treasury of thechurch. banners, and coats-of-arms as such confraternities and guilds of symbols the in manifested hierarchy led the Church authorities in Bohemia to set limits to it. participation in the processions gr Štroblová, eds. Knoll and Frank Schaer(Budapest: CEU Medievalia, 2001). ofAutobiography Emperor charles IVand hislegend of St.Wenceslas č innosti bratrstev a cech Rubin, Rubin, Maria Starnawska, ”Procesje metropoliiz relikwiamiw gnieznienskiejw sreniowieczu (Processions with relics inthe Monstrances in sources: in Tyne church 1379/80,

Karoli imperatoris IV Romanorum vita abeo ipso conscripta etHystoria nova de sanctoWenceslao martyre: una pallafestivalis pulcra et sericeis. antependili cum angularibus Item III panni pulcri sericei ministrantibusetpro

- 52- The role of Emperor Charles IV in the growing devotion to relics has been observed, but there there but observed, been has relics to devotion growing the in IV Charles Emperor of role The Towards the end of the fourteenth century, mentions of large silver monstrances for the the for monstrances silver large of mentions century, fourteenth the of end the Towards Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi Corpus , 101. , 101. Kutná Hora

ů , 261-3, , also the261-3, critique of it,265, Hana Pátková, ve st 292-3. In 1436292-3. in Brno, the legate ishop Philibert had toban dressing formasquarades putup on (Prague: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2000), 324, NakladatelstvíLidové noviny, 2000), (Prague: JanKo ř edov ě kých Charles wittnessedthe introduction cur in Bohemian inventories, a few of them arealso preserved. ew in the fifteenth century; their increasingly secular staging even even staging secular increasingly their century; fifteenth the in ew

Č Colloquia medievalia pragensia echách Kutná Hora (Brotherhoods to the honour of God, notes on activities cultural of Protocolum 322 , 323. Fajt, , 323. Regardless of the confessional environment, lay environment, confessional the of Regardless r the ministrants, whocovered the altarto hide it n of the exegetic readin exegetic the of n parish patriotism andpride as well as the show- .323 319 , 101, in Kutná Hora, Blanka Altová, and Helena Helena and Altová, Blanka Hora, Kutná 101, in , , ed.Balázs Nagyand Frank Schaer,trans. Paul W.

The practice of obstructing the view of the the of view the obstructing of practice The Karel IV., císa IV., Karel Bratrstva ke cti Božie 6. Zbožnost st Zbožnost of Corpus Christi processions in in Christi processions Corpus of ř zBožímilosti ř ř ínek, edov g ofthe meal. Eucharist ě . Staré pam Staré ku Poznámky kekulturní (2006), 74-5. (2006), , 75, cat.9.13,Velká, ě ti kutnohorské 321 Social 324 320 ,

CEU eTD Collection milosti Pavlína Cermanová, ”Bolestný Kristus vKaplickémmisálu,“ in movement, it is nevertheless clear that hiscourt played an active partthe in growing cult. years after Charles‘ death, an exclusive Corpus Christi confraternity pillars inpillars the interior of thechurch every Thursday. the Utraquist environment. In the UtraquistTyne church,members in of 1512, brotherhood a literary paraded around the masses Christi sung togetherprocessions, and donated and flourished also books banners; in form in the brotherhoods this staro may have donatedbeen on this occassion. Altová, and Štroblová, Kutná with Hora, asepulchre attached to the St.Phillip andJacob monastery; church in the the Sedlec monstrance [above] č with programme. the Eucharist niche with theBetany sceneand the Lamb Eucharist and angels with and incense censers on thewall western correspond myrthwith and the Angels attheGravedressed asdeacons pointing at Christ(Lc24,4). Also the window southeastern above the aboveniche thein altar the Holy church,Cross flanked by theoforic subjects of the Threewomen at the Grave making an centre Bohemia early of this type of christological imagery. Horní Chalice; workshops Prague developed anew theoforic iconography of the Man of before Sorrows 1370 at the latest, window ofAllSaints church in was decorated with animage Man of the of Sorrows with the Host and the had been dedicated to the Suffering of Christ. originally that Prague) of (southwest castle Karlštejn in spaces sacred the of decoration the in place desideratum. a tower; due to the building’s importance, archaeological research at the destroyed site remains a outer ring ofbalconies forthe displays ofrelics in all directions,and a centralstructure reminiscent of institutions intheOld Town. OnSadeler’s engraving, theinteresting,complicated structurereveals an becamekeya structure in Praguethe NewTown religious life anda challenge to traditional religious 331 330 329 328 327 326 325 ( Corpus Christiappear insourcesthe shortly after his death. demonstrated piety to the Eucharist in public. in Eucharist tothe piety demonstrated the annualthe displaysrelics, of includingthose Passion,the of Christi chapelCorpus in the New Town was built in court of his son Wenceslas IV. Upon its initiative Opatovice 1387,together with endowments for the of altars CorpusChristi. KarelKonrád, caroliimperatoris iv Imago Pietatis Imago innosti bratrstev a cech Kubínová, Pátková, Forinstance, in 1384 (or1389?), archbishop John offounded Jenštejn Corpus Christi in the confraternity Sedlec near 1382for the New Town of Prague, 1384 in Kutná Hana Hora, Pátková, Theodoric‘s painting of the ”living“ Sorrows withMan of opened in eyes the the Grave wasoriginally placed directly The iconography creates a direct visual linkbetween the Eucharistand thePassion. Inthe 1370-1380s, the stained glass Karel císa IV, č eského

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, 342, fig.IV.31. , 342, Although I cannot further analyse Charles’ personal role in the promotion of the Eucharist Eucharist the of promotion the in role personal Charles’ analyse further Icannot Although During Charles’ IV reign, the Eucharist stood at theEucharist IVreign, Charles’ During (History of Old Czech of (History Old sacred singing), vol. Bratrstva kecti Božie.Bratrstva Imitatio RomaeImitatio ř zBožímilosti ) with its theoforic content itstheoforic ) with , http://www.clavmon.cz/clavis/FRRB/chronica/SERMO%20Ocko.htm. , http://www.clavmon.cz/clavis/FRRB/chronica/SERMO%20Ocko.htm. ů ve st , 291-2. ř edov , 147. Brotherhoods in other churchesfollowed, Brotherhoodsother eg.in Tyne 1386, in the inSt.Michael in ě kých Sermo factus perdominum johannem pragensem archiepiscopum postmortem

Č echách 326 (Prague: KLP, 2000), 2. 2000), KLP, (Prague: developed within hiscourt, and was even given acentral 325 327 The innovative iconography of the Man of Sorrows Man of of the iconography innovative The

It may not be a coincidence that confraternities of confraternities that acoincidence be not Itmay 1, (Prague 91-2. 1881), Members participatedin theCorpus , butpossibly stemming Žena ve 1382 on the place of an earlier structure, where structure, earlier an of place the on 1382 Kutná Hora the centre of attention of the early reform reform early the of attention centre of the 328 č lunu

331 Bratrstva kecti Božie. Poznámky kekulturní č took place. The chapel immeadiately immeadiately chapel The place. took , 323. ková, “Eucharistický Kristus,“ 211-3. , 71-77. Fajt, ed. 330 was formed at the imperial from an earlier idea, the the idea, earlier an from Karel IV, císa Karel IV, D ě jiny posvátnéhojiny zp 329 ř z Boží z Only Only four ě vu CEU eTD Collection brothels,” 217-8. of St 20. 34. movement”, Eucharist Bohemian “The Holeton, who seesthecommunity and itsfrequent Communion in the European contextmovement. ofthe Eucharist failed. Important modifications to the rite were confirmed (lay chalice, Communion of the minors, minors, the of Communion chalice, (lay confirmed were rite the to modifications Important failed. Hussites the among practices Eucharistic unify to attempts Although chalice. the administrating for John of Jenštejn after hisconversion. archbishop Prague the from support unexpected gained however, Communion, Frequent criticised. verbis expresis verbis and amonth onlyonce it allowing Communion, frequent restricted synod The authorities. Church the synod diocesan theses at the recant his to was forced but Salvation, for condition as a daily Eucharist the accept to laity encouraged Matthew Church. early were issued on carrying the Blood in the processions, the in Blood the carrying on issued were frequent Communion before theend ofthe century, 340 339 338 337 336 335 334 333 332 minded theologians, minded thinkers among the Prague Prague preachers. the among thinkers Eucharist movement”,Eucharist Community aspect 31-34. of by TomášCommunion is popularised Štítný. daily.” Eucharist the received who community religious the in priests and women” “public Communion Jena Codex, Communion childrenof Jena Codex,Communion ( latest the at 1419 in agenda the on appeared children of Communion the century, fiftenth the in More signif Utraquists. the or, after1434, Masters, revealingHussite fractions unreso after the Trans-substantiation and fromConstanz. consequence Asa of the re-introduction of the lay chalice, the nature of the Eucharist Zylinská, This dating discussed byZylinská, Holeton, movement”,“The Bohemian Eucharist 30. Matthew of Janov. Holeton writes that “at the end offourteenth the century is thismovement (Eucharistic) the strongest in Europe.” Holeton, “Themovement”, Bohemian Eucharist 29.For Jerusalem, “Bones, Mengel, Stones, and Brothels,” 246-58, Holeton, “The Bohemianmovement,” Eucharistic 23 - 47. On the discussion of Milí

Among Vojt them ř

- 54- íbro), who had permittedthe laitycommunicate using both types from 1414 with Hus’ consent 334 AfterMatthew, communicating“on behalf of thefaithful” Milí Husitské synody 333 č around 1370 among the commoners in Prague. His exhortation found followers among followers found Prague. His in exhortation commoners the among 1370 around promotedveneration the ofthe images and saints ’s defender and Paris-educated priest, Matthew (Mat Matthew priest, Paris-educated and ’s defender Regulae et Veteris NoviTestamenti ě 338 ch Ra and culminated in the return of the lay chalice by Jacobellus of Mies (Jakoubek (Jakoubek Jacobellus chaliceMies of by lay the of return the in and culminated č , 38. , 38. ’s ’s place among thepredecessors of the Bohemian Reformation, Mengel, “Bones, stones and ň k ů v of Mateusz ofJežov, Cracow and ofHenry Holeton, Bitterfeld. “The Bohemian Husitské synody practicalities of its lay administra lay its practicalities of

lved differences between the radicals, the Prague University University Prague the radicals, the between differences lved ), a practice), reflected thatwas in the inventories. 332 First, Milí , 33-35. , 4vols.ed.Vlastimil Kybal(Innsbruck and 1908-1913), Prague: icantly foricantly the composition of Utraquist treasuries 335 in Prague on October 19, 1388,under pressure by by pressure October on 1388,under 19, Prague in 340 č and found support for it in the practices of practices the of the in it for support found and ofKrom and to the sick—a serious practical problem problem serious practical thesick—a to and ěř 336 tion were discussed among various íž (Cremsier) promoted frequent 337 ě that Matthew and his followers his that Matthewand j) of Janov, continued to defend was rejected laterwas by reform- 339 Regulations pl. 6, CEU eTD Collection be kept all the time before the ofthefaithful. eyes species underboth adoring theHostandCommunion period and their inventories. in position this kept also they As material objects, cult. Christian the in central position a maintaned still relics holy Ages, Middle Late the Throughout Holy3. Relics inTreasuries andDevotion designated Prague archbishop, Jan Rokycana ( JanRokycana archbishop, Prague designated Only written evidence now testifies to their popular totheir testifies now evidence written Only kept in treasuries. I.e. the I include only “movable“ relics 19. století left itmy considerations, out ofas no preserved piece nor entry in an inventory ofmonstrance type ofthis is knownme. to (Czech painting in late andGothic Renaissance time) (Prague: Orbispl.. 249, 94, 1950), 70. Man of Sorrows, angels bowing etc.: Slav č Eucharist vessels known from the inventories as well as a few preserved pieces. preserved as afew as well inventories the knownfrom vessels Eucharist contributed to development of the Utraquist-type altarpiece in the fiftenth century ( century fiftenth the in altarpiece Utraquist-type the of development to contributed 348 347 346 345 344 343 342 341 one—withcertainity—the great Utraquist chalice only re-Catholisation, during objects “heretical” these towards hostility and metalwork medieval in ( Their cultural meaning cha also meaning cultural Their treasuries (chapter 6), the lay chalice liturgy had far reaching consequences for the use of chalices. the in reflected marginally is only it Although Reformation. Bohemian the of spectrum the across and the frequent Communion) in the synods of the 1430s, which were shared—with differences— removed of treasury the for publicviewing. Enclosed in precious silver and gold reliquaries,in Alesssandro Geretti, (Milano, Skira 2005), 254-55. Slav pozdní gotiky metalwork, thethe altarpieces from Utraquist an environment arepreserved inlarge numbers, cf. Pešina, Schaudevotion eského hnutí náboženského, eskéhonáboženského, 1928). hnutí Starnawska, my In work no consideration will betakenof tombs of andsaints relicsused ,for altar as these werenot Utraquist seeKate pyx, An Utraquist chalice with aspout ofKada Themonstrance large of M The questionof the Hussite originmonstrance ofthe sun-type isstill open (asdepicted in the Codex –have Krumlov) I Utraquist altarpieces with niche a themonstrance for central of around 1450 -after sometimes1500, with theEucharist František Šimek, ed. ě

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tín

In Utraquism, the Eucharist enjoyed po a central enjoyed Eucharist the In Utraquism, . Cat. of. Cat. exhibition (Litom ), 342 . and to the popularity of large monstrances for the Corpus Christi Corpus the for monstrances of large popularity the to and Swietych zicye zicyu po ) 348 influenced thehandling ofandrelics their public presentation—relics wereoften Postila Jana Rokycany ř ina Horní ě lník, Cat.6, in: Dana Stehlíková, ěř 347 č ková, “Cat.66” in nged: the chalice became a symbol of the Hussite movement. ice: Galerie výtvarnéhoice: Galerie um , 364. In thefourteenth century, the piety exercised through viewing

ě tín, Chrudim.Libiš, Jaroslav Pešina, ň , in, Stehlíková, (Postilla of JanRokycana) vol. 1 (Prague: Komise pro vydávání pramen Mysterium. L´Eucaristiacapolavori nei europea, dell´arte 345 Pl. 7,Picolomini, the treasuries of Bohemian churches in in pre-Hussite churches Bohemian of the treasuries ity thefifteenthin and thesixteenth centuries. Z poklad andoneciborium 341 Z poklad Z ě ní Litom The centrality of the Eucharist inUtraquism theThe centrality Eucharist of ů sitionfostered It intherite.was the by litom ů ). He maintained that the Eucharist must must Eucharist the that maintained He ). litom ěř ice, 1997), 47. ěř ické diecéze III ěř ické diecéze III. ické diecéze Č eská malba pozdní gotikya eská renesance Historia bohemica Historia 346

have survived to the present. present. the to survived have , 112-3, cat.no. 146. Unlike 344

Um Due to Due to great losses Pl. 58a,b Pl. 343 ě lecké and Utraquist Utraquist and Č eská malba , Rokycana ř emeslo 13.-

– Libiš, ed. ů

CEU eTD Collection and were invoked when intercession was needed during times of plague procession to protect the city of Prague from swarms of locusts. processions upon the occasion of royal or episcopal episcopal or royal of the occasion upon processions of relics. Barbara and Agatha RBM,561,(Emler, no. 1433), parish churches could notmonasteries compete in with the possession German to knights visit the relics of Rood, the St. Holy Paul the body of St. Procopius. po zicyu Charles IV. The veneration of relics was already attested for the time around 1000. around time the for attested already was relics of veneration The IV. Charles Bohemia. century fourteenth in treasuries the of apogee the mark illuminatereligious power to theiruses, manipulated this andthefollowing lookclosel in chapters Iwill relics these in isnot to only their preservarestricted 358 357 356 355 354 353 352 351 350 349 intervention was not successful. was not intervention in a processionthe forrecovery of Princess Margaret, daughter ofLuxembourg; John of thistime the churches, but collections before the fourteenth fourteenth the before collections but churches, theirwrapping as an expression of devotion, andthey were both venerated form.in this beautiful goldsmithing works adorned withimages, preciousstones andpearlswooden orin statues, patronage in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. thirteenth and twelfth the in patronage important several IVbeyond Charles of activity collecting the before appeared relics of accumulations major no Prague, West. Outside the with relics in Bohemia, which was Christianised relati the Roudnice bridge on the Labe river in 1333. in river Labe the bridge on Roudnice the important activity.Bishop Jan IVof Dražice broughtfor relics laying the thefoundation of stone of procession with participants singing songs carrying relics.and ( sanctorum universo clero etpopulo Pragensi iudicit... In1324, Elisabeth of P Year 1333. Forinstance in 1328, when 40 days indulgences were awardedto thosewho came the to E.g., The Cistercianmonastery of Vyšší Brod, or Zlatá Koruna which important possessed that relics, or of Sázava with Sommer,“Procession“, 169. From thetime of the4th council Lateran in1215, it wasnotpermitted toshow bare relics. Starnawska, Chronicon Francisci Chronicon Francisci Chronicon Francisci Codex Thommaeus

- 56- , 363. As elsewhere, relics in Bohemia were used in ceremonies, were the source of miracles, miracles, of source werethe ceremonies, official in were used Bohemia in relics As elsewhere, So far thereSo farbeen substantial has no studythe on distribution ofrelicsBohemia in before Chronicon Francisci Chronicon , 201-202, for, 201-202, the Augustinian Hermits in Sušice in 1339. , 169, 1338. year , 139. , 120. Plague 1328: ř emyslid, the Queenof Bohemia, fromreturned Bavarian her “exile”, andmet was bya , 81. 356 In 1338, clergy and Prague citizens carried relics and banners in in banners and relics carried Praguecitizens and clergy 1338, In

Porro Porro Elisabeth regina matu tante plaqe cum perterrita processiones reliquiis

century do not seem to not do century 355 351 The same year, the relics and banners were carried carried were banners relics and the same year, The the Apostle, SS.John and Paul the andSS.Elisabeth, Martyrs, donations to the monasteries under royal monasteries noble the under royal or to donations vely late, vely was however, rather low in comparison entrées tion in reliquaries in the treasury rooms. However, However, rooms. treasury inthe reliquaries in tion Monasteries Zbraslavská kronika y at how this particular part of the treasury was treasury of the part particular how this at y , and growing rolein the Christian cult, which . 358

352 357 possessedmore relics than parish Relics were also carried in the , 346.) In1329, when the have been substantial. have been 354 Ř illness, attack,illness, in any or epín castle chapel of the 350 The number of 349 Swietych zicye My interest interest My 353

CEU eTD Collection He was an important religious figure with connections. He collected his relics in 1326-1328, in his relics collected He connections. with figure religious important an He was before Charles IV belongedto Old churches of St. Benedict St. of churches (Benedictine) and Horaž of monasteries and the Prague, in and St.Jacob() Knights), (Cruciferous Zderaz monasteries of St. George’s (Benedictines), St. Thomas (Augustinians), Strahov (Premonstratians), confirmed it. that authority the or authenticity of proof part, body the to next origin, their with saints 63 from parish treasuries; some however, he got from private persons. The charter lists more than 89 relics his positiontheas to gain accesstothe relicsin (mostly) Prague monastic and beforeentered he themonastery andin hisfirst years atthe Cistercianmonastery; he might have used and priestinWenceslaus, St. John theBaptist in Prague. RBM, 674. the chaplain of King whoWenceslaus, travelled to Romeelsewhere. Michael, and priest atSt.John the Baptist in Újezd, Wenceslaus, son of Rudolp Cosar,who had inherited relicsfrom numerous valuable his deceased brother Bartholomeus, kept elsewhere. stolen. reliquary A preserved of St.Eligius (arelicdonatedby CharlesIV in 1378) was still either at the or goldsmith’s 1379-80, Paveloffound Janowicz thechurch empty without ornaments—reliquaries, and chalices vestments were all bones of St. Adalbert and St. Ludmila, teethof St.Scholastica and Procopius with his and brothers, stone of St. Stephen. In Protocolum fromout the skull inthepresenceof witnesses. RBM,673, no.1722. the result by personal collection by the cleric or derive from the treasuries of their churches. their of treasuries the from orderive cleric the by collection personal by result the fromindividuals. Withrelics from individualsit is 365 364 363 362 361 360 359 88). gate (CPSVP, Prague, next to Utraquist and burghers, Catholic officials, St. Vitus canons andmet studentswith relics him at the Strahov than ahundred yearslater in 1438, when king-elect Albrecht of wasapproaching —predominantly Utraquist— procession of with and clerics relics banners met him, whilst Prague bells wereringing ( ( banners PragueBishopJan IVof approached Dražice Prague after 11 inAvignon. years Hewas met by clergy with relicsand nakladatelství, 2007), 132. 132. nakladatelství, 2007), (Testament of Elisabeth of P tags. The Queen’s chancellor Nicolaus, Werher,the canon of Vitus, St. Rygensus, archbishop from and Avignon, This churchis also well-decorated with atleast 6altars in 1379/80, across and textiles. This churchgavemultiple Andreas relics:a finger of aSt. Martin, bone of St. Wenceslaus,both under episcopal seal, This wasarich parish with the relics setin beautiful noted reliquaries also Pavelby of forty years later, Janowicz When receiving therelic of St. Margaret from the parish priestof St.Benedict churchinPrague, apiece waseven cut Appendix I, no. 2, Sekyrkahas the dating of1330. RBM4, no. 1722, Zdenka Hledíková, “Záv …et multa pariaalia subcertis titulis collocata 361

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An interesting collection of relic interesting of An collection Among institutions which gave Old gave which institutions Among Chronicon Francisci , 98. It is likely It that, 98. Pavel also saw there the ofreliquary St.Margareth,the Andreas piece wascut from. 360 Some have been noted only as only been noted Some have ř emyslid), in 362 , 79). In November 1333, IV Charles returned from to France Prague via Zbraslav, where a , St. , St. Egidius Královský Vyšehrad Královský ř ich of Pab ich of ď 363 ovice (Knights Malta). of Another source were the parish s that provides insight into the distribution of relics in Prague Prague in relics of distribution the into insight provides that s . RBM,673. , and the Pond Virgin on , and ř ich ich part of their relics were: th ě nice, later abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Sedlec alia paria sub certissuis titulis not possible to distinguis not possible 3, ed. Bo ř ivoj Nechvátal (Kostelní Vyd 364 ; finally, he alsocollected relics Chronicon Francisci Chronicon e cathedral ofSt. Vitus, the Protocolum h wheather the relics relics the were h wheather , according their little little their , according ěť Elišky P Elišky

ř , 75. í: Karmelitánské ř , 139). More emyslovny” 365 359

shortly

CEU eTD Collection match the growing importance of the kingdom on the European map. European the on kingdom the of importance growing the match be difficult tograsp atfirst. toChristianisation,late Due Bohemia’spossession ofrelics clearly did not to seems Bohemia in IVrelics pre-Charles of given are we image The Bohemia. in century fourteenth sancta and Christ of relics memorial troublesome potentially the disregarded and saints, Bohemian to parishchurches. relics. of the cult foster and West the in forms fashionable piety of the up-to-date catch helped to Bohemia up with -1320s 1310s in co who aslocalcontacts, as well international having educ by promoted also was relics to New devotion 3). St.Eligius, Sekyrka, 369 368 367 366 early collector, but also to the availability re totheavailability of also but early collector, an the presence of to testifies only not for collection his Bohemia and period, thelater in are known enrichment from, for example, the Sedlec Cistercian treasury. Cistercian Sedlec the example, for from, enrichment cannot be sure if this was as intended a private coll we However, relics. of collection the to individual educated theologically a of approach systematic repeated. repetition of saints and to achieve as wide a variety as possible—the names of saints were rarely through which miracleseven occurred! The inventory also reveals that Old Czech patron saints.Old the Virgin, dressofthe Christ´ Holy Rood, memory of P of memory honorem orders,Prague parish churches,andclerics withcontactsabroad. Old Gallus:St. LE, vol. 4, 285. Sekyrka, Mengel, “Bones, stones and brothels,“ 267. The charter stated that the were entrusted relics to Old Hledíková, “Záv

- 58- . 366 which does not private imply use. RBM, 673. Relics asa medium ofnew, accelarated devotion were at their peak inthe first quarter of the The composition of relics is centered to more on the trustworthy relics of saints, including The second halfof fourteenth the century marked is an by influx ofrelics to Bohemia andeven Old Some relics Old Some ř ich apparently insisted on the reliable origin of his relics: they cover all major religious religious major all cover they relics: his of origin reliable the on insisted apparently ich ř emyslidaspirations survivedin Bohemia withthe dynasty’s latest members(chapter IV). ěť Elišky P 369 Inventá By 1390, thePrague parishchurch of St.Gallus possessed moreforty than relics, ř ř emyslovny”, 132. ř ich received particles of the Holy Rood inserted in a small cross a silver in received Roodinserted ich Holy the particles of ř e ich collected were, however, highly regarded: there were pieces from the the from pieces were there regarded: highly however, were, collected ich , 4, 66-68, Bohuš, the chaplain ofCharles IV. Inventá

ř e , 119-126, no. 93. Eršil-Pražák, no. 263, APH l. 223, sign. XI 1, XI 2, XI lintheamina lics in Prague treasuries before Charles IV. treasuries before Prague licsin ř ich by the representatives representatives the by ich ection or one that was compiled with a hope of later later a hope of with wascompiled that orone ection ated individuals with a religious background and and background a religious with ated individuals llected relics out of private interest. This support support This interest. private of relicsout llected , relics of Apostles, St. John Baptist and all and all St. John Baptist , Apostles, of relics 367 Large personal collections of relics sub fideipsorum ob etdei sanctorum 368 ř ich’s collection shows a shows collection ich’s ř On the On other hand, the ich clearly tried to avoid loca loca CEU eTD Collection ( busts in placed were space, church’s the in as as well inventory, the in position important most duringmass, 375. the ( no.Eršil-Pražák, 263, APHl.223, sign.XI1, 2, XI 3. St. John theBaptist, of relicsthe thousandeleven andmany virgins, of othersaints. Sekyrka, Egypt, Calixtus, Kylian, Gereon, Elena, Simplicus, Gertruda, Lazarus, Robert, and Mauritius, the teeth of St. Blasius and Laurentius, Stephan, Martin, Nicolaus, Adalbert, Ludmilla,Wenceslaus, Sebastian, Catherina, Ursula, ofDorothea, Mary Andrew, Magdalene, Valentinus, of the and Philip relics Bartolomeus, George, Mary , Minor, James St. Virginis accessibilityand the accentuation ofvisual contact. significantchange in thecultofrelicslies notin transparent under placed or cylinders crystal in enclosed giving the physicalappearance saint, ofthe and popular Thus, see. actually could of parish church dedicatedtoSt. Gallus, andthe castle in Krumlov. in as listedfirst, were regularly related to boomto will demonstratemorethe relics inrelated in detailI Chapter in V. enclosed in body-part reliquaries, such as busts and hands ( 376 375 374 373 372 371 370 communication sanctityof thepeople, to of thecraftsmanship andmaterial created a virtual sacred topography of Prague. of topography sacred virtual a created reliquary; in these orders they were also exhibited. including the relics of the Passion and memoria of the Virgin Mary. Virgin the of memoria and Passion the relics of the including Buchgeselschaft, 1995), 134-5. were hierarchicaly organised following were hierarchicaly organised plenaries ( Reliquary bust ofSt. Adalbert, Prague, St. Vitustreasury monstrantia wystawienia capita Anton Legner, Starnawska differentiates betweenrelics‘ displays ( Starnawska, Starnawska, 1,2. II, Appendix Mengel, “Bones, Stones and Brothels,” 297, etc. of part St. Gallus, hand of ofthe part St.Gallus, of of theskull piece Alarge

- 59- , thorn of of, thorn the Thorns, Crown ) or hand reliquaries; special shapes were often used for the for used were shapes often special reliquaries; hand ) or The primary position of relics in church treasu in ofrelics primary position The Due to Church’s restrictions on showing relics bare during the displays, tabula , often inside thechurchon altars). Starnawska, ) although unwrapped bone relics ( bone unwrapped although ) Swietych zicye zicyu po Swietych zicye zicyu po Reliquien inKunst Zwischen und Antike und Aufklärung Kult. ), boxes ( ), boxes capsae the inventoriesthe Vitus inPrague, ofSt. Wenceslaus andSt. in Olomouc, , 368-9. , 369. ), crosses, ampules, and spire-shapes or other ostensories (usually

mensale Domini mensale of thereliquaries’ beca decoration forms of reliquaries in the fourteenth century were arm-shaped fourteenth the reliquaries formsin of 376 the importancecult saint in the of the as these objects were sometimes the only thing the faithful faithful the thing only the sometimes were objects asthese ostensiones 371 ossa The rapid development of Bohemian treasuries was , piece of theHoly Rood, relicsof Apostles St. Peter, Paul,

ostensoria Swietych pozicye zicyu the beneficial effect of of effect beneficial the 374 ) were placed there as well. Relics in as in treasuries well. there Relics ) were placed , generally outside, to crowd), and exhibitionsthe Patron whoserelicsweresaints, assignedthe ries was indicated in inventories where they wasindicated in inventories where they ries in various shapes where the relics were were relics the where shapes invarious oculi ), figure-shaped reliquaries), ( figure-shaped , (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche memoria capita . In the century, fourteenth the , 365, 373. Description of exhibition peplum me an important factor in the the in factor important me an 370 372 , manus The distribution of relics Relics in treasuries were treasuries in Relics ofChrist and the Virgin. relics, but in their wider and Inventá 375 , cingulum beatae Mariae 373 the visual qualities qualities visual the brachium or shape ofthe ř e , 119-126, no. 93. ) ( ymago Pl. 8, 8, Pl. ), CEU eTD Collection 85. of relics into imagesand statues was introducedinBohemia; through hearing (sermons).Towards endthe fourteenth of the century, new a practicetheinsertion of represented visually ( movement. devotion merchandised this practice may have been a reaction to the “idolatrious” images produced by the Antichrist. presence; relic’s the by justified form its and confirmed, was image the of authenticity the image, an early Reformation critique of the use of images diplayed a fear of false the scourtCharles IV‘ (chap. V). Hussite antitheses), pictorial Rozpravy I 59 (Prague 1918), 11,from St. Augustine. Antichrist eschatology was popular in now The in Walters ArtGallery,Baltimore, inv.no. 57.700. Several suchexamples are knownfrom the sources.Theonly examplepreserved isthe statue reliquary of Vir the Dolorum, Wenceslaus), or the inventory of 1420,item 28. attached to them. to attached images;it may have, the on other hand, contributedto the opposition theto use ofimages inthe cult. refo have elimination aimed ofthe originally at might saint of the presence visual and physical a“unified” in image and of relic combination physical widely-understandable visual representation amidst the doubtscast on the origin ofsome ofthem. The a in relic the of promotion visual the of form asa image the in relic the see to ispossible it contrast,, Prague goldsmithing works around the mid- the worksaround Prague goldsmithing in anticipated already but 1365, before Theodoricus Master by Karlštejn in practise,firstused this of background theological and origin the explain to study further Itneeds saint. the of representation 381 380 379 378 377 them, becoming a significant part ofthe church’s economy. grew as the result of donations towards the end of the fourteenth century, as did the payments for influenced the physical composition thechurch of treasuries. The collections ofrelicsthe in treasuries relics of background the theological consequence, in and, the cults, of organisation the in income naukách a um a naukách Starnawska, Indulgences these to images with relics, eg. Madonnas ofVyšehrad, Staré Brno, Roudnice. Šron Thosemarked the by Antichrist “ mean I here the figural composition of several) figures one (or of saints, which narrated the events related to the relic. Relics in theimages in the Vitus St. inventories, CPSVP, LV, of inventory 1387 of(panelling the tomb of St.

- 60- Local important relics may have been promoted in other media where the relics were relics the where media other in promoted been have may relics important Local The prestige of relics and miracle-making images grew with the numerous indulgences ě ní st Swietych zicye zicyu po ř edov 380 Thetheology ofthe “treasury of merits”became apowerful, means ofgenerating ě Pl. 9, 9, Pl. ku ahusitské obrazové antiteze bound to indulgences, relics and images to become an issue in the Hussite Hussite the in issue an become to images and relics indulgences, to bound Tunica alba Tunica vocantur non sed veracivocantur effigie, fallaci Christianiimagine , 375.

(white tunic of Christ) on Christ) of (whitetunic fourteenth century (statuettes reliquaries (Antichrist in theteachings and of art Middlethe Agesand the rmists’ criticisms of andatenforcing the position 377 381 the relics thus, accompany the visual visual the accompany thus, relics the grewthecritiqueAnd withthem of the Vartemberk votive panel effigies , by inserting a relic into relic a , byinserting ,” Karel Chytil, ě k, ”Šlojí 378 ). As Janov’s ). AsJanov’s ř nejistý,“ 84- Antikrist v 379 ) or In CEU eTD Collection 2002). studymadehas been regardingthisquestion. fromthe written evidence. Relics do appear in the inventories of Utraquist treasuries, albeit rarely. theoretica in trained theologians by written sources th suggested on often the Utraquists, by allowed confessional context as in Prague between 1437 Prague between as in context confessional consecrationor manipulation of otherrelics, however,might have possessed ambiguities insuch a doubtedin the Utraquist church, andthey hadapproached to be with esteem. Theact of church of devotion linked to their public display. Their exceptional nature as the remains of saints was not forms traditional the and them around evolved that cult ratherthe unhealthy but were the problem, that texts, the idea of hiding relics in appropriate places The paucity ofthementions is, however,also suggestive. 383 382 epitomised Catholic ritualsCatholic devotion. and relics of cult the opponents Hussite as ashis well Phillibert, for Bohemia fifteenth-century of into a public promotion ofCatholic piety amongPrague Utraquists.In the divided confessionalmillieu churches of consecration the turned He city. Utraquist the within churches Prague several consecrated Appendix II, no. 30 (Inventory of 1463), and no. 34. Halama, Ota

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Veneration of relics in the Utraquist environment is a more problematic issue—no thorough thorough issue—no more problematic isa environment Utraquist the in relics of Veneration Moderate Utraquists seem to have accepted relics in the consecration of their churches. the In churches. their of consecration the in relics accepted have seemto Utraquists Moderate

Otázka v svatých č eské reformaci

(TheQuestion of inBohemian Saints Reformation) (Brno: Marek L. 382 e basis of written—and more polemically polemically oriented— more ofwritten—and e basis The general misconception is that relics were not l polemics. The practise, however, seems to differ seemsto l polemics.The practise,however, (altars) showsthat it was the not relics themselves -1438, when concilia the when -1438, ry legate Phillibert ry legate Phillibert 383

CEU eTD Collection xenia of the blessed Podiven, companion toSt.Wenceslaus, “ comes from before 1067, when according to a later mention by Cosmas, Bishop Šebí Bishop Cosmas, by mention later a to according when 1067, before from comes to the churches and thechurches monasteries to theunder P of the patronage were donations made tenth century, from the and century, theninth in Christianity accepted Bohemia 1. Donations by the P Adalbert treasury,memorial the relicsof St.Wenceslaus and St. Adalbert( 388 387 386 385 384 BirthofaTraditio The IV. Part II –The Historical Narratives of Treasure decorated with precious metals. Wenceslaus accepts the relic of St. Vitus ( Wenceslaus Prague St. by charters. foundation and chronicles in church treasuries to information found may Early Olomouc. donations on be in Wenceslaus St. and Vyšehrad, in church Paul Peter and St. Vitus Cathedral, St. Prague: in were undoubtedly donated by Abbess Mlada and BishopEkhard. from Poland to Prague. and Alexius from Rome to B legends ofSt. Wenceslaus, Ludmila,and St.Adalbert. St. Adalbert brought relicsthe ofSt. Bonifacius Seminá p Emler, transl. V.V. Tomek (Prague 1874), 187 (hereafter ř íkladu 3-4. CPSVP, They are inthe oldest of inventory St.Vitus treasury from 1354. CPSVP, IV, V. 4. CPSVP, medieval Forearly archives and treasures, Ivan Hlavá Cosmae Chronicon Bohemorum cumcontinuatoribus ”.

- 62- ř a jehohosté. Sborník prací k60. narozeninám R. Nového 388 č

The Gumpold legend of St. Wenceslaus mentions the translation of the relics of St.Vitus to The relics of St. Vitus, and St. Wenceslaus in the cathedral treasury were soon joined by relics relics by joined soon were treasury cathedral the in Wenceslaus St. and Vitus, St. of relics The eských zemí”eských (On typologythe ofmedievalof lists books and on libraries the example of ), in ) dated to the tenth-eleventh centuries.

Xenia ecclesiastica Xenia ř emyslid princesand kings pl. ofSt.Vitus al 10, Consecration ř denotes the treasury valuables, probably memoria of St. Wenceslaus and evnov in AD 993. He himself was translated by Prince B Prince by translated was Hehimself AD993. in evnov 385 n: Treasuries under the P the under Treasuries n: Also, the two earliest preserved collections of relics in the St. Vitus St. Vitus the in relics of collections preserved earliest two the Also,

),and the interior ofthe first church ofVitusSt. being 387 FRB (Cosmas‘of Chronicle withcontinuations), 2, ed.J. č Cosmae Chronicon ek, “Ktypologii st 386 The first mentiondirect of the metropolitan treasury Translations of saints Translationsof (Prague: Universita Karlova, 1992), 63-4. in camera ubi ecclesiastica servabantur servabantur ecclesiastica ubi camera in ř emyslids. ř ř ), CPSVP, 5. 5. CPSVP, ), emyslids edov tar by St. Wenceslaus, pl. 11, St. ě kých soupis pl. a, b,therelics 13 St. of 384 ’ bodies are from thebodies ’ known The main church treasuries main The church treasuries ů knih a knihoven na na knihoven a knih ř placed the relics relics the placed ř etislav in 1039 in1039 etislav CEU eTD Collection envoys sent to the bishop on the order of Emperor Lotharthe and Dediwin, archbishop ofMainz. Kate his successor, Bishop John,was not keen torelinquish the donation. wereThey fetched fromonly byspecial Prague fanonibus donated his gold reliquary pectoral (possibly cross an imperial giftfrom togetherConstantinople) with three Adalbert’s body from hisgrave and separated hishead, which was re-discovered laterafter thefire of 1142. He also buried therelics of Podiven,and brought therelics of TrueCrossand the of St. Saba and Blasius to Prague. Helifted St. “Relikviá from the tomb; preserved today; crusade to Palestine and from Constantinople, as well as the bronze candlestick from Milano, Gaudentius and a large amount of gold from St. Adalbert’s tomb to the Prague church. Prague the to tomb St. Adalbert’s from of gold amount large a and Gaudentius Adalbert toBohemia, donatedit together with the relics offive Benedictine brothers, Archbishop metropolitan treasury. B 396 395 394 393 392 391 390 389 Joannis Arnoldi de Arnoldi Joannis anno Dobroslavina 1673 Metropolitanae Divi Viti Ecclesiae Pragensis Majestas et Gloria. Joanne Thoma Pessina deCzechorod. Prague: Typis church tower. church relics by that time. that by relics with equipped and well-established already was treasury metropolitan the that maintains Pešina relics. eleventh century—ifcorrect—theis thenote treas the in already that indicates room treasury the in were placed Podiven blessed of remains the that fact altars.The under tombs in lay bodies patron’s the as day, present the to up there preserved Adalbert 1109), in a time offinancial need, took seventy pounds of gold from the treasury and pawned precious treasury donating relics and treasures from the war booty. war the from treasures and relics donating treasury twelfth century, Vladislaus IIand his son Bed silver and crystal. gold, with it decorated and basilica St. the Vitus in St. Adalbert of atomb new consecrated Bohemia, preciosis ubi corpusS.altaris, distinctae Adalberti quiescebat University, 2000), 35-6. Bohemia minorand theChurch of art theeleventh to the beginning ofthe(MA thesis, century)” thirteenth Prague,Charles Quinq and high clergy (Deacon Vitus) remained among the important donors to the metropolitan church. metropolitan to the donors important the among Vitus) remained (Deacon clergy high and Pešina, Metropolitan sign. treasury, V 169. 5.After CPSVP, B CPSVP, 7-8, 10-11. 6,Pešinaz CPSVP, Meinhard, who completed apilgrimage toin Jerusalem 1130, kept relics of Bishop whoGothart, wasconsidered asaint, … Inter alia errant imago Christi in Cruce aurea patientis ponderis; tresitem ingentis tabulae gemmis et lapidibus verum etiam Cathedralem S. Viti Ecclesiam novo et thesauro …corporibus inaestimabili SS. Adalberti, Gaudentij et ue

- 63-

fratrum…decoravit Since its its early Since history, however, the P ř and anembroidered black and gold cape(Byzantine imperialto the donation) monastery in Zwiefalten; however, ové pektorální k Phosphorus 396 391 However, the ruling However, familyincurre the also 395 the reliquary must have been also provided. Bishops (Daniel, Ond Bishops (Daniel, provided. also must been have reliquary the 390 ř , 40. etislav’s Polish this was booty, first the largedonation of relicsto thetreasury. the latter donated sacred vessels, garments and relics, and ordered bells for the Č 389 He donated relics to the treasury, together relicstothe treasury, He donated echorodu, ř In1129, Bishop Meinhard, anin effort íže z . Tomáš Pešina z ř etislav,who in 1039 pillaged GnieznoCathedral and took the body ofSt. Č ech a drobná sakrální plastika 11. až po Phosphorus

, 21., Č echorodu, , 430, 503, 523. Phosphorus Septicornis Stella alias Sanctae Matutina. ř ich (Fridrich) became important benefactors ofthe ř … Pešina, … Pešina, emyslid princes were the main donors to the to donors werethemain princes emyslid ury was consideredsuitable a place for keeping d losses to the treasury—Svatopluk (1107- Phosphorus č 394 . 13. století (Reliquary pectoral crossesfrom The former relics The from the brought with the head of St. Adalbert lifted lifted Adalbert St. of head the with to strengthen cultthe ofsaints in , 22-23. ř ina Horní ř ej and, Tobias), stolas cum 393 č ková, In the In 392

CEU eTD Collection church—if it is not a forgery. a not is it church—if andMoravi Bohemia 1130) in (from inventory treasury 1151 asagift, the pope sentbackaletter ofpraise to them. restoration works on the church, the head of St.Adalbert was found and set in a special reliquary. the during Znojmo; of Konrád by siege the during out broke that fire to the victim fell probably embroidery, which enjoyed popularity abroad as well. abroad popularity enjoyed which embroidery, 404 403 402 401 400 399 398 397 textiles to pay fora peacetributeEmperor to textiles totheHeinrich V. pay church of St. Peter church St.Peter of many liturgical objects, produced for the local market. local the for produced objects, liturgical many probably enamel as well. in carve and paint to how knew century, mid-twelfth Monachus Sazavensis, MGH Scriptores adornavit. rebus monasticis 455. Cf. monastery. Horní monastery. Sázava’s abbot D and crosses, and renowned sculptor, engraver and painter. He renovated the Sázava church and furnished it with textiles century. along with other gifts. ( frontal embroidered an monastery the monasteryDonationscamefrom inKladruby. also daughter its founded Vladislaus Zwiefalten; in monastery Benedictine the to Berg, of Richenza wife, I donationsmonastic to institutions, even oneslocated abroad, such as the donationmade by Vladislaus’ also The made princes pope. the to directly subordinated and jurisdiction episcopal from exempted donated his father´s crown to thechurch ofSt. Peter andin Paul Vyšehrad,achurch that was Josef and Cibulka, Jaromír Pe Vincentius Pragensis, When ofthe St.Georg cloister embroidered churchgarments which Bishop Zdík sent to thepope Eugeniusin III Horní Thementions first mid-eleventh areobooks. In the books were shippedcentury, by the Otloh scribe tothe B 5.FRB CPSVP, 2,156-7. Cosmae Chronicon ...omni ornatu, sicuti hodierna die apparet, decoraviit Letopisy Vincencia, kanovníka kostelaPražskéhoa opata Jarlocha, kláštera milevského

- 64- č At times, P the The sources report on church treasuries in Bohemian monasteries as early as the eleventh the eleventh as asearly monasteries in Bohemian treasuries church on report sources The 398 ková, “Relikviá In 1091, the chronicler gave an account regarding Abbot Božet Abbot account regarding gave an 1091, the chronicler In 399 č still knownthe in twelfth century.Another Sázava abbot, Reginhard of Metz,after the ková, “Relikviá , 269. Annales Bohemorum (1140-1167) ř ecclesiasticis indumentis preciossimis indumentis ecclesiasticis ové pektorální k “Relikviá ě ř thart began tobuy andtranscribe bookshe found after Slavonic inonly books the deserted emyslid princes preferred Vyšehrad to the St. Vitus’ basilica—Sob Vitus’ St. the to Vyšehrad preferred princes emyslid 400 č írka, “Um írka, ř Archaeological findshave demonstrated the local Bohemian originof ové pektorální k 404 ř

ové pektorální k (Cosmas‘ Chronicle(Cosmas‘ of Prague of theCzechs), vol. 2 (Hannoverae 1852), 250-1.

ř íže,“ 46-7.íže,“ ě lecké lecké dorsale ř ř emeslo” (ArtCrafts) in íže,” 30-37). íže,” 30-37). ř íže,” 31.íže,” ecclesiam ...immo palliis, campanis crucibus, et omnibus ) with imagesof ) with , ed. W. Watterbach, MGH SS XVII (Hannoverae 1861), 93.1861), (Hannoverae Watterbach,SS XVII ed. W. MGH , members of nobility: A Czech noblewoman members nobility:Czech gave of Anoblewoman wood and bone. He worked in metal, glass and and inmetal, glass He worked and bone. wood Cosmae PragensisChronica cont. Boemorum, I, 402 a has also been linked to Bishop Zdík and this and Zdík this a to Bishop linked also has been Bishop Jind Bishop 401 Special praise Special was given to Bohemian 403 D in the in twelfth century. Theearliest ě jepis výtvarného um 397 Maiestas Domini Maiestas In 1142, many of thetreasuries ř ich Zdík decorated the Olomouc ě , in ch of Sázava, who was a Cosmae Chronicon ě ní v and Charlemagne, Charlemagne, and Č echách ř evnov 3 , 408- ě slav slav CEU eTD Collection museum u Prahy, Roztoky 1982), 122. paten as well as a large banner and a set of vestments. collection of relics from Rome which were brought in solemn procession tothe monastery. crystal. St.Agnes donated of made ampules two and a plenary gemstones, with chalice a golden included objects The Bohemia. of Agnes sister, St. his by founded nunnery Clares Poor the to goods donated I Wenceslaus King In 1245, and donations. new foundations through status manifested their they investiture, episcopal ( Sa All the gave He gifts. royal splendid on fame resulting in a rising concern for protection of church property. church of forprotection concern a rising in resulting thewidow Bohuslava, which probablyincluded treasury objectsas well. by the hospital to donation lay earlier an confirmed also The king Agnes herself. and queen-mother, garments such as a black chasuble decorated with griffins with green accessories and a reliquary St. of andareliquary accessories with green with griffins decorated chasuble ablack as such garments magnificence in many gifts to the St. Vitus cathedral, among them gold andsilver vessels and showed his He him. by founded Koruna Zlatá of monastery Cistercian the endowed He Louis. St. from Crown Holy the of relic the received King The treasury. cathedral Regensburg the in preserved the time of theLast P thedocument did notcontain a description ofthe objects; of the Cruciferous Knights ofthe Red Starmentioned ” order newly-founded the of hospital and monastery the for 1253 of I Wenceslaus of charter foundation 409 408 407 406 405 (Prague: Mánes 1931), 84.Appendix I. Baptist. Konstancie, the wife of the P the of wife the Konstancie, Baptist. well astherelics ofSt. Mauricius andGerhard, joininganearlier acquisition of arelicofSt. John the Moravia, Jind washbasins, indignicionem.. balkyn Homolka, ”Um 6-7, CPSVP, 9. Václav Vladivoj Tomek, Si quis bona et subditos Ecclesiae Pragensis vexare, Cosmae Chronicon

- 65- When the P the When ), purple and), silk( A powerful figure and candidate tothe Roman throne, KingP The thirteenth century wasaperiodremarkablecentury of thirteenth The 409 .and will be damned perdition.to Pešina, ř and goldand silver panelling( ich Vladislav, donated the relics of St.Thomas,Jacob, and Thadeus to thistreasury, as ě lecké ř emyslids), in , 1974,107. Jaromír Homolka, ”Um ř emyslid princes becamea hereditary royal dynasty(1198) andgained right the of ř emeslo v dob D ě jepis m preciosa Um bisso ě ě sta Prahy ě ní doby posledních P posledních doby ní posledních P ), liturgical vessels including vessels ), liturgical to the monastery too; later, in 1251, the pope even sent her a senther even the pope in 1251, later, monastery too; the to ř emysl Otakar I, donated a goldenchalice with gemstones anda (History of vol.Prague), 1 ř emyslovc attenare sive immutare praesumpserit ...non effugiat scutellae Phosphorus ě lecké lecké ř emyslovc ints chapel ints in his palacerichvestments of linen 408 ů ř ,“ 123.,“ Pešina, emeslo v dob ). After1261, healso donatedthe goldcross

immobilia vel mobilia sive se moventiaimmobilia vel mobiliasive , 42. , 42. growth for the St. Vitus Cathedral treasury treasury St. VitusCathedral the for growth ů 406 , ed. Ji the donors were King, Konstancie, the Konstancie, wereKing, donors the Staré m 407 ř ě í Kuthan (Roztoky u Prahy: St posledních P Phosphorus Already in 1212,the Margrave of of Margrave 1212,the in Already gold and silver chalices, gold ě ř sto emysl builthisOtakarroyal emysl II,

(Prague 1866), 332. , 44-5. ř emyslovc

ů ,“ (ArtCrafts in ř edo

405 č eské “, but The CEU eTD Collection campaigns. silver reliquaries decorated with precious stones and otherwise tried to restore church treasuries. church to restore tried otherwise and stones withprecious decorated reliquaries silver keenly collecttheAccordingPeterZittau, king to of kept partly Pragueat Castle and partly inthe Cistercian monastery of AulaRegia in Zbraslav. royal, episcopal, and monastic treasuries in Bohemia. Wenceslaus restored the royal treasury, which he traced after Wenceslaus´ II death. The crosswas sp II death. afterWenceslaus´ traced silver pounds for the acquisition of books. of acquisition the for pounds silver ve liturgical silver of set whole a reliquaries, silver golden cross decorated with gems hehad bought for 1400 pounds ( monasteryZbraslav in reflected the importance oftheplace a royalas burial ground.He provided a fear ofstorms andhisin trust the protective power ofrelics against thunder andlightning. treasuriesand relicsis probably toonot exaggerated; one episodein chroniclethe described the king’s Although fitting a general 416 415 414 413 412 411 410 establishment acalendar. of establishment church?) to other churches; the majority of the vestments went to Zbraslav. to went vestments the of majority the churches; other to church?) distributed jewellry,relics, garments and even his portable altar fromthe royalchapel (AllSaints Margaret. battlefield in Moravia where it was captured by by was captured Moravia where in it battlefield soldiers’ unholy handling ofsacred vessels with their bare and unblessed hands. the denounced also but Bohemia, in treasury church prominent most the of destruction violent the about only not complained The chronicler Brandenburg. of Otto of soldiers the by pillaged were causedalso large losses to themetropolitan treasury of St. Vitus and the city of Prague, both ofwhich meant not only battlefield forpolitical disaster Bohemi 9. Pešina, CPSVP, E.g., from in Austria 1254,Homolka, ”Um Pešina, 1903, CPSVP, 9.Homolka, ”Um Chronicon Aulae Regiae Chronicon Aulae Regiae In augmento delectatus fuit ornatus ecclesiastici

- 66- To To assure the saints’assistance, the rulers carri The accession of Wenceslaus II tothe thronewas followed theby generousrestoration theof The history of the most famous piece inthe treasury, the golden cross of Zbraslav, can be The king donationstreasury tothethe on occasion offoundation his ofthe Cistercian Phosphorus 410 412 During his reign, the cathedral liturgy liturgy During reign,the cathedral his In 1278, P In1278, Phosphorus , 44. , 133. , 90. ř emysl Otakar’s royal treasury, kept kept treasury, royal Otakar’s emysl 411 , 47-8. topos ě

lecké of amodel king, Peter’s description of Wenceslaus’ taste for

ř emeslodob v ě lecké 415 .. CPSVP,10,ft.4. ř In Wenceslaus’ In IItestament mentioned by Peter, the king emeslo vdob ě posledních P Rudolf of Habsburg. The ofHabsburg. de Rudolf ssels withanumber of chalices. He also gave200 oliated only two years after the king´s death along death the king´s after years two only oliated ed relics of the saints, goldand relicsedthe placing them in of a and the loss of the royal treasury, but the loss theloss a andtheloss of but the royal treasury, ě ed their ed their treasury on theirtravels and military posledních P was reformed, with more singing and theand more singing with reformed, was Chronicon AulaeRegiae ř emyslovc in a large chest, was taken in alarge chest,was to the ř ů emyslovc ,“ 123. h ř ivna 416 ) ofsilver,many goldand ů

,“ 123. , 50-51. 413 feat on the Moravian feat ontheMoravian

414

CEU eTD Collection panel ( thirteenth century. The treasury contained six caskets with relics, a plenary ( end of the the at links royal with church city a in treasury rich relatively a of idea an provides town ofM century twelfthearly the Gospelsfrom in M written P Under P thePiety the last NewMedia: of Intensity, 2. New Wenceslaus treasury of renewed the while invasion treasuries of other churches, had suffered serious losses in 1279-1280 under Otto of Brandenburg’s royal P itsreturnbut must have occurred onlyexceptionally. returned eventually was cross The objects. well-known such with transactions making with problem probably returned in parts, lost or its footingdecoration.or The traders did not seem have had to any merchant called Nicolas inPrague, suma that was much lowerthan its original value. The cross was č his father. “supplication” of Wenceslaus III to have thecrossand other jewellry accompany him Poland. to have been given acorresponding andmay treasury even have been the In this royal treasury. light, we should seethe ivory combs ( combs ivory the treasury contained liturgical vessels including sixchalices, and onecup, one golden cross,two 420 419 418 417 campaign inPoland. reportedly “begged”the conventto give him bestthe pieces fromtreasurythe tocarry with himon his hispiet for successor WenceslausIII.Known and with other twenty pieces from the Zbraslav treasury Zbraslav the from pieces twenty other with some of them reportedly reportedly them of some (dalmatic, tunic),fourmantles and several hangings,covers, and other textilesfor thechurch interior, three daily chasubles, five solemnand nine daily albs, threesolemn stoles,a diacon’s vestment eského Lehner, Lehner, Appendix cat.Hlavá II, no.18. Given theclose ties monasteryof the to the royal house, mightWenceslaus have had the right donated tothe treasury by The foundation of Zbraslav wasinspired the by positionof St.Denismeant inFrance, as aroyal burialmay place.It

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I.3 (Praha 1907), 499ft.1,ft.1. 558Cibulka, and Pe tabula argentea reality, around1300,important churchIn treasu ř emyslid treasury emyslid treasury was lost Austrians tothe in ř D emysl Otakar’s reign (died 1278), the first inventory of a Bohemian church treasury was treasury church a Bohemian of inventory the first 1278), (died reignemysl Otakar’s ě ě jiny um lník was inventoried under Provost Budislav (mentioned 1276-1277). The inventory inventory The 1276-1277). (mentioned Budislav Provost under wasinventoried lník duo pectines eburnei ě ní národa 418 Later, the monastery bought back the golden cross for only 300 pounds from a from pounds only 300 for cross golden the back bought monastery Later, the ) and 26 volumes,liturgical) and mostly of manuscripts. of the of the Byzantine origin ( č č eského ek, St ř , vol. 1.3,557-8. ), threealtarcloths,solemnthree edov

ě ké soupisy kniha knihoven greco opere, greca opere, greco č írka, ”Um II largely went missing in 1307-1308 and and 1310. in 1307-1308 missing went IIlargely y and enthusiasm for goldsmithing the king work, ě ř 417 lník. The in the queen’s dowry dowry queen’s the in church collegiate The lník. emyslid queens queens emyslid in Olomouc after the killing of his young son young his of killing the after Olomouc in 1278,themetropolitantreasury, aswellas ries in Praguewere not in good shape.The ě lecké lecké , 51, cat. no. 63. Lehner, ř emeslo,“ 3, 84. vella ). 420 for chalices, three solemn and solemn three chalices, for

419 Based on the inventory, plenare unum plenare D ě jiny um jiny ě ní národa ní národa ), a silver ), a CEU eTD Collection books asthe Sušice Augustinianmonastery approximately 70 yearslater. as much twice and cross, agolden reliquaries, more considerably chalices, of same number the had family participatedformationin the treasury. ofthe Suchtreasurya was clearlycommon nota one—it presenceofsix reliquary boxes and Byzantine fabricssuggests that queen the as the patronthe or royal queenship, town. Bohemianprincesses and queensfollowed the pietyandfemale patronage models ofmedieval Cunigunde ofP of IVand Béla mother Wenceslausof the granddaughter both II and Abbess from 1261—1285), queen (Bohemian Hungary of Cunigunde Queen inventory the of the time at patroness, its through a goldencupsuggest nobleroyal or gifts.The composition ofthe treasury can only explainedbe been in her possession since childhood. Hledíková, “Záv obtained by her father directly from theSainte-Chapelle treasury.The suffering. She might have beeninspired in her youth—the relic of the PassionThorn) (the was type in Bohemia, representing the personal and intimate dimensionof her devotion to Christ’s Passional ( introduced new Bohe forms piety to medieval of The daughter of Queen Cunigunde, the Abbess Cunigunde of St. George monastery seems to have and foster the cult. cult. the foster and pilgrims attract to designed Bohemia—was in very yet not point this presentation—at public of form reliquary. She mayhave also initiate th exposed she occasion, this upon the saint; honour 425 424 423 422 421 church. Ludmila in its humandimension. christ of development future the augurs Pasional the On this occasion, the relicof St.Ludmila registeredin thetestament of Queen Elisabethmight have been used asithad Dana Stehlíková (article forthcoming). Female donations to St. Vitus, CPSVP, 9,11. Bozóky, Codex Thomaeus

- 68- 424 The rich donations were probably the reason for the early inventorizing of the treasury. The The treasury. the of inventorizing early for the reason the probably were donations rich The It is significant that the first preserved inventory of a church treasury comes from the queen’s queen’s the from comes churchtreasury a of inventory preserved first that the is significant It Abbess Cunigunde is also the likely donor of the silver St. Ludmila reliquary arm ( reliquary St. Ludmila thesilver of donor likely the isalso Cunigunde Abbess ), preserved today in the Prague Castle collections, to the saint’s altar and grave in St. George St.George in and grave saint’s altar the to collections, Castle Prague the in today ), preserved The abbessThe raised body the saint’s La Politique desReliques 422 pl. 12, 12, pl. their publictheir role manifested in generous donationschurches, to andactsof charity. ř emyslid. emyslid. , 201. arma Christi from the Passional of the of Abess Cunigundethe Passional from , 227-232. , 227-232.

d occasional orregular exhibition 425 ěť and re-arranged the altar and the tomb in the church to church the in tomb the and altar the re-arranged and Elišky P ological imagery for contemplating Christ’s death death Christ’s contemplating for imagery ological mia. The depiction of Passion relics from her relicsfrom Passion of her mia. Thedepiction e relics on the altar for veneration in the new ř emyslovny,” 132. Arma Christi Arma s of the arm at the altar. the This s ofthearmat 421 Also the ivory combs and combs ivory the Also ) is the) is firstimage this of iconography from iconography Pl. 14, St. 14, Pl. 423

CEU eTD Collection FRB IV, 374. those who hoped for royal generosity to that sown by the P request and gift gold aof reliquary panel set with gems withwhich she supported request,her belongingto her father Wenceslaus II andlost afterher brother’s deathOlomouc in in 1306. Upon her donations and restoration of theroyal and St. Vitus treasuries. She made an effort to regainthe relics them. St. Olomouc the from items the back to get queen pope urgedthe of T (possibly having been pawned having been(possibly to the pawned Sekyrka, chater?), Olomouc in 1316, RBMIII,133. Itwas taken among otherjewellry from the St. treasury by Vitus Rudolf of in Habsburg 1306-1307 minesthe silver for building the new cathedral in Prague. monastery inCarthusian Újezd nearPrague and equipped itwith ornaments. In 1341, he gave one tenth offrom the returns (Otavský, (1336) enclosed in a reliquary a in enclosed St.Anne; the same year sheaskedfor the returnof another piece—the head ofSt. Margaret, possibly completely lost. had taken with him to Poland, and—similarly to the case of the Zbraslav cross—they were never 429 428 427 426 archbishop ofMainz; this may have been the relic donated to St.Vitus byP andmarka was of the respect giveto her asheiress toP the procession ofpriests carrying relics. The royal aby wasmet she in 1325 Bavaria “exile” in her from Prague in back arrived she When 1322. in favour participationthe in revival oftraditional royal pi her proud attitude tothe P to P P of Elisabeth the bust 15, appearamong St. Vitus’ donors. It was hiswife, and niece ofCunigunde, Elisabeth of P RBM, III, 538, no. 1371. Uses “caput s.”. Peter of Aspelt, archbishop of ,visited the Olomouc chapter RBM, IV, 537, no. 1370. Although John isoften perceived in anegative light as having pawnedg statues silver from the grave ofSt. Wenceslaus Chronicon Aulae Regiae ř emyslid traditions.Because of the king’sabsence, andrelaxedhis approach to Bohemianaffairs,

428 - 69- The accession ofJohn of Luxemburgto the Bohemian throne didnotfulfil expectations of Towardsthe of end life, her Queen Elisabeth,suffering fromlung adisease, focused on pious Amongthe relicsthat Elisabeth demandedfrom theOlomouc chapter in 1327 wasthe skull of As the result of her domestic political representa political domesticof her result As the The relics apparently belonged to the royal treasury ofthe P Wenzelskrone , 360. 429 and probably taken from Olomouc (?) and pawned by Peter (of Aspelt?), Peter(of by and pawned (?) from taken Olomouc probably and , 19, orderedin 1334 asoneof thefirstactsof young Margrave Charles), heco-founded the ř ebí ř emyslid past put her in the front of domestic opposition to John. Her John. to opposition domestic front of in the her put emyslid past ř č emyslid and Loukamonasteries as well as the provostof Kounice to help the

), who cherished this tradition and embodied itscontinuity. entré entré ety intensified after she intensified ety meant she was recognized as queen of Bohemia of Bohemia as queen was recognized she meant Inventá Wenceslaus chapter thathad retained part of tion, Queen Elisabeth was regarded as heiress ř emyslid tradition. emyslid dynastic ř e , 152, no. 150. , 152, ř emyslids; ř emyslids, which Wenceslaus III 426 Chronicon Francisci Pragensi Chronicon ř his name does not even name does his not emysl Otakar II and taken fell out of her husband’s husband’s ofher fell out ř emyslid ( 427 the pl. pl. CEU eTD Collection golden and silver monstrances. silver and golden recentlycollected, adorned be with precious stones beinserted inreliquary panels( “from various persons andchurches”. In another note from 1327, Elisabeth allowed therelics she had who used it as a resource for his own donations. 1330s- in relics of collection existence aroyal of in succeded IV. She Charles son, by her treasury monastery inOsek,and reliquarythe St. ofLucy andClara that werelater giventheto metropolitan ordinavit, ut festumhoc subduplici officiocum veneraretur propulsatione monasterio …obtinuitOsek eteidem Karolo,filio suodedit…quod ipsepostmodum ecclesiae pragensi donavit etvoluit ac of PragueSt. VitusMartyrology Church APH,KA, C5, reported on the head of Ignatius St. ” fromfinancial need. pyx, and six reliquaries were also part of thebequest. of part were also sixreliquaries and pyx, uncommon way of arelicof collection.keeping A set an It was not, however, toestablish. it is possible his return to 1327 Bohemianot upon in demanded reliquaries. Ifthis was dueto her limited meansor a result of her husband’s need for money which he their without and chests small three in divided Waldsassen in monastery Cistercian the to relics period, she especiallyfavoured the Cistercian order.In hertestament, she bequested 102pieces of her silk vestments andaltartextiles valued at40 436 435 434 433 432 431 430 the Passion. It has been suggested that many of the relics originated in Bavaria. in originated relics the of many that suggested been has It Passion. the from there by Rudolf of Habsburg in 1306-1307. Habsburg of Rudolf by there from shipment of relics. father’sof his goodcustodianship and devotion ofrelics—in return she receivedfrom popeathe 1321-1325 and from 1330 abbot of the Sedlec Cistercian monastery. the SedlecCistercian of abbot from 1330 and 1321-1325 previously mentioned Old and Luxemburg interests in the cult of saints. One of the abbots present at her deathbed was the Hledíková, ”Záv Hledíková, ”Záv Hledíková, “Záv 21,ft.2andmentioned CPSVP, 13 of headofSt. and the the Ignatius asmall relics of reliquary St.Lucyand The Clara. RBM 537-538. III, Peterof Aspeltwascharged between 1311-1318 with of administration Bohemia;might he have pawned theobject Chronicon Aulae Regiae

- 70-

Meanwhile, she continued her own collecting. Around 1326, she received a number of relics relics of a received she number 1326, Around own collecting. her continued she Meanwhile, Hertestament shows Elisabeth tohave been akeencollector ofrelics, bridgingtheP ěť ěť ěť Elišky P Elišky P Elišky P 431 Her collection contained the relics ofSt. Ignatius, originally fromCistercian the , FRBIV, 280, correctdate1327,Sekyrka, ř ř ř emyslovny,“ 132. emyslovny,” 133. emyslovny,” 139. ř ich of Pab 433 Shortly beforeher death she bequested an expensive breviary, rich

ě nice, lawyer, theologian, and dioecesan administrator from from administrator dioecesan and theologian, lawyer, nice, 432 sexagenas 430

1340s is confirmed by early donations of Charles, of donations early by confirmed is 1340s In her In supplicationto the pope, she remindedhim restoring the royal treasury to some extent—the extent—the to some treasury royal the restoring 434 of liturgical of vestments, th The testament contains Thetestament importantrelics from to Vyšehrad church. However,for a long a long However,for church. Vyšehrad to Inventá .“ ř e , 229, no. 344. RBM III, 537-538. 537-538. III, RBM 344. no. 229, , 436 His(personal?) collection of cuius caput Elysabeth…in 435 ree chasubles, acrystal

plenaria ř emyslid ) and ) and CEU eTD Collection together. Charles continued Elisabeth’s legacy in royal acts through piety representation of in royal legacy Elisabeth’s Charles together. continued inspiration for the later cultural policy ofCharlesIV who madeuse of thetreasuryElisabeth put formation ofprivate collections of relics. The potentials of the cult of relics becamesourcea of ceremonies, and a growing veneration of relics, as we marked a formative period for new devotional practices in Bohemia, with public processions, widows, whose other political participation wasrestricted. Thelast ten years ofthe queen’s reign Wallfahrten indereuropäischen Kultur/ Pilgrimages in European Culture 440 439 438 437 the French king, Charles IV, sent Elisabeth Elisabeth IV,sent Charles French king, the between 1326 and 1328from various monastic and parish churches, mainly located in Prague. attended church dailyand services effort to support the canonisation of Agnes of Bohemia, her great-great-aunt. an in stones adorned with precious reliquary a XXIIin golden John Pope to relic the sent a of part context resembled thatChapelle, ofSt. theoriginal wo chapel Saints All but unknown, is was placed it Where date. this at collection a such of existence the confirms which relics”, queen’s as “the chronicle the in called treasury, theroyal to added was and it 28, 1327, October on clergy Prague of a procession personand describedit as beingas long as a finger and thin.Thearrival ofthe relic was welcomed by of time the from theFrench of inthe possession been relics, compiled in 1330, has already been discussed. already been has 1330, in compiled relics, chronicle assigned herapartin sending Thorn the Sekyrka,to Charles, monastery. Ivan and 13 1319 Sometime between Europe. of capitals medieval other Paris and to samewas introduced time it the of CorpusChristi—approximatelyat She activelyparticipated the in introduction Prague to ofa relative novelty in Central Europe—thecult Ralf Lützelschwab, “Prague -dasneue Paris? Der französische Einfluss auf dieReliquienpolitik KarlsIV“, In Neuwirth, Joseph no.1722. 672-4, III, RBM, 2. no. I, Appendix Chronicon Aulae Regiae č ice in Moravia in a solemn procession to Prague and donated itin amonstrance toZbraslav

- 71- Collecting relics and public piety created a space for the public activity ofroyal women and In 1326, at the demand of the queen, probably transmitted through her son at the French court, court, French the at son her through transmitted queen, probably the of demand at the 1326, In These queenlyThese initiatives tendencies new reflected in devotional practices. She reportedly 439

Geschichte derBildendenKunst , 280,correct date 1327, Sekyrka,

initiated a withrelics procession (1898), 148. Years 1319-21. Sekyrka, a splinterthe from Thorns, Holy Crownof Inventá uld have been appropriate because its architectural architectural its because appropriate been have uld 21 she brought the miracle-making Eucharist from from Eucharist miracle-making the brought she 21 homeofthe relic.following Elisabeth The year, 437 ll as the enrichment church of treasuries and Saint Louis. Peter SaintLouis. of Zittau sawtherelic in The list records a number of relics collected relics of anumber records list The ř e Inventá , p. 229 no. 344. 537-538. III, RBM Pulkava´s , 205. ř e , 230, no. 346. during times Prague.plaguein during of Inventá ř e , 180-181, no.212. 438 which had 440 and CEU eTD Collection the Cistercian monastery of Aula Sanctae Mariae in the suburbs of Brno, which she founded. which Brno, of suburbs the Mariae in Sanctae Aula of monastery Cistercian the sanctarum undecim virginum milium ( martyrs thousands eleven the of one of body whole a given they that confessed the Rhineland in Cologne in Virgins Thousand Eleven the of nunnery of her activities extended across the borders of Bohemia. In the charter of 1333, the abbess of the collected relics supported herby latest husband, Jind Bohemia was Elisabeth-Richenza, the widow of Wenceslas II and Rudolf I of Habsburg, who run through the bones of St. Catherine. St. bones of the through run of saintsintheir church askedand for relics. They were given a glass flask fullof sacred oil that had (Richenza), formerqueen of Bohemia,together with her daughter, Agneta ofPoland, visitedthe tombs Elisabeth that testified Trier in Virgin the of nunnery the Augustinian of and convent prioress provost, ( praefatis sanctarumpraefatis milium undecim …donavisse. virginibus profitentuur, sead precesferventes magistratus etColoniensis ob respectum Elisabeth, …unum verum integrum de corpus monasteries as sources of reliable relics and used her status to press the nunnery for the donation. 443 442 441 linked to the growth of tothegrowth linked was closely Bohemia; the piety to of piety of new formsthe introduction in her upon role elaborated also by Charles IV. to testimonies overtime— more popular even became confirmations of the relics’ the of confirmations written of quests and in Germany monasteries imperial in relics for authentic search Richenza’s Martyrs of Thebes, Gereon and his company,” before theywere sentto Bohemia. Elisabeth- In eiusdem profluxit minutis et emanavit, duximus largiendum. archiepiscopiColoniensis, earundem et unum inclinati vas vitreum, impletum de sacrooleo s. Catharinae, quod deossibus duxerit sibi visitandas et-- de praedictis aliquid reliquiis - postulaverit inpartiri nos igitur precibus --d. Walrami, bis regina Bohemiae cum Agneta, filia sua, ducissa Poloniae, devotionis causa sanctorum reliquias ecclesiae nostrae growth of the fourteenth century relic collecting: the fear of capita RBM, 786, no. 2021. RBM, 785, no. 2019. RBM, 785 nos.2017-2018.

- 72- ) andrelicsthe givento Elisabeth, queen of Bohemia,were venerated as therelics ofSS. Anotherimportant figure promotingthereli cult of Another proof of Elisabeth-Richenza´s extensive collecting activity The from Trier. comes activity collecting extensive Elisabeth-Richenza´s of proof Another In anotherIn charter, the deaconand the chapter ofSt. Gereonin Cologne testifiedthat “theheads 442 Praepositus…s. Mariae in Treveroyde ordinis s.Augusti cupimus notum,fore d. Elisabeth, quod

church treasures. treasures. church Abbatissa totumque capitulum secularis eccl. S.Undecim milium virginum in origin—as in caseof Old the in origin—as

) to Elisabeth, former queen of Bohemia, who then passed iton to 443 Thequeenclearly understood the potential ofimperial

ř ich of Lipá (died 1329). After his death, the scale thescale death, his After 1329). Lipá (died of ich ř the authenticity of of the relics werethe authenticity demanded ich ofPab unumverum integrum corpus de praefatis cs in the first half of the fourteenth century century fourteenth of the firsthalf the in cs falsa . Proving the authenticity . Provingtheauthenticity relics of the ě nice—we see the downside the of downside see the nice—we 441

CEU eTD Collection “Chaucer´s Pardoner. The Scriptural and Eunuch, the Pardoner´s Tale,” topography of Moravia and enriching it with an important treasury. important an with it enriching and Moravia of topography pursued with personal zeal, making the Brno nunnery an important centre in the medieval religious female vers course, much The greater. traditional reminds usoflaterthe policies ofher step-grandson Charles,whose powerand influence was,of famous relic of theVirgin’s veilfrom PragueSt. Vitus cathedral to it. St. Augustine elaborated on Jesus’ opposition to to opposition Jesus’ on elaborated Augustine St. co From intellectual The HiddenTreasure: 1. little known. ubertatis. iste est avarus, et superbus, et luxuriosus: multiplicat.. in anima sua, sedmalo Multiplicatio suo. ista egestatis est,non homines in…multiplicantur.Multiplicatus videtur in anima, in quo etiam multiplicata sunt? ..Ille tantummodo luxuriosus; ille argento,ille pecore, ille familia, ille possessionibus, omnibus. ille Multae sunt multiplicationes… terrenae Etenimcuris fructus est,et non venit deDomini. benedictionenisi Jam quid dicam dealiismultiplicationis? estilleMultiplicatus auro, 447 446 445 444 ofTreasureV. ThePolitics danger for the danger for soul inmu Civitate Dei, Dei, Civitate and popularised inWestern Europe from the twelfth century. According to St. Augustine in his 1000 the year framework after an eschatological in life, developed Christ’s of the biblical narration to counterpart amedieval Antichrist, of Life the of images antithetic the in reflected is sense Augustinian spiritual treasures sense—they material the in corruptible and temporary public appearance and more active social roles, but also in the pursuance of their political aims. aims. political their of pursuance the in also but roles, social active more and appearance public for their only not ambience, appropriate an creating in collecting relic of potential the recognised P theselast both power, and means limited having Although favoured. they collectors, the two the collectors, and queens Old Similar interpretations of imageryspiritual treasure existin contemporary but poetry, how popularit was in is Bohemia Estmultiplicatio terrenae generationis secundum primam naturae nostrae ista benedictionem…Et multiplicatio plane 12:33-34. Lc cf. 6:19-21, Mt 14 the in Later

- 73- Richenza’spersonal journey to Rhinelandto gainauthentic relics of saints for her foundations

St. Augustine, before Christ judges people, the Antichrist will come to seduce them ( them seduce to come will Antichrist the judges people, Christ before th century, Margrave Jodocus century, of Moravia donated aByzantine image of theVirgin Mary and added the could lead a man to Salvation. Ennarratio in psalmum CXXXVII (:3) in Ennarratio psalmum CXXXVII ltiplying earthly treasures. ř

ich of Pab of ich ě ncept to ncept to implementationthe of policy nicewere all benefactors Cistercianof monasteriesthat treasureson heaven earth and (PL, xxxvii, (PL, col. 1778), quoted inRobertP.Miller, ion ofofficial royal devotion was,in her case, 446 were also corrupting in the spiritual sense. Only 447 Worldly treasures were not only considered were only treasures not Worldly The double nature of “treasure” in the Speculum 30.2 188. (April 1955), 444 Interestingly, all three , 445 non veniet ad vivos ad veniet non pointing out the pointingout ř emyslid queens emyslid De

CEU eTD Collection means ofthe Antichrist’s deception. Apocalypse.the Three scenes fromthe series explicitly show the negative impact of false treasure as National Library), now dated to a time around 1340, atime around to now dated Library), National treasures. Apostles and St. Wenceslaus legend. inserted between the Old theand New Testament end series(the missing), of is followed story by the Apocalypse,Acts of 452 451 450 449 448 in the Velislav Antichrist is rather is Antichrist Velislav the in twelve major scenes from the Emperor Charles IV, and successive canon of allmajor chapters in Prague, the story is illustrated with theAntichrist. WrittenVelislaus,by notaryand courtier toKing John of Luxembourg andson, his the marked by a sign on their foreheads and led to hidden treasuries of gold and silvermountains which kings Antichristus et mortuos judicandos Christus nisi prius veniet ad seducendos in anima mortuos adversarius eius kings, and princes, and thus, secures theirservice. Distributiontreasuries of qui cognita fallacia ab avertuntse ipso eum nollentes sequi. pecuniam fundit et clenodia diversa etciffosaureos. Hic sunt etapostoli predicatores Antichristieum. secuntur Hic sunt 78-79, 132rv appendix II, (comparison ofthe two texts). inveniet argenteos. image) (upper 132r. fol.Bible), the Antichrist. shown turning away fromthe scene. Inscriptions undereach imageexplain the true bad intentions of from theVelislav Bible fol 132r-v,showing of money, jewellry, and chalices, as well as goldand silver ( through Accompanying tags say: Chytil, Chytil, Lately Lenka Panušková, “Die Velislav-Bibel inneuem Licht,“ Ditabit enim bonis divitishuius seculi, et tunc eorum falsam felicitatem addecipiendum alios ostendet 450

- 74- thesauros absconditos thesauros Albeit followingthe thismodel, The “Vita Antichristi” in the Prague manuscript of the Velislav Bible (Ms. XXIII.C.124, (Ms. XXIII.C.124, Bible Velislav the of manuscript Prague the in Antichristi” “Vita The The seriesThe of cartoon-like images continued with the distribution of the Antichrist’s corrupting while at the at same true, while timespir the ostensio thesaurum ostensio Fol 132v Fol (lower image): Antikrist Antikrist 451 ( ). pl. 18, Distribution of Antichrist’s treasures from the Velislav Bible, fol 132v Bible, Velislav the from Antichrist’s treasures Distribution of 18, pl. 449 , appendix II, f. 131v, 132r, 132v. , appendix titled II Unlike Christ, the Antichrist exhibited material treasuries only to deceive these deceive to only treasuries material exhibited Antichrist the Christ, Unlike Hic sunt regesquos allicit sibi permunera credendum et ad sesequendum. Unde eishabunde per quos ad sequendum seinclinabit plurimos Ditabit etdivites huius seculi diviciis.falsis ) He offers) gifts money, of precious objects and goldenchalices to gullible Hic Anticristus ducit permanuum regesincredulos et ostendit eis montes aureos et (showing of treasures), (showing of inwhichAn Ibi Anticristus denaria sua denaria Ibi Anticristus sibi credentibus Vita Antichristi Vita Antichristi veVelislavov peculiar as it stressed the Antichr

Scriptum super Apocalypsim itualtreasures remain hiddento them. startingfrom the Annunciation ). Some princes resisted and inthe illustration they are 452 Chytil, Those kingswho accept the gifts of Antichristare 448 Um ě isan early example ofan illustrated story of Antikrist bibli ě ní pl. 17 a,b, Antichrist showing treasures treasures showing Antichrist a,b, 17 pl. 56.2(2008), 106-118, esp. 106. Ithasbeen (appendix Vita II Antichristi intheVelislav , appendix f. II, 131v, p.230. tichrist showsthe kings the treasuries thesauros ist’s role in the seduction of seduction the in ist’s role from 1244, the choice of scenes scenes of choice the 1244, from distribuit. Ipsenamquem up to up to in role Antichrist’s

, Chytil, Antikrist kings , ,

CEU eTD Collection 1996), 13. 1341 1341 provide an explanation asregards the manuscripts original owner. Itis known that Charles IV (from thecreation of the manuscript,the close links Velislav had with the young king Charles IV,may end of times. end of court. Recent scholarship seesLuxembourg Bohemia “promised asthe land”forinterpretations of the writings, the meaning of the story must beenhave particularly appealing to him. as own we from his know governance good ambition to provide an with ruler a young As Rienzo. di artistic patronage, veneratedauthor, its St. John, and had encountered the Joachimistteachings ofCola stages of the Reformation realised was by Šmahel, Mies, Nicolaus ofDresden, Nicolaus of Pelh Lidové noviny,2008), 282. Chytil, Roman 1346 kingin and theBohemian in king 1347 inSt.Vitus. first under the title of Margrave Moravia (in residencein Bohemia from 1333) andfrom 1341 as compilation, a specific focus on princelyeducation. Chytil pointed out thecomplex models usedits for add— and—I would character, educational an foundation, theological asubstantial way of by story the Salvation. of gifts the accept who those government, nor will they be of help in theLast Judgement. Rather the opposite—they will deprive for their things positive not bring treasures term.do The Antichrist’s long the over for rulers strategy wide popularity of the story in Bohemia. A number of texts on the Antichrist has been in preserved been has Antichrist the texts on of Bohemia. Anumber in story the of popularity wide as court, Milí the Emperor himself by Milí 457 456 455 454 453 treasures” treasures” “false represent these even though the of present them treasuries offering the Antichrist with clear Antichrist exposes to their sight. their to exposes Antichrist box with money,box chalice with and purse lying around it.) Chytil, seculi, ettunceorum falsam felicitatem ad ostendet. decipiendum alios Antichrist inveniet thesaurus absconditos quos per ad sequendum seinclinabitur plurimos. Ditabit enim bonis huius divites sequendum se inclinabit plurimos. Ditabit divites et huius seculi falsis diviciis./ Tertio decipiet namque Ipse permunera. et ostendit eismontes aureos etargenteos. František Šmahel, Charles the IV son of(1316-1378), Elisabeth Luxembourg John ofP and of Karel Chytil, Ibi Antichrist denaria sua sibi thesauruscredentibus distribuit. Ipsenamque inveniet thesauros absconditos per adquos Capitulum: Ipsenamque inveniet Antichrist thesauros Hic absconditos: Antichristper manum ducit reges incredulous

- 75- rex iunior Antichrist eschatology was broadly popular in fo in popular wasbroadly eschatology Antichrist As noted already by Chytil, manuscriptthe Prague was distinguished fromother illustrations of in aeternum. 455 457 Antikrist č predicted the return of Antichrist thefoll but left butleft out the question ofits original , crowned 1346-1347, Emperor 1355), A peculiar piece of information comes from a daring Antichrist accusation aimed at at aimed accusation Antichrist daring a from comes information of piece Apeculiar Husitské , 78-9. , 78-9. 454 Č It should be read as an an as read be Itshould echy. Struktury, procesy,ideje č Antikrist of Kremsier in 1366, pronounced—reportedly—during a sermon at his a sermon at of Kremsierpronounced—reportedly—during 1366, in 453 Chytil, In the end, the moral reading of the antithesis thereading ofthe meaning makes moralend, the In

, 31-33. Hussite, environment (Matthew ofJanov, John Hus, Jacobellus of ř imov, Antikrist Husitská revoluceHusitská De AnatomiaAntichristi , appendix II, f. 132r. p. 230. 230. p. f.132r. II, appendix , Antikrist exemplum (Hussite Bohemia. processes, ideas) Structures, (Prague: 456 purpose. Although sofarlittleisabout known , Appendix II,f132v, p. 231. favoured thetheme ofthe Apocalypse in his , vol.2, owing year. Other attesttothe owing also sources year. urteenth-century Bohemia, and at Charles’ Charles’ at and Bohemia, urteenth-century (In the(In picture, theAntichrist holds a chalice and a : gathering worldly treasuries isnot a good ). Theimportance). of thestory for the early Ko ř emyslid, resumed rulethe over country ř eny č eské reformace rex iunior rex (Prague: Karolinum, , crowned CEU eTD Collection absconditus studiicelestis. disciplina quethesaurus …in celeste desid(er)ium. Ager in via(m)…Thesaurum autem publiceportat thesaurum qui desid(er)at absconditus humanis laudibus Maliqui autem nonabscondit. species(?) iterum nostrum nonquasi guida. ab hoc qui insufficit(er) custodire specibus amalignis desiderii studii celestis fervetur qa(?) ut abscondit(us) thesaur(us) gaudio illi(s) vadit et venditomnia que et emit habet agrum illum. Qua iure hoc quo(que) notandum est q(uo)d invent(us?) included anantithesis of terr of anantithesis included the the same theme of spiritual and worldly treasures using the biblical parables of IV Caroli treasuries. one’s crown, the ruler should seek and keep the “true”, i.e. hidden spiritual treasures. spiritual i.e.hidden the“true”, keep and seek ruler should the crown, one’s endanger to not order in follows: as read successors and their implications for the ruler’s good governance. The message Charles IVpassed to his IV likened theKingdomHeaven of Charles Then interests. wordly and luxury treasuries, worldly to opposition direct in stood it Salvation; the to Thekey Pearlis faith. therefore wisdom and through can be achieved only which something only way to successful government andto one’s Salvation. 461 460 459 458 Milí Bohemia. Hussite theologians frequently manipulated the story as did early reformists (inadditonto Vitus chapter. The the fourteenth-century breviary ( breviary the fourteenth-century The chapter. Vitus St. the of readings the in instance, for included, was treasure double the of imagery The important. is the to Antichrist the between link the considerations treasure treasure in the kingdomof heaven eternally. (Then follows the ofcomparison Mt 6: 19-21). through confession and andaccepts humbleness, the -that treasure is, the good Ifdeeds. he ispersistent,he will holdthe hidden in his outheart offear that the Devil might take it 48-49, away, and so he sellseveything he has -that is,his sins remained and repent to want not did who Those, 48. Spirit, quoted Matthew’s (Mt13: 44) parable of“kingdom of heaven similar to hidden treasure,” explained by Charles as the Holy introduction by Ferdinandt Seibt, CentralEuropean Medieval Texts (Budapest: CEUPress,2001), 104-8. Charles IV (Autobiography of EmperorCharles and IV his Legend of St. Wenceslaus) 2000), 48-9. NK IVD 9, 78v NK IVD 9, Lec. III, 73v. National NK library, IV D 9. Vita Caroli IV PearlGreat of Price. č Matthew of Janov). Such manipulation may also be found in a number of sermons. For my my For sermons. of anumber in befound also may manipulation Such Janov). Matthew of

- 76- Emperor Charles IV ( IV Charles Emperor In his exegesis, the Pearl represented the Kingdom of Heaven and the quest of man to reach it, it, reach to man of quest the and Heaven of Kingdom the represented Pearl exegesis, the In his , a fourteenth-century , afourteenth-century Caroli Imperatoris RomanorumCaroli VitaImperatoris AbEoIpso et Conscripta Hystoria Nova de Sancto Wenceslao Martyre . 460 (The Autobiography (The of in Charles IV), “the Hidden Treasure”, and it even warns against ostentatious public showing of showing public ostentatious against warns even it and Treasure”, Hidden “the Cellorum regnum inagro quemqui…Thesauro absconditocomparaturhomo, invenitabscondit etpro quia thesauris terrestribus incomparabilit(is?) munera celeste p(ro)cessit.. The text reveals Charles’ personal concerns in the double nature treasures, of nature the double in concerns Charles’ personal reveals text The estrial andcelestial treasures, Pl. 16,the portrait of Emperor CharlesIV speculum

to a treasure hidden in a field( a in hidden atreasure to of a competent ruler, writes his twelfth chapter exactly on on exactly chapter twelfth writes his ruler, competent a of Karel IV. Literární dílo Literární Karel IV. blind liber ordinarius biblical antithese of earthlyand celestialtreasures one’s chances for Salvation and to be worthy of of worthy be andto Salvation for one’s chances , cannotfind thetreasure. When itfound, was it was 459 elaborated on the idea of a of idea the on elaborated , ed. Balázs Nagy, and Frank Schaer,with an , transl.Jakub Pavel (Praha: Vyšehrad, ) of the Prague St. Vitus chapter St. Vitus Prague ) the of thesaurus absconditus ) in his autobiography hisautobiography ) in Hidden Treasure (79r) Deperdavi ergo Deperdavi 461 This is the thesaurus thesaurus ) and and Vita - 458

CEU eTD Collection dílo Charles IV), “Moralitates Caroli IV. Imperatoris. Excerptaex scriptura sacra cum explicationibus” (Moral teachingsof the Emperor “Výklady anau peoplefrom his country and plundering lands). of Kalista,his through and violence withoutjustice, wrongly, he as hethinks will notbe ableto through gather treasures expulsion of his decorationKarlštejn), of between the spheres was th link Another important links. the of asone acted the king where earth, and heaven between bond the allegoricalIV political thought.communicated It Charles’concept good of Christian government and for rulers. The focal point of the the of point focal The rulers. for dominiMoralitates poklad inCzech spiritual history), spiritualVyšehrad, 2006), personality)(Praha: Zden Hlavá Hana paintings. mural 467 466 465 464 463 462 on earth,on and presentedit asth then also paraphrased the imperative from6:19-21Mt about gatheringtreasures in heaven ratherthan Charles story. Antichrist the to directly IVresponded Here, Charles Antichrist. the by shown those i.e. ruler shouldonly try to gather the hidden treasures ofHoly Spirit, leaving behind worldly treasuries, Any Christian a such gift. of worthy himself has made man, who a by just only canbe found treasure invisible to to mortals. invisible him. unjust and sinful, andthe true treasures, those of theHoly Spirit and God´s Grace, will be denied to treasures throughforce, misled istoward wrong-doing and hascommitted singreed. theof Hisruleis false gathering awarning about in culminated rule, which Christian good for asapre-condition virtues presented royal Sedechias, King ruler, private interests ofthe king give way to the public interest ofthe communityasa whole. The mythical oversubjects, his onlyin but sofar as hisrulefollows power absolute him gave this him; serve must only and earth on Christ represented king contemporary Late inthe writing of thisdissertation gained toI access Mengel’s “Bones, Stones, and Brothels”. chapterIts 5deals “ Kalista, The influence of St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, Zden imagery Treasure workof in of the literary Charles correspondedhis good andbad inKarštejn’s to allegory government Caroli Romanorum VitaImperatoris AbEoIpsoConscripta , 68, the however translation is not there. precise Jestliže král myslíshromážditi násilí poklad skrze abez spravedlnosti, myslí to, cožpravé nenie, neboneshromáždítak 466

- 77- ů jedné skrze vypuzenie jedné skrze lidu zezem

Inspired by St. Augustine and St.Thomas Aquinas, The double nature of treasure and and treasure of nature double The Karel IV.,jeho duchovní tvá Zeitschrift Zeitschrift des Vereinsf. d. Geschichte undMährens Schlesiens č ení duchovní,” (Spiritual inení duchovní,” explanations teachings), and 462 Caroli Romanorum etBohemiaeRegis Pr Whenfound, such treasure was more preciousthan anythingelse.The hidden ů Otec vlasti 1316-1378 zkumy památek č ková, “Idea dobrého panovníka ve výzdob ve panovníka dobrého “Idea ková, roughthe power ofrelics. e main task for a Christian e ruler. main taskforaChristian ř , 52. , 52. Moralitates ě

a poplen 13 (2006) Apendix, 14. , ed. J.V. , ed.J.V. Polc (Rome, Velehrad: K the morality ofhidden the ě ě k Kalista, “Karel v IV. nie královstvie svého 465 is theidea is Kingthat Christ the and of Kings, any and corruptive treasures. The king, who gathers gathers who king, The treasures. corruptive and Karel IV. Jeho duchovní tvá , 104-8. 467 ě k Kalista, The role of relics the Theroleof was proclaimed finalin God´s Law God´s is a collection of practical moralist codes codes moralist practical of collection a is 464 Spisy císa .“ (If the king intends the to treasure gather ě 463 č another piece of Charles’ writing, the Karlštejna” (Idea of the Karlštejna”(Idea governance good in , 1-2 (1897-1898). Also in Karel IV. Jeho Karel IV. duchovní tvá eských d treasureare elements key Charles’ in

, the, king hassinned, not and the ř e Karla IV ř es ě jinách duchových” (CharlesIV in ť anská Akademie, 1980), 9-21. anská 1980), Akademie, ř , 53,cf. , or Karl Wotke, Moralitates Karel IV. literární Karel IV. ř (Charles IV, his (cf. CEU eTD Collection and the chapter of Trier, regal our dignity spurnedthis money. “ uses his positionto gain access what consideredhe moreappropriate and profitablereward than Charles office. the to candidate new the with agreement Emperor’s the seek chapter the archbishop, “ regiae celsitudini nostrae recommisam dignaremur habere, nequaquam ab praefatas reliquias habuissemus eisdem. promptiores essemus inpartes nostras interponere promotione ecclesiae praedictae sedem apud apostolicam eamque cum dolore cordis eorum, obtinere. consumit, nec fures effodiunt vel furantur, videlicet infrascriptas ab reliquias eisdemelecto etcapitulo, licet invitis et tamen dignitas ipsas respuens, censuit thesaurus huiusmodi spirituals, coelestes et quosnontineademolitur, erugo non ab electo Treverensis et capitulo iuste ecclesiae et rationabiliter ac sine ulla reprehensione haberepotuissemus , regalis votes regiis praecipua ardentidesiderio gestabamus. Museum in Esztergom (ar.1420, Inv.no. 54.2, Legner, Nakladatelství(Prague: the time Charles IV. Theof Legend of St. Procopius. The Lifeof St. Catherine) ed.,Vladimír Šmilauer, own experienceaccording - toher legend, shewas converted looking by at the image Madonna of the with child Jesus. whomartyrdom have paintings of houses,her in their and askfor help lookingwhilst at them. her Thesaintpopularises there, and ofthe healing oilflourishes that from relics.her with description ofthe effectsgood of pilgrimage to response,In Christ consentsappealto her andwelcomes closestto her his circle. The legend concludes and remembers her when looking at it,shall be granted his wishesand has the door open to Salvation. in memory of her death or has an image of her martyrdom painted in his house or legend in a in book, legend hishouse or in painted martyrdom her of image an has or death of her memory in 471 470 469 468 Bohemian pantheon, p. 263-371. illuminating in the way it filled in the gaps inthe broad nature of concepts Charles’ and inhis policy ofestablishing a with the in subject depthandfrom adifferent perspective cameto parallelconclusions. The work wasparticularily materialmemories are herrelics on earth,shall not be overheard. withmartyrdom. Her appeal to Christ, when made inremembrance of hertortures, of which the Sheaudience. advertises her on abilityintercede to cruel torturing, the maiden speaks to Christ or—rather—to the contemporary fourteenth-century After Charles. of circle theclosest within 1360-1375 between written Legend St. Catherine the of part similar closerelationship to the image of the Madonna withthe child. (Legner, painted legends holy images around – both tendencies culminates thein LateMiddle Ages(Ibid., 234). that the ruleLuxembourg signifies not only thereinforcement of the relics’ veneration, butalso thecompilation of new The saint isdepicted with small her devotional imageivory of on the Madonna thetitel pageof the Legner codex. notes thesauros coelestes et spirituales CPSVP, 31, CPSVP, ft. 2. (Sign. APH XI,4) Šmilauer, Interestingly, the effect of veneration relics coupled is here with that of St.Catherine images. begs Christto help those The Old Czech Life of St.Catherine of Alexandria

- 78- vita In the letter from Trier to the Prague chapter in February 1354, Charles calls the relics relics the calls Charles 1354, February in chapter Prague the to Trier from letter In the Although we could have legally…receive … quantities of money from the archbishop-elect archbishop-elect the from money of … quantities legally…receive have could we Although was written court inPrague mid-fourteenththe in century for the Silesian dukeLouis and his wife Agnes, had Dv ě legendy zdoby Karlovy Č Dv eskoslovenské v akademie ě legendy zdobyKarlovy. Legenda osvatém Prokopu. Život svaté Kate Et nisi pro tunc ipsaTreverensisecclesia destitute fuisset etutpastore, eo …dum nobis sanctarum reliquiarum pignora ibidem occurrunt ,quae dudum in , 218-9. ”, heavenlyspiritual and treasures. ě , 776. , 776. d, 1959), 137.d, 1959), This is shown ontwopanelsfrom Christian the Et magnaset quantititates quamquam innumerabiles pecuniarum Die Parler und Schöne der Stil the faithfuls’ behalf the the saint’s grave in Sinai, of miracles that occure occure that miracles of Sinai, in grave saint’s the and instead required payments of heavenly heavenly of payments required instead and 470

468 , transl.Josef and Václav Hrabák, Vážný Die Parlerund der Schöne Stil Thus, whoever venerates her relics , vol. 2, 459). St. Hedwiga, whose 471 after havingafter been crowned After the death of Trier Trier of death the After ř iny (Two Legendsiny(Two from

, vol. 3, 234)

469

CEU eTD Collection body of St. Sigismund to Prague. government.Miracles theIn St.Sigismund of preciosissimus thesaurus Bohemian patrons isputtotheservice of theprotection ofthe people of Bohemia. in manifestesanctam Pragensesecclesiam demonstrate Dominum pretiosissanctorum thesauris meruisti staret mente.Oet sancta Pragensis ecclesia quaetantumadunata prodelictispopulorum et felix corporibus et inefffabile donum, omne infirmitatis auxilium…O etfidelissancta quae societas, nullopotuitcertamine, violari quaeque an essential positionin Charles’ political concepts maintain to designed were relics the Mengel, by As remarked concepts. literary the of implementation Charles’ privateresponse theseto biblical parables, but rather theresult of his effort to public simply not however, is Prague, to relics of influx the relics; of IV collection to Charles’ incentive legends of saints.Moral biblical allegories, and theireschatological meaning created a powerful and the of Bible, the of reading the was moral by inspired wrappings, precious in them enclosing intercession. and protection, assistance, the saints’ through hand treasures, represented on the one hand through personal adherence to the Law of God, and on the other used and manipulatedthe relics with the aimofproviding his subjects with direct accessto such fact, in are, they treasures; Salvation-bringing true, the of concepts ancient the with them identifying by treasures asprecious relics the to meaning a deeper gives Charles Lord. the near intercessors many so have you that Bohemia lucky Rejoice sacred(is) the (metropolitan) church of Prague that 475 474 473 472 do not break in and steal and spiritual treasures, whichmoths donot destro dari et attulit secum Pragam. temporis requiescebat preciosissimus thesaurus, videlicetcorpus sanctiZigismundi, regisBurgundie, quod sibi impetravit David “Remembering Mengel’s, Bohemia‘s Forgotten Patron Saint,“ 6(2007), BRRP 19-20. reliquias infrascriptas ab electoeisdem et capitulo, licet invitis etcum cordis dolore eorum ,obtinere. huiusmodi etspirituals, coelestes quos non demolitur, erugo tinea non necfures effodiunt consumit, vel videlicetfurantur, rationabiliter sine ac ulla potuissemus reprehensione habere ,regalis tamen dignitas respuens, censuit ipsas thesaurus Mengel, “Bones, Stones, and Brothels,” 342. of his relics the beginning invoked at is also of St.Sigismund’s The position Venit Et quamquammagnas et innumerabiles quantititates pecuniarum ab et electo capitulo ecclesiae Treverensisiuste et

- 79- (emperor Charles IV) In 1365, Charlestransferred IV “themost precioustreasure” ( This conception relics’of manipulation, which manifested in gathering relics in Prague and . (f. 2r,463). Mengel, “Bones, Stones, and Brothels,” 263, ft. 1 ( Beneš of Weitmile, reflected the leading position assigned assigned leading position the reflected in Agaunum causadevotionisvisitandi limina sanctorum martirum ubi Thebeorum, tunc from them, despite their unwillingness and heart-felt sadness. heart-felt and unwillingness their despite them, from . Gaude et tu, felix Boemia, que habes afflicta multiplicatos pro te ad intercessores

473 FRB Seemingly a common literary topos, the superlative , 4, 533. Mengel, “Remembering,” 23. ). 474 the performance saint of together withthe other andbeimplemented inPrague’s andBohemia’s y and rusty andnot does consume,thieves andwhich it it ofsaints. holds bodies) so treasures (of many Miracula sanctiSigismondi martyris per ipsum to relics in the Em materialised spiritualtreasures Mirakelbuch preciosissimus thesaurus ” In his” In policy conception, : … O venerandum, pretiosum pretiosum venerandum, O peror’s concept of of concept peror’s The translation is ” 475 472 “

Lucky and ), the totum . He . He CEU eTD Collection And the literary framework was established in in framework was established the literary And and Ludmila. particularily appealingto Charles, asthroughhis ruling the it helped lineage ancestrial of memory the patrons, to construct common identity and public memory,as well asfoster local patriotism. Through with Constantineand Helena Western Christianity andfrom the tradition of imperial orroyal possession ofthese relics beginning Thorns. this plate. Therelicsshown include the garment purple whiteor Holy tunica,the the Cross, Sponge and Crownthe of 1983), pl. 7.Krása suggests the the Prague annual ofdisplay relicsand commemorationofmodel CharlesIVwasthe for (forthcoming). Heiltumsweisungen,“ of(offprint lecture held atsymposium Charles IV, on the emperor inGod’s Grace,p.3) (Prague: National gallery in Prague, 2003), 392-3. the High and late Middle and Ages their artistic decoration, Proceedings from the International Symposium jejich schránkám“ in (Relics the possession of Charles the Emperor theirmontage),IV, devotion and in Seibt, ed. (Munich: Prestel 1978), 88-89. KarelOtavský, „Krelikviímvlastn devotion of relics ( absorbedthe spiritual meansto augment the authority ofgovernment through the possession and model was morepolitically-oriented; second The rulers. medieval between recognition and ties close anexpression of was distribution their 482 481 480 479 478 477 476 land. relicssymbolicin re-enactment of Christthe as Eternal Kingand the veneration the of patrons ofthe twofold use of relics within the official court piety:the royal dimension theof veneration of Passion religious topography religious cultural meaningscultural (probably nolonger viable) and towards their re-definition. meanings. efforts Thus, to reformation/reformcan beseen asaprocessof stripping offmultiple of layers established internal reform; religious they represent a re-evaluation of originalthe paradigms bythereligious towards authorities new the theway worldfuncioned. Reformation elaborated further thinkers onthesefoundation, beyond theframework of an (asCharles‘ well asthe reformers‘) concepts built on and individual responsibility rehabilitation ofAugustian concepts of asand wellterminology, asinterest in a Christian past—albeit not themodels—cannot always same be overlooked. of concepts Charles‘ to the Bohemian Refomation, and avoids callinghis effort ”a reform“; however, their parallel thinking 21b Christ’s relics as symbol of royal and imperial power, Sir John Mandeville’s Travels John Sir Mandeville’s power, imperial and ofroyal symbol as Christ’s relics 21b Otavský, “Dreiwichtige Reliquienschätze,” (offprint p. 3). Josef Krása, Flusin, “Les Reliques de la Sainte-Chapelle,” 20. Karel ”Drei Otavský, wichtige Reliquienschätze imluxemburgischen Pragund die Anfänge derPrager Elsner, “Replicating Palestine”, 127. FranzMachilek, ”Privatfrömmigkeit und Staatsfrömmigkeit,“ in Mengel, “Bones, Stones and Brothels,“ 269,297-299. Mengel 479

- 80-

The first modelfromthe Eastern the stemmed and in both Thefirst position relics key Passion enjoyed In inFrance,his youth Charles wasinspired by official royal LateCapetian piety It would be,however, a simplification to explain Charles’relic manipulation only in terms of The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. AManuscript in the Library British Pl. 19 St. Louis showing relic of the Holy Crown oftheHoly relic showing Louis St. 19 Pl. 476 — all that was present in waspresent that Charles’ — all policies since the mid-1350s at the latest. 480 ( Pl. 20, Mandeville travels, Christ travels, Mandeville Pl. 20,

482 it helped to gain helpedintercession it the Charles’ writtings as early as 1440s. as1440s. as early writtings Charles’ the maternal-linewas descendedhe from St.Wenceslaus dynasty to legitimiseitsrule—this concept was (p. my376) avoids—rightly tomind—the narrow linking Kaiser Karl StaatsmannKaiser Karl IV. und Mäzen ě ným císa ným s relicsin Constantinople, pl. ). for the land through itsholyland through for the ř emKarlem IV, kjejich uctívání a 478 (New Braziller, York: George Young princes learned the Court Chapels of Court Chapels , Ferdinand , ed. Ji ř 477 í Fajt í Fajt and ) 481 ; CEU eTD Collection of the Bohemian kings ( saints main four its around cathedral the in space religious P the of sacred past the ties to symbolic with charged also was viewing by court, by the viewing introductory part of the donation letter accompanying a shipment of relics from Germany in 1354.; in relics of from Germany a shipment letteraccompanying donation the of part introductory reform, which turnedhe into a politicalaim. Thispolicy was aimedat all ofsociety, as hestated inthe mani Charles rule. universal world concept of his with better corresponded effectthat a public towards model his twisted Charles display, of ritual public subjects. decided todonate them Our Holyto Mother Prague church for joy of theKingdom ofBohemia, and to Salvation the our of received the relics of his them”…”these saints…could honour relicsthat we out ofGod’s will receivedthem, wehave subjects—andso many ofprecious the relics ofthe martyrs and saints was other given to us, so we,who through Him God’s Grace and Will the Grace was given tothe church Prague,of to Empire the and theBohemian to land, our it—we rule theworld and theChristianpeople are enjoying peace under ourrule. And from ourwill, as well as from the employed by Charles to achieve his goal. Charlesemployed to achieveby hisgoal. common inBohemia,people andthe Empire. In th all and clergy Prague, of nobility and the lords chapters, archbishop, the The donation was made to Elisabeth’s legacy in re-constituting the P the re-constituting in legacy Elisabeth’s 489 488 487 486 485 484 483 cathedral and coronation church of the Bohemian kings theon ancient site of theP French inspiration. French P the of consolidation the in role future his towards expectations their demonstrating relics with gravesmotherhis Elisabethand of Wenceslaus was II.Hea processionmetthere Prague by of clergy his father’s expenses. On his return, Charles reverently made astop attheZbraslav monastery tothe shaken.The Castle lay in ruins and royal property andthe treasury waslargely pawned or lostto due Bohemia.to traditional Atthattime, symbols P of the arrival his upon manifested publicly already had Charles something Wenceslaus, Saint all above and St. Wenceslaus St. ř Karel Stejskal, and Karel Neubert, Otavský, Crossley, “Bohemia Sacra,and Polonia Sacra”,50. Machilek, “Privatfrömmigkeit,” 89. Machilek, Eršil—Pražák,AMK, 80, no. 263. 25, CPSVP, 2, January 1354: ” Otavský, ”Dreiwichtige Reliquienschätze“ (offprint, ft. (forthcoming). 10) Lützeschwab, ”Prague—das 206-8.neue Paris?“, emyslid realm. In 1334, the prince donated silver silver donated prince the 1334, In realm. emyslid

- 81- “ His mother’s family tradition also influenced Charles’ attitude to relics. to attitude Charles’ influenced also tradition family mother’s His Wenzelskrone Privatfrömmigkeit 488 in a symbolic gesture recognizing the task before him. The building of the the new of building The him. before task the recognizing gesture symbolic a in 483 As opposed to Sainte-Chapelle, where the relics were arranged forexclusive werearranged relics where the to Sainte-Chapelle, As opposed , 19. Machilek,“Priva 484 489 Charles’ relics were offeredCharles’ relicswere for to their new tombs in 1373, and the transfer of the body of St. Sigismund, he Sigismund, St. of body the of and the transfer 1373, newtombs in their to , 87 (ft. 7). Um ě

ní na dvo na ní tfrömmigkeit,” 89. ř ř emyslid treasury e Karla IV e followingsubchapterse Iwilldescribethe policies Apostle figuresfor the decoration on the tomb of (Art in (Art the court of 2d Charles IV), ed., (Prague: Artia, pulated relics forthe public effect of his moral through God’s Grace—although we are not worthy of ř emyslid rulein Bohemia hadbeenbadly Map 1 public 487 with regard to his P his to regard with ř emyslids. With re-organisation of the the of emyslids. Withre-organisation veneration. Using thelanguage of ) and with the transfer of the bodies the of with thetransfer and ) 486 ř Charles followed followed Charles emyslid ancestry, ancestry, emyslid ř emyslid basilica 485

CEU eTD Collection Remembering Capetian royal piety (Stejskal, brought thecoreof collectionminerals his of and antiquities from France; both good Charles’ stress knowledge oflate dvo 14. Jahrhundert ”Frömmigkeit und Kirchentreue alsInstrumente der Politischen Karls Ideologie IV.,“ in 51-68) seesin therelics traditional Otavskýimperial piety. (Otavský,“K relikviím”, and392) Stejskal (Stejskal, Birnbaumová 1947), (Prague 146-156. Mengel, “Bones, Stones, and Brothels,” 66-78. manipulations. It influenced Charles’constructions, and importance of his devotion to relics wasundervalued. to his importance of devotion and and political Prague. enhancement of Sp critique of to limiting politicalCharles religiosity only see religiosity, Otavský, symbolic architectural formsand elegant goldsmith ing work for taste French the of experience had having Bohemia to returned Charles 17, of age the at 1333, In Treasures2. on Heaven andEarth Sainte-Chapelle model in bo All Saints established he when mind 496 495 494 493 492 491 490 2003), 22.Šmahel, “Zur politischen Präsentation und Allegorie.“ however, closely intertwinned withofficial statesman’s piety of alate medievalmonarch. as reflected his in autobiography. The personal faith with which he approachedthe relics, was, history. structurea symbolic rooted built in (including church) space into anambience forceremonies communicating his politicalconcepts and king the between bond accentuated thespiritual inspiration derived from the universalism inthe teachings of St.Augustin and St. Thomas Aquinas aspectshis of devotionrelics to inseparable are due toCharles’ deep personalreligiosity. His model for the ideal royal saint in the figure of St. Louis. St. of figure the in saint royal ideal the for model and Polonia Sacra,50-54. Europäische Kunst unterLuxemburgen den Scholars explained it asthe resultof privateinterests, political aims, returns to ancient Otavský, “Krelikviím”, 393. Otavský, “Krelikviím”, 392. Otavský, Jaromír Homolka, ”Zu den ikonographischen Programmen Karls IV,“ in

Staatsfrömmigkeit ř Vojt e , 25) pointed out IV had that Charles been inspired through French examples. Stejskal suggests that Charles IV

- 82-

ě In spiteof numerous attemptsto grasp Charles’ IV personality, until recentlythe truemeaning

490 ch Birnbaum,ch “KarelIVjako sb

Wenzelskrone , 18, alsofifth in chaper Mengel,“Bones, stonesand brothels“). , ed.Evamaria Engel (Weimar 158-170). 1982), Chadraba (Chadraba, “Kaiser KarlsIV , politische Religiosität , 19, 98-9, 149-150. Otavský, “K relikviím”, 392. Um th formits andcontent, ě ní na dvo ě ě vá ratel aPraha ratel (Charles IVas a collector)” in local tradition,actualised but w , vol., 2,ed.Anton Legner(Cologne 1978), 608-618, Crossley,“Bohemia Sacra, č . Machilek, „Privatfrömmigkeit und Staatsfrömmigkeit,“ 87-101. For the palace chapel as a chapter church in 1339 and re-built it on the on it and re-built 1339 in church a chapter as palace chapel ř ek sees the economic profit from pilgrims and indulgences Ji e , 27). Mengel points out the centrality of Prague in Charles’ IV concepts. 494 492 God and the king and his subjects turning public public turning subjects his and king the and God possiblyto house hisowncollection ofrelics. court and religious ceremonies, and provided a 493 495 Charles probably had the French models in Charles IV was a deeply religious person, person, religious deeply a IV was Charles 491 Die Parlerund der Schöne Stil 1350-1400. as well as useful concepts of treasury treasury of concepts as welluseful Wenzelskrone ithin a broad conceptithin a broad ofChristian Listyd z Karl IV. PolitikKarl IV. und Ideologie im topoi , 91. ě jin um of or royal piety, economic ě

ní devotio antiquadevotio , ed. A., ed. ř í Sp 496 Thesetwo ě vá Um č

ek, ě ní na ,” CEU eTD Collection and theand Empire, promoting dynasticalroots, 1360. Thisalso was the timeperiod the when major displays of relicsestablished were and becamea Otavský,“K relikviím, 392. did his artisticdid his policy. in in historical time asitslogical fulfilment. Luxembourgs andP the (St. Sigismund, St. Ulrich, St. Afra, St. Hylaria, St theland, andsecuring his own place thein History of Salvation. “politics of self-presentation” of “politics public presentation,art, and architecture. From beginning, the Charles’ relicsformed part ofhis medipromotionconcepts throughvarious political of devotion and outwardly directed public ceremony. The cult of relics formed a framework for the Jerusalem. Prague,city wassy to the Passion relics important location ofthe last resting place holy of the kings, and princes.Finally, by bringing someof the most regular displayrelicsof he promoted Praguean imperial as seatandpilgrimagea centre, asthe ancestors (St. Wenceslaus, St. Ludmila, St. Sigismund, and Charlemagne), Sigismund, St.Ludmila, St. Wenceslaus, (St. ancestors St.Vitus and St.Sigismund to Prague. Amongrelics, his an important placewas assigned tohis favourites, St. Catherine and St. Nicolaus. Among hismain achievements, he transferred the bodies of relics), followed theby relics theof martyrs, first Apostles and papal saints, and two of his personal for the most important items the in hierarchy of relics (the Passion, and the Virgin Mary memorial 505 504 503 502 501 500 499 498 497 in carrying through various politicalvarious through carrying in through official piety and symbolic language. Crossley, “Bohemia Sacra,” 50. Kubínová, Kubínová, Crossley, “The Politics of Presentation,“ 99-172. Machilek, “Privatfrömmigkeit und Staatsfrömmigkeit“, 87-101. Crossley, “Bohemia Sacra and PoloniaSacra”, 49. Crossley, “Bohemia sacra,” 50, Otavský, “Dreiwichtige Reliquienschätze“. Hlavá Crossley, “Bohemia Sacra”, 50. Šmahel, “Zur politischen Präsentation,“ 2.

- 83- Charles’ donations of relics to Prague churches culminated in a period roughly between 1350- Charles’ passionfor relics reflected similar aspects mingling of privatestateand religiosity as Charles IV collected relics systematically and closely examined their authenticity. He searched searched He authenticity. their examined closely and systematically relics collected IV Charles č ková, “Idea dobrého panovníka,” 14. 503 Imitatio RomaeImitatio RomaeImitatio

501 ř , 293. Mengel, , 217-275. Itoscillated between twocomb poles, emyslids, as wellas thesacred dimensions of kingship, heanchored himself 502 intersecting withceremonialpolicy within thedisplays city.Through

Remembering agendas, suchas the legitimisati 505

498 497 andancient moral models of government, Manipulation ofrelics, of course,was to prove useful , 26. mbolically posing as second only to Rome Rome andto assecond only posing mbolically . Helena). By claiming the holy origin of the ofthe origin claiming the holy . Helena).By a, such as ceremonies,such as a, religious performances, 500 ining an emotionalan ining ofprivate display

on ofCharles’ 504 and saints of royal origin rule inBohemiarule 499 protecting CEU eTD Collection (Prague: D the founder two of founder the Thomas Pešina of 2.1 The “True Treasures”: Karlštejn appeared in hisor courtier’s his donations aswell. Brandenburg, and nephew ofCharles, in 1412. Walter Zahn, Tangermünde collectionapparently thewas treasurythat was returned to Jošt ( Augustinian churchinmonastery. Prague,and Karlov monasticImportant donations:monastery the Carthusian in Újezd nearPrague (together with St. John), Thomas in the Eckert, Gallus (Sekyrka, important centres of Christianity inthe number of relics heldin the churches. saint,St. Vitus,forthe cathedral, and addedroyal anewcult St.Sigismund. of 512 511 510 509 508 507 506 the presence of numerous relics and patron’s bodies, with Prague with bodies, patron’s relicsand numerous of presence the treasurieswererather meagre comparisonwhose in wi country, the turned he Asaresult, cults. these of the growth support to (Aachen, Agaune) Herrieden, reliquaries for relics, divided relics, and distributed them around Prague and back to the Empire donated relics chapter to and monastic treasuries across Bohemia. of shipment a large with Vitus St. of treasury a newBohemianthe Pa with treasury built royal theEmpire, inRome, and through internationalcontacts. Charlescontinued Elisabeth’sefforts and around churches and monasteries of treasuries the themfrom life.Heobtained city the of part regular civitas habet:ut mecum Eruditi:aRomasentiunt vincimur, pluribus aliis nihil concedimus. quaefitae, et arcemin compositae: Caroli quibussingularitate raritateet (scio rerum pares quid scribam) vix hodie ulla nostras…Quem…nihil… ad hasce non totSanctorum Corpora et moveant Coelestes Exuviae toto a Carolo IV. Orbe ad eiusChristum et MatremVirginem pertinentia, invenire pius possi Peregrinus ,sicut Pragae inEcclesia Metropolitana. Protractus Reliquienschätze” (offprint). A3r. Pešina z venerabilis Arnesti Archiepiscopi Pragensis Distribution that of therelics suggests had Emperor also a private collection of relics divided among his residences (The Mengel, “Bones, Stones and Brothels,” 268. Crossley, “Bohemia Sacra,” 51-2. Mengel, “Bones, Stones, and Brothels,” 336-340. Donation relicsofof the St.Eligius Bohuš, chaplainby toCharles IV (Sekyrka, Endowments tochapter churches: All Saints church, Vyšehrad, St. Apolinaire, Karlštejn, and Tangermünde castles.

“Brevis narratio de ss. Reliquiis in S. Metrop. Pragensi Ecclesia,” Vix credo, Urbem nullam inEuropa esse (unam Romam excipio)in quatamrara et totSanctorum Lipsana atqueetiam

- 84-

Posvátná místa král. hl. m Č

echorodu), , ě

A3r dictví sv.JanaNepomuckého, 1884, silverhead105-6) Cf. reliquary of StephenSt. in . For particular position oftheimperial treasury (A4r). For amodern “Dreidistinction Otavský, wichtige Inventá Thesaurus in LucemProtractus Mercurius, sive MaximusS. Orientis Martyr Č echorod, aseventeenth-century historianandcanon of St.Vitus, saw CharlesIVas 511 ř e , no. 93, 119-126), relics of St. Heinrich and Cunigonde, anda St. Stephen relic (František of the most important treasuries in Bohemia in treasuries important most the of

ě sta Prahy. D Prahy. sta

, (Prague 1664), quoted, (Prague1664), in Thomae Joanne deCzechorod Pessina (Tomáš Jan ě jiny a popsání jiny a relics to match the importance of the church, and Kaiser Karl IVinTangermünde Kaiser ssion relics. He richly endowed the metropolitan endowed richly themetropolitan ssion relics.He 507 (Sacred places (Sacred in the royal capital cityof Prague),vol. 2 He obtained the rest of the body of its patronof thebody rest of the Heobtained th Western Europe into a territory sanctified by intosanctified aterritory by Europe th Western in

Pešina z Jodocus 506 Č Inventá echorodu, Several Prague churches Prague parish Several 512 509 ) of Moravia,Margrave of including the metropolitan competing with the most most the with competing ř e Bohuslav Balbín, 510 , no. 4, 66-68),, no.4, of head St. (Tangermünde 1900),34). Thesaurus in Lucem Thesaurus 508

He donated precious He donated Protocolum (Pragae 1675), Vita ).

A2v- CEU eTD Collection Roman king. As Bohemiawas not thecore part of the Empire itcould claim right the to it only so far imperial The safe-keeping. their for chosen finally dynasty through Christ’s protection and of the land, the of and beatification Christ’s protection through dynasty established lookto after thetreasury. Františka Josefa pro v Otavský, “Kult nástroj sv structure religious of spaces. 519 518 517 516 515 514 513 Saints treasuryin the palace (Otavský, opposed topublic showingofficial of Otavský treasuries. presumes that the Prague partof was his treasure kept in theAll collection;may thesilence beexplained by disapprovalCharles’ of presentation ostentatious ofhis private treasuries as Romae Imitatio the ofinventories take their treasures theformmemorial of books. illuminated Otavský, well asseculargoods. His the brothers, dukes of Anjou,Berryand were Burgundy, also collectors of goods; luxury even comprised of3906 entries in dispersed royal residences inParisandits surroundings relics including and reliquaries, as The existence of Charles’ IV private canbe treasury inferred fromthe courtin royal France. CharlesVpossessed a treasury and inspired by the French treasury of Sainte-Chapelle. of treasury French the by inspired and origins. their and made upfor the paucity of their numbersby the high esteem inwhich they were held, their rareness the hand, the other On topography. boasted large numbers of relics and longa tradition thatmade a natural it centre inBohemian religious treasury metropolitan The ancient collection. relic to approaches different two represented treasuries treasury was kept in Karlštejn, Charles’ IV castle southwest Prague, of southwest IV castle Charles’ Karlštejn, in waskept treasury cross— patrimony (the fifteenth century sources call the most important piece, the golden cross, the Land’s treasuryofVitus St. and the in 1350. Although originally another location wasconsidered, location another originally Although 1350. in fo residence temporary as the choice Karlštejn’s been and settled teachers, withthecreated University ahighly sophisticated clerical circlearound the Emperor. silver and precious stones tomark theimportance of the church.All Saints,built close to theprivate chambers of the king twelve canonsrecruited from theelders of the University. Four lateryears manyhe donated relicsin reliquaries of gold, ě Kavka, “Ú The problemwith identification of spaces,Fajt, religious ed. Fajt, ed. Otavský, Zden Jannic Durand, “Le Trésorsous Saint Louis,” in Karel Otavský, “Zlatý relikviá dectví písemných pramen

- 85- ě After mid-1350s, the construction of Karlštejn took a step the in direction theof symbolic The royal treasury was an outstanding collection outstanding an was royaltreasury The Landeskreuz k Tobolka,ed.. Magister Theodoricus Wenzelskrone č el,“ 23. werekeptThey in Prague for although severalyears, is notit sure where (the St. Vitus Cathedral - , 225, 240-1, andMachilek, “Privatfrömmigkeit,” 89. Norecord hassurvived the concerning nature ofhis ě ů dy, slovesnost aum ,” 63,unfinishedmonastery in Augustinian Karlov,theEmmaus). ). The treasury’s significance was reflected in its manipulation. From 1357, the the From 1357, itsmanipulation. was in reflected significance ). Thetreasury’s M. Pavla M. Žídka Správovna , 15.Otavský,“Kult nástroj ů doby in Karlovy,“ ř , 148, part H,I ový k 518 The initial reason for the change in the building programme may have may programme building the in change the for reason initial The royal treasury in Karlštejn ( Karlštejn in treasury royal Wenzelskrone ř íž“ (Gold reliquary cross), in íž“cross), (Gold reliquary ě ní, 1908), 21-2. 21-2. 1908), ní, 517 reliquiae regni reliquiae

Magister TheodoricusMagister (The Master Pavel (Theby Corrector Žídek) (Prague: Le Trésor de laSainte-Chapelle Trésor de Le , 22, 20). In 1339, CharlesIVestablished a chapter with aprovost and ů ,“ 66. František Kavka,“Ú treasury was, however,to bound the title ofthe was a small collection of first-class relics that relics afirst-class collection was small of Magister Theodoricus r the imperial relics that were brought to Prague Prague to werebrought that relics imperial r the of the Passion relics co relics Passion the of Karel IV., císa Karel IV., 514 , 21. , 21. Designed to benefit Bohemiaand the reliquiae regni, cimelia regni cimelia regni, reliquiae 519 sometime before 1357 Karlštejn was 515 č el aposlání hradu Karlštejna ve , 138. it was perceived as the lands’ asthe was perceived it ř zBoží milosti , (Kavka) 21, (Homolka) 120. Wenzelskrone 516 where the chapter was the where llected by CharlesIV llected by , 111-114. Č

, 22. Kubínová, , 22.Kubínová, eská akademie císa ). 513

The ř e CEU eTD Collection theeastern wall ofthe chapel pointstoward the universal value ofChrist’s Sacrifice. By avoiding 533) 533) 521 520 through crystal of Heaven(alsoKingdom re present through physically the of residents saintly the by surrounded presence iconography) and presence Eucharist (the spiritual and material of visual, union the in Sacrifice the of position central The treasuries. the in present materialisation theSacrifice.of Theangelsin fields the triangular kept the visual the as were placed Crucifixion and Sorrows Man of the altar, the above directly wall Eastern the of middle the In sameJerusalemthe time. at Heavenly and the Bible, of treasures” “hidden true, the as imperial treasuries asmaterial memories of Christ’ Salvation-bringing Sacrifice and epitomised them and royal both enclosed figures saintly with panels wooden Large painted 1360). (around Theoderich iconography. structure’s complicated the Passion relics. the content: special foritsvery stage as created was space the that sight first at inwards implied seen inlight ofCharles’ jasp and vaults andgold gold through glittering vivid with character fortress-like as its well as chapel, bay ( out inside turned reliquiary a resembled that “inwardness” an outlook, anachronistic Its peculiar Lord). the of Suffering the (formerly chapel Cross within a chapel. a within treasuries both for space suitable provide to underway got project unique a 1365, and mid-1350s the iconographi enough provided however, treasury, royal the of relics Passion The castle. the of decoration the in treasury imperial the of evidence iconographic effort—could not countwith keeping itin Bohemiaforever, which explainsthe absence of direct as title.Charles Bohemian the the king was we bore church tower, Fajt, ed. were allowed holdto at theservice altarwith Passion and relics, sexual intercourse—evenmarital—was forbidden the in relics (Kühne, insignie imperialia ettocius regni sui thesaurum Already in 1352, Charles IV forasked In diffuse terrarum orbe nonest castrum nequecapella detam precioso etmerito, [opere], quia eadem conservabatin

- 86- Although explicit iconographic references were references iconographic explicit Although After the building was finished, the interior decoration of the chapel was entrusted to Master Master to entrusted was chapel the of decoration interior the finished, was building the After Particular architectural features of Karlštejn have been noted with its special focus on the Holy the on Holy focus special with its noted been have Karlštejn of features architectural Particular Ostensio 520 oculi

The special nature of its contents was assured both in liturgy and life, Magister Theodoricus, , 112, Otavský,“Kult nástroj ) unleashed an elaborate complex of meanings and biblical references. sugeresque pontificalia

predilection forexalted visuality 148, part H, I. I. H, part 148, ..).

Fajt, ed. ů for any priest who masswould celebrate atwith altar the the imperial ,” 64). In the foundation ofcharter Karlštejn only chapter, bishops Pl. 26, St. Cross chapel Cross St. 26, Pl. Magister Theodoricus deep windows,a dark interior made shivering and c reference material for for material c reference er walls with large half-figureser wallswith of saints can be ll-aware positi ll-aware of this lics inserted in the panel’s frames and visible frames the visible and in panel’s inserted lics made to the royal treasury, the decoration of of thedecoration treasury, theroyal to made , 34 (cited after FRBIV, Prague 1884, ). Structural ). oddities inthe two- . The shrine-like setting turned on and—inon his spiteof arma Christi the decoration. Between Between decoration. the 521 as well as in physically physically CEU eTD Collection later, in 1370, taken out. It probably wasplaced the imperial treasury under Sigismund. Vienna, 165-6, 2005), cat. no. 156. Thecrossmay depict Trier relic the of theCrossinserted into first royal cross, and the Rotraud Bauer, etalii, origin of the cross’ relics (similarly tothe later scenes depicted on the Cross of Urban V or on the chapter. Karlštejn the and church, Mary Virgin fromthe probably treasury—now a of safekeeping the for place as served former the changed, was chapel Cross Salvation-bringing relics.Even effectofthecross’ the towards pointed Eucharist the of imagery pictorial and literary cross.The golden the decorate Blood decorate” theTrue Cross, whichcorresponds withthe actual Karlštejn depiction, where pearls the textthe inthe 524 523 522 Charles IV and Anna of Swidnicz ( Swidnicz of Anna IVand Charles of thepainting in showen as Christ of Suffering of the Relics to the consecrated Karlštejn, in chapel) common heritageat thesame Christianity, of the as partof treasuries forboth setting iconographic aproper create to texts—managed exegetic prog iconographic concepts, the Christian universal as as well iconography imperial ancient of models partier etregenerationis nostre salutifera sacramenta… redempcionis largiflue fluxerunt quam per inmissam salvatoris lateri inclitam lanceam purpuratum,…o cruoris stillicido Christi sanguine vernantibus expolitam, oclavum illius clarissimum venerabilis membris infixum etrutilandissimo rosei inestimabili precio abruine eterne precipiosunt cruces aram,margaritis salutifere verefelicem redempti…O eximiis dominici sanguinis quipreciosi eos, insignia dignissima eiusdem et misterium passionis dominice Sacratissimum inserted to the Bohemian Cross the Bohemian to inserted church, Mary Virgin the (now oratory the of wall outside the on withRelics Scenes the to replace the cross from 1357. (( 1370 around produced crystal indulgences. Today’s cross,with embellished (the Nail, the Sponge) were mounted to a cross in 1357, and in 1359 awarded with magnanimous twoThorns the of Crown Thorns of received atthe turnof 1356 and 1357, andPassion other relics etregumregni Boemie The little crossreliquary in the sceneis identical with reliquary anexisting cross now inVienna imperial treasury, Otavský, “Zlatý relikviá

27.3. 1357. Christ Blood:

- 87- The paintingsthe on outside wall separating the oratory fromthe chamber testify to the proper The first cross of 1357 was kept originally in the Emperor’s oratory (today’s St. Catherine (today’s in the Emperor’s oratory firstcross was of 1357 originally The kept The central object in the royal treasury was a large gold reliquary cross ( cross reliquary gold large a was treasury theroyal in object central The arenga The Secular and treasuries Ecclesiastical of the foundation charter for the Karlštejn chapter, the Karlštejn foundation charterfor the of ř ) was manufactured before 1359. Several) 1359. was manufactured before pieces Wood Cross, the of the of Holy ový k ový Pl. 23, Bohemian royal cross royal Bohemian Pl. 23, salutifere, regenerationis nostre salutifera ř íž,“ 111. 522

). 523

Pl. 24 Adoration of theCross of Adoration 24 Pl. Otavský’s idea of the older cross from 1357 is also supported by time, coping with their particular nature. nature. particular their with coping time, ( Magister Theodoricus personalised or historical references, and by using by using and references, historical personalised or after the decoration and completion of the Holy (Vienna: Rezidenz Verlag, Kunsthistorisches Museum ramme—similarly as the treasures in Charles’ Charles’ in treasures the as ramme—similarly ), today the Metropolitan treasury of St. Vitus) Vitus) St. of treasury Metropolitan the today ), oculi ), and preciousness ( to facilitate to displayrelics was of the , 34) ) above the chapel door or in one of 524 where “the pearls of the the of “the pearls where dignissima eiusdem insignia preciosissimum iocale iocale preciosissimum pl. 25b Relic Relic pl. 25b ). CEU eTD Collection Cathedral of St.Vitus, byCrossley, “Bohemia Sacra,” 50, 52. showing of imperial relics imperial of showing annual the joined treasury royal time,this the around Approximately them. acquiring in played king) Bohemian (and Emperor the role the emphasizing 1360, after treasury royal the of part were that relics among the royal relics in December 1357. fragment The the of Nail imperial. Another problem isthe disappearance of the that Thorns wereobtained in 1356/1357 – is mentioned aThorn the innew imperial style), P government in the Christian sense. ideal ruler towards thechosen of the journey allegory finger), in described St. Nicolaus’ with the current current cross creates the difficulties. in relics the with relics these identifying but relics, of collection early the mentions chapter Karlštejn of charter foundation The 1357 VPalaiologos. John by donated Sponge the as aswell French dauphin considered exact historical records:a part the of Holy Crossand theThorns,two donated the by 25a, Relic scene 1,donationof the Thorns from the Holy Crown Nicolas Wurmser ofStrassbourg dynastical dynastical of Karlštejn offered two kinds of medieval Saint- of floors two sense of the 530 529 528 527 526 525 Chains reliquary, both made by Charles IV after 1365). IV after Charles by made both reliquary, Chains narrative theof History ofSalvation. decoration of the Holy Cross chapel stood out as a different historical construct telling a parallel aliorum insigniorum eius et totius celestis militia honorem… salutem incarnate nostrum et passi sueque Crucis/uulnerum Claui Lancee Spongie/ et salutiferepassionis / necnon dominice…Ad passionis memoria laudem et gloriam Trinitat(iseterne) etnominatim piissimi Redemptoris nostri / ad sacramenta… inRegno nostro Boemie alme Crucis sanctissimorum Quinque uulnerum /Claui/ Spongie/Lanceeet lateri immissam/ quam Saluatoris per fluxerundt largiflue redemptionis partier et regenerationis nostre salutifera purpuratum…/O uenerandam spongiam / quafons interne eterneque /acetoe dulcedinis felleO inclitam potatur/ lanceam uernantibus O expolitam/ clauum illius clarissimum/ membris infixum/uenerabilis rutilantissimo roseicruoris stillicidio perditos/a revocaretmorte advitam O vere felicem salutifere Crucis aram/margaritas eximiis/ Christi sanguine fromthe the Nail in imperial Kubínová, treasury. ř … Hlavá nástroj ”Kult Otavský, A problemmention is posedby a in the of charter Lance,which theHoly was not partof collection, the royal but rather Ji Kubínová, emyslid inheritances unfolded in both dynasticand sacred history (Wenceslaus’legend, The Miracle ř í Fajt, “Karel IV.1316-1378. Od napodobení císa knovému pro nostra salute sponte affigi/Cruci et mortis in acerrime ea subire supplicum estdignatus/ utsua morte/nos

- 88- The iconographic program of the remaining spac remaining the of program iconographic The č ková, “Idea dobrého panovníka,“ 13. Thesame idea wasrecently suggestedfor Charles IV memoria Imitatio RomaeImitatio in ahistoricalre-construction oftime; thesecond expressed an ideal Christian ů Karel IV, císa Karel IV, ,“ 70. , 405, fig. 123. 401,fig. 113-4. 528 in Prague New Town. Chapelle the universal Christian and the local French), the decoration decoration the French), local the and Christian universal the Chapelle 526 ř 529 zBožímilosti depict the “moments” the cross’ relics were donated to Charles ( Charles to donated were relics cross’ the “moments” the depict

527 Within thestructure, withsuch dynasticalmemorial program,the 530 The Scenes paintings the of with As a parallel to the twofold effect of the treasuries (in the (in the treasuries of effect twofold tothe As a parallel Imitatio Romae , 65. memoria Fajt, ed. , 227. ř skému (Charles IV. 1316-1378. stylu” From to imitation 525 techniques: one unites sacred and historical sacred historical and unites techniques: one

( pars declauis es in the whereCastle, the Luxemburg and Magister Theodoricus The Scenes with Relics by the court painter ), mentioned), in the isprobably charter, Relics apparently depict the depict apparently Relics ), although they cannot be , 144. Königskirche , the pl. pl. CEU eTD Collection 2.2 “ by the memory of her son, Charles’ mother, Elisabeth of P of Elisabeth mother, Charles’ son, of her memory the by churchtreasures, Bohemian but suff under the P 533 532 531 in agro, the parable: of words the as in Heaven, of Kingdom to the path the re-enacted Cross chapel Holy the of treasuries wallsand the the journey, the of end at the As reward the moral and purification. transformation personal of apassage through proceeded protected,inward-looking, where thetreasures/treasuries were hidden thechosen toall but ones who Sainte-Chapelle, Karlštejn represented a different setting with itscompact, closed, with heavy walls, worthy, was discussed above. Karlštejn epitomised this notion; unlike the glassy light-filled space of sins. of his cleansed is asareward and himself, for it Pearl, keeps the or treasure the hidden finds who man worthy ofthe quest the of a parable through personal re-enactment of thejourney of the good rulerfollowing good models. The journey is and indeed, Bohemia. indeed, and showedspecial reverence and towhich heassigned acentral rolein religious topography of Prague, The largest part ofCharles’ acquisitions went to thetreasury ofthe Cathedral of St.Vitus, to which he founder was part of the first kind of memory. memory. of kind first the of part was founder concept of time. Inboth kinds of imperial treasuries were hidden Karlštejn can be seen as aphysical realisation of the parable of the‘hidden treasure’. Both royal and ( Commentarii in Ezechielem treasury to a level of splendour never before attain a to level never before splendour of treasury into the restorationof someof itscontent; however, it was the http://clt.brepolis.net/clt/start.asp?sOwner=menu Mengel, “Bones, Stones, and Brothels,“ 32. 13:44 Mt Kühne, Totus honor ecclesiae nostrae… ecclesiae honor Totus

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The allegorical meaning treasures,of where the A decadeafter Charles’ concepts oftreasures we 532 Ostensio materialised in physical presence of relics and visual iconographic commentary. commentary. iconographic visual relics and of presence physical in materialised Simile estregnum in coelorum abscondito agro; quem thesauro absconditqui invenerint, ř emyslids, under whom it bothacquiredemyslids, underwhomit , 117, writes: “die Reichsreliquien auf Karlstein dem 533 , Cl.0587, Lib. 9,cap. 28, linea 321 (Brepols Inan earlier chapter, I have followed the gradual growth of this treasury 531 in the “reliquiary” of the chapel, and the access to them was allowed

memoria ered loss ofvaluable loss turmoils. variouspolitical ered itemsOutshone in ”:

) 2473-2482/3813). The Treasury of St. Vitus in Prague , the focus was on relics; visual narrative of the saint saint the of narrative visual relics; wason focus the , ed. Out of the treasury’s ed. Out of simile est regnum coelorum thesauro abscondito abscondito thesauro coelorum estregnum simile important relics and akeyimportant positionamong relicsand desirable treasures werehidden toall but the re revealedin thetext ř emyslid, had already put significant effort gehütet grande wurden”. work of Charles to bring thebring Charles to of work 450 relics listedfrom the s, therealisationof …Hieronymus, CEU eTD Collection capita liturgy after recent reorga status of the church, as well as having been a probable response to the practical requirements of its repreta ( country the in before seen never something as them was to be recalled in th in recalled was tobe treasury, St. Vitus was a true miracle-making and Salvation-bringing Bohemian Charle of end At the inventorized. was treasury the way the in changes inspired even later probably the 1355; and 1350 camein relics of shipments largest plenaria (1387 only - 6,ofwhich the2 were new crystal the crosses), armour of and sword St.Weceslaus of St. Mauritius, 8 fourteenth were century hands ( probably in use inthestill (Ma era pre-Hussitic sanctum Michaelem rich sculptural decoration ( Adalbert within the old the within Adalbert were intended toserve the needs and decoration of the church. He also decorated the grave of St. many chalices and monstrances and other church equipment the to the metropolitan church, which Charles gave “many relics, rich in gold, silver a 538 537 536 535 534 raritate superent etexcellentia ,menon videre. Dictum audax, seda vero minime alienum. Ecclesias sacrishuiuscemodiCimmeliis nobilitatas prealiis clarescere… Ut tamen nostra, seunumero et copia, seu ullum apud reperiri nos ita peregrinum, cuiid compertum non sit. …me haud ignorareetiam aliascomplures Urbeset quis earum raritatemmultitudinem,sive etexcelentiam spectet, habere S.Metropolitanam Pragensem Ecclesiam, vix, puto, tabula …cum crucifixo…altari scti Wenceslai deputata sctiWenceslai …cumcrucifixo…altari tabula e the primarily works, recent recorded (The Sts. Wenceslausand Adalbert collections su relics memorial through church the of patrons saintly the to origins ancient trace its was could treasury of 1354; seventeenth century, about 60 percent were dona percent 60 about century, seventeenth ( bazilice sv. Víta,“ 228, 233)). Some vesselswereplaced onthe altars and above in the St. Wenceslaus chapel. baculus, cappa anulus, Incomparison to madethe donations by Charles, themost favoured form reliquary ofthe treasury in thefirst halfof the CPSVP, I (1354), Pag. 2. of sacristy the in the located have been would room Thetreasury Mengel, “Bones, Stones and Brothels,” 268-9.

Pešina z (in 1387 it eleven was26),

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, 2 mobile, 2 altars, 2monstrancesfor the Eucharist, a pyxis, acollection plate, and )”. The donation of relics and liturgical equipmen What remained of the original pre-1350 St. Vitus treasury St. Vitus pre-1350 original the of remained What Franciscus ofPraguereported whenthe foundations ofthe new cathedral building were laid, 537 Č it was a relatively unimpressive collection for the most important church inBohemia. The echorodu, ) located north of thecathedral building,to attached the south part of theambit. The chapel was ). CPSVP, 29-67. IV, ). Thesaurus inLucem Protractus e followingcenturies ( basilica nisation andenlargement.nisation manus imaginibus diversis et sculptures artificialibus et imaginibus diversis manus -11),and common crosses—less the are with gold, silver and precious or precious and silver gold, with (1387 -23), four reliquary statues (1387 -13)and two

quipment of the St. Wenceslaus altar ( ř íková-Kubková, David and Eben, ”Organizace liturgického prostoru v Pl. St. 37, Vitus treasury ,

A2r nd precious stones together with valuable garments, garments, valuable with together stones nd precious ted by Charlested IV(thatis around 300 items). . Magnum ac praedivitem thesaurum ReliquiarumSS. sive rvive to the present day). The mostly inventory mostly The day). present the rvive to s’ life, with about three hundred relics in the the in relics hundred three withabout s’ life, et talibus in regno Bohemiae non fuit prius prius fuit Bohemiae non regno in et talibus ). t wasintended recall theto recentrise in the 538 Thirty-five containers ( basilica 536 capita , the St.Michael’s chapel, the ( naments together with images and is comprised in thefirst inventory , and ). 535 memoria ), so that everyone admired admired everyone sothat ),

imagines tabula quinque fratrum quinque tabula tabulae of AdalbertSt. trésor , i.e. statuettes. Two capsae, cistulae, cistulae, capsae, , eleven crosses , whose fame in capella ad ad capella in 534 The ,

CEU eTD Collection ( church after thedeath of canons. were 12moreadded. This high number cannot seen ascharacteristicof were regularly given growth—the cappes to the ( mantles 4 censers, and 4 candlesticks. Pre-1354 vestments 19 included garmentsfor themass -13 (1355 30, 1387 1335) - and 5 Pope Clement VI in February 1350. February in VI Clement Pope Tablecloth Hungary, of Louis from 1348 in (obtained Supper more closely was made in 1349-1350, church. cathedral the for IV Charles suppo to sufficient been have hardly would treasury treasury. treasury. 15, 19, 7-11, 16, 28), a vase with relics of Stephen, St. vessels, and Wenceslaus a tomb?), fragment of the Crown Holy of the Thorns, remained after four were used for Bloodied Veil, the St. Ignatius, St. Lucy Lucy and Clare Veil, Bloodied Ignatius, St. reliquary). the St. 543 542 541 540 539 survivorsprevious of attacks on precious metalreliquaries thein history of the treasury. pixides ( concept of establishing regular public displays of relicsin churches. These ideas were echoed inthe church metropolitan Prague the stages, early its From the Cathedral). of building the monasteries and, Emmaus and Karlov pilgrims, large numbers of hold to able Market, the and Prague of NewTown the of establishment (the settings their and displays these in thecathedral. Alreadyin the late1340s, Charles designed the practical modes ofimplementing the older plan of the display of the the bringing of policy Charles’ implement to attempt Pr to relics imperial arrival ofthe ceremonial the before 1354 indicated the special status of the treasury; the of status special the indicated 1354 before liturgical vesselsand textiles, only the greater numberchalices of mentioned in the inventory from mensale Domini peplum cruentatum CPSVP, CPSVP, III, 15, 17. nástroj ”Kult Otavský, four of Donation 1349/1350 of CPSVP, I, 38 (28 placed chalices,in thetreasury) of which 10 distributed onchalices were the altars(1355 1324 - V,89-98. CPSVP, Or possibly partly Elisabeth’s donations?

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and a pectoral) together with other unidentified relics were, on the other hand, probable probable hand, other the were,on relics unidentified other with together anda pectoral) The first donationThe of important relics to thePra cappas ), to which a special annual of one year and one ) (already ) 24 pieces in1355with increasing the number inmany 1387 as as 145. Inthe year 1396 there , relic obtained 1348). , ů pl. 34, Bloodied veil reliquarypl. 34,Bloodiedveil ”, 65, Chronicon Francisci plenarium capita andsix reliquary Apostle statues (remains ofthe of1333 decoration St.

mensale 542 ), only 2 Some relics originated in the treasury of Queen Elisabeth (the (the Elisabeth Queen of treasury the in originated relics Some 541 and included the relic of the Bloodied Veil oftheVirgin on Maundy Thursday.The relic was most likely displayed fistulae , 347-456, 454. CPSVP, 19, and III. Cf. Eršil-Pražák, 71, no. 228 for communicating wine, 11 ampules, 3 forampules the oils, ague on Palm later the same a Sunday year, first pl. 32 LastSupper a,b, Relic and 32 of reliquary pl. cult of relics into the publ the into relics cult of and treasury had been assigned a key role in the in role a key assigned been had treasury and ), andthe relic of theTablecloth fromthe Last rt the extent of liturgical activity required by by required activity liturgical of extent the rt peplum cruentatum gue St. Vituscathedral that can be followed 540 In general, In the smaller size of the earlier 543 represented asignificant contribution tothe Although it was cast into the shade by shade the cast into was it Although andthe quadragen mensale ic forum can be seen in ic seenin can forum be was assigned was by (I (1354), no. 12, (I 539 As for CEU eTD Collection venerentur etadecclesiam ipsam eo dictifideles devotius quoconfluant, ibidemdono uberius celestisgratiae conspexerint facere devotionis zelo proposuerit et intendat, Nos cupientes, quod a Xpifidelibus eo devotius reliquiae praefatae sui Boemiae Pragensem ecclesiam pro divini et maiori cultus dictorum veneratione sanctorum transmittere seuofferi Florentii…et nonnulae diversorum aliae sanctorum Rex praefatasreliquiasreliquiae…idemque ad metropoliticam regni et reliquiae sancti Odalrici, episcopi Augustensis, integra cum scapula cutesancti Pelagii martiris, mandibula sancti Januarii eiuset sociourum corpora, brachium etquamplures reliquiae sancti Conradi episcopi Constantiensis, brachium martiris, regineCyprimatrissanctae Affre, Dyonisii epis Thiebaldi Gordianiconfessoris, et sanctorum Epimachi…certas partes quoque Urbani papae…Ochmari abbatis, Hylariae episcopi Argentinensis…Prothasii de sanctorum et brachio innocentium acsanctorum Colimanni…, Gerardi episcopi, ipsius sancti Marcimagna acde costa, sanctorumquem Lazari, Deus amortuis Urbanisuscitavit, pape…Florentii Marci evangelistae, Gregorii pape,Patriciiet Metelli, martyrum etpontificum, Sixti papae etmartyris capitibus et de nec non de lacteetduobus cingulis beatae Virginis matriseius, etinsuper de Maria sanctorum Bartholomei apostoli, vestibus , ac pannis, quibus fuit involutusin presepio et etiam copertusde et ipso presepio ac ipsius domini nostri sudario, Christinostri Iesu …inconsutili tunica ac purpurea, qua per Pilatus et indutus albam, in quaper Herodem illusus extitit ad predecessorum suorum nonnullaslitteras earum sedis approbatione apostolice subsecuta, …videlicet de…Domini nonnullos clarae memoriae catolicosRomanosregeseiusdem predecessores donata Karoli etfuisse peripsorum quaorum seumonasteriisecclesiis in Alamaniae diversis partibus quas et ecclesiis epostebant, monasteriis ipsis per sibi ecclesiarum a nonnullis et monasteriorumecclesiasticis, conventibus capitulis praelatis, personis aliisque atque in I, 80, no. 263,80, no. I, sign.26. 223XI1-3.CPSVP, Salvation all his subjectsand of benefits forthe land: 548 547 546 545 544 of one yearforty and days thoseto who visited Praguemetropolitan church thison feast day. text statutesof the ofErnest ofPardubice from Archbishop ordered the the of feast ordered Archbishop a to feast diocesan to establish Ernest Archbishop the asking by concluded He respect. with relics the accept and gift heavenly the over rejoice to explained by the Emperor in his signed letter from Mainz on January 2, 1354 2, January on Mainz from letter signed his in Emperor the by explained relics was imperial collectionof large the of fortheshipment motivation The 1354-1355. in Italy and distinction. in grew cathedral the them Vitus—through St. to increase the joy of the Bohemian kingdom, and to Salvation of subjects. of our kingdom, to Salvation to increase and the Bohemian joy the of decide we have will, God’s to thanks received have were given the relics of His saints, could venerate(them) much as as possible…these relics that We and gave manyus so excellent relics ofsaint martyrs and othersaints, so that We, thankswho toHim Prague, on church of the upon gracefully looked duplici officio CPSVP, 27, CPSVP, ftnote 4. KA 225X11, Eršil–Pražák, 81, no. 265. “ 27. CPSVP, 26. CPSVP, APH (AMK), XI 1 and 2,ofJanuary 2,1354. cf. Pešina z Podlaha,

- 92- A turning point in the growth of St. Vitus’ treasury was Charles’ procession through Germany Germany through procession Charles’ was treasury Vitus’ St. growth of the in point A turning Inspired by the French welcome French welcome the by Inspired Statuta ) on January 2 , 43. , 43. nd. ; 547 allacio reliquiarum After Charles’ supplication, Pope Innocentius VI added indulgences indulgences VI added Innocentius Pope After supplication, Charles’

of the Constan 544 copi Augustensis...capita, ac the Empire, and the Bohemian land, on Our subjects, subjects, Our on land, theBohemian Empire, and the 1350 that stressed the key position the relics held in held therelics position the key stressed that 1350 Č celebrate the coming relicsof the to Bohemia. The d to donate to our Holy Mother the Prague church, church, Prague the HolyMother our to donate to d echorodu, celebrating theshipment with adouble mass(

tinople relics, “ petitiocontinebat quamplures venerandae reliquiae Outof Our will and of out God’s GraceHe Phosphorus Septicornis 546 sanctorum SergietBachi…, the Emperor asked the people the asked Emperor the “ 545 , 622, 433-7. Eršil-Pražák, —he has inmind the 548

sub CEU eTD Collection dignaremur habere, nequaquamdignaremur praefatas habere, habuissemus ab eisdem…. reliquias nostras interponere in promotione ecclesiaepredictesedem apud apostolicam regiae celsitudinirecommissam nostrae eorum, obtinere….Et nisi pro tunc ecclesia ipsa destitutaTreverensis fuisset pastore, et ut eo essemus partespromptiores of Trier. chapter tofulfill Charles’wishes, which would hardly have beenapproved of bythe patriotic citizens of the unwillingness and act the of secrecy the recorded historians events, this abut writing When showings. quadragens of indulgences for those individuals who came to venerate it during Cathedral 299-301, 303. habeatis, neminique propter pandatis pericula viarum… videntes, sesenobis non opponere audebant inhac parte,de factonotitia reliquiarum ut ipsarum habeant, nuncium secreto venisse,sed potius ad solummodovidendas easdem, civitasautem Treverensisnobis oboedientiam iam fecerat, et ipsi hoc bonae vitate suae. ob etvenerationemreverentiam ipsius, quam adeum exmulta devotione habebant propter ipsius merita testimonium et habuimus digitum ibidem ipsiusunum imperatoris Henrici abcissum demanu sua perquosdam et devotos religiosos viros memoriamention ofHenry’s in the so these items inventories were probably Charleshimself.retained by — The beatification did not take place and no cult of of Luxembourg Henry developed. appears,thatever It there was no relic fromhis Although body. hedid notdareto further promote sanctity—he his left the possibilityopenfor thefuture. pepli beatae Mariae Virginis gloriose … secum attulit……ab ipsis electo etpaucis decapitulo valdeclandestine habuimus et tertiamsecrete…Praeterea partem quod quidem lignum crucis praedictaeHelena beata Constantini materJerusalem de rediensad Treverensem civitatem spiritualescoelestes et them Canon Velislav, possibly the donor of the Velislav Bible), on March 23, 1354. March on 23, Bible), Velislav the of donor the possibly Velislav, Canon them the pastoralstaff of Prague ), Helen, obtaineda piece of 556 555 554 553 552 551 550 549 quadraginta de iniunctis dies …relaxamuseis poenitenciis et in anniversario eiusdem perpetui temporibus diei futuris annuatim ecclesiam unum ipsam visitaverint, devote annumet se refectos…omnibus verepoenitentibus etconfessis, qui indie, qua praefatate ad reliquiae eandem eclessiam offerentur grandfather. century fabric—one layer of fine white gauze-like cloth the a of third convent, St.Maximin in the obtained Andrewand the ring ofhis grandfather Heinrich VII. Eršil- Pražák, 82, no. 269, KAsign. 229 5 XI (Regesta imperii VII,144, no. 1810). Cf.Podlaha- Šittler, 1354,I, IX, As above, CPSVP,32. 32. CPSVP, Charles merits ofhisthe beatification triedtofoster bytestifying grandfather a tohis and obtaining finger 35. CPSVP, A veryfine thin of layer am silkfabric. I grateful to MilenaBravermannová for her expert opinion. As above, CPSVP,30, 31, ft. 2. On the importance of this relic Kubínová, Letter of 17, February 1354. Sign. KA 228XI 4(Eršil—Pražák, 82,no. 268), text in CPSVP, 31, ft 2.

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Charles’ stay in Trier in February 1354 yielded the most important pieces in the shipment. shipment. the in pieces important most the yielded 1354 February in Trier in stay Charles’ 549 553 In the metropolitan church, Charles cut off a third of their Holy Cross relics brought by St. St. by brought relics Cross Holy oftheir athird cut off Charles church, metropolitan the In 554 In Trier, In he also received the hand of anInnocent and further The relics were sent to Prague in secret in to Prague sent were relics The … videlicet infrascriptas reliquiasvidelicet infrascriptas in aliis veromonasteriis…non noscredentibus causa illic reliquiarumhabendarum inibi manna tertiam partem de ligno crucis Dominicae, quod manu nostra propria praecidimus, ,of theepiscopal staff of St. Peter the Apostle (later mounted into Imitatio Romae 550 apiece of the iron chains of St.Peter, the shoes of St. ab ab eisdem electo et capitulo, licet invitis et cum dolore cordis .“ .“ Cf. CPSVP, 1354,I, VIII-IX. , 177, 256. 555 peplum beatae Mariae virginis Mariae beatae peplum with reliable officials from his court (among (among court his from officials reliable with 551 Themostimportant relic, however,he 552 — provided three years and threeyears three provided —

memoria thesauros thesauros . A thirteenth- A . 556 Item Therelics ofhis

CEU eTD Collection Przedvogius. decorated setting after their arrival in Prague (I, no. 294 addition). the relics came already fixed reliquaries in in the form of abustor ahand (I.,no. 290-3, 294) while were placed others in a was listed without proper hierarchy. Thesecond reflected theimportance of the relics placing Christ first.relics Some of 1355 suggests that the inventorywas shown to theEmperor orthe Archbishop ( inventory. is thetime major the donation of relics was shipped making itan additional separate section in the behind them. behind from old imperial churches andmonasteries, ofte 562 561 560 559 558 557 use redinkof forpensinitials and representative document: carefulthe style of writi a more is 1355 of inventory the comparison, In reasons. practical for drafted was originally However, the fragmented order of the entries and its simple style and layout suggest that this inventory Charle testified to inventory the as coincidence, writing andinked initials. assigned placesthat corresponded bettertheirto importance. Thisinventory is ornamentedwith red the records of the inventory—in 1355, a new inventory was compiled, where the acquistions were by other similarchurches inEmpire. the The numberand importanceshipment of the wasimprinted in enjoyed as traditions saintly ancient by embellished treasury with acorresponding seat, archepiscopal series of inventories of treasury the compiled since 1354. reliquaries ( silver and form gold the of IV—in Charles through received also they settings which proper requirred post-Hussite period. covered by 22 inventories, 8 of them on reporting the relocated anddivided St.Vitus during treasury the Hussite wars and the Archives of Prague Castle (box Inventories, cf. Appendix II)), andin theNational archives. The period of our is interest library svatovítský a kapitulní(Theknihovna Listof topography and historical monuments. St. Vitus treasuryandthe chapter Probably written by Jenec, Johannes or Plichta, canons ofSt. Vitus Chapter, CPSVP, XII, at theorder ofDeacon nástroj “Kult Otavský, Otavský, CPSVP, I, 1354, IX.The were ofrelics recorded in theinventory 1354twice. The firstlistwascompliled hastily—it Antonín CPSVP. stateof The current the treasury: Podlaha, 34, CPSVP, Cf. II,1355, nos. 60,71, 28, 34. ). It began directlywith Charles’ donation of relics from Germany from 1354 and the content is

- 94- (Prague: An excellent An excellent source for about learning the de The preservation ofthe 1354 inventoryrecording the donationmay havebeen not a 559 Wenzelskrone pl. 30ExamplePrague ArchbishopricPaul from ofcapita,St. The text named Charles as the donor. as Charles named text The 561 Č eská akademie, The1903). collection ofinventories is preserved inthe MetropolitanArchives (AMK), in The ideabehind theshipment aimed at providingSt. Vitus cathedral, as the new ů , 20. , 20. ”, 65. the stylistic concerns of the writer

s’ prime position among the donors to the treasury. the treasury. to the among donors position s’ prime ng and layout (the pen-drawn‘A’, the layout filigree initial ng and n witha an distinguished early medieval tradition Soupis památek místopisných ahistorických. Poklad 560 The donation was mostly composed of relics of composed wasmostly donation The velopment the of metropolitan the is treasury 558 558 It startedIt with inventorythe of 1354. This 562 ) as well as its logical structure Pl. 1,St. Vitusinventory of ). 557

CEU eTD Collection repeated again when the Passion relics were ennumerated. were relics the Passion when again repeated Prague” and the whole , emphasizing his bonds to P of City the of honour and glory “greater to contribution his praised gift the announcing Prague of imperium orbis terre.” imperium orbis clemencia muneribus sepreditam gloriatur, felix inutique, cuius aula sibi magnifica regali sedem elegit excellens longeper orbem lateque felix collectas felixnimirum Boemia meruit Boemia, que possidere, talibus actantis divina corporainnumerasquereliquias variasanctorum obsequiam sacrata vigilancie regalis rosis introire.Nuncpernostre gloriosa subiere certamina et pia colla iugulo submittentes atrociter trucidaticeleste rosarium meruerunt sertis presigniti autograph. decoremus regia benignitate aliquid etinsignie clenodiumdevotorum nostrorum largitione consequamur, per illud eandem(Pragensis) ecclesiam monastery (Alsatia), Aquileia. 568 567 566 565 564 563 blood ofCharles’ ancestors. Then he stressed his effortsin demanding the relicfrom the Pavians and etmagistra esse dinoscatur domina ecclesia Pragensis The charter proclaimedthe first place of Our HolyMother Prague church( Pragensis stated in the letter to the archbishop, chapter and structured according to the form of the object with a subdivision based on religious hierarchy. religious on based asubdivision with the object form of the to according structured welcome, an actionfully inlin was content withshippingnot the relic, but pr ca and St. Vitus of body the obtained wherehe Marinus, compete with those obtained inRhineland, hiseffortswere crownedPaviacloister in at the ofSt. .Althougth the number of relics (among themthe head ofSt. Lukethe Apostle) could not praedictae etdecorataper serenisimum thereliquaries of the patron saints of Bohemia ( IVwa Charles role of founding the here, however, viduarum Charles gains, i.e.) Bozóky, CPSVP, 38,esp. ft. ft. 4,and 39, 3. Herealso there isinfo Inhis letter, he describeshis journey as: CPSVP, (II, 1355, nos. 59, 60, 62-69, and72).

Primo inventarium capitum:… “…Tunc enim gloriosi Boemiae principes, de quorum alto sanguine traxisse nos constat originem, pro Xpi nomine proXpi originem, traxisse nosconstat alto sanguine quorumde principes, Boemiae “…Tunc enim gloriosi

- 95- In the autumn of 1354, Charles obtained anot obtained Charles 1354, of autumn the In … APHKA inv. no. 260/1-7, pag. 19, XII. cf. CPSVP, 566 , La Politique desreliques felix Boemiafelix His collection notably grew in the Aquileian dioecese, where his half-brother served as the asthe served half-brother his where dioecese, Aquileian the in grew notably Hiscollection sanctorum apostolorum…Capita virginumetsanctorum martyrum…capita confessorum…capita ) among Bohemian churches ( churches Bohemian ) among Cf. CPSVP,44-45, ft. 3. 565 some relics from Bonn, an and alleged Gospel autograph of St. Marcus from . CPSVP,36, ft. 3. deserved to be adornedand glorified through such gifts of Divine clemency. .(first , 238-240, 245. e withmodels of royal piety. capita patronum

ut dum desacrarum reliquiarum thezauris loca per sacri imperii egregium ), which was consecrated by its patron’s saintly blood the and blood saintly patron’s its by consecrated was ), which principem dominum dominum Karolum dominum quartum Karolum principem andSt. Crisogon, who ancientwere possessionof the church, then quaeque ecclesiarum omnium Regni nostri Boemiae ecclesiarumnostri quaeque Regni omnium esented the body personally inthe procession and rmation about the makingrmation aboutthe of container the reliquary for the s stressed immediately following the notation for for following the notation immediately s stressed Haec infrascripta capita donata sunt ecclesiae ecclesiae sunt donata capita infrascripta Haec totique clero et populo regalis urbis nostre urbis regalis clero etpopulo totique her part of the Holy Cross from Kaiserberg from Cross Holy the of her part rried it back with him to Prague. This time he timehe This Prague. to him with back it rried 564 567

The letter of the Emperor to the canons Theletter Emperor of tothe canons the ř emyslid traditions. mater nostrasancta ….) and 563 568 Even Even As CEU eTD Collection liturgical textiles to the treasury. to the textiles liturgical Emperor also donatedliturgical objectssuchas Thorbecke, 2006), 55. Thorbecke, 2006), Spätzeit“ in donations by other royal, stately, and religious figures, 49-50 and thatpassimafter 60-73. to 53, CPSVP, 47, in Karlštejn. appeared ft. 16 (quoting Pešinaof madeItalian relics actually it into the treasury—some St.Vitus Charles’remained IV in possession and some re- (assuch) 340. ft. 3. (St.Sigismund, St.Martin and banner of St.George). Ananias, St. StephenProtomartyr, St. Vitalis, and of themonasteriesand churches in the Italian announced to collegiates, convents, and and pa convents, collegiates, to announced communis eorum assertio proclamabat… lacrimarum profluvia…quas 574 573 572 571 570 569 reliquaries for them along the forway. relics,Thirteen them a along without reliquaries reliquary. however, remained order to opportunity the using Prague, to back journey whole the for him with carried Vitus—he influx of relicsslowed down Empire. the in treasuries conventual and metropolitan ancient other in that equaled sibi desideratissimum in ea parte singulariter honorantes, ipsas honorantes, singulariter parte ea in desideratissimum sibi earundemreliquiarum avidi, nostris tamen votisprecibus et satisfacerecupientes etadventum regium theconvent, who protestedsaying thatthis mostwas the precious treasure oftheir commune ( original display of relics as the results of additions results of asthe relics of original display of the reorganisation of result the been have Thismay Prague. to faithful the of numbers unknown popular the most for probably 1360s, (late?) treasury, and organizing the designs for thepublic displays of relics, which were reorganised in the imperial the for arrangements making Karlštejn, in treasury royal the of establishment as the such Karel Otavský, “Das Mosaikam Dom Prager und dreiReliquiare in Pragund Wien: KarlsIV. Kunstaufträge ausseiner 48. CPSVP, Althoughfocus I hereon the role of ”secondfounder“the IV., his Charles example encouraged various Some ofthese later dissappeared from probably given inventories, away asgifts. Pešina Already realised that not all the 46-7. CPSVP, A similar announcement alsomadewas with the of translatio St. Sigismund. Mengel,“Bones, Stones,and Brothels,” On the stateofthe body:

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Charles used his coronation journey to Rome acquire to numerous other relics in the possession After 1355, when the building of the cathedral treasury of relics was almost completed, the the completed, was almost relics of treasury cathedral the of building the when 1355, After Künstlerische Wechselwirkungen Künstlerischein Mitteleuropa Wechselwirkungen …quae pronimia vetustate pro maiori parte redactas repererunt in pulverem… 574 preciosissimum but did not cease. Charles turned his attention to other projects now projects to other attention his turned Charles cease. not did but 573 By the end By of 1355, the collection of relicsinthe St. treasuryVitus

rishes throughout Prague and its suburbs. and Prague throughout rishes ) . annus iubileus civitatis et ecclesiae Papiensis suumque Papiensis suumque ecclesiae et civitatis Finally, he demandedthat the cities alonghis way:among Longinus, St.St. them Č from other two important treasuries—the Bohemian altare portatile echorod). , ed. Ji , ed. St. Clementand many othersof uncertain location ř 571 í Fajt and MarkusHörsch (Sigmaringen: Jan Some relics—including the body of St. St. of thebody Some relics—including of 1369, when both 569 , lunula ( , lunula … eisdem nostris nuntiis non sine nuntiisnon eisdem nostris … naviculla translatio ostensiones 570 ) for censer and and censer ) for

CPSVP, 44-5, CPSVP, should be should thezaurum attracted inviti et 572 The

CEU eTD Collection ipsum in Pragensesecclesiamsanctam manifeste demonstrate que habes afflicta multiplicatos pro te intercessores adDominum te intercessores pro multiplicatos afflicta que habes decoration, encouragedand personally visited order”. the king’s “following handled from Trierwereto be brought relics the where of 1354, inventory for papal indulgences. Charles’ direct influence on it to the relicsof St.Wenceslaus, Otavský, closer to of the archbishop-Electors Cologne Trier, and Mainz. among imperial among bishoprics. withsuch apowerful circle ofpatrons, illust it equipped with spiritual treasures spiritual with equipped staff ofSt. Paul. Virgin known as known Virgin personallythe relics, manipulated 584 583 582 581 580 579 578 577 576 575 solemn procession. Cunigonde, St. Antonius,St. Magdalen, St. Marta and others), which werewelcomed inPrague a in monaster of relicsfromFrench agroup collect Bohemiafewaand valuable relicswere brought from Charles’ second visitto Rome. to introduced St.Sigismund—was king Burgundian a patron—the saint new when 1368-1369, and the cathedral treasuries . the Bohemians through their miracle-making royal saint. royal miracle-making their through Bohemians the patr the powerof the strengthen to Prague to brought moreone crucial relicin Charles’ concept tocome Pragueto in 1365. The body of St.Sigismund was disponetur 21, CPSVP, ft. 2. 34. CPSVP, He setthemanipulation rules for with the Wenceslaus St. granted Crown - the chapter andattachedjurisdiction over it, Kubínová, “ Mengel, “Remembering,” 28-31. 25, 59. CPSVP, Beneš Krabiceof Weitmil, Otavský, ”Dreiwichtige Reliquienschätze“ (forthcoming). De reliquiis vero perRomanum capellanum domini Archiepiscopi etallatis caeterisiuxta mandatum maiestatis regiae O felixetsancta ecclesiaPragensis quae tantum tot sanctorum

- 97- 584 During his lifetime, Charles’ personal invo lifetime, Charles’ his During In 1365, when Charles journeyed to Pope Urban V in Avignon, he used the opportunity to to the opportunity used he Avignon, V in Urban Pope to journeyed Charles when 1365, In . CPSVP, I, 1354,. CPSVP, IX. Through his activities he can rightly bese rightly can he activities his Through Imitatio RomaeImitatio 577 Salus populi Romani populi Salus Although donations were no longer as co as longer wereno donations Although 576 The Roman journey enriched the treasury with a copy of famous image of the , 177. The possession ofrelics elevated certain Prague ”young“ to archbishopric astatus Cronica ecclesiae Pragensis 580 575

New acquisitions to the treasury arri tothetreasury acquisitions New 579 provided reliquaries for them, reliquaries provided “that moths do not corrupt” (as well as their costly wrappings), and wrappings), costly their aswell (as corrupt” not do moths “that

Wenzelskrone and included the autograph of St. Lukes, and a relic from the from the arelic and St.Lukes, of autograph the included and , 25-86. ostensiones rated the high metropolites rated position Prague held by , 237, 387. , quoted in Mengel, “Bones, Stones, and Brothels.“ en as the second founder of the treasury. treasury. the of founder second as en the ies andies cities (in additon to St.Sigismund and lvement with the treasury was remarkable.lvement with the treasury the treasury is also confirmed in the text of the the of text the in confirmed is also treasury the on saints of Bohemia in interceding on behalf of of behalf on interceding in Bohemia of saints on ” (f.2r, 463). pretiosis meruistipretiosis thesauris , designedliturgical practices, 578 mmon as in there was mmon asin theearly 1350s, yet Prague St. Vituswas Prague now sufficiently Miracula sancti Sigismondi per martyris 582 re-used precious stones from the stones precious re-used ved in the period between 1365 to 1365 between period the in ved . Gaude ettu, felix Boemia, 583 and asked asked and 581 He CEU eTD Collection Market in the NewTown andthe St. Vitus cathedral, also andVyšehrad, B contacts. neighbouring lands such asMoraviaor and cities imperial (Nürnberg,Aachen) via diplomatic, dynastical and 588 587 586 585 materialised. city was holy the IVconcept of Charles’ in 1348, Prague New of Town the of foundation Feast of Holy Lance and Nail to celebrate the city’s possession of the imperial relics. With the Prague:the in introduced ( religiousplaces of topography and the year, the around feasts celebrated of a circle the Prague, of gates within processions Like its older sisters, Constantinopleand Rome, it was woven around a network of pilgrimages and In theIn imperial seat ofPrague, thecult ofrelics became aprominent symbol ofthe city’s new status. Relics of City The 2.3. Treasures on Earth interwoven. the city (St. Stephen, below), and other religious effectsof the saints, theperpetual course oftemporary exhibitions of relics,their distributionaround miraculous the through cults diseminating for core anatural represented and the church treasury locations in Prague locations where building itstreasuryof becameimportant an part ofthe project. image of a church combining royal andspiritual aspects, “ memoria Virgin the and Christ important patrons, theBohemian of graves the cathedral—with the however, in relics and treasuries the accumulating for impulse The key “program”. Salvation-bringing his in used be could treasuries way the of concept Charles’ chronologicaltheir confirm the distribution that For dissemination of Praguelodgedmost of IVacquisitions, Charles but aconsiderable werealso number distributed throughout Vilém Lorenz, Otavský, Mosaik “Das am PragerDomunddrei Reluquiare in Prag und Wien,“ 55.

- 98- Charles’ donations to the St. Vitus treasury ( Charles’ treasury St. Vitus donations to the

and plenty of other relics—was constructed to present an all-inclusive and complex ideal ideal complex and all-inclusive an present to constructed relics—was other of plenty and 586 Nové m St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague Castle and th and Prague Castle St. in Vitus Cathedral 587 ostensiones ě where the public cult of relics was concentrated. was relics of cult public the where sto pražské allacio reliquiarum allacio of relics around Prague,seeKubínová, (New Town of (Prague: SNTL, Prague) 1973), 198-200. Map 2

). Two new feasts directly linked with the relics were were relics the with linked directly feasts new Two ). to commemorate to Charles’donation and in1354,the rituals, in which the cathedral and the city were were city the and cathedral the which in rituals, cathedral maintained its St. Vitus was the foundation of an archbishopric; archbishopric; an Vituswasthefoundationof St. Pl. 31 agate bowl donated by Charles IV Charles by donated bowl agate 31 Pl. e Ox Market in thee Ox in Town Market New were the key Gesamtkirche ř evnov monastery. Imitatio Romae 585 588 Importantly for my work,the for my Importantly However, the distribution of ” inthe words ofOtavský, , 226, ftnote Next 48 to Ox central positioninthe ), and

CEU eTD Collection its religious importance, it was likened by Kubínová to the “city of clerics”. to Due Vyšehrad. in church chapter Paul and St.Peter with began infrastructure sacred extended The cults of growth the and treasuries of content The importance asa place memoryof ofthe P Vatican inRome, which alsostemmed fromgeographical its position within thecity of Prague,andits th in role important an played also and Bohemia directly subordinated to the Holy See and this position defined its particular position in Prague and on their treasuriesare scarce in comparison toplaces wherethere is an inventory atour disposal. monasteriis civitatisPragensis honorifice collocavit. undecumque congregandis, quasdemum in magna veneratione eteasmagnifice habuit, adorando et in ecclesiis decades of the fourteenth century. places and famous relics coinciding with the po feasts, of number an increasing with parallel in intensified Prague in cults by the offered indulgences within the city of Prague catering forthe souls of the Prague citizens and pilgrims. Thenumber of 593 592 591 590 589 and with a ring aring importantof and monasteries with around its walls. (royal foundations) or imperial this way Praguefollowed the topography of Romewith an independent religious precinct ofVyšehrad, manifested the direct link of VyšehradPete to St. relic an important such possession of The church. the pilgrims draw to to indulgences special Peter wh St. by personally consecrated been had to In 1355, Charle church. metropolitan from theArchbishop’s jurisdiction, the Vyšehrad chapter church stood as a counterpart tothe contents (and vice-versa). (and contents and parishtreasuries knownfrom inventories their to show impact the of growing cults on their religious architecture interwoven within it. within interwoven architecture religious cult places includedthe whole city, creating a network of pilgrimroutes and a vibrant fabric of MCCCXCIV, Avenionensium hoc pontificium estHistoria Romanorum quiin Gallia sederunut ab anno Christi usque MCCCV adannum Kubínová, Kubínová, Ihave purposefully not included other participating institutions inPrague cults (Karlov, Emmaus, etc.),asinformation Hrdina, “DieTopographie,” 195. Perfectly described by the author of UrbanV’s

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vol. 1 (Paris 1916),315-6. Imitatio RomaeImitatio RomaeImitatio , 281, 283-4. , 285. 591

590

In the following chapter, I will focus on those Prague monastic monastic Prague those on focus Iwill chapter, following the In s IV donated to thechurchs IVdonated a pi vita ř emyslid dynasty and its mythological origins. mythological its and dynasty emyslid ” Stephanus and Baluzius, Guillaume Mollat, ed., 589 . “ A whole parallel religious infrastructure was created Ipse enimIpse imperator multum fuit curriosus et sollicitus inreliquiis r andr alluded to the position of Vatican in Rome – licies employedtwo thelast in theHolySee by e Charles’IV concept as existing parallel tothe ich he had obtained in Pisa, and endowed through through endowed Pisa,and in obtained had ich he ece from the altar that was altar known the ece from 592 The chapter church was church chapter The Vitae paparum Vitae paparum 593 Exempted Exempted CEU eTD Collection Domažlice), transl. František He the most precious the treasury. objects the in with together Karlštejn of siege Hussite the during pieces to was relics) broken Passion the containing Vyšehrad church, as no full medieval inventory has survived. Its large reliquary cross (presumably of the Vyšehrad’s Madonna of Humility ( Humility of Madonna Vyšehrad’s the of pay forpay his waragainst the Hussites. to Sigismund Emperor Wroclaw the in by florenes 4000 for was treasury pawned Paul’s and Peter St. entablature, and several liturgical objects (a pyx, two censers, two candlesticksand two crosses) from from sixreliquary busts ( towards a more expense competitive ofone at the themetropolitan church. Archbi conflict between shifted giventhe political supports the ideathat Vyšehrad’s original position we learn about the crowdsof pilgrims flocked that to thischurch on the day of the display. imageskey rolein played the establishmentof local in cultslater thefifteenth Hrdina, century. ”Die Topographie,“ 198. the carried away by the Prague mob after the fall of Vyšehrad in the autumn of 1420. mob after in Vyšehrad the 1420. thePrague of fall the autumn carried away by of be to remained enough Nevertheless, safekeeping. for Austria in Melk in monastery the to given were archive) the (with some and Karlštejn, of siege the during lost were treasury the from objects returned castle.to Karlštejn This represented appa 598 597 596 595 594 which wasvenerated inSt. Vitus church;may it have Appendix II, no. 9. 9. no. II, Appendix the metropolitan church, o relic this of display the WenceslasIV, of demand gildedreliquary cross decorated with crystals was reported as having been bequeathed to the church by asilver Later in 1381, by him waspredictable. donation initial Charles IV in 1362, an by was founded Inventory of St. Peterand Paul in Vyšehrad, Sekyrka, Laurentius ofB Sekyrka, The practiseof images of sending Virgin andthe relics inserting in them, Šron In1423, Pelikán, “Ú peplum

- - 100-

Considering the importance of the place, relative Although no full inventory of the treasury exists, it is known that in the summer of 1420, silver silver 1420, summer of the in that is known it exists, treasury the of inventory full no Although Even less is known about the treasury of the the ch lessisknownabout treasury of Even Inventá was shown to the public every year on certain certain on year every thepublic to was shown ř ezová, ř e , 90, no. 29. (NA,Archiv kapituly vyšehradské—archive of theVyšehrad chapter to 7.4.1397). č ty hradu Karlštejna,“ 14, cat. no. 13. Husitská kronika. Píse 596 capita ř asituation, which must have attracted numerous visitors. Fromsources the manský 1979), (Prague: Svoboda 167. Hereafter Laurentius (1979). ), three statues, four reliquaries, six silver hand-reliquaries, a pulpit

598 The relics, gems and pearls that had adorned these pieces were pieces these adorned that had pearls and gems relics, The ň 594 o vít o Pl. 41 – Madonna of Humility,MadonnaPl.of 41– Vyšehrad Vyšehrad also possessed the same relic of the Virgin veil veil Virgin the of relic same the possessed also Vyšehrad ě zství u Domažlic Inventá ffered twice the indulgences in 1397 than its pair in in itspair than in1397 indulgences the ffered twice rently only one part of the church’s treasury. Other Other treasury. church’s ofthe part only one rently in Charles’ “all-inclusive” concept may well have inconcept Charles’ well may “all-inclusive” shop John shop Jenštejn John of and King Wenceslaus IV been therelicinserted been ř apter church of St. Apolinaire. As the chapter chapter Asthe Apolinaire. St. of church apter e ,

ly islittle knownaboutthe treasury of the feast days. In the papal 72-74, cat.no.72-74, 12. (transcript of a list of 1.8.1420). (Hussite chronicle. TheSong on the Victory of ě k, “Šlojí ř nejistý,“ 99-101. Miraculous in the miraculousimage charter issued at the the at issued charter ). 595 This relic of of relic This 597 This CEU eTD Collection and pearls as well as a painted map of the world. world. the of map a painted as aswell pearls and bowls (the stone-carved bowls were the kinds of gifts favoured at Charles’s court), free gemstones, exhibition or during the procession. The treasury also contained an ostrich egg and precious stone dressed in a tunic, sculptures of St. Adalbert and St. Peter, an old mother-pearl panel century, monasterythe had a venerated sculpture of the Virginwith the child, carried in processions 604 603 602 601 600 599 relicsand reliquaries inthemonastery) is unfortunately missing. madetreasury in 1390 is in still functioning local pilgrimage centre since P Vintí Bonifacius and St. Alexios from Rome. The monastery also held the miracle-making relics of St. an ancient monastery founded by St.Adalbert, who in 993 brought herethe relics of St.Benedict, St. imperial ceremonies. Whenreturned he from the coronation in Romein 1355, theEmperor was ancient dynasticlinks, heldits aspecialpo with Johannes Krupa, presbyterPrague. in from the older piece is still preserved today today ( preserved isstill piece older from the cylindrical glass a large in Margaret St. of relic a with plenary gilded Assumption ofthe Virgin, and two ivory statuettes of the Virgin(one of them old). beautifulA silver Prague forsafekeeping. expensive and unusual item. It was therefore given into the hands of Thomas Brewer, the a burgher of Benediktinské opatství 1993). milosti (Prague 1889), 286. 1394), “Zlomek inventá linked to imperial production and commemorated the saintly founder of the monastery. ofthe founder saintly the commemorated and production imperial to linked directlyfrom Charles IV( cushions are mentioned in the inventory as Emler, ”Zlomek,“ Peter286. Barnett, ”Relikviá … Appendix II,no. 5. AI, year 1398 (silver cross returned tothe 102. owner), AI, year 1381, 54. Tisíc let benediktinského klášera v B tabula fracta, antiqua in qua estassumpcio beate denobilibusconchis Virginis tamquam margaritis ř

- - 101- , 252-3, cat. no.90., 252-3,cat. Sitzungsberichte der königl. böhmischen Geselschaft derWissenschaften, Philos.—Histor.—Philol. Classe (Günther). It was these relics that were mainly responsible for making this location a location this making for responsible mainly were that relics these Itwas (Günther). The so-called St. Adalbert St. so-called patene from theB The One ofPrague’s regular displays of relics took placeat theBenedictine monastery ofB ř e kláštera b 600 ř evnovského zlet 1390—1394“ (Fragment of the inventory of B

Pl. 40 – B – Pl. 40 existence although the beginning (containing alist presumably of the ř evnov

ř ě evnov St. Adalbert paten St.Adalbert evnov

599 (Milleniumtheof of Monastery Benedictine B ř Already the description suggests thatthe cross wasan sv. Markéty“ of (Reliquary St.Margaret), in being used to support its predecessor its support to used being ř emyslidtimes. Luckily,fragment a of the inventory of the Pl. 39 – B – 39 Pl. sition in Charles’ religious topographysition and staged ř evnov treasury also came from the court or ř evnov plenarySt. of Margaret ),. A liturgical),. A dish,stylisticallyit is 601 Atthe end of thefourteenth tubus ř evnov monastery ofevnov 1390— made made ř evnov), (Prague: Karel IV.,císa 603 possibly duringits de novo , Josef, ed. Emler, 604 602 ř B with the with z Boží in 1406 1406 in ř ř (1888) ). Four evnov, evnov, evnov, CEU eTD Collection St.Dorothy donated by his grandfather,Wenceslaus II, as stated by the inscription on the reliquary. B in presence Their Market. Town NewOx the in and church metropolitan the in concentrated and Emperor the by mass) special a with even case first second XXV. Hypothetically, wouldI put it close tothe Henzlin’s donation of 1362—possibly inrelation totherealisation of the 1365. The source of relics inSt. Thomas’ themetropolitan isconfirmed treasury by the inventory of “1365”, CPSVP, beforeto the years 1365) and 1368, CPSVP,XV,footnote 3—that would date the donation to between 1355 and before Innocentum. lessno cherished. The Emperor donated the relic of the patron saint St. Thomasthe and relic of an wasand 1365 and 1355 between place took relicsthat of donation larger a part of was This probably 608 607 606 605 monastery. as repositories memoryof for the Emperor Charle served St.Thomas of inventories The inventory. the church’s records in through treasury in the works donations, CharlesIV metropolitan footsteps of theP to P prominent lateP meanings. im of ring with a city the surrounded and cult the centresof main the them with that linked Prague around foundations monastic chosen other to cults and demonstrationcults: the thespread official of support for cults within thecity, the list ofB the city. the welcomed here Pragueby officials and people and then led fromB were donated by lay lay people. by were donated convent, popularamongthis cour the Possibly fromthe of relics theInnocents frommetropolitan disappearthat the of inventories “1365” dates III (inventory Codex Thomaeus Codex Thomaeus Codex Thomaeus historia sancti Syzysmundi (Sigismundi) in papiro in (Sigismundi) Syzysmundi sancti historia ř emyslid traditions. Charles’ IV donationsmade him asecond founder of the monastery in the

- - 102- annus iubileus The relic collection of St. Thomas was probably even richer than in B in than richer even was probably Thomas St. of collection relic The St. Thomas of the Augustinian Hermitsmonastery in Prague Minor Town, again one of the 605 Shedding light on Charles’ grand concept of making Prague a religious centre through his Both relics were originally gi Both relics ř , 48 (donation of HenzlinMeynhardi in1362). , pag. 189, p. 377. , p. 370. emyslids’foundations inPrague from 1285, exemplified Charles’ IV bondsand piety ř . emyslids: inSt.Thomas, the Emperor ordered asilver headreliquary for the relic of 608 The most important relics were exhibite important Themost relics

usedthe opportunity forcomm tiers and citizens of Prague, that Prague, of citizens tiers and ven to the metropolitan treasury. ř evnov books contains two volumes that are an interesting are interesting that an two volumes contains evnov books ř evnov reveals a programme of dissemination of these of reveals a evnov dissemination programme of portant monasteries with theirspecific local cults and historia de lanceaDomini notatacum officio missae s’ IVrole thein renewal of thecultsin . Both cults. introduced were fostered and (inthe ř evnov in the solemn procession to procession solemn the in evnov emoratingthe his patronage of d at the graves or altars on feast feast on altars or graves the at d a significant part of the relics a significant relics the part of 607 ř As inthe case of his evnov.It is typical of 606

CEU eTD Collection sexagenas of the Holy Rood, Christ´smemorial relics, and the eleven covers for the gravesof the patrons. th pluvials, garments, eleven crosses, eighty-eight were cured people miracles forserious of illnesses thirty which in 1380. performing in famous monastery alsoheld part ofVirgin’sthe ( veil inconsutili both (possibly tunics Christ’ relics including were Passion the prominent most them Among the reliquarycrosses, showing one thePassion relics, relics of the Apostles,the Bohemian patrons,and saintly bishops and virgins together with two 615 614 613 612 611 610 609 Christicola and St. Bargaria, two reliquary crosses with the pieces of the Holy Cross, Holy of pieces the the crosses with reliquary two St. Bargaria, and Christicola bodies of St.Christicolaand Bargaria lay, the inventory listed, inadditon totwo silver certain feast days and celebrated by everyone in the convent. the in by everyone celebrated and feast days certain on exhibited be to weremeant relics These 1362. in Meynhard, a layman,was Henzlin made by relics additon in Apolinaris and St. St. Justina, Bargaria, and their parts of St. Thomas, St.Gerhard, St. Catherine,St. Bonifacius, St. Christicola and St. days. middle of the church stood a stone sculpture of the Virgin surrounded by sunrays ( bysunrays surrounded Virgin the of sculpture a stone stood church the of middle the in choir the In St. Dorothea. of herm the IV, Charles by presented donation another as well as relic Christi Corpus for a container a as time same the at served The reliquary display. on IV wasalways year.There, a hand reliquarywith a finger of St. Thomas bearinga dedicatory inscription by Charles relics ofSt. Pancratius. reliquaries, a sancti martyris, Christofori item sancti Valentini martyris, decem milia militum martyrum, …sancti Augustini,…sancti Virginis, item Petri etPauli sanctorum apostolorum, ossasancti martyris, Laurentii item sancti Georgii martyris,item later record revealing it asastone sculpturesuggest linkthe sculpture’s witho IV.Charles Itsposition inthe togetherinventory with Charles’ donations, other the of imperial iconography the Virgin The inventory records the value of the crossestwo reliquary with the Cross relics as Holy being ashighas 120 Appendix cat. II, no.7, Relics exposed on certainfeastdays, Primo de ligno Domini, de tunica inconsutili, deveste purpurea, crinesbeate Mariae virginis ,de peplo beatae Mariae Codex Thomaeus Codex Thomaeus 609

- - 103- In addition, in the early fifteenth century, the treasury contained twenty-two reliquaries and and reliquaries twenty-two contained thetreasury century, fifteenth early the in addition, In The main group of relics was kept displayed at the choir over the entire (or the bigger part) part) bigger (orthe entire the over choir at the displayed was relics kept of group main The In twenty two reliquaries, there were more than a hundred (107) relics of saints, plus the relics relics plus saints, a of (107) there were more reliquaries, than hundred two twenty In ! Cf.! the averageyearly rent of an altarwas8 and and cyphus consutili , 48. , pag. 189, p. 376-380. with thecollection ofrelics donated by Henzlin,and the miracle-performing Codex Thomaeus ), the the ), mensa Codex Thomaeus

of the Last Supper, and the purple vestment ( , 47. 611 The monastery treasury contained the venerated bodies venerated the contained treasury monastery The sexagenas , 48. peplum irty-nine solemn and solemnsixteenirty-nine and common altarcloths and 615 to many other relics of saints. A large donation of of Alarge donation relics of saints. many other to a pectoral withthe memoria ). One of the relics, that of St. Pancratius, was Pancratius, St. of that relics, the of ). One ! from the Virgin Mary (milk, hair). (milk, Mary Virgin the from 612 In the adjacent chapel, where the the where chapel, adjacent the In peplum beate Marie Virginis Marie beate peplum vesta purpurea in sole 613 capita ) three three hand 614 in sole with the with ofSt. ). The , and a 610

CEU eTD Collection the Holy Eleven Thousand Virgins. Thousand Eleven Holy the place for wealthy burghers and courtiers, whofigure among its donors. donors. Some pieces ofthe of draperywere amongthe most expensive pieces. the arms of of coats the or subjects profane showing some textiles, of plenty had treasury Thomas St. the monastery within Prague’s religious topography. topography. religious Prague’s within monastery the providesinformation on the decoration ofthe hangings that covered the scenes fromboth the Oldand will be task ofthe tofuture scholars look at closely this problem. exhibitedin onprocessions, the altars (e.g., special reverence orposition thein cult, oreven painted reliquaries, notmight simply They altarpieces. have been carried 621 620 619 618 617 616 Dorothee…, …sancte Marthe…Marie Magdalene. Codex Thomaeus Nicolai, …Materni episcopi…, sancti Antonii abbatis, …sancti Pauliheremite, primi …sancteBarbare…sancte policy of elevating the positions of Prague’s monasteries. Prague’s of positions the elevating of policy conc keydonations initial, Sacrifice. Andachtsbilder milk, and the blood of saints,and twelve other reliquaries of variousshapes, aswell aseight and other relics, another pectoral with the Passion and other relics, four ampules with oil, Virgin’s Hussites. gravida woodenstatues oftheVirgin with the Child, of which two were ofthe iconographic type of addiotnIn tothe stone statueof the Virginstanding inthe middle ofthechurch there were fiveother Child. Thefifth withthe Virgin the a scene theof Crucifixion with St. Christicola and Bargaria shown on the back, the Ressurrection and Virgin, the of Assumption the panels: (?) painted four received treasury the when 1415, around revolt, “invasion” ofimages and decorated panels into thetreasury continued untilshortly before theHussite images. The devotional from relicsto devotion popular ashift in marked These gifts 1380s—1390. the From otherexamples in inventories itcan inferred be that Codex Thomaeus Codex Thomaeus Codex Thomaeus Codex Thomaeus Codex Thomaeus

- - 104- Its important position on the map of religious Pr Its important position Gifts of two important , attesting to thepopularity ofthe Mother ofGod among Prague cults shortly before the 618 619 The images and statues recorded in the inventories of the treasury seem to have been have to seem treasury the of inventories the in recorded statues and images The

, comprising iconography related to the Salvation, the Virgin Mary and Christ’s Christ’s and Mary theVirgin Salvation, the to related iconography ,comprising , 367, 369. , 49. , 372-3. , 48. , 376-380. entrated thein 1350s—1360 imagines veronica 616 objectwasrecorded inthe inventory assimply a reliquary panel. From the records Fromin the therecords wererecorded inthelater wave images) or usedimages) inpreaching special or liturgical rituals (dramas?); it ymagines s probably markingas probably res ague made the monastery into into a made popular the monastery burial ague , 378. 617 kept inthe treasuriestended to beimages with a These were the incentives that established established that incentives were the These Codex Thomaeus of donations to the treasury in in treasury the to donations of 620 Thismay explain why the ponse to the imperial itappears that the 621

The The inventory capita

Maria of CEU eTD Collection de ligno domini. monstranciapulcra argentea deaurata, continens crucemmagnam inquadiverse et sunt desuper, magnam reliquie partem deaurataalia argenteapulcra cum cristallo monstrancia desuper,in qua sunt reliquie Item Marie beate Magdalene. cristallo. unaItem monstrancia argentea deaurata cum continens gemmis, continens reliquias beati Matei apostoli. Item habens Item subpedem cupreum. monstrancia argentea deaurata, continens ymaginem deauratam sancte Juliane in continens reliquias beatorum Phabiani et Sebastiani . monstrancia argentea habensItem deaurata, dentem beati Benedicti, continenscristallus in se spinam de corona domini spinea. Item una aliamonstrancia argentea deaurata multum pulcra, est incuius medio aurea, est unamonstrancia cuius in superficie etperlis, zafiris, gemmis gemmatamcum imperialem deaurata, inqua est sancte brachium Elisabet. Item una monstrancia argentea deaurata, tenens inmanibus coronam tribus result of their contactsmilitary background. and Cf. above the chapel in The church of St. Benedict of the Teutonic knights Teutonic St. of the The Benedict of church impression made by Charles’ policies concerning development of the sacred topography of Prague the realm.at theedgesof kept protected The inventorymayrecord only thoseremnants the of treasury thatsurvived the plundering and were monastery. the of treasury fourteenth-century the of whole the represent not surely do textiles quality light of what we know about its founders, the two reliquaries and four crosses, as well as few pieces of the In war years. early the safe during kept had been the treasury where Zittau, near (Ojvín) Oywin of fromconvent the tothe monastery returned was it when 1425 inMarch out was carried treasury following the death of King Wenceslaus IV, the son of Charles IV, in 1419. The inventory of the John of Luxembourgand CharlesIV.Symbolically, lost it itstreasury inthe wave of pillaging 624 623 622 New Testamentswellas as the apocryphs (eg. Benedict, the patron saint of the church, and the relics of St. Matthew and St. Mary Magdalen. kept together with various relics inalarge reliquarycross. The collectionfinished withtootha of St. the image of St.Julianne engraved on gold background under a crystal. A piece of the Holy Cross was even won praise from the administrator for its unusual the Thorns reliquary of Sainte-Chapelle. Another reliquiary with the relics of St. Fabian and Sebastian upper shrine with acrystal displayingThornthe fromCrown theof Christ in acomposition resembling crown held by three hands and decorated withsapphires, gems andpearls.The crown formedan small gems, pearls, and crystals, two of them handreliquaries. The key piece took theform imperial ofan testamento Protocolum, Convents of knights weregenerally Teutonic well-equipped with relicsin their treasuries even before Charles IV asa Protocolum

- - 105- The few examples of Prague church treasuries frommonastic environments demonstrate the by jointly founded was Prague walls of the beyond just Újezd in monastery Carthusian The A rare account of amonastictreasury was included inthe Visitation Protocol of 1379-1380. ) instructing on biblical history as well as high status, representative pieces. representative status, as high well as history on biblical ) instructing , 98-100, no.21. Appendix IV, no. 21. 100, no. 21. ”

“ Item sancte Margarethe brachium in monstrancia quasi cum manu. manusargentea Item

infantia Salvatoris 623 in Prague in owned nine reliquaries decorated with beauty. The third silver gilded reliquary carried carried reliquary gilded silver third The beauty. Ř epín, chapter relics. on , de creatione creatione mundi de , de veteri 624

622

CEU eTD Collection in futurum … in futurum Ecclesiae dictae per meos plebanos successores, vel forteper quospiam alios dissipariseuquovis modo alienari contingat parochiales reliquiisdioec. Pragensis Sanctorum clenodiis insignita,et fulcita et decorata, etne tales successu temporis ceterasultra Ecclesias auro etsic habundaret tamin quametiam rebus argento clenodiis et et aliis libris, tapetibus 626 625 treasuries ( treasuries parish churches, parish Charles of Prague topography churchesinthe Parish religious the Hussite revolt. po rising the of phenomenon interesting the reflect also they Finally, Prague. around accessibility easy their and relics of presentation of forms popular in imitation ofRome and reminicent ofConstantinop prominent Passionand the Virgin’s relics, whose distribution aroundPrague created uniquea situation or Anna, St. St. Agnes, Zderaz, St. Catherine, Snow, that no such records are so far known from other monastic churches (such as Karlov, the Virgin of donations of the people ofPrague who built a ring ofcult centres around the city. Itis to be regreted ( churches intensification thecults of Passion, theof the Vi revealCharles’ P useofearlier second the of realisation the to relation in possibly compiled, was Vitus St. of so and 1355 between deployed waschurches Prague of for enrichment the strategy Charles’ that Thomas example shows St. The of the 1350s—1360s. during exceptional position among Prague’s parish churches. parish Prague’s among position exceptional put forward in the introduction for inventoring the treasury deserve mention here. They reveal its John ofPomuk (later made saint), thearchbishop vicar, and therector ofthe church. Thereasons he The parish church ofSt. Gallus in the OldTown of Prague had itstreasury inventoried in1390 by represent royal,and military saints. often cults coincidence—their by not IV,and— Charles by re-endowed or founded newly wereoften …certi et quasi potiores parochiani mei qualiter proponebant, Ecclesiapraefatain monstrantiis, calicibus, ornatibus, Hrdina, “DieTopographie,“ 195.

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The Emporer donated relics personally to the most prominent among Prague’s parish churches. churches. Prague’s parish among prominent most the to personally relics donated Emporer The grande Pl. 42, Our Lady of Zbraslav of Pl. 42, Our Lady LE, IV,345,LE, no. 485. sic ultra ceteras Ecclesias parochiales dioec. Pragensis reliquiis Sanctorum et clenodiis etclenodiis Sanctorum reliquiis Pragensis dioec. parochiales Ecclesias ceteras ultra sic 625 idea of creatinga religious topography ofPrague also included importantPrague such as St. Gallus, St. Heinrich and Cunigunde,and St. Stephen. These churches

ř emyslidfoundations andstrategies his of dissemination and , donated by , Charlesdonated by IV). The growing the reflect inventories rgin or the Bohemian patrons in Prague monasticPrague in theBohemianrgin patrons or pularity of devotional images fromthe 1380s until le andParis. Theinventories alsoshow the most Zbraslav).Remarkable thedensity is the of most 626 me time before 1365, when the third inventory inventory third the when 1365, before timeme As the church was Asthe famous for its relics and annus iubileus . They CEU eTD Collection decorated with the life of Christ), a silver censer censer asilver Christ), of life the with decorated Matthew of at Janov writen the same time asthe in merchants’ quarter. In comparison with the numb its “mightypatrons”. The churchis positioned strategicallythe on edge of the OldTown the in taste for rich decoration. Tthe descriptions ofreliquaries reflecta remarkable variety ofshapes, elaborated craftmanship and a 627 theimages of patronthe saints of Bohemiaand the fourEvangelists. with reliquary was a There Karlštejn. in Theodorich by images used previously to relics of attachment ( Belt and Veil saints. Alarge gilded panel reliquary withan image of theCrucifixion displayedrelicaof theVirgin’s other and HolyCross the therelicof containing junctions silver with cross acrystal and Longinus), Museum inconfirmed two letters ( them agilded silver bust reliquary of St. Gallusinepiscopal gear donated Charlesby IV and donations in the future. of memory the protect to order in inventory the compile decorata et fulcita insignita, reliquarybusts ofVirgins as well as a large bone from one of the Holy Virgins, two heads of the Virgins ( theVirgin and her hair in a reliquarystanding on three feet with an ivory statutte a of nursing Maria, of alion,a pelican and an ostrich.There was another part ofHoly the Cross, relics ofthe vestments of Paul Peter, St. relics of there were other Apostles, Lucy with her tooth stood overcrystal a cyphus which held part of a Protomartyr, Martin, and Nicolaus, and yet another atooth of St.John the Baptist. A statutte of St. reliqua Another hand. his in tooth saint’s the holding stood gear pontifical in stood St.Blasius statue of asilver was there top On crystal. a under placed Appendix II,cat. no. 20.

- - 107- An unusually rich treasury for a parish church, it created a local cult, and indicated the role of of role the indicated and cult, local a it created church, a parish for treasury rich unusually An The parishchurch Gallusof St. possessed forty-four reliquariesand innumerable relics, among ). Among other pieces, there were three hand hand three were there pieces, other ). Among peplum etcingulum beataeMariae Virginis Pl. 40b, example 40b, suchbustreliquary Pl. of ), and many other saints. The number of the relics greatly exceeded fifty. exceeded the relics of greatly number The many ), and other saints. ), the vicar was asked—as he writes—by some powerful parishioners to parishioners powerful some writes—by asked—as he vicar was the ),

, and Andrew set in a reliquary, which bore images with lionesses, a silver urceus, and a silver pulpit. ventory, the church had “only” chalicesten (one er relics,togetherof ry held relics of St.George, Laurentius, Stephan the treasury’s content out of fear of loss of the the of loss of fear of out content treasury’s the ) under acrystal reliquaries (St. Gallus, St. Valentinus, St. St. St.Valentinus, Gallus, (St. reliquaries , St. Paul from, St.Paul Arts and Crafts Una spina de corona Domini mensale Domini. oculus witha coeval critique by by critique coeval witha —a testimonyto the Pl. 43,wooden . In addition to addition . In was 627

CEU eTD Collection crystal ends. reliquary cross came from Radotín near Prague.The cCross,made of jasper, had silver junctions and asked thesacristans to pawn it in order to pay for the restoration ofthe church. An exceptional, large the development of local cults. of development local the reliquary busts Item aliaItem monstrancia deaurata portans cooperturam Kristallinam. Item due monstrancie subpedibusargentee cum ligneis sexagenas, sedpes ipsius monstrancie estobligatus per vitricum ecclesie de et consensu plebani duabusin sexagennis. no. 13-15. 13-15. no. imperial workshops, where crystal crosses and works of jasper and agate were produced. the Wall in Prague in Wall the Wall). feast day both the Prague churches ofSt. Stephen (St.Stephen Pond,in andSt. Stephen in the deauratum argenteum 636 635 634 633 632 631 630 629 628 rebus sicad manus dictorumdominorum tradicionem dominusprotestabatur. ipse Procopius plebanus angularia de argenteastaffat. Item duas monstrancias deauratas. Item calixunus argenteus deauratus maior. Quibus humerali et stolis prouno presbytero. Item quinque cappas corales. Item unam palam cumbonam et ymaginibus duo aureo cumpretexturis. ornatusItem IIIs de nachonibus. Item unum nigrum cum ornatum dalmaticis et una alba etuno regestro. Item casulam dictam Habardi cumatinenciis. Item unum ornatum cum grifonibus vel cum aquillis de stamine dicebat plebanus essecirca Rok, parrochianum ipsius ecclesie, obligatam. Item humerale pulcrum cumatinenciis, prout in primoPrag. constitutus personaliter: unam de casulam flaveo axamit nudocum cum crucifixo una dalmatica, aliam Anno quoLXXX supra, mensis Junii,die XXVII hora in domo vesperorum dotis plebani sancti in Leonhardi Maior. Civ. and six reliquaries, all decorated in various ways. respectable community of OldTown German merchants, it owned in 1379-1380 two silver ampules subjects correspond subjects correspond to thestatus of Large numbers of vestmentsmade of imported andexpensive fabrics,and many hangings withsecular ones in Prague. in ones re head wooden a replaced 1398 in church namesake theirsto theprovost ofChot “… Appendix IV. A hanging withthe Emperor and the Imperatrix chasing animals, wild LE,348. Protocolum Protocolum Protocolum Protocolum Protocolum AI, 1398, 26. monstrancia argentea deaurata cumsubpede deaurato, habens crucifixcum deauratum desuper estimacionis XVIII

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630 In the Visitation Protocol of 1379—1380, mentio 1379—1380, of Protocol Visitation the In The parish church of St. Gastulus (Haštal) At the time of the visitation, however, the church of St. Stephen in Wall had already pawned already had Wall in Stephen St. of church the however, visitation, the of time the At , 88, no. 16. , 318. , 67, no. 8. “... , 81., no.14. “ , 62, no. 5, and 65, no. 7. 634 Protocolum Probably a gift from alocal patron, the crossmay havebeen manufatured in the ), ismentioned forchurch the of St.Martinthe Minor. 631 Ahead-reliquary, this timesculpted in woodand painted ( 633 even possessed a statue of St. Martinmade from silver and gilded. The priest ) were kept and exhibited for veneration by the locals and pilgrims on the saint’s …caput sti Martini ligneum sti…caput Martini , 94, no. 13. “ caput argenteum 18 sexagennas gross sexagennas 18 argenteum caput ě 629 šovmonastery. silverA gilded head reliquary ofSt. Leonard in the

Silver gilded head reliquariesof St.Stephen ( caput Leonardi ligneum deauratum habetcum fibula reliquiis. cristalloet …

the donors,wealthy citizens ofPrague. ”, 636 635 Theirreliquaries included a Crucifixion on top of possessed a real treasury. As a parish church of a church of As aparish treasury. a real possessed liquary. This parish church was among the richer richer the wasamong church parish This liquary. .” ns exist of single reliquaries that promoted thatpromoted reliquaries single of exist ns 632 The church of St. Martin in St.Martin of church The 628

caput sancti Stephani Stephani sancti caput Pl. 43 Pl. ” Protocolum

– wooden , 95, , 95, CEU eTD Collection moneat ad hocarchiepiscopum pro restitutione dictarum penaprestiti ymaginum sub iuramenti. noluit dicens, quod deberet ad prius curiam Romanam citari tunc Etdominus solvetis. mandavit archidiaconus ut plebano, qua mortua dictus dominus archiepiscopus, tunc episcopus Misnensis, recepit etmonitusper plebanum ipsas reddere kapsa, quam plebanus idem propter securitatemservabat inquadam kamneta in domo dicte domine matris archiepiscopi, duas sanctorum, et Sigismundi ymagines que sancte Margarethe, Imaginative Memory,” 638 637 habens argenteum pedem cum nodo deaurato late ambe admodum Item peralmaterii. una parva monstrancia deaurata. ultima Item argentea delapide akstaynino channel through which the relics’ cult was deployed in the city. the city. in was deployed the relics’ cult which through channel Vitus, personal resources)all aroundPrague. The networkof personal and family links was the townsfolk. Familiesofcourtiers helped to distribute relicsfrom prestigious collections(Charles IV, St. down fromthe court to the parishes and urban space under the Castle walls, into the circles of the cult-making thefirst, in d families the underlines It the 1350s-1370s. during treasuries the church treasury. church the Displaying responsibility andindependence, the administratorinsisted onrestitution of these objectsto Meisse of bishop John, atthattime Archbishop death, treasuryreliquaries had been kept in her housein achest ( images of saints, Sigismund and Margaret, to the church of St.Gastulus. The two images and the goldsmiths working for the court. stones suggests these objects were previously used ina secular context as well as a possible link to workshops, pl. 31 (cf. bowl agate carved a and reliquary, gilded asmall mother-of-pearl, co acrystal with bowl a reliquary, gilded silver a in Prague ( considerable wealth of liturgical considerable wealth objects of liturgical and even and parish churches of Prague competed to attract donations and, where succesful, they accumulated a or donations by again responded locals the which to and treasury, the of growth further for wascrucial which cult, local a received “ Cf.“Capsamagna”, transl.as great shrinein Amy G. “Legendary Remensnyder, Treasury at Conques: Reliquaries and Item dicitplebanus, quoduxordomini pie Pauli, matermemorie, donaverat archiepiscopi moderni, pro dicta ecclesia

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This This interesting note shows how and through whom such donations came into parish church Outstanding pieces in parishtreasuries are testim In addition tovaluable reliquaries, the mother Archbishopof John of Jenštejn donatedtwo pl. 38, reliquary of mitra of St. Eligius of the goldsmith’s guild the goldsmith’s of St.Eligius reliquary of pl. 38, mitra of ). The decoration is diverse and the presence of two bowls from semi-precious from semi-precious bowls two presence of the diverse is and decoration The ). Speculum 638

71.4 (Oct. 1996), 891. onations relicsof to Prague churches. The devotion relicsto trickled revenues. Towards the end of the fourteenth century, the monastic monastic the century, fourteenth the of end the Towards revenues. …” Protocolum , 88, no. 16. ver, two reliquaries with wooden feet coveredby wooden with reliquaries two ver, relics. Theeconomic of the strength particular role of Charles’ court, high officials and their and their officials high court, Charles’ of role ymagines n, rejected to return th oniesfost tothe policies kapsa cum dictis monstranciisservabnturin quadam , from lat. , from agate works from Prague capsa e treasury to the church. the to e treasury ” ering the cultering the ofrelics

Protocolum , case). ). Parish churches). Parish

637 , 88, no.16. After her

CEU eTD Collection 1393, 1396, 1402,1404,1411 and1417. Tomek, and family, and donated to altars in three St.Vitus. Septicornis argento, gemmis interlucentibus adornando:ipsiuseo vestigia quidem imitamur libertati sacras comparando reliquias acipsorum Patronorum et nostrorum S.Martyri Wencelsaipreaefertim tumbas, auro, privatos sedtantum decore modo pro et ornatu Sepulchri S.Wenceslai conventere finaliter tenebuntur… (Carolus, quis) 640 639 donation charter for St. Vitus of 1388 claimed his desire to continue in Charles’footsteps, controversy between the king and the archbishop of rituals. with relics thr processions Such Pond). in Stephen (St. exhibition and procession its public and organise feast day, saint’s the was aposs there church, the of the possession in not c to his asexample and posed relics with endowed were churches parish even where a whole, as Prague to Itapplied all-inclusive. was centre pilgrimage a Prague making of concept Charles’ other. the churches on parish of support and hand, one the IVshows st Charles the by designed of Prague andits surroundinginterwoven was with sacredspaces. Thereligious topography ofPrague city whole the Vyšehrad, and Karlštejn Castle, Prague in were concentrated relics important most the images. or relics famous to bound parishes the in cults local develop community was an important factor Virgin’s veil,in kept Vyšehrad and donated totheconstruction church. ofthe late as in 1397, Wenceslaus demanded special papal indulgences for those visiting the relic of the in the Tynechurch, theseven altars erected againin the same churchbetween 1380s-1390s, and is townfolk Prague of life religious the in churches probably contributed to the deepening of thespiritual atmosphere inthe city.The growingrole of the which thedisease, hit by repeatedly was Prague 1380, from Europe, in elsewhere than Prague in 1380s. a phenomenonmarked intensive by donating activity ofthe lower gentry from the second halfof 1380, of plague the after especially grew, churches tothe donations the of number the that out pointed Šmahel, The donation of IV Wenceslaus to VitusSt. of 1388:

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640 In the early years of reign, Wenceslaus IV continued his father’s policy.spite In of growing although that significant is it centre, areligious Prague making of policy Charles’ As regards As aresult, churches in Prague Although the direct impact of plagues of the second half of the 14 , 71. Wenceslaus, 71. alsoenlarged rents Husitská revoluce , vol. 2,22, 24. The Tynechurch altar erections after 1380: 1380 twice, 1381, 1384, 1388, ough the city visualised the sacred topography through a network of public public of a network through topography sacred the visualised city the ough

rategic placement of monasteries and the metropolitan church on on church metropolitan the and monasteries of placement rategic inthe Thus,process. thecity filled with altars, chapels, devo altars, filled with

for thereadings in the establishedVirgin choir, Základy starého místopisu pražského Quam idem pecuniam iidem canonici non in usu proprios aut ourt and Prague burghers. If an important relic was was relic If an important burghers. and Prague ourt reflected in the five altars erected in 1360s-1370s 1360s-1370s in erected altars five the in reflected iblity to “borrow” it fromthe cathedral on it to iblity treasury “borrow” Prague, John of Jenštejn, Wenceslaus in the the in Wenceslaus Jenštejn, of Prague,John employed its own capacity to to capacity itsown employed tional art and treasuries. Šmahel , vol. 1., 24-25. , vol. s…Pešina, th century was less marked anniversaria Phosphorus for his father 639 and, as CEU eTD Collection other losses to the monastery. The problem is that we cannot be sure if the entire treasury was was treasury entire the if sure be cannot we that is problem The monastery. the to losses other and treasury, ofits despoiling monastery, Augustinian recently-founded the on attack the to led This theAugustinian and parish clergy headed by the archdeacon ofKu relics within Latin Christianity in the thir Vyšší Brod, Zlatá koruna), it is reasonable to question the extent to which the increasing importance of and reliquaries from themonastic environment (eg. Cistercian monasteries in the Rosenberg’s realm: connectionrelatively little to devoti centurywererather mid-fourteenth the before Prague of outside treasuries church the that confirm to seem accounts both glance, first At Louny. of town the royal in church Cross Holy the of Elevation the of treasury the parish and Sušice only two preservedinventories detailingthe lostmonastic treasury of the Augustinian Hermitsin Prague outside treasuries of content the out, pointed forvarietyand of purposes. variouswith levels andtheir of local support), trea these inventories come from different kinds of churches (monastic, parish, and even private chapels, Preservedinventories are relatively rarein theregion as awhole. Comparisons are problematicsince Památky archeologické místopisné m farní kostelStarého cathedral. 642 641 We entermore speculative territo Prague outside Church treasuries 1400. around culminating IV,atrend Wenceslaus of thereign during fr donations of phase early the from patterns the altars erected in the church. another four altars erected there before 1417. This amounted toa total of more than 23 pre-Hussite Josef Pelikán, “Inventá Zap counted 21 altars established in the Tyne churchbetween 1344 and 1405. Karel V.Zap,”Týnský chrám, hlavní

- - 111- The list of lost objects from the Sušice mona Sušice the from objects lost list of The inventoryBeyond the M thirteenth-century of

1 (1855): 11. (1855): 1 642 The large number of altars being installed in churches between 1380 - 1400 suggests that suggests - 1400 between 1380 churches in installed being altars of number large The ě sta pražského“ (Tyne church, main parish church of Old Town Prague), OldTown mainchurch of (Tyne church, parish pražského“ sta (1946), 130-131. (1946), ř oltá řů kostela sv.Víta v Praze z r. of1397” in (Inventory altars St.Vitus in Prague of 1397), 641 As many as many sixty-three As altarswere

ry when looking at the situati at the when looking ry unimpressive collections of liturg of collections unimpressive on and the cult of relics. In sp on andthe In cult of relics. teenth century also concerned Bohemia. Bohemia. concerned also century teenth om 1350s - 1360s was followed more extensively more extensively - was followed om 1350s 1360s surieswere inventoried long over a periodtime of before the mid-fourteenth century has survived in in survived has century mid-fourteenth the before stery resulted from the conflict in 1339 between 1339 in conflict the from resulted stery ě lník, whose special nature has already been ite of a few known precious known relics of afew ite on in the Bohemiancountryside. the on in registered in 1397 in St. Vitus’ Vitus’ St. in 1397 in registered ical textiles and ical textiles vessels,with ř im and Vyšehrad chapter. Památky archeologickéa CEU eTD Collection archivu vLounech d another panel,crucifixes, two six chalices,pyxa for theCorpus Christi, and church textiles debts. town’s the clear help to treasury church the in resources available all for look to council the forced probably this debts; large incur to it caused that fires great by wasdamaged town the 1348, before Book of Louny), Book of Louny), codices. inventories ofbooks and churchornaments were written downinthe town’sJudicial book. Louny,of headedtheburgrave, by inventoriedchurch the treasury. Thecommissions reportandtwo came scrutiny under fromtown the authorities.As early as 1348,thecouncil commissionofthe town equipment neededfor pastoralfunction of themonastery. 648 647 646 645 644 643 1, fol. 6v-7r,unpublished. Mentioned inHlavá canseen be the in lost books by Hlavá however,repres thatthis treasure laterperspective this would have been arelatively poor monastic treasury. One has to keep in mind, century date mostly from the rule ofWenceslaus archive). and treasury towns’ the for treasur as a served tower theclose relations between the townthe and church,something observed inothernotations (the church many relics,including those of Elisabeth of P have been linkedthepatronage to the of Cistercianmonastery Waldsassen. in Themonastery owned destroyed. parish churches as well had treasuries containing reliquaries, images and other ornaments,marking exampleschur few show,monastic As the following treasu medieval concerning losses information of large first, possibly summarising the objects singled outfor pawn sale.or garments, seven altarcloths and towels, agravecover, and a few The single vestments. second is aninventory extract of the fourpossessed chalices,monstrance a or a reliquary, an image of the Coronation of the Virgin, seventeen books and eight Hlavá ě kanského kostela vLounech“ (On the question ofthe patrociniumof thedeaconate church in Louny), Hlavá Iamto indebtedthe archivist for JanMareš this information. Vilém Herold, “O nejstaršíknize (On lounské“ the oldest Hlavá Twelve garments, twenty-six altarcloths,four hangings withimages. Seventeen books liturgicalrepresenting only Hlavá

Two lists written probably before in1348-1349. 1351, Appendix no. II, 17. Courtbook of Louny,sign. OA Louny 1C

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647 č ek’s observation on medieval libr medieval on observation ek’s Codex ThomaeusCodex The second inventory testifies to a situation when treasurythe and property of a parish church The following accounts of countryside church treasuries for the period after the mid-fourteenth mid-fourteenth the after period forthe treasuries church countryside of accounts following The č č č Again,the treasury was impressive,not with (possibly) one reliquary,whose existence might ek, “Studie kd ek, “Studie kd ek, “Studie kd 643 The list of lost objects includes one reliquary ( reliquary one includes objects lost list of The Sborník archivních prací 1 (1985), 37-42. ě ě ě , 201, no. 60. Appendix II,cat. no. 3. jinám,“ 9. 9. jinám,“ 32. jinám,“ 32,jinám,” footnote 156. ented onlythe initial donation to th 21.1 (Prague 1971), 40, ft. 45, 41. Jaroslav Vaniš, “K patrociniaotázce

č ek, aries in the pre-Hussite period, in thepre-Hussite aries č St ek, ř edov ř 645 emyslids. In spite of the patronage, the inventory shows inventory the patronage, the of In spite emyslids. the treasury represents the basic practical liturgical liturgical practical basic the represents treasury the ě ké soupisy knih a knihoven IV (the late late (the IV ches, private chapels, and apparently some town town some apparently and chapels, private ches, ries, ries, especially fortreasuries in the countryside. thabula cum sanctuariis thabula 1370s-1410s). In agreement with with agreement In 1370s-1410s). e foundatione ofthemonastery—as 648 , 50, cat., no. 61.The church scholars have notedthesame Sborník okresního , a , a plenary?), 644 646 - from a Shortly Shortly CEU eTD Collection Unhoš the pilgimage site of St. John inthe Rock (Spelunka, Skala) and the adjacent church inwell Vrážas as churches in Ob stones and pearls, apparently the most precious item the in treasury as well as fifteen other reliquaries: monasteryof this inthe region. place theexceptional and aswell other donors, the Rosenbergs by given the support with corresponds and townshave seem to had minor treas sources. Nevertheless, it does seem that village ch 652 651 650 649 1378/270. modum ciboriorum, item de ligno domini invitro, item reliquie fuerunt inuna quasreliquias cistula, et ymago Johaniss. Bapt.cum reliquiis, item unum in ossrepositum argento, item reliquie quedam fuerunt in ad argento ( remarkable treasuryfrom before 1378 that held a silver hand reliquary with relics and reliquary statues re period pre-Hussite in treasuries countryside the (influential monasticfoundations bone mounted in silver, and other relics placed in a small casket ( casket small a in placed relics other and silver, in mounted bone represent rather exceptions than the rule, the than exceptions rather represent seemto however, These treasuries, region. of agiven topography the religious in importance their in 1414 in was the of monastic treasury inventory in after compiled 1415 The a officeexistence. took new abbot monasteryacquired a large library ofmore than 135 pieces withinfirst twenty-five years ofits the effort, own convent’s the and through their patronage under and Rosenbergs, the by organised century Bohemia. The monastery participated in the Krumlov showing of relics (following subchapter) in T those of lesscertain originand saints—were simply keptcasket. ina theon form oftheirreliquaries. Typically fora personal collection, some unidentified relics—probably notprecisel could Interestingly,the list compiler of of theTrueCross was set inside aglass reliquary,clearly intended for displayingthe relic. ymago Hlavá Appendix Churchesoutside IV. Prague possessed only 1-2 chalices and no (with generally reliquaries theexception of Cf. Appendix IV compiled after

Item dixitItem quod infrascripte reliquie in dicta capella primo argentea fuerunt, manus cumreliquiis, ymago s. Wenceslai ř ebo ť

- - 113- , and Tuchom The inventory of the treasury lists first a large silver gilded cross decorated with precious precious with decorated cross gilded silver a large first lists treasury the of inventory The ) of St. Wenceslaus and John the Baptist, asilver a containing Castle Lomnice in chapel a private provided lord local the by patronage Pious Founded as late as 1367 by the Rosenberg brothers, the monastery of the Augustinian Canons Canons Augustinian the of monastery the brothers, the Rosenberg by as1367 as late Founded č 652 ek, “Studie kd ň was soon after to rank among the important cultural and religious centres of late fourteenth fourteenth late of centres religious and cultural important the among rank to after soon was and this inventory already lists more th more lists already inventory this and ěř ice). ě jinám“, 21. Visitation Protocol and their filial churches churchesand their filial or under powerful local patrons),

uries with basic liturgical equipment. liturgical basic with uries 649 although they tend to be so to be tend they although of1380. vealed less potential forboosting the cult. urches, as well as some countryside monastic houses y identify the relicsy identify the based sothey described were an 300 books! This remarkable achievement achievement remarkable an This books! 300 ciborium cistula -shaped reliquary, afree piece of ). 651 mewhat over-represented in over-represented mewhat More importantly, More arelic 650 With some exceptions exceptions some With …AI, vol. 1, ř íství, CEU eTD Collection they came through Prague. The relics of the Virgin Veil, and the the Veil, and Virgin the of relics The Prague. camethrough they 34 (1896), 38. (Separateoffprint). Klöster und der KunstübungBöhmens im Mittelalter“, the virgins, finally theand hand of St.Victorin, and headof St. JosephJiljí (!). Neuwirth, “Beiträge zur Geschichte der head of St. Calixtus, handSt. Jiljí of (Eligius), and consequentlyfour of martyrs,reliquaries theApostels, and returned jewels fromAustria monastery. The back to the sourcedescribesthe weight of the largecrossandfoot, its the 656 655 654 653 monastery inPlze five crosses for and pontifical gear (including an ivorystaff), eleven chalices (three gilded),censer, a four ampules, and Virgin the the Virgin, a reliquary of St.Victorinus, a small reliquary with the blood of St. Wenceslaus, a reliquary for three reliquaries for the Apostles, Martyrs and a the Virgins, small reliquary of the hair ( of St.Vincentius,reliquarya of St.Pancratius,a small gildedcross withthe Wood of theHoly Cross, St. Matthew, a silver reliquary of St. Candidus, a gilded reliquary with relics of St.Martyrs and a tooth the hand of St. Egidius (probably Eligius—Jiljí), (probably handofSt. Egidius the monastery in Zaje preserved reliquary statue ofSt. Benigna ( the by also issuggested Augustinians the among images and relics to devotion and cult local boast follow concepts known from Prague (Augustinian monastery of St. Thomas); similar inclination to and a resource for his donations. As a whole, treasury the of theAugustinians in T a considered treasury, this of existence the support originated the hypothesized treasu in havemay relics The Castle. Prague in church Saints All of provost the Rosenberg, of was Peter them and Vincentiusmetropolitanthe probably from came metropolitan the to links relicsas wellmemorial as T Havlí ř Appendix II, no. 4. 4. no. II, Appendix 6. no. II, Appendix Hlavá We have arelatively good account ofthe value of the from ofobjects the charter 1461. Here,John ofRosenberg ebo peplum beatevirginis č

- - 114- ň k : itcontained twoonly reliquaries, eight chalices and apyx. The composition of the treasury’s relics reflects an relics reflects treasury’s the of composition The The other monastictreasuries were lessoverwhelming. Thetreasury ofthechurch in č ů ek, “Studie kd v Brod, belonging to the Order of the Teutonic Knights, was rather modest in comparison to to comparison in modest rather was Knights, Teutonic the of Order the to belonging Brod, v Veronica osculum pacis ň č ov with an opening for the relic. , 656 ě jinám knihoven“, 51. 46, jinám inventorized sometime in the second half of the fourteenth century, had an only an only had century, fourteenth the of half second the in sometime inventorized , probably comprisinga pair. In addition addition pair. In probably comprisinga , , asmallreliquary Confessors,of the and two ”beautiful“ painted , and a gilded cross cross listed. are a gilded , and

ry of All Saints church and as such, their presence may indirectly indirectly may presence their assuch, and church Saints All of ry pl. 44, St.Benigna Zajefrom Mitteilungen desVereinsfür Geschichte derDeutschen in Böhmen 653 asilver treasury and Charles‘ IV don treasury and Charles‘ repository forCharles‘ IV own collection of relics church. The person in the best position to obtain best to the church. in position Theperson interest in the Holy Cross and the Virgin’s Virgin’s the and Cross Holy the in interest 654 caput

to a number of vestments, altarcloths of St. Calixtus, a gilded reliquary ofa gildedreliquary Calixtus, St. of Veronica 655 The treasury of the Dominican Dominican the of treasury The č , St.Wenceslaus,Matthew ov ) from the Augustinian ations; it is likely that ations; is likelythat it ř ebo cerves ň effigies seems to seems ) ofthe of

CEU eTD Collection church. twenty-five liturgicalexpect books.Onewouldnot chalices,six garments, twelve altarcloths, thirty reliquaries (includingcontainers for the Corpus Christi) of which twocopper were and one wooden, nine possessed Nezamyslice of church The inventorized. also were churches filial its of treasuries the its role in the cult by letters claiming the indulgences the faithful could receive—these were were placed receive—these could faithful the indulgences the claiming letters by cult the in role its treasury; as it belongedto B parish a countryside example of a typical not certainly was Nezamyslice relics. their through pilgrims Kunstübung Böhmens im Mittelalter towers and asmall reliquary, five crosses,and pyx. crystal Neuwirth, Thousands ofVirgins ( monstranceChcebuz (a and caskets), two reliquary and B another panel for its filial church were also recorded. and relics inserted with panel wooden painted a vessels, liturgical pyx, with box a relics, exposed the under supports cover the to fabrics silk altar,.Two the on placed cover were with silk apanel and fans, stoodanimage (?) of the Virgin Maryflanked byangels. two The candles, candlesticks, four banners, and altars portable crown,two apearl with Mary Virgin withmantels,two pearla and crown. Ofparticular notewere an alabaster statueVirgin the of of lead—a donation fromthe B painted altar panels, two smalltablets (awooden tablet with figures incopperrelief and another made 659 658 657 unusually rich. In the year 1393 during the inventorization of the Benedictine monastery of B of monastery Benedictine the of inventorization the during 1393 year In the rich. unusually devotion, andthe on other hand,the large differences betweenthem. monasterieswithin the prestigeobtainedhand by Augustinians in T Nevertheless, their contents may well be closer much to call these typical examples of late fourt crystal pyx, andchalices, ten and twenty-eightchasubles among many othertextiles. containing the Wood of the Holy Cross,six other silver crosses,a pectorale, one embroideredand one slightly richer treasury with a large copper monstrance or reliquary, three other reliquaries, across Similar, although lessmay rich treasuries be found other filial in of churches B Appendix II,cat. no. 4—attached toB A largecopper gildedmonstrance (for the aCorpus Christi?), round reliquary, amonstrance (a reliquary?) with three

- - 115- 658 The treasury is reminiscent of the treasuries acculmulated by Prague churches eager to attract attract to eager churches Prague by acculmulated treasuries the of is reminiscent treasury The When a powerful monastery lay behind the scenes, the treasury of a parish church could be church could aparish scenes,of the treasury monastery a the lay When behind powerful An interesting description of the main altar was preserved in Nezamyslice recording two recording Nezamyslice in was preserved altar main of the description interesting An ř caput milia XI virginum ebo ň . Evenso, compared when ř evnov, itprofited from the policies knownfrom Prague. is shedLight on , 41. , 41. ř evnov abbot Diviš),four pyxes for Corpus Christi, a sculpture of the ř evnov. Emler, ”Zlomek“, 287-288.

) waskept. ř íství, where evenahead reliquary of one of theEleven thirteen (!) ampules, a urceus with a lavatory, and a box with indulgence letters. Above the altar there altar Abovethe letters. indulgence with a box eenth century monastic tr to the village parishes, it tothevillagethe illuminates parishes,one on 659 to such monastic that treasuries than of the their localities by presenting relics for public somany reliquaries an

Beiträge zurBeiträge Geschichte und derKlöster der ř evnov, inKostelecmonstrances), (two easuriesPrague. outside d textiles in aparish in textiles d 657 Itwould be too ř evnov, evnov, CEU eTD Collection churches is immediately apparent. is immediately churches hermitage of Soví of hermitage authorityto persuade the priests to will their vessels totheir poor churchesafterthey died orleft. his used administrator the we knowthat Protocol the in similar promises on the church. Based to leave bought two new garments,missala and breviaries two then mostlythen in towns. In Welika wes, ornaments almost disappear from these records in Protocol; the they occur rarely, and if they do occur, church the entries about paragraph that the separate symptomatic is amissal. and It vestment, beyond the personal property of the priest and basictools for the service such asa chalice, aset of 662 661 660 quality andquality numberchurch orna of visualised bond between thetown’s and citizens their church.parish ex the occasionally (and interior the in exhibited display, boasted unitylocal and patriotism.The ”material“ outcome ofthe burghers‘ pietywas public feasts and processions that enriched the interior decoration of the church, and through its the is, that communities, town of typical ceremonies devotional public medieval late rise the the of (eg. sixty-twoaltarcloths). Four banners for the Corpus Christiand eight banners a cross, silver as a broken one of an ostrich eg to St. Vitus, St.Sigismund and St.Leonhard. theAs for reliquaries, the treasury had only asthree well the beginning of the fifteenthcentury, the church had as manyas seventeen altars,among others altars damagedthe assome aswell church books and fire The queens. Bohemian the of town a dowry Králové, Hradec of town inthe 1407 of fire great the in Prague, promoting thecult of relics from itsownresources. policies, Charles’ of exponents the of one monastery, helped thechurch to obtain th directly upon themain B altar. The following statisticsdrawn are fromthe Visitation of Protocol 1379-1380 ( Appendix cat. II, no.26. Protocolum

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Even the poorest place of worship, however, at least had to have altar vessels. In 1398, the 1398, In vessels. altar have to had least at however, worship, of place the poorest Even When looking at the treasuries of parish churchesoutside Prague, the large gap between the An important insight intoa town church treasury comes froman inventorycompiled following , 248 pacem č near Dob near , four ewers, eight pairs of ampules, thirty books and a large number of textiles ř íš received basic service vessels thanks to the preacher Matthew of of Matthew preacher the to thanks vessels service basic received íš ř e indulgences for the promotion of the local cult. The Benedictine Benedictine cult. The local the of the promotion for e indulgences evnov monastery was certainly the sourceof the church’s relics that g. The liturgical equipment wascomplemented with ten chalices, a 661

ments Prague in and the lack of In many countryside parishes churches possessed no no churches possessed parishes countryside many In 662 the priest had to use his own old missal and garment. He garment. and missal old own usehis to had priest the textiles although the damages were rather minor. terior aswell) ofthe church represented and a acted here as a proxy for the strategy employed thestrategy for acted asaproxy here for the service, which fortheservice, he which later consented to Protocolum them the countryside in village ). ecclesie here reflect ornamenta 660 At

CEU eTD Collection money. Visitation no.44f. Protocol, from. secular clothing, weapons, carried money,stole and lent and mistressesgave their church vestments to sewtheir clothing sacristan, local councillors and judge sacristan, localcouncillors the that so cows the sell to church the ordered administrator cows.The several owned but garments four and state a bad in few books a with equipped was poorly deaconate Rakovník the in Strašecí Brno’sSt. Jacob had five chapels and nine altars 1404-1446 the contents of their treasuries with the monastic or town churches. town or monastic with the treasuries their of contents the 669 668 667 666 665 664 663 Prague. St. Spirit church in Hradec Králové possessed seventeen altars and sixty-two altarcloths in 1407, altarcloths andsixty-two altars seventeen Královépossessed in Hradec church Spirit St. cult, but thereit was rather manifested ina growing number foundationsof altar and decorations (The day religious needs of the community. every- the was toserve clergy parish of the task main asthe all, ifat difficulty, more with places such in developed cult of intensification The loss. to liable were treasuries the protection, insufficient to parishioners waslimited, thelack ofinstitutional control made clerical misconduct possible, and due unchallenged in the fourteenth century. Parish chur Parish century. fourteenth the in unchallenged remained centres as cult their local position treasuries, of their contents the between differences filial churches, helped to ”export“ these formsof devotion out from Prague. In spite of significant who were themselves engaged in the promotion of thecult. Monasteries as well astheir priories and ( empty. animalsbelonging tochurchesthe than tothe chests in thetreasury which wereprobably close to property,. Now thereports providedmore accounts about ownership offields the as well asdomestic later. things the return to promise to had they rather but perpetuity, in things the given not harass Berthold Berthold Bretholz, 28. no. II, Appendix many For examples andcomparison, seeAppendix IV, with atable providing anoverview of parish treasuries from the Moral standards also seem have to weakened. Priestslived publicly with women, hadmuch, children, drank too wore AI, vol. 3,1398, no. 309. Protocolum Protocolum Protocolum

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664 666 Not surprisingly,Not the villagechurches couldnot competein terms oftheir decoration andinor When a local cult developed, it was mainly by way of contacts with monasteries (B monasteries with contacts of by way wasmainly it developed, cult alocal When The content of the administrator’s reports changed when confronted with countryside parish ), a portable altar,a andarather), portable poorquality altarcloth ( 663 Even the Eucharist did not receive appropriate attention in many places. many in attention appropriate receive not did Eucharist the Even

Hegave the two hermits living there achalice made of pewter,a vestment made of linen , 189. 147,186. , 141, 135-161 Die Pfarrkirche zuSt. Jakob in Brünn passim .

s could buy s could a breviaryforthechbuy (Brünn: RudolfM. Rohrer, 1901), 64-65. ches in the towns also pa also towns the in ches 669 palla ). With the later weakening of the the of weakening Withthe later ). 667 ). Interestingly, the hermits were urch’s priest with the resulting resulting the priestwith urch’s The economic strength of the of strength Theeconomic rticipated inthegrowing 665 The church in Thechurch ř evnov) evnov) 668

CEU eTD Collection in Kühne, relics and from that time wereshown relics in reliquaries, 214, inorder that doubts not caston be their originality,215). C more in the popular the thirteenth century, the possible, although little known, exception of Sv.Ivan pod Skalou. pilgrimages outside Prague are known only frommonastic andchapter (Stará sites Boleslav, Sázava,B the ofborders thekingdom. the In case of Chlum the churches and Kájov, undermonasticlay patronage. Pre-Hussite sculpture/images of the Virgin, defamed by the Hussites, far lay fromthecentre of the Bohemian stateandoften close to Pragensia Prag Oktober 5.-.10. 1998 im spätmittelalterlichen Böhmen,“ in town (Kájov—cf.my centres chapter VI,Chlum sv.Má 672 671 670 elements to the ritual furthermeaning. adding new heintroduced before, place taken had treasury imperial the of display public Although devotion. after being crowned Roman king in 1346, he calculated them into his concep boosting their public of the ideal pious king,the rule. Following Charles IV attributes ofthe Roman and king Emperor, with the capacity addingof aspiritual dimensionto their ( treasury imperial the century, fourteenth the In in Prague relics and metropolitan royal ofimperial, The displays Prague inlarge numbers. to pilgrims attracted that background political a as well as religious a both had that events public closer to theHeavenly Kingdom wasenhanced withseries a of displays ofthe mostfamous relics— of themain pilgrimage centres in Central Europe. Charles IV’snotion ofbringing his contemporaries involvement, mid-fourteenth-century and hispersonal reliquiarum ( relics of displays the were roles their played from treasuries objects other some The most attractive public performances fostering lo 2.4Going public: Relicsdisplays outside Prague in the pre-Hussite era. pre-Hussite the in Prague outside representation these centres possessed the potential to become important media of devotional practices local patriotism,urban identity and self-promotion. Already with their economic mightand self- monasteries duringtheHussite wars, they assumed theirroles natural as religiouscentres, flavoured by On evolution of Kühne, Inthemid-fifteenth century, new local emerged cults in the Bohemian in countryside the Catholic environment

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Ostensio 1), 200-201. These cults sharedsimilar features—they anti-Protestantwere anddevelopedmiraculous around Ostensio ). Thanks environmfavourable political to the . ostensiones , 129. , ed.by František Šmahel, Centre for Medieval Studies, Prague1999 (= , Herrmann-Mascard, , Geist, Gesellschaft,Geist, Kircheim 13.-.16. Jahrhundert. Internationales Kolloquium,

Veronica 670

in 1300. IV. In 1215, the Lateran Councilforbade showingof bare Les Reliques desSaints ř 671 í, Bohosudov). JanHrdina, „Die Topographieder Wallfahrtsorte Pl. 21a, the imperial treasury imperial the 21a, Pl. He designed the Prague annual display of relics, of display annual Prague the He designed cal cults,whererelics andreliquariesas as well Praguewas the position to in become best one held imperial jewells in high reverence, and, and, reverence, jewellsin high imperial held ent, implementationent, IV concept ofCharles’ , 206-216 (regular showing relicsbecome ) comprised one one of the ) comprised Colloquia medievalia ř evnov, Teplá), with ostensiones ostensiones outside 672

f.

CEU eTD Collection Palm Sunday and put on display. on put and Sunday Palm on procession solemn in city the to brought then and few days a for werekept they where Vyšehrad Lance and Nails. and Lance in Poland) Eucharistbe with the Christ, ( Nails and Lance Holy of the Feast the 1354, In jewells. of these display public annual the organise Nurnberg and Eisenach displays of relics of displays Nurnberg andEisenach ( showing. for this used were probably structure the of four balconies the 1380s, inthe built was chapel Christi Corpus of structure complicated the when later, sides; all to together or sequence were shownfrom tower the ( four into organised a ceremony as staged display, 1360s, the royal treasury, and aselection of the St. Vitus relics joined the imperial relics during the (early?) the From Apostles. the and holy the as well as soldiers, saintly other and Charlemagne Empire in Bohemia,” 142-155, in were not used. Pavel Kroupa and Jana Kroupová, “On thequestion of depositing the Sacramentalia ofthe Holy Roman display. Other places (Karlov, Emmaus or Vyšehrad) might have been considered for the imperial before 1357,treasury but Kühne, Margrave of might Brandenburg. He have obtained them underthe promise of them inkeeping orFrankfurt, Nürnberg Fajt (Prague: National Gallery in Prague: 2003), 399-409). On the format of theritual, Kubínová, 679 678 677 676 675 674 673 that year so that they would arrive before Easter tomake a symbolic Th any Roman king wasentitled,in1350. guardianship church intellectuals around Charles. around intellectuals church celebrated on the Friday after the Easter structure ( imperial cityand seat. saints’ protection of the land, legitimising the dynasticsuccession, as wellas promotingPrague as an culminated showing which with the of theimperial was celebrated for firstthe time in1356. Festum lancee et clavium The relics were broughtfrom Karlštejn (before 1357 from possibly the cathedral of St.Vitus?) the day before the Kubínová, Kubínová, On the Friday after the secondSunday of Kubínová, Easter. Kubínová, Forthe special status of see imperial relics, Machilek, ”Privatfrömmigkeit und Staatsfrömmigkeit,“ 93. Following thedeath of Ludwig of Bavaria, CharlesIVacquired the imperial treasury from his sonLudwig, the

- - 119- Ostensio The Prague Prague The After negotiations, turris reliquiarum turris Imitatio RomaeImitatio RomaeImitatio RomaeImitatio , 109-110. 679 The core of the treasury was a collection of Passion relics, joined with joined relics, Passion of wasacollection treasury the of core The ostensio , 228-31. , 226-254, editions of orders the 291-298). , 228. Kühne, 673 ) 676 Court Chapels of the and High Late Middle Ages and theirartistic decoration first displayed the imperial treasury imperial displayed the first ) built on the Ox Market in the New Town of Prague on the Feast of Charles obtained the imperial jewels( turris was introduced throughout whole of the Holy Roman Empire, to be to Empire, Roman Holy the of whole throughout was introduced 675 ) to the crowds of pilgrims gathered the on square below eitherin

677 Ostensio Later in Laterin the same year, Charles was given papalpermission to ( Pl. 22, initial, LiberViaticus Johnof ofNew Market (Sroda ginning of the officium ofHolyLance officium the of ginning octave ) , 110. with an sessions depending on the collections of relics. They They relics. of collections the on depending sessions treasury as acomplex ceremony, advertising the Imitatio Romae ey were sentey were toPraguefrom MunichinMarch officium , 228. Also Kühne, written within theclosewritten groupof 678 and other relics in a wooden wooden a in relics and other sacraria imperii sacraria entrée . They arrived first in in first arrived They . Imitatio Romae Ostensio ). ), , 113, the feast 674 memoria pl. 28 a, b, pl. 28a, to whose to , ed. Ji , ed. , 235. , 235. ř í of CEU eTD Collection culminated with symbolsof imperial rule (the sword and crown Bonifacius IX of 7.4.1397. Topographie,“ 196. Kubínová, codexf. IX 58r-60r, 57r-v and 62. Cf. Czechtranslation CPSVP, of original. Latin saints ( of St. Maurice), and the imperial Apostel martyrs St. Peter, Paul and St. John Vitustreasury andcontinued with thePassion relics( startedwith Bohemian patronsaccompanying the relics oftheEvangelistsand popes from the St. 683 682 681 680 time with a different memory. First, reliquary busts First, reliquary memory. a different with time through relics. opportunities indevotional rich aPrague created churches local in displays feastdays andmany of relics displays regular city, in Vyšehrad andVyšehrad B city, in the in relics of displays other two by supported ritual, sacred of periodicity the through also but relics, Prague was not only symbolically laid out through the sacred topography and spatial distribution of ostensio session), ofwhichsome piecesreceived new containers or were newly re-adjusted. (t cross gold the with relics royal the lines, dynastic highlights of metropolitan the treasury of St. Vitus(first sessions) two underpinning Bohemian inventoriedfirst in the asthemost inventories important part of the Cf. treasury. CPSVP, Appendix II. of the land through the and patrons hol from St.Vitus Charles IV that he probably made a copy of it for St. Vitustreasury ( kingship, andtheancient sacred traditions of imperial power. Salvation-bringing Sacrifice companythe in of hisclosest Apostels and aids,the sacred dimension of cathedral St. Vitus. Annus iubileus Themost importantfrom relics (independently the were body part) always inserted in the Other pilgrimage centres wereSedlec near Kutná Horaand the Episcopalchurch in Litomyšl, Hrdina,”Die Kubínová, Kubínová,

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The display wascomposed of relicsfrom the thre The visualformat oftheannual New Townshowing was well organisedand highlighted each The showing was concluded with announcement of the next Year of Grace ( Grace Year of next the of announcement with concluded was showing The capita with the septennial cathedral display of relics, tracing the course of sacred time in the city. city. the in time sacred of course the tracing of relics, display cathedral septennial the with Imitatio RomaeImitatio RomaeImitatio

s. Wenceslai, Viti,Adalberti, Sigismundi ). The program reflected shows manifold and universal meanings including: protection protection including: meanings and universal manifold ). The programshows reflected ) of the septennial cycle, when the Trier Veil of the Virgin would be shown in the the in shown be would Virgin the of Veil Trier the when cycle, septennial the ) of 681 This promotion of the next septennial Prague showing linked the annual the linked showing Prague septennial next the of promotion This , Appendix, 289-90. APH, annual showing: KAPraha, Codex fIX, 38v, - septennial showing , 236. Kühne, ř evnov ( evnov Imitatio Romae Pl. 27, pilgrims badge from Prague from badge pilgrims 27, Pl.

insignia Ostensio y churchy authorities, themostsacred , 226,ftnote 48. Cf. Sekyrka, , 122. with the Holy Lance, whose relic was so important for for so important relic was whose Lance, the Holy with the Evangelist from the royal treasury. The fromthe royal theEvangelist 683 hird session), and the imperial relics (the fourth of saints were shown: first the Bohemian patron patron Bohemian the first shown: were saints of arma Christi ), then ), then the MarcLuke, Evangelists and and e treasuries organised into four sessions: the sessions: four into organised e treasuries

of Charlemagne as well as the sword as wellthe Charlemagne of ) and therelicsof theChains of the Inventá Pl.copy 21c Lance – of theHoly ř ). e 682 , no. 29, p. 90, letter of capita At least four different, Atleast four memoria . Capita 680 The ceremony milostivé léto, léto, milostivé were ofChrist’s ostensio

CEU eTD Collection 1368. annual showing of St. Stephen relic on the saint´sfeast in thechurch of StephenSt. church was already taking place by auro). Parsmense Domini ( sub cruce Domini diciturbeata Virgo habuisse in capite ( Mariae Virginis 688 687 686 685 684 Vitus’ treasury by him. by treasury Vitus’ St. the to donated been had relics the as all himself, Charles and Bohemia in treasury ecclesiastical It Eucharist. the to its reference for was honoured extensive use, precio their of some lost had which those among participationthein displaysis confirmedinventory inthe of1368 since these reliquaries were named The herms’ archdiocese. the to importance their on depending relics of hierarchy the followed inventories the and showing the of theorder Both 1396. of inventory the to up from1355 inventories Gregory) corresponded with the order in which the relics had been written down in the St. Vitus followed by a piece the a followed by of chains of St.JohnEvangelist, the St.Peter, andPaul and part ofthe tunicof St.John theEvangelist, from the St. Vitus treasury toge to the objects’size, form and glittering material. Thefollowing course showed Christ´sPassion relics we have no descriptionritual,the of this Although papacy. the to it linked and tradition sacred Bohemia’s promoted course first The treasury. and the saintpopesUrban finally 247), 247), sudarium 1354, 19, II—1355, 68 ewer— in acrystal habens gemmas quattuor …quaeestantiqua ( ecclesiae.Clavus Christi itemfrom the that royal treasury was given to Queen Elisabeth. Theother relicsweredonated in tothe 1354. treasury by Charles IV at various points of time: Blooded the was in Veil surely St.Vitus before treasury 1354 and it is thelikely crate ferrea 175. in ironcrate— in a gold pectoral— reliquary—rotunda parvaaurea),monstarncia in qua fuit coronatus. De tunica Christi inconsutili( qua ( fuit illusus in the All reliquaries arenow partof in the imperial treasury Vienna ( Otavský, Mosaik “Das am PragerDomunddrei Reliquiare in Prag und Wien, 59. inv. CPSVP, of 1368,The damages XXVII. also concerned the head of reliquary St. Stephen—this implies that the The BloodedVeil I, 1354, (CPSVP no. 15) wellas as The second course (see identifications itemswith the inventory inparentheses): plenarium—in tabula argentea alba vesta

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The third course displayed th course displayed third The It is strikingIt that the order of the head reliquaries (thepatrons, Mark, Luke, Urban and (CPSVP I,1354, 281), ).All relicsare ).All recorded in the inventories of cathedral between the treasury 1355-1368. (CPSVP II, 1355, 66),and possibly II -1355II 686 II—1355, 70 Cathena, per quam fuit missus sanctus Clemens in mare in pariete in capella sanctiWenceslai, inclusa reflecting their repeated use in cere in theirrepeated use reflecting pectorale aureum…sub berillo deinconsutili Domini..) tunica .De cathena ( sancti Clementis , 66. in cristallina). monstrancia Detunica purpurea Christi ( 685 II—1355, 69, inpiece—

in cistula deaurata argentea in qua sub cristallo pars people…cruentati,continetur quod

presepe de tunica Christi purpurea together with together therwith the Veil of the Virginstained by Bloodthe of Christ (the crib, also known as known also crib, (the canula magna cristallina circumdata argento

Gregory—all ofwhose reliquaries were kept intheSt.Vitus e Karlštejn’s royal treasury. royal e Karlštejn’s defilé pars corporali insuta pars mensaeDominicircumdata auropuro pars deligno crucis sancte ) ofbusts must have been an attractive performance due mensale . De ligno crucis( sanctae (CPSVP I, (CPSVP I, 1354, 249), also served to commemorate the most the important tocommemorate served also us stones, probably through careless handling or handling careless through probably stones, us monies and exhibitions before 1368. (CPSVP I, 1354, I,19), (CPSVP The Secular and Ecclesiastical treasuries II—1355, 61,II—1355, 1368-IV, 61, fixed in gold cunabulum = tunicainconsutili 687 ((CPSVP I,1354, 300-1) wereall donated It started with three pieces of the of pieces three with started It Primo peplum cruentatum beatae II - 1355 probably 58) probably 1355 - II de tunica inconsutili -cradle), II—1355, pars mense ). Sudarium( Domini ). De Christitunica alba,in 688 )

. Mensale Domini Mensale . 65 and the Virgin’s veil II—1355, 64 probably 64 II—1355, (CPSVP I, 1354, (CPSVP I, 279), . insmall round (CPSVP (CPSVP I, 1354, : crux : aurea , 178-180, cat. II—1355, 62. –in –in II—1355, (I— 684 that CEU eTD Collection tradition. However, the practice was remembered throughout the fifteenth century. Emperor Emperor century. fifteenth the throughout remembered was practice the However, tradition. holding apiece of the Holy Rood fromTrier, Rood Holy the of apiece holding order of the septennial one inthemeof theseptennial order century., IX Cod. archive chapter the in order the of edition sacristy. The lists may therefore have been compiled sometime between 1368 and1387. 1368 between sometime compiled been have therefore may lists The sacristy. St. Michael’s in kept relics collection” of the “special from second the and inventory of the beginning of arranging and sequence the in especially lists, grave of St.Sigismund ambulatory in the ofSt. Vitus cathedral). missingwas listed as from inventory by the 1365, when itprobably was peobably joinedtothe body at the newly-arranged among the not relics yetfixed in reliquaries), attestedfirst to in thenin1355, 1365and then in 1368. Thehead reliquary The St.Vitus treasury already contained the head of St.Sigismund before 1365 23 (CPSVPII, in head 80,reliquary, (CPSVP 1355,II, 175)from notwhere relicswere takenforshowing. 1368 inventories. and 1387 In 1355, the however, relicof thechain of St. Clement still in thechapel St. of Wenceslas treasury. put on duringdisplay the showing in cathedral .Thismay have preventedbeing awaywith carried other piecesof theroyal Sigismund of Luxemburg. Pope Urban V’scross probably also came into the possessionof the St. Vitus treasury,as it was and second courses ofthe annual display Marketshowing. The inventory of St.Vitus’ treasury of1387 showsremarkable affinity withthe first ther of1362?), jubilee the since (probably 1360s 695 694 693 692 691 690 689 the crib asproof of original its connection to theimperial Kubínová, treasury. am Prager Domund dreiReliquiare in Prag und Wien, 57, 61-7. Kubínová argues for an“ancient”form of adjustment of engraved, niello-like images on agold background telling the legend orCharles’actof donation. Otavský, ”DasMosaik nos. 166-168). Typical of thechain reliquaries (with the exception of thecrib) isthe “narrative” ofstyle elaborated pannum relics from last third the the when the century displacing the Trier’s Trier’s veil. the displacing century the theas piecestained was byChrist’sturned Blood,it into the mostvenerated relic towardsend the of 1365 (the reliquary is knowntheas “Crossof Urban V.”)( cross ( the on nudity Christ’s hiding Romae KA Cod IX,fol. 38v, here onfol. 58r-61r represent the two versions of the cathedral showing. Kubínová, The of order theshowing corresponds best withof the inventory 1387 although the Clement chainmissing St. is from it. The order of St. Vitus relics inthe annual Kubínová Kubínová, The reliquary of the Chains, St.John’s tunic andthe cribmight have comeinto the imperial treasury only inthe time of Šron

- - 122- , 291-298. 291-298. , ě k, “Šlojí The annual displays took place every year until 1417. The Hussite revolt interrupted this interrupted revolt Hussite The 1417. until year every place took displays annual The The order of the display as published by Kubínová by as published display the of order The , the, relic ofSt. John the Evangelist’s cloak and the piece of 695 , Imitatio Romae, Imitatio Itscontents already show theestablished order ofthe annual displayas opposed tothe Imitatio RomaeImitatio ř nejistý,“ 82-3. , 241-4. , 291-294, dating235. coursewere obtained during Charles’ second visit toRome(Christ’s tropolitan church of St. Vitus. tropolitan church St. Vitus. of ostensio pannum 689 693 These relics were all shown shown all were relics These asrenderedinboth the Pra correspond with correspond the situationafter 1355 and alsoappearedin the 690 or loincloth) or givento Charles IVby Popein UrbanV the central piece inthe royal Bohemian treasury. oyal treasury had beenincluded in the annual New the relics in two groups is later, from the beginning of the fifteenth thefifteenth of the beginning is later,from Pl. 33, the so-called CrossofUrban V. 691 must have been established after 1368 established been must have Imitatio Romae gue andMunich editions of the together with the royal cross together royal withthe praesepe : the first being from the , 245, 247. 692

). From theearly 694 Imitatio The Prague Prague The

); CEU eTD Collection respective orders. respective orders. Kubínová, decades later Pavel Žídek, the age”. Three “golden IV’s Charles of memory the evoked event the context—thus, confessional organising the last Prague display of relics following the Charles’ IV model, but in different during every seventh year; by the late 1360s, the septennial display, septennial the late 1360s, the seventh year; by every during VI in VI in 1354. Innocenc from indulgences by was supported Trier Charles IVin by obtained Veil Virgin’s the of third Christ’s Sacrifice, the Trier Veil relic was replaced bythe had also been displayedthe in septennialcycle. takenfrom Trier byCharlesIV in1354, wherebeenit had donated Helen, bySt.and where the relic 700 699 698 697 696 Four yearsafter the establishment ofthe annual displayTown,New inthe relics of display Cathedral the speaker, regrets. cent fifteenth the into long them outlived displays Prague the of memory Prague.The in displayed treasuries imperial having remembered Lobkovice, of Hasištejnský Bohuslav humanist, the noble as As late 1489, Bohemia. relicsto the imperial return king memo the used in 1437 Sigismund during the year aswell. Virg the of the Assumption of feast relicsmainly from the metropolitan treasury of St.Vi ( Mariae virginis Mariae virginis Aquisgrani publico in annoseptimo demonstrantur. Romanorum Pontificum, in monasterio Maximinis. omni publicepopulo solet ostendi,prout e sicuti reliquiae aliae beatae annus gracie annus CPSVP, 31, CPSVP, ft. 2. Kubínová, 35, CPSVP, ft. 1.Papal indulgences AMK, Eršil-Pražák, 82, no. 272, sign. 232, X 22. 30, May 1354. Kühne,

The dates of compilationsthe of inventories preserved of St.Vitus oftenthe treasury coincide with thejubileeyears.

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Originally, the venerated central piece of the showing was the large section of the Virgin’s Veil the of section wasthelarge showing the of piece central the venerated Originally,

Ostensio Imitatio Romae Imitatio RoaeImitatio 697

sive indulgentiarum sive The indulgences were bound to the exhibition of this this relic on thefeastdays shown totheexhibition of bound were The indulgences , chapter III. 1.2., 106-132, knows of onlyone Prague display of (on relics the New Town Market). ...quod quidem peplum venerandum de septimo in septimum annum ibidem, secundum indulgentiam , 226-254, editions 291-298) distinguished between the two and showings published their , 232-3, CPSVP 35, ftnote 1. 699

mentor , annus iubileus annus

in although several displays were displays several although in ry of Prague displays for leg for Prague displays of ry ofthe Hussite king, GeorgePod of 700 ury, raising occasional interest and, depending and,upon depending interest ury, raising occasional ), culminated in a display of relics composed of the the of composed relics of adisplay in culminated ), Due to its emotional charge and as a memory of of amemory and as charge itsemotional to Due tus. The jubilee culminat Bloodied Bloodied itimising his rule in Bohemia by itimising ruleinBohemiaby his organised on important feastdays feastdays important on organised 698 celebrated as the jubilee year jubilee as the celebrated Veil of theVeil of Virgin ( ě 696 brady, demanded thatthe a public displayof one ed the week before the the week before the ed peplum CEU eTD Collection Prague 1541. 1541. Prague beginning, At the displays. annual Newfor used the Town in (1380) chapel Christi Corpus the of balconies the or 1361 relics in of display for used and 1355, IVin Charles by founded Nürnberg, in church Lady saints’ feastsor the royal family. From structural the point view,of it resembles the balcony of Our Hrad were shown fromwere shown thereagain. relics the and interior cathedral the in environment intimate the into it was brought century fifteenth mosaic am Prager Domund dreiReliquiare in Prag und Wien,” 53-72. Otavský callsthe room ( of the pillarsentrance and in thesculptural decoration Gate of (keystones with the symbolic plant ornaments). pieces (where the balcony would suffice). The long with ceremony many relicsevolved later,probably in the late 1360s. display of theVeil; thisarrangement supports the idea thatat thebeginning it included adisplayin of one only orfew since the beginning of theconstruction. The wasalready sacristy built in the first half of1350s before or around the first Chot Petr amindebtedto the cathedral I basilica idea, Otavský,“Das Mosaik am DomPrager und dreiReliquiare in Pragund Wien,“ 56.In their earlyphase, the old Heilige RömischeReich unter den Luxemburgern imeuropäischen Kontext available since since 1367/8, available themshown in the annual display), Hájek as existing until Hájek as 1541. until existing thewindow ofthe upper sacristy inthe northern ambulatory of thecathedral, astructurementioned by 708 707 706 705 704 703 702 701 cruentatum mosaictreasury.the heldmost important wall that relics intheSt.Vitus Christi the hold mandorla around the The Angels wounds. with bleeding mosaic, Christ is depicted but it was it but equallyimportant to accentu patrons, Bohemian the including intercessors the and Days Last the of events the of only not faithful, mosaica oftheJudgement.Last The iconography ofthemosaicand whole the Gate reminded the Independently frommy text, this subject has also beenelaborated onby Otavský in hisarticle Otavský, “Das Mosaik Forexample,Salvation through waspersonifiedthe Sacrifice figures in ofthe the phoenix and pelican on the inner side Václav Hájek of Libo The “windows” of thesacristy reach to the floor like They originally doors. lead toa balcony that had been envisaged 1903. CPSVP, Kubínová, An idea expressed byZoeOpa Šron Eršil-Pražák, 155,551. no. č anech léta 1541 léta anech

- - 124- ě or the were sacristy the likely place for cathedral showings. For information onthe architectural development of indicating (similarly as in Karlštejn) thepreci Karlštejn) as in (similarly indicating ). The Gate served a ceremonial as opposed to to asopposed aceremonial served Gate ). The k, “Šlojí In 1370, the Gate to the cathedral facing the r the facing cathedral the to theGate 1370, In As shown by Otavský and Opa 705 ) in 1390. ) in the cathedral displays may rather have takenthe place wooden on structureattached to ř nejistý,“ 80-82. “ (Onthe unhappy fire that took place inthe Minor Town, in Prague Castle and Hrad č 701 any, “ 704 The Prague church possessed three different relics of the Bloodied veil (oneof Imitatio Romae wasdesigned fordisplay of the St.Vitusrelics ( O neš č i č 706 in alecture atthe conference ť asné p Probably in the political and confessional situation in Prague in the ě bor. bor. 702

, 232-7. ř as themost venerated piece. íhod ate salvation of Christ’s Sacrifice. Christ’s of salvation ate č i ě č , kteráž sestala skrze ohe , the balcony above the Golden Gate of the Cathedral, the of Gate the Golden above , balcony the oyal palace and the courty the oyal palace and Kunst als Herrschaftsinstrument. und Böhmen das frequent, use for special occasions linked with with linked occasions special for use frequent, ous contents of the treasury kept behind the the behind kept treasury the contents of ous , Prague Castle9.- 13.5. 2006. On the same ň v Menšímm sacristia superior 708 707 ě Five of the six st In the central field of the of field central the In Pl. 35,Last Judgement ě na Hrad ard was decorated with with wasdecorated ard ě pražském ina ) the) “safest č any in 1541), in any 709 depicted arma 703

CEU eTD Collection remarkable that the main relics ( main the that remarkable dynastic memory in the Christian tradition. tradition. Christian the in memory dynastic the display were the “domestic” source of the church’s fame anchoring independent Bohemian and (11 and 3). St. John the atBaptist the as Lastintercessors materialisedJudgement throughwas relics shown their the during P St.Vitus choir.On the journey they were reminded of theland’s dynastic history bythe tombs of the pilgrimsfinished their sacred journey at the tomb ofSt. Wenceslas in thesouth-western corner of the The St.Vitus. of grave the to ambulatory eastern the of part the through continued then and shown sacris the by passing ambulatory the through followed Adalbert’s tomb inthe (not existing)yet nave.The route started atthe tomb ofSt.Sigismund, memoria important by marked also was and inside shown relics the saints with the the patron graves of around The interior ofthe cathedral on display days established a pilgrims’ route inside thebuilding centred chur the inside patrons the of altars the on exhibited Sigismund, as well as the head of St. Wenceslaus we was designed toinspire the continuoussolemn movement of pious pilgrimsinside the church. altars. septen the The of and the founders on patrons instruction received have may pilgrims the and chapels ambulatory the in venerated were relics whose 711 710 709 intresor” the cathedral. Domini TrierVeil Virgin’s ( St. numerous Wenceslaus saintly lineage. In additon to the Christ’s relics, those ofthe Virgin were also shown together with Ma the NewTown on annualfeasts the than relics of the cathedral display. Holy Lance)could shown be during any ofthe two afore-mentioned Prague displays, four of them in the ř Kubínová, Kubínová, The preservation and whereabouts of therelic of forceps not is known tome. emyslid kings and the royal memoria inthe Virgin choir. They passed by altars manyof saints, arma Christi

- - 125- Kubínová The cathedral display on the last week before the Assumption put on display a larger selection ). and cult places. The pilgrims entered the sacred space from the West with bowing before St. before bowing with West the from space sacred the entered pilgrims The places. cult and 710 The relics St. ofWenceslaus as thepatron ofBohemiashown in the introductory part of Imitatio RomaeImitatio RomaeImitatio (the Sponge, (thethe oneof Nails,Columnthe 711 first published the order ofthecathedral magnum peplum beate Marie virginis Marie beate peplum magnum , 35,295-298. , 236-7. memoria Veronica capita . However, the most venerated relic venerated most the . However, is also depicted on mosaic.the Golden Gate Thepresence of the Virgin and ) of the Bohemian patron saints St. Vitus, St. Adalbert, and St. ial display was hardly a static ceremony; a rather,ial displayit was hardly re omitted from the list of relics. They were likely They relics. list of fromre omittedthe ch to allow for a solemn circulation of pilgrims. pilgrims. of circulation asolemn for allow to ch rket, but it also put more stress on the Bohemian Bohemian the on more stress put also it rket, but ty where the treasury was kept and the relics relics the and kept was treasury the where ty ) and the the ) and of Flagellation,the of ostensio (AMK, codex IX, 57r-61r). It is It 57r-61r). IX, codex (AMK, Veronica s were the large section of the the section of large the s were ( Holy Cross, and the the and Cross, Holy veronica cum facie facie cum veronica

ostensio

CEU eTD Collection in a reliquary. a in cruentatum the hierarchy ofthesaints. or the histor reliquaries the by body parts ordering themreliquaries combiningsuccessionrelics in of more a with continued then relics, main ofthe a sequence with started section Each Christ. of Passion focussed on St. Wenceslaus, the second session on the Virgin Mary, and the third session on the session first the sessions: three in relics Itstructured context. Bohemian the within relics memorial pr to and pilgrims, the on effect the strengthen to the main relic of the showing was presented—the Trier Veil ( Veil Trier presented—the was showing the of relic main the Then Sepulchre. the from shroud the of a part Louis, and and St. Lawrence Jacob, and Phillip Apostles Domini vexillum Domini, statua celo, de missum Domini, mensale Domini,tunica purpurea, tunica alba, tunica inconsutilis, pars mense, manna ( treasury cathedral the from relics Christ’s and relics Passion the with order of the body-part ( body-part the of order the powde staffand Moses’ Mary, Virgin the of relics MadonnaMetropolitan Aracoelibloodiedfrom the with veil treasury followed by followed hand-shapedby reliquaries ofvarious saints ( 717 716 715 714 713 712 relic was one of two Bloodied Virgin Veils that gained in popularity among pilgrims among popularity in Veilsthatgained Virgin Bloodied two wasone of relic precinctus in cruce unexpected –according Church’s regulations,to the shouldrelics have been not shown bare. similitudinem veroniceRomane proprie the Kubínová, Šron Eg. Both the patriarchs’ reliquary, and the St. Wenceslausmemorial relicsarepreserved. Forthese two approaches, seeStarnawska, Primo cruxaurea Urbani in quapape seucontinetur particulapanno habetur de quodChristus erat cruentato, Veronica

- - 126-

Item de costa sancte Agnetisvirginis... item decosta sancte Elisabeth ě k, ”Šlojí The cathedralseptennial showing united a part ofthe royal treasury with themetropolitan one The third section began with the reliquary cross from Karlštejn (from the royal treasury) along treasury) royal the (from Karlštejn from cross reliquary withthe section began third The The first sequence first The started with thethree patriarchs and the armour Wenceslaus, St. of (comingfrom theKarlštejn treasury and broughttothe cathedralfor the displays). Imitatio RomaeImitatio ( 714 ř nejistý,“ 79-110. item veronica cum facie Domini, quam urbanus papa dedit Karolo imperatori ad ad imperatori Karolo dedit papa urbanus quam Domini, cum facie veronica item . Kubínová, The second round started with importan with started round second The brachium, dens , 296-7. Imitatio Romae 712

Swietych zicyepozicyu ) or form of thereliquary ( formof ) or , 296. ). Following came another Sepulchreshroud, the relics of the ). These items were followed by the relics of the relics of the by followed were items ). These esent the most important the most esent Christ’sandtheVirgin’s ical importanceical – however, pays, less attentionto r ofSt. John theBaptist.sequence A of relics in manus . This system –albeit it reveals certain logic in t Charles’ acquisition of the relic of Charles’the t acquisition of , 368-9. Item magnum peplum beate Virginis beate peplum Item magnum , brachium , Kubínová, imago, ladula imago, pars clavi, due spine de corona corona de spine due clavi, pars ). Some relics were placednot Imitatio Romae ). Then came the memorial memorial the came Then ). ) followed. , 296. This is 717 716

( pannum pannum 715 Pl. 36, This ) and ) and 713

CEU eTD Collection an effort by the Rosenbergs to eq to Rosenbergs the by effort an wasand organisation, ceremony, initscontent which ontheirestatesBohemia, in theRosenberg’s, 237, Laurentius(1954), 442. of theseptennial showing crowds of pilgrimsheading towardsthe Prague feasts in 1369, 1388, and 1398 whenthe jubilee years instruction biblical on legendary and narratives. strategyThe workedwell:sources mention huge providing relic,thus the of the history and donor its of commemoration the with piece connected each of introduction an and singing with combined shows staged were displays the that inferred be can it ex a descriptions Regrettably, no rhythm. developed Bohemian patron saints. universal Christian understanding oftime symbolis and royalmetropolitan treasurieswith the Last Judgement when the “treasury of merits” would be useful. The display presented both the Sacrifice as the pre-requisite for Salvation. Itcomm Christ’s and Judgement, Last the at asintercessor Virgin the Bohemia, in rule Christian epitomising with had parallels reveal Christ the symbolism region. The Prague displays ofrelics became model a for the development of latemedieval pietyin the The Rosenbergs’ Relic in Display Krumlov and its people. land the of protection the in together joined treasuries important most the where land the as Bohemia 720 719 718 for the for pilgrims. Four Western Fathers, St.Nicolaus and other saints.The showing was concluded with a benediction Hrdina, “DieTopographie,“ 196. As in1369, 1388, and 1398, Beneš of Weitmil, Kubínová,

- - 127- 720 With relics, two Prague of the cultWith of displays The programmeofthedisplay accentuatingSt. Wenceslaus, the Virgin andPassionthe of

Soon after its establishment, itwas copied theby second most important noble family in Imitatio RomaeImitatio 718

, 297-8. 719 coincided withthe annual display.From the 1360s, the displays promoted ual the Bohemiantheual king bylegitimisi

the aim of promoting the sacred aimof local Cronica ecclesiae Pragensis Č eský KrumlovSouthernin Bohemia.Behind the ist of these performances, but through comparison comparison through but performances, these ist of emorated the country’s sacred past and pointed to to pointed past and sacred country’s the emorated ed in Karlštejn’s decoration: St.Wenceslaus ed in the mosaic of the Last JudgementmosaicLast ed inthe the with of clearly modelled on thePrague display, marked relics in Prague attained a strong incentive and and incentive a strong attained Prague in relics ,

539/b. Cf. also Kubínová, also 539/b. Cf. ng their rule through the the same through rule their ng traditions in the context of an an traditionsof the context in Imitatio Romae , CEU eTD Collection RerumAustriacarum/Oesterreichisches Geschichtsquellen (Vienna 1865),no.244, 303-4, no.242, 300-1. Krumlov. century) the 14th Pangerl, Corpus Christi; the procession on this feastday continued even in later periods. later in even continued feastday this on procession the Christi; Corpus Rosenberg’s roses, and a reliquary of Mary Magdalen), Mary of reliquary a and roses, Rosenberg’s institutions, several from the Cistercianmonastery of Vyšší Brod (alargegold cross, reliquarya with religious fromseveral for display brought were relics The each year. of Sunday Trinity the on time of ahead announced was event the of The date Krumlov. in church Franciscan the to attached platform sons werePeter IIof Rosenberg, Jošt(Jodocus), Old detailed account is lacking. lacking. is account detailed broad public penitence all illuminate the possible format of the Prague showing, for which such a moseveral here (read fromrelics The details of the Krumlov ceremony, i.e. the use of a speaker, the setting, the composition of the T settled in and her sons,to bring their relics therein person fora publicpresentation. Later also the Augustinians, were bound by a promise given to the founders of the Franciscan monastery, Kate monastery, Franciscan of to the founders the given a were by promise bound collected in theFranciscan monastery in Krumlov.The source reports that themonasteries involved Rosenbergs,Zlatáand Koruna (originallyroyal foundation);all objects shownin the display were 727 726 725 724 723 722 721 responses, sermons on moral issues, andthemass. German, singingand Czech in lector a by explanation aspoken clergy, the by relics of exhibition the ceremony public describes indetail bilingual preserved and edited. and preserved pious models. The Krumlov display took place annually place took display Krumlov The models. pious Krumlov between 1420 and1470) Krumlov Böhmen zurFeierdes40 Jährigen Bestandes 27.5. 1902 Müller, “K výtvarné charakteru kultury,“ 521. Katerina, born Schaumburg, widow of of Petr I Rosenberg, aclose courtier of John of Luxemburg Charles IV. and Her Description “Ukazování Tadra, in sv. ostatk Valentin Schmidt, “Das Krummauer Heiltumfest,“ in Jan Müller, “K charakteruvýtvarné kultury Ferdinand Tadra,“Ukazování sv. Ostatk

Tadra, Tadra,

- - 128- Urkundenbuch B. des Zisterzienserstiftes Mariae V.zuHohenfurtin Böhmen Scholars have had luckwith the Krumlov displayssince the order ofthe display been has ě ve XIV.v “ Ukazování ostatk ř ebo Č ň asopis Muzea Království in 1367, took part in the annual event, event, annual the in part took 1367, in ě ku,“ 173-4. ku,“ 173-4. 723 ů An important source for learning about the format of display, this source this display, of theformat about learning for source important An v Č Um eském Krumlov ě ní 33,1985, 521.

nastic) institutions, liturgical singing, and institutions,singing, nastic) theencouragement liturgical of ů v č eského Č ů Č v eského Krumlova vletech1420-1470“ the (On artproduction of eském Krumlov Č ě v XIV. eském Krumlov ř 73 173-4. Indulgences (1899), of Bonifacius IXfor the showings in ich (Ulrich), and John. (Prag, 1902), 116-125. Tadra, “Ukazování sv. Ostatk Festschrift desVereinesfür die DeutschenGeschichte der in ě , which, included a procession through Krumlov, ku,“ 432-7, esp.434 ft. 4. Cf. Appendix II,15, Matthias 724 ě The actual displays took place on an elevated ve XIV. v XIV. ve ě enriching it with relic v XIV. 721 between 1358 and 1417 on the feastof the on 1417 and 1358 between 725 ě and old family foundation of the of foundation family old and ku“ (Displayof relics in ě ku,“ 432-7. , Diplomataria etActa 23, Fontes 722 s from their treasury. their from s

ř ina of Rosenberg of ina Č eský Krumloveský in ů v Č Č eský eském 727 726

CEU eTD Collection foundation and place, and burial foundation (Prague: (Prague: Artefactum, 371-81. 2007), note(Short onmeaning the original ofthe knotted in veil) guardian orsacristan ofmonastery. the Tadra, “Ukazovánísv. Ostatk ipseabbastunc officium non interesset, et faciat populoreliquias ostendat.” personaliter apoortare, populo ostenderesine et inpensis et cura fratrumreducere, etsi maior ipso abate pro subscripseruntin perpetuumpropredicta solempnitate corporis Christi adconventum fratrumminorum inChrumpnaw angelis ipsamymaginem tenentes, totum deargento deaurato, sicut se dominis fundatoribus eorum etnostris lapides cristallinos, sub reliquiequibus multorum sanctorum continentur, alia ymaginecum s.MarieMagdalene et duobus monstrancias, tabulas argenteas deauratas, quarum una habet tres argenteas ymagines in superficie, in medio quinque super calicem cumaliis reliquiis, videlicet cruce aurea, in qua de lingomagna pars domini inclusa est,et duas Principaliter monstranciamdeferat cum hostia sacra,qui debet, missam eciam summamcantare ponaturque monstrancia habeat et curateinvigilet, quod monstrancieomnes iden integer numero recipiat abillis, quibus easdistribuit. not explain, why hethinks itwas the task of abbot of ZlatáKoruna. The text edition of Tadra: not ZlatáKoruna. As thesource speaks all the time of a single abbot,it wasprobably theabbot Brod. of Tadradoes Vyšší stated that relics the the abbot brings (seebelow), belongedto Vyšší Brod(cf. 15, Appendix II, and laterin the text) and for leading the procession and accept relicsfrom otherinstitutions. Itis probablymistake a cf.(?), 434,ft. 4,whereit is surrounded by singers and musicians. and singers by surrounded men four a by in chest carried were The relics were present. if they dignitary any by higher replaced be could mass; he the sing and ceremony the of opening the at procession the lead display, the for relics 731 730 729 728 and theVeil, with which Christ’s eyes were covered during the mocking scene. Thorns, of Crown the from Thorn a with together was shown Rood Holy of a piece cross with gold a large Then, German. and Czech in confession public ajoint with started ceremony The church. the of Annunciation the and Christi Corpus of church manner,this In the processionarrived at the parish church ofSt.Vitus inKrumlov. of Vyšší Brod, who carriedthe Corpus Christi under a silk canopy withimages of thefour Evangelists. Then three boys announced the coming ofthe consecrated Host by ringing bellsin front of theabbot third round. shown. was that eachrelic to songs sang boys a of choir ground, higher side, on opposite the German. On in viewing. The speaker guided people through the ceremony, introducing each relic,first in Czechthen better for around them turning gathered, faithful the where directions all in relics the display to obliged Forpublic veneration of this relic, seeŠron Forthis relic, missing in St.Vitus treasury, see Klára Benešovská, ”Drobná poznámka p k As thereliquaries werenumerous and couldnot all becarriedin asingle other chest, arrangements were made senior by , Tadra “Ukazování ostatk

- - 129-

In the display, the abbot of the Cistercian monastery in Vyšší Brod, the traditional Rosenbergs’ Singing Singing In theIn third showed Christs’ babycloths andthe Blooded VeilshownwereVirginthe of in the 731 In the last and fourth round the relics of the most popular saints were announced and were announced saints popular most the relics of the round fourth and last the In Te Deus laudamus Te Deus ů , v Č 728 eském Krumlov was obliged to bring th bring to obliged was and and

ě 729 k, “Šlojí Salve regina Salve Others threw flowers and twigs in front of the procession. ě v XIV. v vXIV. ř nejistý“, 79-110. Žena ve ě the Virgin where the relics were displayed outside outside were displayed relics the where Virgin the ku,“ 433, thatthinks the KorunaZlatá abbotwas responsible , the procession returned back to the Franciscan Franciscan the to back returned procession the , e Corpus Christi in an Corpus Christi e č lunu ů v , Kate Č eském Krumlov

ř ina Horní ina č ková, and Michal Šron ě v v XIV. ů ostensory … “(abbas?)(custo)diam … “(abbas?)(custo)diam vodnímu významu to 730 ě The priests were ku,“ 434. , collect all all the , collect ě k, eds. č enice“

CEU eTD Collection turned the display into elaborate public family family public elaborate into display the turned of Christ’sSacrifice and the patronageactivity ofthe Rosenbergs.On their landsthe Rosenbergs Treasury family. founding the of focused on the Passion, to structure the ceremony intofour rounds, and in the omnipresent promotion alternatives to the famous Prague relics.Prague displays inspired the Rosenbergs to chose relics Nicolaus (this saint is included in the septennial Prague Brod) the Virgin’s veil is stained by Christ’s blood. Peter I of Rosenberg (died 1347), husband of for example,the on Crucifixion of theVyšší Brod painted cycle(probably from Krumlov or Vyšší and theBloodied Veil of theVirgin.reliclastThe changes in thecomposition ofthe relics; the relic of the knotted Veilcovering theeyes ( sins. their confess to encouraged were the people and clergy participating the for was held Christi imperial powerdisappear from program. the region. Other Passion relics followed: the kno the followed: relics Passion Other region. it that was fact included inth P itsfounder by monastery Cistercian tothe donated round, second the of part was as then Zlatá shown of Thorns monastery. Crown Koruna’s the founders the famous of Thorn present)commemorating Christ’sPassion, and piety and power ofthe Rosenbergs’ ancestors, the the until (preservedup Brod Vyšší of cross large gold a with opened display The their honour. in ceremony, Kate maintain thememory of the Rosenbergs as powerful and pious benefactors. At the endof the 732 by the Rosenberg family gathered in the Krumlov ca Krumlov the in gathered family Rosenberg the by ceremony, the alms were distributed to the poor. Then all went to lunch—high church officials invited were preached inthe open air alternatively,or, the pilgrims wereallowed to attend themass. After the sermons and four groups into was mass. Thecrowd divided celebrate the to altar previously, the on Christi Corpus placed had they where church the to returned officials church The showing. year’s next speaker announced that papal indulgences would awarded be tothe pilgrims and invited them to the for end,the as founders the weresaid the donors of event and of relics the well. At the prayers the shown. These relics included teeth of St. John the Baptist, St. Peter, St. Nicolaus, and others. Then Comparatively less space was givenBohemian to the patrons than in metropolitanthe showings and hintsat androyal

- - 130- The composition of the display toa large extent followed Prague’s annual display. There are In comparison to the Prague Prague the to comparison In ř ina and her sons were commemorated as the patrons and a memorial prayer was said said was prayer memorial a and patrons the as commemorated were sons her and ina e display symbolisedthe politicale display objects, words and prayers combined to commemorate the salvation salvation the commemorate to combined prayers and words objects,

displays, the Krum program in memoria tted Veil covering the eyes of Christ, Veilcovering the eyestted Christ, of already enjoyed popularity representations; in visual enjoyed popularity already stle. Afterlunch, aLatin . 732 ostensio

), and the baby clothes were added as success of the Rosenbergs in the in the Rosenbergs the of success lov wasstraightforward, to lov lesson on the Corpus the on lesson ř emysl Otakar II.The Otakar emysl mensale to č enice Domini, ), St. CEU eTD Collection revealing the relics inside, revealing the confirming the properorigin ofrelics itcontained. brothers the by signed and 1354 of charter the in Supper tablecloth ( the on panel held the most important relics of th She donated the reliquary to Vyšší Brod Vyšší to reliquary the donated She IV. Charles of the court at herhusband through obtained have might she which relics, of donor renown gift bytheirmother Kate 737 736 735 734 733 ( been asilver(gilded?) reliquary panel ( relics. these of donors as the were listed Pardubice of Ernest Archbishop IV,of Louis Charles contemporaries her recently: he came to relics Thereliquary 1463-1464. between Vyšší Brod in 1463-1464. in Brod Vyšší with identical probably is which angels, the by carried as taking part intheshowing. as taking part donations of Charles IV. the wasamong pre-1350 which relic, St. Vitus from the Prague originated probably Krumlov in shown Veilthe Blooded in and its the initiated promotion Kate 434,ft. 4. 304, seeAppendix II, 15. 15. II, Appendix ipsam ymaginem tenentes, totum deargento deaurato… quibuscristallinos, sub multorum reliquie sanctorum continentur, alia ymagines cum Marie Magdalene et duobus angelis cum calice aureo infrascripto calice aureo cum sunt donata nostro monasterio Johannis et Vlrici J(o)doci Petri dominorum nobilium matre Sawnberg s de Katherine domine nobilis remedium anime ob que rosis, cum …tabulam hriven..., 19 ruozemi in modum rose crystalline rose in modum Cf. Pangerl, Pangerl, Pangerl, Cf. Pangerl, …tabulas argenteasdeauratas, quarum una habet in tresargenteas ymagines superficie, in medio quinque lapides ř ina, close ally of the Luxemburgs and likely donor of the cycle, apparently possessed the relic of of the relic possessed apparently cycle, the of donor likely and Luxemburgs the of ally close ina,

- - 131-

From the description of the Rosenberg reliquary itcan inferredbe thatit may possibly have Two, so far unknown,but important reliquaries from Vyšší Brod treasury have been identified identified been have treasury Brod from Vyšší reliquaries important farunknown,but so Two, Urkundenbuch vonHohenfurth Urkundenbuch vonHohenfurth Urkundenbuch von Hohenfurth Urkundenbuch von Hohenfurth

mensale 734 ř

ina (died 1355), who followed theP is identicalis with aremarkable reliqua ) decorated by rosettes containing theRosenbergcoat ofarms ( ) while ) statuettesthe while theSt. Wenceslaus ofSt.John Baptistand held the The second item, the reliquary with reliquary seconditem, th the The ) 733 737 revealing the numerous relics revealing relics inside. Three or the statuettes relief figures numerous Thefirstis a reliquary panel withthe image of St. MaryMagdalene

, 111-112, Appendix II, no. 15. 15. no. II, Appendix 111-112, , 1354. 5.10. Krumlov in written 104, no. 111, , , no. 242, p.300-301, confirmed by Abbot Thomas in 1464,no. 244, p.303- , 242, 300-1, confirmed by Abbot 1464, Thomas see in 303-4, 244, tabula 736 where islisted it among the things returned sometime Tadra, “UkazováníTadra, ostatk ) with a crystal oculi in the form of a five-petalled rose afive-petalled form of the in oculi crystal with a ) 735 e reliquary. The angel held The angel a e reliquary. cross withthe Last Hungary, Nicolaus, patriarch of Aquileia, and and the patriarch Aquileia, of Nicolaus, Hungary, Peter, Jodocus, Ulrich and John of Rosenberg, Rosenberg, John of and Peter, Ulrich Jodocus, r posession mostly through Prague, and relatively relatively and Prague, through mostly r posession visual media. The Rosenberg’s relic of the Veil Veil the relic of Rosenberg’s The media. visual The panel was bought and made into a valuable a valuable into made and was bought panel The the silver gilded the panel ry panel ofthe Rosenbergsmentioned ř emyslid queensmade and herself a ree silver images and a crystal rose ů , v Č eském Krumlov of the saintreturned to ě vXIV. v item tabula item tabula ě ku,“ CEU eTD Collection 1450) Melantrich, (Prague: 1940). powerin but Krumlov, italso helped todemonstratethe independent authority of the Rosenbergs. localshared memory. BothPragueand in Krumlov, publicdevotion relics grew of into displays of monasteries becamea symbol of the Rosenbergs’ supremacy thein region, family representation and in the contacts between Krumlov and Prague. Rosenberg, canon in St. inPragueandVitus provost of theAll Saints church in themight Prague Castle, have played a role Prague cathedral treasury is remarkable. the Besides effort to imitate the personality thecathedraltreasury, of of Petr II Prague goldsmith workshops. However, only onehas survi arms. Similarly as in theNativity of the Vyšší Brod cycle withthe Rosenberg’s coats-of-arms, coat-of- their rose, five-petal the in here symbolised representation, family’s Rosenberg the in piece second part ofthe display or several timesduring the whole ceremony. 740 739 738 nationalities, theCzechsand nationalities, Germans. The understanding ofthe salvation message, but they also fosteredcohesion between the local two abetter to contributed only not they languages, vernacular using and bilingual ceremony the keeping support to potential the displays’ on counted They beyond the borderstheir of territory, ment not to to contributed they which through ceremony annual of Charles IV and provided access to Salvation and the miraculous power of relics by organising an relics, the Rosenbergs posed next to the Bohemian and other European rulers. They followed theidea of display important an organising By kingdom. the in family important second most as the position theambitious family. In imitation ofPrague’s display, theRosenbergs were keen to promote their for achievement was aremarkable region the in treasuries church important most the of presentation suppliers of some of the most important relics. memorialised the donor and her family, promoting their role as initiators of the ceremony and reliquary communicated the family’s piety and status. Beyond the power of the relics, the reliquary metropolitan treasury. of which eight were relics theof Apostels), most of them probably originating in the Prague respective teeththese of saints. císa and in St.Vitus treasury, Antonín Mat Antonín Listed in Pangerl, This formof with reliquary statuettes on aplatformbecame fashionable aroundmiddle the offourteenth inthe century ř zBožímilosti

- - 132- Together with the gold cross of Vyšší Brod, this reliquary panel seems have to been the central Although the Krumlov showing was of lesser extent than the showing in Prague, the combined the in Prague, combined the showing than lesser extent wasof showing theKrumlov Although ě j č ek, , cat.no.41, 152). Probably this isthe type of wasmentioneda reliquary also inthe Karlštejn Accounts Urkundenbuch Hohenfurth Č eská malba malí gotická.Deskové Karel IV., císa Karel IV., 739 Their composition suggests that the reliquary was probably shown during the during shown was probably the reliquary that suggests composition Their Karel IV, císa 738 ř The reliquarycontained many other relics (seventy-eight altogether, z boží milosti boží z

, 111-112.The theway composition of the collectionfollowed thatfrom ř zBožímilosti , 144. ř ostensio ved, the reliquary with Man ofSorrow of Baltimore ( ství 1350-1450 ionadditional spiritualand economical its effects. , cat. no. 9a,87-89. their local popularity and advertised theirfame advertised and local popularity their local patriotism and loyality to the rulers. By rulers. the to and loyality local patriotism of joint treasuries in southern Bohemian southern Bohemian treasuriesin ofjoint (Czech Gothic painting. Panel painting 1350- Karel IV., 740 the CEU eTD Collection 2002), Josef Macek, questions for their contemporaries. What is the role role the is What contemporaries. their for questions Milí return. Amidst the Antichrist’s timesof the and Janov the critique was intwinned with their eschatology and they viewed contemporary times as Grace. God’s Milí With commercializing and indulgences “trade” in through ascorrupt perceived fundamentals,it criticized bad the morals ofcontemporary Church’sreligious practice thatwas re firstcritics generation of the conflict. Although the of sides both on identity-construction of core the became treasuries of use theactual therefore becamemainthe field controversy. of The problem was soimportantthat religious practice and were foundformer in houseof Mladá Boleslav. Approachingend the of the 14 1.1 Againstinventions” “human 1. The Cult under Critique preserved from the late 16 have not gone into thisproblem. kept The forBrethens objects first but theservice, the inventories of housesare Brethen denied keepingany luxury, or Asitsriches. activity aswell asreligious practicecan bebetter followed onlyafter 1500, I Pilgrimages in European culture “Ansichten böhmischender Utraquisten des15. Jahrhunderts zurWallfahrt,” in Macek,Josef Struktury, ideje procesy, (Hussite Revolution), vols. 1-4 Karolinum—Universita(Prague: Karlova, 1993), František Šmahel, Catholic minority.Catholic wing, radical theCzech after elimination po the of The Hussite religious wars resulted in a profound change in the confessional map confessional the in change profound a in resulted wars religious Hussite The 743 742 741 Treasury the of Reformation VI. werespreading amongPrague preachers. The first generation, represented Milí by of Krom 1415 led to the outbreak of the Hussite revolt, marking the beginning of Bohemian Reformation. of beginning the marking revolt, Hussite the of outbreak the to led 1415 Jacobellus of Miesat the beginning of the fifteenth century. Hus’ death atthestake in Constanz in Themap confessional ofBohemia complicated with the creation of the Unity ofmembers Brethen in whose 1457, From parallel the1420s, Hussite church administrative structures had already been formed. Blanka Zilynská, Out of the vast generalliterature on theBohemianmainly Reformation have I used František Šmahel,

- - 133- Withinthe theological discoursethe ofBohemian Reformation, questionsreligious of practice

ěř íž) and Matthew (Mat Jagellonský v Víra a zbožnost Jagellonského v 743 (Hussite Bohemia. Structures, processes, ideas) (Prague: Lidové noviny, 2008), on the later period

th ě century. Recently, a century. new collection of and of sources inventories Brethen religious houses k v č , 80. eských zemích

th ě century, criticalvoicesagainst j) of Janov, was followed by John Hus, Nicolaus of Dresden and and Dresden Nicolaus of Hus, John by Janov, was followed j) of

(Jagellonian time in the Lands), Czech vols. 1-4 (Prague: Academia, 1992- ě ku (Faith and ofpiety Jagelloniantime) Argo, (Prague: 2001). pulation split between anUtraquistmajority and a of the saints and their remains in Salvation? Could Could in Salvation? theirremains and the saints of č ’s and Janov teachings there resonated crucial crucial resonated there teachings Janov and ’s lied on biblical exegesis and basic theological exegesis theological onbiblical and basic lied Wallfahrten inder europäischen / Kultur contemporary expressions ofpiety č 742 Husitské ofCremsier (Milí of Bohemiaand, Husitská revoluce Č echy. 741 č č

CEU eTD Collection of Matthew ofJanov, the Master), Paris ed.Jana Nechutová, and Helena Krmí /Mathias de Janov,Testamenti Regulae et Novi Veteris Testamenti New testaments), place of relicsand imagesinchurches. On the basis ofthe original biblical texts (Laws, i.e. Old and the on position his explain to support biblical thorough and words uses morecareful he early 1390s, views—misleads thefaithfulidolatry. to his to that—according relics and images of cult the on views his recant to forced was colleagues movement. Currently, scholars prefer to use the term“pre-mature” Reformation. husitských “reformátor the Virgin. Kristína Sedlá Church was in direct opposition to the contemporary 15 contemporary the to opposition direct wasin Church of misleading people.andHus With Jacobellus,the opinion prevailedreligious that the life theearly of were not only superfluous,theybut represented the directinventions ofthe Antichrist withthe purpose the of purified Christ) Christ) 749 748 747 746 745 744 for Salvationfor and preferred a“practicalapplication ofLaw the ofGod”, towards one’sSalvation? weapon bethe actually not they May counterproductive? actually they orare salvation in role apositive play relics and as images such oftreasuries filledwith churches relics and shiny reli background, more radical Hussites repeatedly objected to to objected repeatedly Hussites more radical background, statement, evenduring the radical years, cf. my subchapter onthe destruction of treasuries. concludes that“iconoclastic ardour was part of the implementation of “Lawthe of God”.This isa very simplified sacerdotes dotatos, vel quanta ydola sunt in ecclesiis, ut ymagines, pepla images and statues— (cult) universitatis Brunensis Views of Hussite“reformists” on the images)” Želivského. Výborzkázání Church. religious practices that were not mentioned inBible, the but were observed by thecontemporary The theological roots of theHussite led critique A. toMolnár explain Bohemian Reformation asthefirstReformation Among others articles, he was accused of the the criticising indulgences archbishop awardedto a“beautiful” image of Matthewat St. waspreacher Nicolaus Church in PragueOld Town, thefifthand wrote Fudge, The “Law”, 52. Amedeo Molnár, Thomas J.Fudge, “The LawofGod. Reform and Religious Practice in Late MedievalBohemia”

- - 134- In In Matthew the synod in autumn 1389, of Janov Reformer thinkers were sceptical were sceptical thinkers Reformer of his 746 in early 1390s. Full edition

Regulae veteris et novi testamenti novi et veteris Regulae human inventions human Jan Želivský. Dochovaná kázání zr.1419 749 F48 (2004), 27-8. ů he he rejects theimagesand idols(i.e. any ” na obrazy ” naobrazy (Jacobellus of Mies and so-called Sermon the in Tyne churchof January 31, 1417. č ková, “Jakoubek zeSt , Amedeo ed.(Prague: Molnár, Úst ydola ashuman“ inventions: s of Antichrist tryings of todeceive Canoneactually them? work Z páté knihy Starého i Nového Regulí Zákona Mat of the contemporary Church. In Milí

Opuscula facultatis Studia historiae minora artium. philosophicae ř íbra a tzv. Týnské kázání z 31. ledna 1417. Názory p 748 about the rolematerialof and In his fifth chapter chapter fifth his In (From the fifth book of the Regulae of the Old and New Testament Testament and New the Old Regulae of the fifthbook of the (From Opie Christe, quanta ydola in statuerunt principes Praga, ( Rules of the Old and New Testament ř (John of Želiv. Preserved sermons of 1419) in ední církevnínakladatelství 1954), 79. Želivský about relics, quaries help in the process? Do the objects of cult cult the objectsof Do the in helpprocess? quaries 747 th who was inspired by Milíwho wasinspiredby traditiones humane traditiones century practices of the Church. Withcentury this oftheChurch. practices .“ AlsoThe “Law”, Fudge, Fudge62. (p.63) cult objects cult č De Corpore Cristi(On theBody of ková (Munich: 1993), Oldenbourg 26. 744 č visual visual memories ofthesaints ) in the church space. Earlier Earlier space. church the in ) i.e. the biblicaltradition was and Janov, these inventions inventions these Janov, and

ě book of je z Janova, Mistra Pa Janova, Mistra je z 745 (or “ Regulae Veteris et Novi Veteriset Novi Regulae BRRP č ř edhusitských a , with two of his of two with , lidské nálezky ) writteninthe 1(1994), 51-2. Výzva Jana actively ř ížského ížského ”),

CEU eTD Collection development in the fifteenth century. the existence and content of church treasuries in Bohemia and marks the beginning of their century.It isfor this reason that Matthew’s, as wellthe as critiques of other writers,directly touches fourteenth end the of the at treasuries core church of the comprised relics, and images devotional veneration of their appropriateness and nature their Bohemia” the of chapter fifth the in together handled were represented aparallelproblem for Matthewasboth similar views onrelics.Tomy mind, they cannotseparated, be devotionalartworks and relics however,researchers, Matthew’s of devotion andrelicsthat toimages the Emperor 2002), 139-140. regulí that measures were taken against their apparent orexcessive veneration. commemorative function then they could remain in the church as far as he was concerned provided adoration of people, bowing, burning candles, gathering of people, or pilgrimages. in people, or of gathering candles, burning bowing, people, of adoration relics) stems from Antichrist rather than Christ, and manifest in doubtful miracles, unreserved 757 756 755 754 753 752 751 750 Matthew only categorically Matthew only objects intheir treasuries. objects use imagesof inchurches under certainconditions, idea to nearing sawMatthew—wrongly—as research images other unworthy people, who bully people to get their money. their get to people bully who people, unworthy other no basis for an improper adoration of relics for of relics adoration im or no basis an improper provide they so however, evaluated, and researched carefully be to needed images ortheir saints the InJanov, the term Halama, Ota …abhominacio (insit errecta templo Dei, temporis nostris) et eciam inBohemia. Matthew accounts provides rare of acts of ‘extreme’ piety, hehad heardof, e.g., hanging of Mainly the part Z páté knihy regulí Z páté knihy Regulí Z páté knihy Regulí , 36.

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756 In the In the In course of the two decades after the death of Charles IV, Matthew opposes exactly the form form the exactly opposes IV,Matthew Charles of death the after decades two the of course In in the churches as such. If they ornamented the church, served to teach the laity, or had a had or laity, the teach to served church, the ornamented they If such. as churches the in 753 and criticised the tactics and of churches to Otázka v svatých Z páté knihy regulí Regulae De ymaginibus in templis velstatuis ymago , 27. , 38. , 25-26 , Matthew abhored “the terrible things errected in the churches at the time in in time the at churches the in errected things terrible “the abhored Matthew , should be understood close biblical to the sense, as any figurative in imagery the cult context. 754 rejects the “excesses” rejects č eské reformaci In his view, images and relics were often abused by greedy priests or or priests greedy by abused were often relics view, and images his In , 28-29, 31. critique of contemporary religious art is better known than his than known better is art religious contemporary of critique

(The Question of inBohemian Saints Reformation) (Brno: Marek L. , in Z páté knihy regulí ages. Matthew spoke of shaking these images in front front in images these of shaking spoke Matthew ages. Regulae veteris et novi testamenti veteris etnovi Regulae 751 tried so much to promote inBohemia. Tomodern of their cult. The exaggerated cult of images (and (and images of cult exaggerated The cult. their of werethe manifestations of the cult saints,of and s Matthew reality, the iconoclasm;of in opposes 750 belongs to our study, as cult objects, both both objects, cult as study, our to belongs wns in attracting the famouspilgrims through and did not deny the merits of the saints; saints; the of merits the deny not did and 755 , 31,37. Matthew wasagainst not the use of 757 Any miracles assigned to to assigned miracles Any ex voto . The discourse on on discourse The . 752 objects. objects.

Z pátéknihy CEU eTD Collection Therefore, for example, such cult-provoking relics should be respectfully placed inside the altars. the inside placed respectfully be should relics cult-provoking such example, for Therefore, theirreported poweris comingfrom Christ orthe Antichrist, i.e. ifthe object wastrue ordamned. teachings) (Praha: Náklademfordu jubilejního král. be if imagesattracted toomu andrelics Tábor pieces. Kybal, the church in or if disgrace it believed is that asculpturemiracles, couldperform the sculpture shouldbroken be into appealed reveredor to by kneelingand burning candlesfront in them.”of deceived people into the sin of idolatry, “they (the images) should be burned and destroyed, not the eschat from people for itsconsequences about of idolatry thatcould placesouls in danger oflosing one’s soul to perdition. Quite alotactually was at stake here,improper veneration (albeit unconscious) of objects was a form generally assumed. Still, atthe end of Janov’s life,a priest of similar orientation, Jakub Mat Charles IV,and before 1400. Hisviews resonated in contemporary Prague more than has been 764 763 762 761 760 759 758 hiddenand the image destroyed. All reverence should be givento the Corpusand Blood ofChrist. vene inappropriate such case of a If Antichrist. the by induced when sinful, and dangerous can be fact,they In them. honoured who people the for them represented represented mind as well as honour given to the living “saints”, the living to given as honour aswell mind his in acceptable was the saints of veneration Proper well. as them kissing and embracing and them of his mind, moreover, often veneratedat theexpenseof the Corpus Christi, careful and insightful viewer as Matthew,the same policies were manifestedin the growing number of a such To centre. pilgrim’s and religious a Prague made that impact their and saints of cult the foster the central position of the Eucharist in the cult. the in Eucharist the of position central the on shade cast that images against Old Town the in church St. Nicolaus in preached publicly Kaplice Josef Krása,“Husitské obrazoborectví: poznámky k jeho (Hussiteiconoclasm: studiu” notes on the study)“ Kybal, Even if an moreimage is venerated than images other e.g.bykneeling orburning it candles, should bethrown out of Vlastimil Kybal, Sedlá Z páté knihy Regulí Z páté knihy regulí hidden from public view 8 (1985), 13.

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č Matthew criticised Matthew’s critique was aimed at the accelerated religious activity in Prague after the death of of death afterthe Prague in activity religious accelerated the at wasaimed critique Matthew’s ková, “Jakoubek ze St Mistr Mat Mistr Mat human inventions human Mistr Mat ě j , 28,30. , 136. , 25. ě j , ft on p.134. Z páté knihy regulí ě j z Janova. Jeho Jeho zJanova. j ř íbra,“ 32. excessive (but notnecessarily destroyed!),faithful asnonethe of could sure be that . 762 People should not believe that God enacted any miracles through through miracles any enacted God that believe not should People

devotion of relics and images he saw around him and worried ch of the attention of the faithful Matthew suggested they should should they suggested Matthew faithful the of attention the of ch , 31. č innost, spisy innost, spisy a u č eské spole 764 Previouschapters describe 758 ration occured, therelics ration č nosti nauk 1905), 19-20, 131-2. 19-20, 1905), nauk nosti the true Christians among the people. However, the people. among thetrueChristians ological point of view. As these cult objects objects cult Asthese view. of point ological č ení (Master Matthew of Janov. His activity, writings and and Janov.Matthew writings of His activity, (Master 760 Images and were and relics to Images the policies employed to should be thrown out or out be thrown should 761 Z páté knihy regulí although they only they although Husitský ě , 34. j ů 763 v of v of 759

CEU eTD Collection avoiding sinful riches, thefaithful collectedthetrue treasure thesauros interiores wereidentif that virtues but money, or standpoints ofMilí Hus, ofMaster Charles recommendations,Positions, University. and sermons) (Praha: SPN, 1958), 63. Anežka Schmidtová, ed., miracle-making as being one possible sign of the Antichrist’s activity. of relics as true treasures inHus’ writing. Hus reservedly issued warningsabout ostentatious public thepractice of pilgrimagesrelicsto in general.the On other hand, Ihavenot found any strong praise complete and thereforecould be present on earthany in other formthanthe Eucharist, he consented to heaven to rose Christ of Body the basis, theological a on Blood Christ’s of miracle Wilsnack’s their neverdoubting relics, of images veneration and Unlike his later followers Janovof and Hus, Hus remained onorthodox groundwhenspeaking of not not kings orprinces, but rather prieststheas direct were of warnings addressees the time, this later. At half-a-century Husapproximately John of those benefit. Similar (moral) reform-oriented thoughts brid (who speaks to all of God’s community) or Charles IV (who speaks to lay rulers) Hus paid more Hus paid rulers) lay to speaks IV(who or Charles community) God’s all of to speaks (who 767 766 765 the Virgin Veil and the Passion relics in Prague Castle at the beginning of the fifteenth century. fifteenth the of beginning atthe Castle Prague in relics the Passion Veil and Virgin the of the displays sees problemHázmburk, in Hus no of Zajíc John archbishop Prague by ordered text the he opposed themiraclesofChrist’s in Blood Wilsnack inhis tractate ( exegesis biblical the with ground common shared images and relics to devotion exaggerated towards standpoint negative His critique. his of heart the at lay veneration their of nature ambivalent ambivalent religious artworks and cult objects exhibited for veneration in the church interior. The with similarwith implications morality.In forpersonal his in IV Charles as treasure of meaning moral same the to referred Hus preaching, his In return. Jaroslav Eršil, Jaroslav Eršil, ed. (Prague: Academia 160-161. 1966), and fear of personal deception fr fearpersonal deception and of biblicism “ John Hus, Zilynská, “Ansichten,“ 82. Ergo quere bonos mores thesaurus interiores. Vincegemmas, sperneaurum,quia verum sic colliges thesaurum

- - 137- In the Master John Hus, however, did not follow Janov’s eschatological and biblical arguments when when arguments biblical and eschatological Janov’s follow not did Hus, however, John Master , direct reading of the Bible) that emphasized individual responsibility for personal Salvation Salvation for personal responsibility emphasized individual that Bible) the of reading , direct Defensio articulorum Wyclif biblicism č and Janov. Janov. and ,” he quotes Bernhard of Clairvaux Clairvaux of Bernhard quotes he ,” Iohannes HusMagister Universitatis Positiones, Carolinae. recommendationes, sermones of John Hus, however, the moral concept of concept themoralHus, however, of John of om writings such as those coming from Charles’ IV court. , in

Magistri Joannis Hus Polemica (Magistri Joannis Hus OperaOmnia) ied with a person’sied with innertreasures: “ Hus’ Latin sermon,was it inheritors theApostl of ged Charles’IVmoralist views on treasures with role in the churches. Although he rejected the rejected he churches. Although the in role De contemptu mundi De contemptu (verum thesaurum) (verum De SanguineChristi 766 thesaurus In this he approached the he this approached In es. In comparison to Janov not gold, precious stones . Byseeking virtue and Quere bonos mores Quere bonos made a surprising 767

for theirown in 1408. In .” (John 22, 22, Vita 765 ,

CEU eTD Collection context. argumentat the beginning ofthe BohemianReformat 431. (Berlin: Akademie Verlag 1969), 164. Cf. Acts 3,6. seiner Quellen, Beiträge zurGeschichte des religiösen wissenschaftlichen und Denkens 8 (Catholic) priests, who demand moneyand precious goodsasaswell sell sacramentsindulgences, and writingsmoralist compiled around or shortly afte and theological Utraquist of a Codex, collection Jena Utraquist the of plates polemics, religious the These works were usedinreligious polemics against the papal party. Much later, in theaftermath of luxury propelling the coming of the the Antichrist. of coming the propelling luxury 773 772 771 770 769 768 Velislav andMilí Velislav Judgeme attheLast salvation of chance their lost treasures treasures among thefaithful. donations to churches,the thus, participating inthework ofthe Antichristin distributing false masses, selling office in manifested on luxury and greed as beingthe primary problemChurch.ofthe The Church’s hunger for money was formofthe antitheses ofthe Salvation. for quest contemporary sinful clergy, who now embodied the Antichrist who mislead the faithful in their just Here, the figureAntichrist lost its abstract eschatological dimension and materialised in the power. his of the personification even vehicles, werethe who clergy, greedy through laity innocent of gold and silver to the Apostles (Mt 10:9). Apostles (Mt silver tothe and of gold attention to the moraleducation ofthe clergy. Herepeated once more Christ’s banning the possession Hus Opera Omnia illustrantia ediditPalacký(Praga Franciscus Sumptibus F.Tempsky 1869) doctrinam, causam in actam Constantiensi Consilio et dereligione controversias in Bohemia annis1403-1418 motas 1996). Alexander and Patschovsky, František Šmahel, faithful. Šmahel, PetrChel Šmahelmentions the importance of teaching the forAntichrist’s the Hussites. Šmahel, , Z páté knihy Regulí Responsum M. J. Hus ad articulos Pale

- - 138- This move to critique clerical conduct was followed by other thinkers who made it the crucial crucial the it made who thinkers by other followed was conduct clerical critique to move This The popularity of this perspective within the the within perspective this of popularity The 770 772 Husitská revoluce O Církvi č In a further turn,in the Inthe ický, . Polemica Sí (On theChurch) in Rudolf Kalivoda, andAlexandr Kolesnyk, ť Tractate of the Beast and its Image its Beastand the of Tractate č víry , 25. tried to deceive kings, in Matthew of Janov Matthew in of kings, todeceive tried (Net of in Faith), Kalivoda, and Kolesnyk, , 158. , vol. 2,28. 771 Tabulae novietveteri coloris Tabulae Through these false treasures, both false clergy and the deceived laity č

s and indulgences to the laity, by fooling them into giving further further giving them into fooling by laity, to the indulgences and s 1415 writings HusandPetr of Chel Eschatologie undEschatologie Hussitismus , in František Palacký,ed., in 769 768

and warned of clerical greed, avarice and love of love and avarice greed, warned clerical and of r 1500,criticized Catholic comparing clergy by nt. Whereas the fourteenth-century Antichrist of of Antichrist fourteenth-century the Whereas nt. ion, occasionaly flavoured with an eschatological eschatological with an flavoured occasionaly ion, framework of the Hussite rebellion spread in the the in spread rebellion Hussite the of framework , an educated layman, Petr Chel Petr layman, educated , an Das Hussitische Denkenim Lichte seiner Quellen inwoodcuts, wall-paintings or panels. , 220-1. Documenta Mag. Joannis Hus vitam, vitam, Hus Joannis Mag. Documenta ’s text, he threatened all theChristian , Historica NSseries Supplementum, Prague Das Hussitische Denkenin Lichte Defensio articulorum Wyclif, Joanni Wyclif, Defensio articulorum č ický, the Antichrist deceived deceived Antichrist the ický, , ed. E. Winter and H. Mohr Husitská revoluce č ický, elaborated elaborated ický, , vol. 2, 12-13. 12-13. 2, vol. , , 773

CEU eTD Collection ofmass the and cult until theCompactates 1437. in Krása,“Husitské obrazoborectví: poznámky k jehostudiu“, 15. imaginibus of Dresden “DeImaginibus“ andits to relation Janov) Matthew of should be should be significant shift in thearguments of critics. WhenJanov suggested that dangerous relics (and images) through rents. authorities defending the notion of priests’ poverty, Catholic priests defended the money they got forms of the cult of saints towards a towards saints critique the cultof of theof forms (1964), 149-161. Year1415. Sedlá iluminovaných rukopis iluminovaných stressing the greedof 28v- clergy:15v-16r,17v-18r, 16v-17r, 29r, (indulgences) 71v. Pavel Brodský, pilgrims, who run “up and down” for beautiful images, relics, and indulgences. and relics, images, for beautiful and down” “up run who pilgrims, at levelled accusation Janov’s recalled also He convention. the for reason original asthe clergy 781 780 779 778 777 776 775 774 Nicolaus of Dresdenand Jacobellus ofMies, real in so less although polemics written in least extensive ceremonies over the bodies of saints of bodies the ceremonies over extensive to the apostolic poverty of the early Church. early the of poverty apostolic the to Catholic clergy 16v 17r) clergy and 16v Catholic servingpoor ina chasuble 28v, pl.b, c, 45 apos ( procession a of head the at officials church and archbishop the of garments support had undergone since the since undergone had support theoretical the changes the epitomising Janov’s, than radically more much argued however, was, Museum Library), (Prague: KLP, 2000), 49-54, cat. no. 41. unpublished) iconographic of analysis the Cf.image. 30v, 30r, 31r, 31v, 32r, 32v, 33r-33v (on luxury in vestments). discourse during the outbreak of the revolt. treasures shifted its meaning acritique shiftedits towards of Ca treasures early sixteenth century, the argument’s developmentfrom the original moral parables of false and true true followers of the Apostolic Church. In the situation of the Bohemian confessional divide of the Sedlá Nechutová, “Traktát Mikuláše zDráž Nechutová, “Traktát Mikuláše zDráž Jana Nechutová, “Traktát Mikuláše z Dráž Inspired byJanov’s and Milí Jena Codex, KNM, inv. no. IVB24, fol Jena Codex, KNM, inv. no. IVB24, fol. 16r-18r. The Library of the National Museum, KNM, inv. no. IV B 24, contrasting images of and theearly contemporary church

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č Albeit not at the centre of Nicolaus’ interest, his views on the cult of relics represented a represented ofrelics views his the cult interest, on Nicolaus’ of centre not at the Albeit The texts of Matthew inspired thene ofMatthew of Janov texts The ková, “Jakoubek ze St represents the period between 1415and 1419, but laterweakens. Later on,thedebate continued ontheformat respectfully 775 Elsewhere, the St. Martin’s poor chasuble was proposed as a contrast with the rich the with acontrast as was proposed chasuble St.poor Martin’s the Elsewhere, ů Knihovny Národního MuzeavPraze hidden from the eyes of the public ( ř č íbra,“ 36. ‘s Antichrist on Jacobellus in 1412, Šmahel, č ková, “Jakoubek ze St . 776 Regulae The text on the plates argued the cause for the Utraquist side that, at ď ď an,“ 154. an,“ 157.

28v-29r. I am grateful to Milada Studni ď an “De imaginibus“ ajeho vztahk Mat . 781

778 774 Nicolaus Dresden of criticised the practice ofholding 777 ř 779 ( íbra“, 7-43. Theargumentative peak of ity, demanded poverty for th ity, demanded poverty who shifted their point of view from exaggeratedfrom view pointof their shifted who tolic poverty in arguments against the rents of the Pl. 47 Weighting of papal of Weighting 47 Pl. that are long-time dead, and named the greed of greed the named and dead, long-time are that (Catalogue of illuminated manuscripts of theNational cult of images of cult tholic (as well as Brethen) religious practices. as Brethen)religious practices. tholic (aswell Sborník prací filosofické fakulty Brn fakultySborníkprací filosofické xt generation of critics, chief amongthemgeneration xt of critics, deberent abscondi, ac private utpote in in utpote private ac abscondi, deberent Husitská revoluce ,making it one ofthe main points of č ková for lendingme her (as yet ě ji z Janova“ji z (Tractate of Nicolaus e Utraquist clergy as the asthe clergy e Utraquist , vol. 2,48. 780 pl. 45, a, St.pl. 45,a, Martin controversio supra His text on images on text His ). Despite Church ). DespiteChurch Katalog ě nské university E9

CEU eTD Collection images, Jacobellus ofMies. argumentationto that of another Hussite theolo tractate (the radical more much was hand, other the on images, on position them. His to given be should reverence public form of other no but undoubted case ofimages.However, their public impact needed than images controversial less and Nicolaus did not equalmudto invalue. Ther vessels. service factthat gold the had defence of images,however, Jacobellus reminded his listeners that Christ preached poverty inspite of of relics and treasuries out ofthe sermon. In his polemicsconcerned with St. ThomasAquinas’ bad the to arguments his restricted he although Janov’s than further much Hisopinion goes them. to Jacobellus’ radical and oposition exposed churches, ze St 786 785 784 783 782 the Corpus Christi only to come in second. in come to only Christi Corpus the cathedral’s the also named he them relics, among the citation of relevant authority. the term “with respect” ( altaribus was more valuable than any church treasury or decoration. decoration. or treasury church any than valuable more was in theTemple aswellas any over defence of Aquinas. Insimpleterms, for Jesus’ followers, poverty be givenpreference over Old Testament’sthe description use ofthe ofprecious vesselsanddecoration of Christ. bones andrelics ( themselves to traditional forms of piety.forms traditionalof themselves to ymaginibus 20 (1953), 57, 119). Similar arguments has Rokycana, cf. Jan “Ansichten,“Zilynská, 84. Sedlá Halama, Zilynská, “Ansichten,“ 84. quotes Betlehem preaching Jacobellus of (František M. Bartoš,“Betlémská kázání Jakoubka Sedlá Nechutová, “Traktát Mikuláše zDráž ř íbra zlet 1415-16“ (Betlehem sermonsof Jacobellus offrom Mies 1415-1416)

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č č At first Jacobellus, At first a man toMatthew close and Nicolaus, sawthe relics together with 783 ková, “Jakoubek ze St ková, “Jakoubek ze St reverenter Otázka svatých v and in the context of the bad morals of the clergy, the greedy greedy the clergy, of the morals bad the of context the in and , rejected he thecult inresponse images of ossa sive reliquias vocatassanctorum reservari) 786 č In a hierarchical understanding of the Scripture, this Jesusstatement should abscondi in capelis suis in privato vel in altaribus reservari vel in privato altaribus suisin incapelis abscondi eské reformaci ř ř íbra,“ 20. íbra,“ 8, ftnote 4.Questia 782 , Nicolaus, when copying almost word for word Janov’s ideas, left out out left ideas, Janov’s word for word almost copying when Nicolaus, , Similarly the to ď an,“ 156.

, 142. 785 The sermon dealt almost exclusively with The exclusivelyimages almost sermon in with dealt 784 ), artfully), decorated withmore gold silver,“and thanthe Sacrifice In early ( his sermon Inearly 1417, in Quia in templis gian, a preacher in the Bethlehem Chapel, Master Master Chapel, in the Bethlehem apreacher gian, Regulae efore good followers of Christ find any treasuries treasuries any find ofChrist followers efore good explicitly deny their importance as he did in the ashedidin importance their deny explicitly to to limited.be Their rolein altar consecration was De imaginibus peplum effects of images and this time left the problem problem leftthe effects images thistime of and to the conservativeHussitepriests wholent tothe in writings,Nicolaus’ relics seemed to be of 1414: ”Inchurches,one admires images, of the Virgin, attracted people leaving leaving people theVirgin, attracted of is written in 1415) and close in in close and 1415) in written is Theologická p clerus Antichristi questia ř íloha K íloha ) and added the added the and ) ?) ř es ť Positio de de Positio . As such, anské revue

CEU eTD Collection the administration of Václav Koranda the Younger in the last third of the fifteenth century. differentiate duringthe early years of the moveme images in churches and use of rich garments by Hussite priests. byHussite garments rich of and use churches in images doctrineamong radicalpriests. In 1419, JohnŽeliv of (Jan Želivský) preached against the presence of arts arts of ofthe Unity Brethen),Opera minora (Prague: series Artefactum, 2007). reformaci (Iconoclastic Utraquiststhe oftendencies andits in impact)times Jagellonian Conservative Masters, such as Prokop of Plze of asProkop Masters,such Conservative in front of them as demanded by the reformist circle of University teachers around Jacobellus. around teachers University of circle reformist the by demanded them as of front in to agreed only The laterthe not unrestricted useof the conservative circle of Prague University Master and Hussites radical the between the disagreement illustrate 1417-1419 synods theHussite of articles 794 793 792 791 790 789 788 787 naïve pilgrims‘ piety; and indulgences through enrichment improper of clergy the accused who bishop, Taborite elected in Prague churches in his time.similar radical A standpoint wasmaintained by Nicolaus ofPelh id many that fact to the attention called sermon, he peopleand the media of the Antichristthrough which heseduced the community of theChurch. In his freshly introduced inventions introduced freshly Church. In the the In Church. pointing out disagreementthe between therole of saintsthe in Bible andtheir current venerationinthe Janov, their role asJanov, their role the saints and requests for their intercession asfutile, intercession their for requests and saints the Dobiáš, and Amedeo (Prague:Molnár Academia 220. Halama,1972), furtherfostered veneration ofrelics in processions,pilgrimages, The thesesof the Taboriteswere followed Petr Chel by Pelh of Nicolaus Zilynská, “Ansichten,“ 87-8. Molnár, Horní Zilynská, “Ansichten,“ 87 Zylinská, Noemi Rejchrtová, “Obrazoborecké tendence Utrakvistickémentality Jagellonského období ajejich dosah”

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č The respective positions on images and reli images and on respective positions The In the first years of the conflict, conflict, the years of first In the The radical wing of theHussites, theTaborites, opposed veneration of imagesand relics , 151. Formore on this question among the Unity see Michal Šron ková, “Eucharistický Kristus,“ 224, Šron Jan Želivský. Dochovaná 1419kázání z r. Husitské synody Confession and Defence ofthe ř imov, exempla Vyznání a obrana Tábor 792 , 38. , 38. some ofthe manifestations (eg. miracles with bleeding hosts) he seesas . The Taborites thus, did not kneel in front of imagesof front relics, venerate or in kneel thus,did not The Taborites . of“false piety“.

ě ů k, “Šlojí iconophobia

(Confession and ofdefence trans. the Taborites), František M. . ň , Jan P of , Jan č ický andthe Unity of Halama, Breathen, ř images in church space, but did not forbid kneeling kneeling forbid not but did space, images in church nejistý,“ 79-110. ols, images and vestments were erected or wereendowed erected or and vestments images ols, nt and the split endured through the 1430s down tothe 1430sdown endured through split and the nt s on thes on place of images andrelics inthechurches. 794 cs amongthe Hussites had already begun to but acknowledged, in the the Matthew of sense acknowledged, ofin but became a key manifestation of the Hussite , Nicolaus ofPelh ř Otázka svatých v íbram, Jan or Papoušek, accepted and even ě 789 791 k, k, Husitský Tábor and visual media. Výtvarná kultura Jednoty bratrské Imagestraditions were by invented č eské reformaci eské ř imov 8 (1985), 63-65. 793 rejected prayers to to prayers rejected Otázka svatých v 790 , 149-150.

(Visual 787 ř imov, imov, The č eské 788

CEU eTD Collection that the against he that inchurchesuse notrailimages did of accusations suggest, accusations the Johanitethe monastery in theMinor Town Prague. of adoration of relics. Reportedly he even threw out ornaments on theHoly Virgins’ headreliquaries in Catholic texts on the Utraquists. Howevermo the Utraquists. textson Catholic negative standpoint oftenappears in their polemical, theological,and satiricaltexts, aswellas in moderateHussite party tothedevotionimagesrelics of and has represented problema research. for A John Rokycana)(Rokycany: John StátníRokycana)(Rokycany: okresníarchiv, 1997), 50. and prayingtohim, isidolatry aswell…” concluding Mt 23, 29-31, where Christ speaksto about Pharisees garnishing theof sepulchres the righteous, warning against idolatry, speaks againstthe decoration on the gravesof saints and building churches, altars and chapels in honour. their Hequoted churches. times impact) and its utraquistické mentality Jagellonskéhoobdobí ajejich tendencies (Iconoclastic dosah“ of theUtraquistsin Jagellonian “Ansichten,” 90,92,94. On images in theManual ofV. Koranda, see Noemi Rejchrtová, “Obrazoborecké tendence č intoagainst confusion Paul the Apostle, who preached that God doesnot needgold andsilver. Halama, decoration by quoting the Acts of Apostles, wheresilversmith Demetrius and hisapprentices put the wholecity of Ephesus probably existed inreality. fifteenth century. fifteenth late the in camp Utraquist the of part were voices iconoclastic individual of number increasing excessesthe in devotion to relics.He disliked pilgrimages, indulgences, 802 801 800 799 798 797 796 795 historical sources do not confirm wide-spread rejection oftraditional piety iconoclasmor among the monumentsthat were preserved, the inventories ofUtraquist churches (see later),as well as the processions or “sort-of pilgrimages” to Emmaus, were embraced by theUtraquists. In particular, the accused the Taborites ofopeningand damaging saints‘ graves and throwingaway relics. them orburncandlesof them. infront Ina archiv v P eské reformaci Milena Bartlová, “The Utraquist Church and the Visual Before Arts Luther” Onmoderate Rokycana’s standpoint with regard to images, cf. “Obrazoborecké Rejchrtová, tendence,“ 65. Jaroslav Boubín, and JanaZachová, The revival of Matthew of ideas Janov’s canbe read inthe book of thepriest Martin of St.Henry inPrague. Martin Next to JanRokycana, also Václav KorandatheYounger, orilluminations and textsthe in JenaCodex, Zilynská, Jan of P Žaloby Žaloby

- - 142- Given the situation of post-Compactate Utraquism after 1437, the exact position of the Utraquist theological and religious writtreatises theological Utraquist , 52, 29. , 51, 28. ř íbrami aOkresnímuzeum P “…Thus fasting atowards saint holding feast, vigils, donate tochurch, andchapel bells (saint’s) inhis name ř íbram, íbram, , 173. On iconoclastic attacks in the ofuprising 1483, Winter, Život kn 797 Husitský Tábor Archbishop-elect Rokycana based his criticism Janov’s on argumentsconcerning 801 ě or his more moderate approach, is now difficult to say. ží Táborských 802 8 (1985), 63-65. Here, Koranda toreacts the largenumber of artworks in Utraquist Someforms oftraditional public devotion such as Corpus Christi ř Žaloby katolík íbram, 2000), 57,65, 98. 797

(The Life ofthe Taborite priests), ed.Jaroslav Boubín (P Martin pointed out theinterest of artisansinmaking and images sculptural ů na Jana Mistra Rokycanu hostileconservativehowever, the bid, MasterP re radical opposition canrarelyradical bedocumented. opposition re 799 ings suggest a more negative approach than However, even his adversaries had to admit to had adversaries his even However, 800 - whetherwasout offear, hisrestraint as Život církevní v BRRP (Complaints of the Catholics on Master 4 (2002), 217. Č 798 echách and decoration and and decoration and ř íbram: Státní okresní , vol. 1, 30. Otázka v svatých 795

ř 796 íbram íbram An An CEU eTD Collection Culture of Bohemian Towns inthe 15 221-6. description of in thealtar the Utraquist church of inSt. Barbara Kutná Hora in1502). Horní and sixteenth centuries anUtraquist manifest (Prague: (Prague: Palacký,F. 1844), 453-455. Moravia 1400 –1460) (Praha: Argo 2001). Woodrow Wilson CenterPress, 2003), 217 (Articles of the Compactate Accord10.3. 1437) in time) (Prague: Orbis, 1950). 809 808 807 806 805 804 803 displaying relics, enumerating their benefits: ruler’s virtuesgood governance and on concept ofroyal patronage revivingthe idea ofroyal collecting of relics.late as As 1471in his treatise interior ofchurches. Posthumus in 1454, althoughthey do occasionally appear in the inventories and possibly also in the comeback to church interiors as images. Their Utraquists. Images had their place in Utraquist churches images from the Utraquist churches, Utraquist the from images half ofthe fifteenthcentury should be assigned tothis concept. Anyway,a number ofpreserved moderate decoration. Bartlová suggests that many images that have come down to us from the first to “false” piety or idolatry. Such images had their place in churches forinstruction of laity and provide concept “honest”of images; principles ofmore radically-oriented priests. evenmay have beenin conflict. Lay demanda publicfor displayof pietycontradicted theologicalthe or thecommunity definedlocal forms times, ofcult.At the opinion ofthe community and theirpriest of theof orderthe of Utraquist mass. miracle-making images as their goal.. Utraquist environment, whereas the Catholic pilgrimages ofthe fifteenth century often had such miracle-making images any fromthe about hear do not we Thus, be avoided. should adoration their Zden Pilgrimages developed in Catholic GermanJanareas, Hrdina,”Die Topographie,“ 200-1. The reasons for returnof images to churches, cf. “Artikulové smluvení na držení kompaktát w Jaroslav Pešina, Milena Bartlová, Zden Winter, Zikmund (relics), 30 no. II, Appendix

- - 143-

ě ě Under King George ofPod It is likelyIt is that criticism ofthesurplus deco k Tobolka, ed. k V. David, Č Poctivé obrazy, eská malba pozdní gotikyarenesance 1450-1550 Finding theMiddle Way.TheUtraquists’ Liberal Challenge toand Rome Luther, M. Pavla Žídka Správovna 805 Č images that do not pretend to perform miracles or seduce the faithful th eské deskové malí and16 ě 804

brady, his Pavel Catholic mentor 806 Among the Utraquists, however, the individual views priests of individual the the Utraquists, Among however, th albeit only some with Utraquist iconography, from the fifteenth fifteenth from the iconography, Utraquist with some only albeit , urged the“Hussite”he king to 808 centuries), Kulturní obraz Finally, it issignificant that relics never made a similar

Archiv (The ”Správovna“ of Pavel Master Žídek) 809 ř return to decorating churches with images with churches decorating to return for the economy, beauty, protection and sanctification ství 1400-1460 public role č

vol. 1 (Prague: Matice eský ration of churches led the Utraquistschurchesled towardsthe ration of č č ili staré písemné památky eských m 803 (Czech painting (Czech in Gothic late and Renaissance and the invocation saints of remained the invocation part and seemsendto with the death ofLadislaus (Truthful images. Panel paintingin Bohemia and ě st. Život ve č Žídek referred back to the ancient ancient the to back referred Žídek eská 1890), 441, 443-444 (the return to the Praguereturn tothe tradition of ř ejný v XV. A XVI. V v XV. ejný č č ková, “Eucharistický Kristus,“ eské imoravské (Prague: Č echách 10.3.echách 1437.“ (Washington, DC: (Washington, DC: Č eská akademie eská ě ku 807 , vol. 3 vol. , (Urban although although CEU eTD Collection the centralitythe Eucharist inof the the cult. to line the crossed Nicolaus and Jacobellus charge.Whereas Matthew ofJanov views pondered opposition tothe cult, ageneration later,both polemic their of much lost to have seem themselves treasuries The images. against arguments to relics thefocus from shifted then Jacobellus clergy. the of materialistic conduct and the income-generating as for did Salvation, one’s chances spoil to judge were as pilgrimages aswell Janov’s writings, invention or even the media of the Antichrist. Excessive veneration of images, and relics, equivalent in eschatological ideas presentat that time Bohemia. in Public cult was perceived as a dangerous human 810 císa Hussites themselves. developed into an enduring controversy between the Hussites and the Catholics, as well as among the had neverbeenchallenged -churchtextiles. Surprisingly, the itwas question of priests’ garmentsthat point this to up that treasury church the of one part wasstill mass.There the to new vessels introduced novelties,the oftwosignificant introduction the th problemsof practical the to space wasgiven more Controversio supra ymaginibus 1.2The “chasuble dispute”:Hussites’ The positiongarments on devotion posed a challenge to the of growth accelerated The origins. two had relics and treasuries images, on discourse reformists’ Nürnberg. home inKarlštejnCastle. Earlier, EmperorSigismund Luxembourgof had given theimperial relics to to wage war with the German city of Nürnberg to bring the imperial relics back to Prague, to their seemingly old-fashionedway,as common the patrimonyofthe country.King Georgewas even urged kingsthe on path ofrighteousness. In Žídek’s of the land, the greater glory of the royal dynasty, protecting themorals of the people, and keeping to religious practice had a direct influence on thecontent of treasuries. The changesto theHussite rite Sedlá ř e Františka Josefa pro v

- - 144-

č As their use in the liturgy remained the main f main the remained liturgy the in use their As Apart from the fourteenth-century growth in treasur in growth fourteenth-century the from Apart ková, “Jakoubek ze St ě dy, slovesnost aum ř íbra,“ 40. was not the only problem that preoccupied Hussite theologians. Even Even theologians. Hussite preoccupied that problem only the wasnot biblicism 810 ě ní, 1908),21-22.

iconophobia of the intellectual elite on the one hand and to the and one to the intellectual the hand elite of on Správovna lay chaliceminorstheand theCommunion of that e actual formatof the Ch unction of treasury objects, Hussite amendments . The discourse also shifted the focus back to to back focus the shifted also The discourse . ies as a material condition for critisim, the , the treasuries of relics are viewed, in a in viewed, are relics of treasuries , the ristian rite, resulting in rite, ristian

CEU eTD Collection could be taken from the priests in times of need and sold when the money is needed for the poor. theLaw of God, beabusedenrichto anyone, or be De cerimoniis of Mies andNicolaus ofDresden. Jacobellusin the as1417. as early ritual the Christian in afterwards by moderate Hussites, th practice thatpreached,he however, wasno differentfrom thatCatholics. ofthe This position washeld Salvation-bringing effects were not diminished, and, even better, the priest avoided thesin of losing the means, limited with serving by that claimed Jacobellus act. sacred the out carrying for necessary absolutely not were that Office the of parts selected out leaving to consented even He ritual. the ritualthe suchas liturgical books, officevestments, kingdom,abused byunworthy priests. Hus discussed theright of theruler take to his church donations back when theycause damage to the provide for for the poor. provide that the only reason why priests would need to collect money and treasuries from the people is to 815 814 813 812 811 necessitatis si allowed after1415, shortly or in kinds) both ritual as known be cameto and 1437 and between 1415 disputes theological the form of the took practice followed different teachings of remanence.The debate on theexternal format ofliturgy and religious divided not onlyCatholics the andthe Hussites, alsobut fractions insidethe Hussitemovement that č observari, tuncsaltem secundum hoc compendiosioremfiat ritum et breviorem ecclesie primitive… ex hoc negligendo infirmum finalitertranseat in Etsinon ignemeternum. potest pro talis modernus tunc ritus misse ecclesia perseasanccioribus observata observet…sacerdos…ad opera misericordiae spiritualis obligatus…ne sacerdos specie, cum non posset accidentalia post etaddita substancialia simul saltem substancialiaobservare, in misse primitiva de Misa pro communione infirmorum eským Hus. Hus. Cf. MSC5 AMK,fol.in 24. Jan N.Sedlák, “Liturgie uHusa ahusit Propter quod in articulo utnecessitatis sacerdos, non negligatullo infirmum modo in communicandosub utraque 811

- - 145- 1.2. (Olomouc: cyrilometod Matice Defensio articulorum Wyclif articulorum Defensio Wyclif articulorum Defensio A more radical view ofreligious practice was shared by the key Hussite theologians Jacobellus Hus was the first to criticize unworthy clerics who hid behind the external format of the the of format external the behind hid who clerics unworthy criticize to first wasthe Hus and, thus, could avoid questioning oftheirmoral conduct.Defending Wycliff,maintainedhe ), e.g., where there was danger of death. of was danger there ), e.g., where , written, in responseto the practical problems theof Communion 812 He quoted church authorities in cases, when treasury objects ( objects treasury when cases, in authorities church Hequoted Ergo res Ergo res ecclesie pauperibus etmilitibus debentChristi stipendia intelligi. , 185-187. , 183-184 ), in Sedlák,), “Liturgieu Husa ahusit ů

e University masters and Prague party that had rejected “novelties” “novelties” rejected had party that Prague and masters e University ě v“ in (Liturgy Hus inand the Hussites) jská, 1914), 133. . 814

According to Hus, Hus, to According mplifications mplifications of the ritual in time ofneed( the chasuble dispute the chasuble altars and consecrated space, crucial to completing completing to crucial space, consecrated and altars 815 and synodal regulations that took place roughly roughly place took that regulations and synodal Epistola pro communioneinfirmorum He did deem Hedid not conditions objects shaping and considered crucial for Salvation ů human inventions human v“, 146-147. 146-147. v“, Studie texty knáboženským a d . should never outshine ( sub utraque sub Epistola MgriJacobi . The religious religious . The

res ecclesie and tractate tractate and articulus ě (under (under jinám jinám 813 )

CEU eTD Collection also served in common vestments and committed no sin so. doing in no committed and vestments common in served also Church early the in saints Ancient Church. the for indispensable garments silver and were gold neither not c AsChrist did textiles: vesselsand liturgical take placeeven would Sacrament the present, wereall elements these When intentions. righteous and consecration, the substance, prie elements sufficient included vestimentorum quorumcunque. est. Hec Ambrosius. Siergo sacramenta non requirunt ornamenta aurea, nec eademalia racione ornamenta preciosa sunt vasa preciosa,que redimunt animas a morte. Ille verus thesaurus estdomini, qui operatur, quod eius operatus sanguis non queruntnequeauro que placent emuntur.auro non Ornatus sacramentorum redempcio Etverecaptivorum est. illa 820 819 818 817 816 consecration of the altar or chalice was not necessary. was altar not chalice or the of consecration whereas in the old times, vessels for church services were wooden and the priests “made of gold and and gold of “made priests the and wooden were services for church vessels times, old in the whereas distrust of an aesthetic experience of treasury objects. To explain this better he added his own parable: use of gold and silver chalices incited more admiration than devotion. Here, Jacobellus revealed his wooden vessels. FollowingSt. Berhard ofClairvaux, Jacobellus warned that there wasa dangerthat with service the out carried had Church Early the times, olden in that and chalices manufacture to used material the of issue the changed on had theChurch of statutes the that out pointed existence thechurchof treasuries redundant. th on arguments Jacobellus’ however, At thispoint, it. misfortunes, were of secondary importance in this context. this in importance secondary of were misfortunes, his soul. The practical problems of serving the lay chalice, such as spilling the Blood or similar for the Hussite li the Hussite for were simplified onlyin the time consecracione consecracio confertur altari, utsit ydonea mensatanto sacramento. Idem eciam intelligendum estde calicis articulo necessitatis Christi possunt sacerdotes sacramenta…conficere vestimentorum…sine talibusvestibus, sicsine illa vel illamextra ecclesiam dedicatam et preteraltare in ecclesia in spiritu similiter etveritate, ewangelica sacramentorum ministracio non requirunt ritum splendidum ornatum vel preciosum domino…nuncvero, cum paupertatem sue domus pauper dominus dedicavit…Ecce quod cultus qui divinus, debet fieri in cetera ex aurofabrecata husit Sedlák, “Liturgie u Husa ahusit Sedlák, “Liturgie u Husa ahusit Sedlák, “Liturgie u Husa ahusit Dicendum est, quod nonpropterhoc altaris estinstituta, consecracio sine quia ea non potestconfici sacramentum, quia EpistolaJacobi Mgri prode Misa communione infirmorum ů v“, 151-3. 151-3. v“,

- - 146- Jacobellus then named four elements that should be essential elements of the mass. These These mass. the of elements essential be should that elements four named then Jacobellus Jacobellus’ finalpart in …. Neque veromichi indives Judea mensam, templum, lucernas, thuribula, patellas, mortariola etscyphos, turgical reform, turgical sine vestibus sacris et sine sine altari et sacris vestibus sine (here hefollows Hieronymus,meaning butshifts the of theoriginal). ů ů ů v,“ 140-141, 150. 140-141, v,“ v,“ 136. v,“ 151.In De cerimoniis 820 ofneed, it was Jacobellus who gave the Taborites all the arguments eventhough at end of life his resentfully he denounced hispart in

De cerimoniis focused on the focused use valuableon of vessels in the mass. He onsecrate the table where he served theserved Last Supper, tableonsecratehe where the , Jacobellus quotesfrom St. Ambrosius: „ . in Sedlák, “Liturgie uHusa ahusit 817 sthood of the , Jesus’ words of of words Jesus’ consecrator, the of sthood 819 e nature the theChristian riterendered of actual He gave several proofs of the redundancy of redundancy the of proofs several He gave Sedlák has pointed out that although the rules rules the although that out pointed has Sedlák 816 ( De cerimoniis De

) Sedlák, “Liturgie u Husa a a u Husa “Liturgie Sedlák, ) 818 Jacobellus added that Tunc hec probabantur a a probabantur hec Tunc ů v“, 147-149. Aurum sacramenta CEU eTD Collection put into practice by the Taborites. into practiceby put treasuries. church traditional of part asignificant denouncing thus, vestments”, precious on ornaments and Jeromethat the “mass shouldtake place inthespiritand truth, and not requiredid richrites and altar decoration, (1979), 115. 115. (1979), Bartoš, missal Mass became into Czech. for understandable the and community ofparts it started tobe sung Czech. Františekin M. baptised in fish ponds, and openly denounced common religious practices of the . Catholic the of practices religious common denounced openly and ponds, fish in baptised ecclesiastical sanction, deliberate to the pilgrimscamewho tothese unofficial religious gatherings. They celebrated mass outside masses serving when vessels liturgical and garments rich use of the rejected preachers the Bohemia), (South Lužnicí and Ústí of town the in and Hrádek Kozí of castle the In preachers. Hussite popular by 828 827 826 825 824 823 822 821 things service, the for condition compulsory not was altars or chalices consecrated garments, useof the although that farsaying that go not did however, Jacobellus, redundant. vestments this statementon Itwasthis occasion. woul that thetableof the Last Suppernorthe chalice he used, nor didthe he Apostlesor wear special garments “ silver”, nowadays the chalices are made of gold and silver, but the priests are “wooden” and liturgical vessels and Latinchants. liturgical restricted vessels and rejectedthe use of valuable garments, claimed that goldand silver were not necessaryfor making form. Thus, in times ofneed, they were permited to vary even more. repeated thatChristus did usegold when he servedtheLast Supper. In hisdays, vessels tr the from silver and gold distributed and chalices porosi The service took place table on coveredany with any cloth, with no vestments, corporals, or chalices. Laurentius The Taboritechalicesmade were of tin, clay iron, or wood, Laurentius 115. (1979), In1417, following Jerome’s translation of Sedlák, “Liturgie u Husa ahusit Cf. Nicolaus of Pelh Božena Kopi Sedlák, “Liturgie u Husa ahusit Sedlák, “Liturgie u Husa ahusit

- - 147- . Ze zápas 822 The true reform of the liturgy,the truereform the d of The Already beforethe outbreakof therevolt, traditional religious practices were being challenged ”—i.e. lacking devotion. The correct approach approach correct The devotion. lacking ”—i.e.

825 Inspired by the Apostolic Church, the radical wing of the Hussites simplified the ritual ritual the simplified Hussites the of wing radical the Church, Apostolic the by Inspired č ů ková,

č eské reformace 828 Jan Želivský ř as well as the number of vessels. Together with the moderate party, they they party, moderate the with Together vessels. of number the as well as imov, Vyznání o obrana Tábor ů ů ů (From the Fights of Bohemian Reformation) (Prague: Kalich, 1959), 51-2. (John of (Prague: Želiv) Melantrich 64. 1990), Šmahel, v,“ 156. v,“ v,“ 137,141. v,“ 158. ly altered the liturgy, conducted wors the liturgy, ly altered 824

In toP response Credo and oor to which opened with Jacobellus’ with which opened oor to 826 ů , Jan zP Decalogue They simpleused metals They forchalices, d later lead the radical wi radical lead the later d easury tothe poor or ř ř íbram íbram’s critique, they repe , the priest Jan , the was achieved when the priest used wooden wooden used priest the waswhen achieved ě , Život kn ě Č ží Táborských apek translated service texts of the apektranslated service 821 hip in barnsthe openair, andin Christus consecrated neither the Finally,community. he they they tothe were benefit of Husitská revoluce ng to consider priestly , 64-65, 83-84. ated after Jacobellusated after De cerimoniis 827 and limited , vol. 2, 115.

varied in , was 823

CEU eTD Collection order of the massfailed. Eucharistic movementEucharistic in itsEuropean context,” vessels and objects, denying the treasury objects their special roles and sacred character, whilst the the whilst character, andsacred roles special their objects treasury the denying and objects, vessels seems tohave been too strong. In addition, the Taborites challenged the practice consecrationof of special thevestmentsfor priests, but eventhe ra as well as vestments service decorated of use the rejected again priests Taborite the There, University. 832 831 830 829 garments inthemass,garments chalice. the of administration easethe to invented were actually that objects arrangementsfor Communionthe part ofmass. the At this point, however,are weaware not ofany administered thechalice lay ( respective positions. the usechasubles, of butrefused to obey.On bothsides, treatises werethen written to defend their traditioninseparableand ofthe Church should theref was again the use of garments duringthe mass. arbitratorsFour ruled that garmentsare an part of near Konopišt questions of religious practice. also included The accusations heresy. of them accusing were Taborites raised the against articles seventy-two meeting, Atthe Mies. of Jacobellus by were lead arguments the side, Prague the on garments; against spoke Biskupec Mikuláš side, Taborite the mass. On the in garments such of use the two partiesmade the question secondary,two tractates were held, one by each party, forand against discussof theuse garments duringservice. the December 10, 1420, adebate between theTaborites andmore moderate HussitePrague was calledto On treasuries. church in vestments and objects precious the keeping for necessity the on therefore, between the radical and moderate Hussites. It represented, in fact, a debate on religious practices, and, bothspecies of the Body and Blood of Christ Zylinská, Zylinská, Zylinská, On development ofmovement, the in Eucharist Bohemian Reformation David see RHoleton,“The Bohemian

- - 148- In thisIn early period, the attempt to unite the divided Hussite parties regarding garments and the In the early years of the Hussite movement, when the Hussite synods challenged the use of rich rich useof the challenged synods Hussite the when movement, Hussite the of years early the In Two years later in 1422 a in 1422 later years Two Husitské synody Husitské synody Husitské synody v ě in the presence of the armies of both the radical and moderate sides. The main theme theme main The sides. moderate and radical the both of armies the of presence the in

830 , 48. , 48. , 39. Dispute in house the of Zmrzlík. 832 the “chasuble dispute” becameone of themost important points of conflict Č Liturgical practicewas discussed again at the synod of 1424 heldPragueat echách 1418-1440 communio sub utraque nd different conditions of war, another theological debate took place took debate theological another war, of conditions different nd

BRRP , 55. 1 (1996), 24-27. 831 dical party was on divided 829 Although thegravity disagreement of between the ), and Communion for children requiring special ore be used. TheTaborite , i.e. the Eucharist was served to laymen under under laymen to served was Eucharist , i.e.the the question - the traditionthe question s were toacceptpressed CEU eTD Collection Utraquism John Rokycana led the polemical fight against the Taborites from the point of view of moderate country.the 1431,the one In of last debates formchurch ontheof rituals tookplace at University.the seem tohavefinally prevailed. of representsmiddlethe way betweenboth parties,closerto Rokycana’s Utraquism,which Sacraments as special rites of the Church. The St. James’ synod that took place in 1434 after the battle husitské aspersion and benediction water. Bed of na držení kompaktát v etc., retaining enthroning to pilgrimages, parishes, sacrifices, keeping images and sevensacraments. “Artikulové smluvení massserving atconsecrated altars, keeping canonical hours, no additions the to prayers, benedictioncandles, of and ashes, chalices, vestments, and altarcloths were consecrated by the presence of the Eucharist. the of presence the by consecrated were altarcloths and vestments, chalices, freely amending the ritual, and using the vernacular. eliminated, Rokycana wasaccused of serving themass using non-consecratedvessels andvestments, 840 839 838 837 836 835 834 833 legates) embraced the traditionalform ritual. ofthe cancelledinin at Prague 1437 the latest,when Prague (under the influence theBaselof Council beyond thelay chalice, Communion ofminors, and use of theCzech language in the readings, were moderate wing kept to the Catholic way. moderateto wingkept the Catholic 1427 and in 1437, when the debate was concerned w concerned was debate the when in 1437, and 1427 composition of treasuries. the affected have to seem forms However these communication. symbolic Catholic of forms trust and Rokycana rituals. At John Vá least under Church specific certain denounced partly Utraquists asthe one, Catholic the than sober more somewhat Catholic practice,and keep thetreasuries churches.in we most Utraquists In thefuture, pacem denounced the benediction of water and other substances, feasts for church consecrations, and the Ina song against John Rokycana, the Utraquists accused are bythe Catholicsmocking of liturgical such rituals as The Baselcouncil achieved legates following the promisesfrom official the benediction Hussite party: of water, Zylinská, Sedlák, “Liturgie u Husa ahusit Zylinská, Žaloby Žaloby Žaloby

- - 149- . 840 (Selection from(Selection literature Czech of vol. the Hussite times), 1 (Prague: Beyond the mass, the Utraquist approach to religious ceremonies may have remained havemay ceremonies religious to approach Utraquist mass, the the Beyond , 67-9, 42-3. , 59, 35. , 64, 40. On the other hand, both kinds of the Sacrament (i.e. also the chalice with wine) were carried were wine) with chalice the (i.e.also Sacrament the kinds of both hand, On the other 834 Husitské synody Husitské synody (from Č echách 10.3.1437,” 453-5. Apparently, not everything waskept by Rokycana’s adherents. sub utraque sub , 79. , 79. , 38. 837 ů v,“ 138. After both the Taborites and ultra-conservative Utraquists were Utraquists ultra-conservative and theTaborites After both 835 In the end, however, Inthe seems it to that major theCatholic changes rite, ř ) and defended the use of chasubles and the distribution of the ich Havránek,J.Hrabák,andJi re to follow the order of the mass that was not that far from the the from far that not was that mass the of order the follow to re

833 The question was revisited several times between 1426 and 1426 times between several was revisited question The 836 clav Koranda, Utraquist intellectuals Utraquist fully Koranda, clav did not ith the rites of themass an 838 The Taborite reform of the liturgy lost ground. lost reformthe liturgy of TheTaborite He evaded the accusation by saying that the that saying by accusation the He evaded ř í Da ň helka, eds. Č SAV, 1963-4), 88. SAV, 1963-4), Výbor z Výbor d itsunification within č eské literatury doby eské literatury 839 He also CEU eTD Collection Kober, 1868). historický Dvorský, “P “fundamental and optional, obligatory for Salvation, and voluntary, or even useful “practices. even useful or and voluntary, Salvation, for obligatory andoptional, “fundamental the between differentiating in manifested were reconciliation toward efforts that out pointed God’s servicesofTr JanRudolf Catholic and Utraquist Consistories), vol. 1, community compiled their own Order of the Mass( ownOrderof communitytheir compiled names dressed chasubl in priests Utraquist with Bydžov ( Sacraments) the and in churches, images water, of consecration feasts, banners, conservative approach and the of Within thesecategories, use 1461, as early as compiled apparently were community the and priest the between Contracts candles). many Sacristan Books determining what should usedbe intheservice (eg. bells ringing,chasuble, how of servingthemass inchasubles. complaints of the communities to th infiltration the of Lutheran andReformed ideas in treasurythe and not destroyed.The oft proclaimedUtraquism unity of continued deteriorate to after in kept be theymust service, in used were not vestments where parishes those in even that ruled also againstacted willof the the community in the use of from latertimes. The Cons only areknown contract 845 844 843 842 841 to thesick. He reportedly forbad carrying images and relicsin processions, attention on the proper place ofCorpus Christiritualsthe in andchurch space. communities with aconsiderable degree free of power, and in effort toreconcile disputes among variousadherents of Utraquism, Consistory the left of the Bohemian still the question felt Reformation, Alois Sassmann, ed.(?), Zylinská, Cf. examples inKlement Borový, ed. Žaloby Žaloby

845 - - 150- ). They demanded written consent to respect local customs from theconfirmed priest. Later, the After the death of Rokycana in 1471, the Utraqu the 1471, in Rokycana of death After the although the paymentsand prescriptionsformat for the oftheritual as part ofthe priest’s 2(1884), 23-31 (contracts between the communities and priests). , 68, 43. , 51, 28. ř Husitské synody ísp ě vky kd vky ě jinám církevním v Utrakvistický , 104. , 104. č ka of Lípafrom 1616, maintained local traditions (garments, Jednání adopisy konsisto ř garments remained optional. Parish communities often inclineda to ádslužeb božích Jana Rudolfa Tr

e Consistory about e Consistoryabout priests who did Akta konsisto Č echách (Contributions II” tothe church in history Bohemia II) http://home.tiscali.cz:8080/ ř dom decide to theon formatof the ritual. e utrakvistické Bohemia in centurythe sixteenth with occasional garments,or sacredoils, of garments was sensitive. Aware of its limited limited its was sensitive. Awareof ofgarments istorysources also revealcases where thepriest bohoslužebný bohoslužebný es and originally with tags showing their ř e katolické iutrakvistické ist consistory, the highest administrative body (Acts of (Prague: the Utraquist Consistory) I.L. č ky zLípy roku 1616 processions withmonstrances and

ř ̃ca967743/rad_utrak.htm, František ád not want to follow local custom follow to want not ) 844 orwrote therulesin the (Resolutionsand of letters images. The Consistory images. TheConsistory 841 Pl. 46, altar of Nový Nový of altar 46, Pl. (Utraquist Orderof concentratinghis Sborník 842 Zylinská Zylinská 843

CEU eTD Collection výzdobu, kteráchlácholí co lid, nejvíce p a bez Da ob church treasuries detectableinth spoons forthe Communion of minors sixteenth century. sixteenth century. God, aposition thatmany allowedfor ofimages son herwith her on the altarpieces inthe Utraquist churches in the as themost relic waschallengedvenerated in thefifteenth century, but she retained her special position asthe Mother of the confession, andconsecrationscanonical hours, a “wasteofwere time”, 106. communion. Reportedly, theydidmonastic not allow images orders,demand or from poverty priests, Also,for them, 105. celebrate certain saints‘ feasts. On theother hand, they read parts ofmass in the the vernacular and let children take 1494 stayinBohemia, he observedthat theBohemians not did have consecrate rosaries, salt or water, pray for the dead, or preaching. 851 850 849 848 847 846 Rokycana, (?) the feasts of the Virgin. the of feasts the (?) processions, such as the theophoric one, but rejected the kiss of peace, the sa to the prayers churches, in and images garments, supported their existence by quoting the Church Fathers. Church the quoting by existence their supported CertainTimes) not only defended infantCommunion and theCommunion under both species, but also song The Hussite minors. to Eucharist the serving and chalice lay the of bolster fleshy and worldly ornaments that calm the people, and consider themgreat a glory.” decorations,splendour, intheir shouting, playing organs,rubrics, aspersions, and [see]howthey they compete so that they would equal this “whore” (i.e. the Roman Church) inceremonies, side, MartinLupá scrutinisedmore by radical priests. in his Letter Zacheus to of1462, a Hussite priest of the Prague the CatholicOrder the minor.of Masswere rather by new donations. suffered ifthey and theUtraquists, losses under harsh suffer not did churches of decoration the and treasuries cases, church of majority the in that suggests canna et coclearia pro parvulis, proquibus inpontificali forma non repreritur. Fudge, The position of Virgin inHussite a the teachings problemrepresents study. positionHer in this aintercessoras key and Cf. Utraquistmass roughly followed itsCatholic counterpart with “… ř ň Žaloby adech, ozdobách, nádhe helka, helka, u všech našech kn

- - 151- Wanderbuchlein desJ.Butzbach gennant Piepontanus The Utraquists’ The inclinations towardsa Catholic As a result of their more moderate approach as approach moderate more their of result As a , 70, 45. The Magnificent Ride Výbor z written in 1461, the in written 1461, Catholics mentions use oflarge Rokycana‘s De coclearibus et calicibus magnis. Itemordinavit pro speciei calicespractica magnos utriusque cum č eské literatury doby husitské č , criticised hisfellow colleaguesthe in following words:“[you see] our priests how ě ží, kterak ozávod sp ř e, v jejich k , 205-6. 849 Themost troubling part of the Utraquist masswas the practicalconduct ř e inventories churches.of Utraquist icích, varhanání, rubrikách, kropá

ě , the most prominent Utraquist additions to the composition of ř chají, aby se práv chají,aby se estání pokládajícezvyšují, ji za velkou slávu. , 74. 847 The Utraquists retained confession The sins,of festive (Berlin, Union 1988), 103-104. Inhisaccount of his1488- ints, bell-ringing, the Sacraments and even some some even and Sacraments the ints, bell-ringing, in the war years, the objects were soon replaced replaced soon were objects the waryears, the in ě Gloria well as Catholic changespressure, Utraquist to stouto nev taste for opulent ritual was occasionally occasionally was ritual opulent for taste 850 , reading fromEpistles the and Gospels, and Later,in the č ích, a jak veškerou t ě stkou Appendix II,no.32. Žaloby 851 (= Roman(= Church) Theuse of precious materials , 62-3, 38, 36, 34. introit ” Havránek, Hrabák,and Catholic Accusationson chalices with spoutschalices with Č asy svými jistými ě lesnou a sv , 848 and, occasionally occasionally and, srovnali vjejích ě tskou 846 This (By and CEU eTD Collection Library of National the Museum, no.IV B24,fol KNM,inv. 28v-29r. Cf. 30r,30v, 31r, 31v, 32r,32v, 33r-33v. chains. I am thankful to Milada Studni kulturaa Slezska Moravy 1400-1500 Nicholas in chalice), Prague (a brass Appendix nos. 30-31. tin chalices mentioned are in Chrudim,the of inventory 1504, Appendix no.29, Vod of the Catholicof the high church officials wearing man poor a garment to rich his he gave chasuble after story from theSt. Martin’s legend with Martin serving the mass a in poor and too short, tunic-like Antithetic images reflectingdirectly the chasuble and the rich garments The against a papal tiara, pulled down by a small devil ( chalice Hussite a weighs a bishop 25r, fol. On Reformation. Bohemian the for issue the of importance the basis of the available sources. well-offpeople ormanufactured atatime when precious metal was not availablecannot be decided on second place in the inventories.I If their use depended on personal choice,they were donated by less in andappear rare comparatively still are they studied, I have treasuries Utraquist the all in appear 854 853 852 inventories aswell. the in appear do copper or brass of made chalices albeit was prevalent, vessels liturgical for service by theservice by ofthePragueResolution Community of ( practiced for example by the conservative cleric, Jan of P of Jan cleric, conservative the by example for practiced they now became aresourcethe for community. source of possible temptation) the for priests, nor we (and resources considered longer no were They treasuries. church of role the of understanding the clerical pove infavour of arguments Utraquist) (and the of compilation historical together this putting and ornamented garments wereregularly used th by pride.Although around 1500,the time of theJena Codexcompilation, the dispute had long been over, and luxury clerical against arguments the reflected service the in garments of question the poverty, Inthe legend, miraculouslythe tunic elongated and the angels covered St. Martin’s barelegs and elbows with golden Pokorný, Seven tin chalices inChrudim are noted inadamaged from inventory mid-fifteenth century, the unpublished. Also, five

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As an epilogue to the the to As anepilogue

Liturgika , 173. Dana Stehlíková, “Um Stehlíková,Dana , 173. 852 The Utraquists were allowed to use tin copperand chalices and ciboria inthe infulae , vol. 2, Kaliopi Chamonikola, ed.(Brno:Moravská Galerie v Brn č ková forme letting useherunpublished notes onthe Jena JenaCodex. Codex, chasuble dispute chasuble of the bishop here represent the “papalist”, luxury-loving clergy. clergy. luxury-loving “papalist”, the represent here bishop the of

ě lecká lecká pontificalia ř emesla” (Art Crafts) in Utraquist to Utraquist doctrine, still dispute aredrawnfol.28v on and 29r,wherethe , uniqueJenaCodex antithesesilluminate the rty were thus responsible for a significant shift in responsible forrty shift were thus asignificant re they a focus of devotio of focus a re they e Utraquist priests, Utraquist theologians, when when theologians, Utraquist priests, e Utraquist Pl.47, Weightingpapal tiara, of Jenacodex is set against the rich garments in the procession procession the in therich garments against set is ř íbram. . 854 Výnos obce pražské obce Výnos With the Husites’ 853 Although less these itemsvaluable Od kRenesanci. Gotiky Výtvarná ň any monstrance),any (a brass and St. ok a critical stand. Hussite Hussite ok acriticalstand. nal practices but rather rather practices but nal ) of July 21, 1421, 1421, 21, July ) of demand for clerical clerical for demand ě , 1999), 551. ). CEU eTD Collection evaluation Hussiteof iconoclasm. a at new aiming symposium a at 1983 was in Hussites by treasuries of destruction violent paid vandalisation oftreasuries has not yet been a separatesubject study. for time The first attention was each case, scholars have maderarely adistinction therelated to question of Hussiteiconoclasm. Althou Sharing the theoreticalframework inthe critique of 2.1Treasuries inHussiteiconoclasm Treasuries in 2. distrust tomeanings) complicated canbe applied destructionto but ofimages, not the treasuries. economy reasons, Bartlová, “TheUtraquistChurch and the Visual Arts,“217. Herother reasons (fear from realism, the destruction of St. Vitus’ treasury as abeing St.Vitus’treasury of destruction re the about thought Laurentius or Sigismund Neither ones?” silver the destroy who those images or wooden the asked sardonically somewhat Laurentius silver, When Sigismund gave the orderto break herms, hand reliquaries,and monstrances intoraw gold and 858 857 856 855 message. Therefore the destruction of treasuries should also be considered in light of its effect on their symbolic and destruction. As Iproposed at the beginning, treasuries encompass various symbolic meanings. otherpossi omitting treasuries, the vandalisation of “non-ideological” the considered only They time. over theirdevelopment and treasuries on sufficientlytake intoaccount the distinction between the Hussite position images on andtheir position Hussite “iconoclasm”: Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg ( chronicler Laurentius ofB noted. be also should reality diverse destruction of images),destruction of (the dest andwarpillaging independent from ideologies. Laurentius (1979), 101. Bartlováfirst hasnoted Hussite iconoclasmas a result of of hatred the opponents of Bohemian Reformation, and Nechutová, “Prameny p Krása, “Husitské obrazoborectví,“ 9-17.

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Interesting reflections on the different notions of destruction of treasuries comes to us from the 857 Forthelater period, the distinction between Confrontation ř edhusitské a husitské ikonofóbie,“36-37. iconophobia ř ezováwhen hedescribed the 1420 destructionSt.treasuryVitus the by of 856 These categories can no longer be seen as sufficient, as they do not not do they as sufficient, as seen longerbe no can categories These

855 (the theoretical framework for fear of images), images), of fear for framework theoretical (the Pl. ofLuxembourg 51,Sigismund of Emperorportrait There, Nechutová differentiated between differentlevels of between the two attitudes. To attitudes. date, thetwo between pillaging the and sult of war pillaging. From the Emperor’s point of point Emperor’s the Fromwar pillaging. of sult ble motivations ble Hussitesacrilegousbehind conduct the cult, Hussite pillaging of church treasuries waschurch Hussitethe pillaging of cult, treasuries ruction of valuables); the reader: “whose sin is worse? Those who destroy destroy who Those worse? sin is reader: “whose gh the motivations may be strikingly different in in the gh different strikingly may motivations be written polemical and sources morea much latter she saw as being as being latter shesaw iconoclastia (the ). 858

CEU eTD Collection attack monasteriesand churches. was againstthe decoration ofthe chapel ofAlbíkof Uni morality.th manifesting In Hussite sametime,symbols ofroyal power. Meanwhile,mobthe also attacked brothels(August 19, 1419) Wenceslaus were aimed at rich, secluded convents, adherents to strict Catholicism that were, at the King of the death Town following New the in (20.8.1419) convent Carmelitan and (17.8.1419) Újezd stems fromthe critique of clerical luxury and“corruption” see main causedI three that incen suchindignation? and religious authorities as authorities manifestations and religious of po as early as late 1417, aslate early as place taken have might riches their of churches Prague to cleanse Early that. attempts than structured the Hussite destruction of treasuries in Prague, expose the motivations main pillaging thearmy.be case of must thereforefor Each of the manifestation of power anda defamation strategy,sometimes combined withfinancial benefits as a combination was perpetuated motivation third The service. the in inventions” of “human rejection 864 863 862 861 860 859 capitalcity, “oversaturated artworksby and the splendour of itschurches” had been destruction of churches of Hussite adversaries. Or was it only the ambivalent role of the morality. Christian of the lens through saw the act destruction of when in need of money and for the benefit of the kingdom.The moderate Hussite priest Laurentius view, Sigismund followed ancient his right as the Zlomky rýmované kroniky garments they(themselves) showed off. in dispersed, andeven altars they thein of saints thebones didnotsuffice, Eventhat destroyed. and were seats organs ornáty,musichu znáti. sedáti v tomoltá kosti, dosti, rozsypachusvatých tom málo varhanómneodpustichu./ na i stolice vybichu, Majíc všelikaké,ej, simple pillaging of rich cult rich places, of pillaging simple This is the way it was described in the Rhyming chronicle: chronicle: Rhyming the describedin itwas way the is This Bartlová, “The Utraquist Church andthe VisualArts, 215. Krása, “Husitské 11-12.obrazoborectví“, Also previous chapter. Krása, “Husitské obrazoborectví,“ 13. Sedlák, “Liturgie u Husa aHusit The role of Taboritesand lists of monasteries, Laurentiusdestroyed 119-121.(1979),

- - 154- The theologians’ scepticism towards donations related to the cult created a theoretical basis for for basis atheoretical created to the cult related donations towards scepticism theologians’ The It mightIt again have been Jacobellus, who pr 863 , 152, in Havránek, Hrabák, in , 152, and DaHavránek, and possiblyeven before that.The destruction at theCarthusian monasteryin (In Prague, crying for the death of the king, (they) churches,king, Prague, (they) forthe death cloisters, ofthe (In crying and even images, and behind the destruction. ů v,“ 144. 860

864 In In his laterapology (1428) against the Taborites he admitted there

e church of the Virgin on the Pond (August 18, 1419), the attack the 1419), 18, (August Pond the on Virgin the of e church their destruction had the symbolic dimension of attacks on royal royal on attacks of dimension symbolic the had destruction their wer. Two further accounts confirm this motivation but the motivation for each act was clearly more ň helka, tives for the Hussite destruction of treasuries. One oftreasuries. for theHussite tives destruction Bohemian king Bohemianto usethemetropolitan treasury king V Praze pla V Praze viewed separately itsparticularto in viewed context and ovided the theoretical impulse toradicals č Výbor z Výbor z ov, aformer Prague. Beyond archbishop of 862 č and the second from the theological theological the from second the and íc smrti íc smrti krále, kostely také,, kláštery iobrazy č eské literatury doby husitské 861 with a number ofcults , 30-38. 859 to ř i CEU eTD Collection vysokých kóróv… vysokých basic terms: “ concerning chasubles suggests a similarmotivation, beyondsimple economic reasons, behind the against the radicals,can be seenas defamation cultof the ofsaints and traditional piety. The polemics relics out fromtheirreliquaries and threw them around, ifit is at all true since Laurentius was biased above humanGod additions, as well asthewar economy Law the of of priority the poverty, for clerical quest Hussite the of light seenin be therefore should cheaply them sold and treasuries, in monstrances and chalices, broke stole books, Taborites the that monastery, superfluous churchesaltars, and images, church vestments, and chalices. AccordingLaurentius, to theTaboritearticles of1420 already containedan orderto destroy any treasuries (namelyimages, altars, liturgical vessels and vestments, organsand bells) has grown. them. andbreak vessels Eucharist take to the right special vesselstextiles or in treasuries were needed.Missals andchoral books, breviaries( baptismal watershould be kept; none ofthe chalices, corporals, vestments, and other blessed objects, 870 869 868 867 866 865 monasteries. of Queen Sophia, thePrague party was urged by the royalists to stop destroying images, churches and Secondly,in truce the agreement of November 13, 1419between thecity ofPrague and the royalparty water, should Baptism saint. a or God of names the with treasuries of liturgical utensils, books, donations and , but also of churches, chapels and altars Czech the was radical more monastery. Újezd the from pillaged chasuble a wearing by status clerical the defamed who a man to out meted behind the first Prague iconoclastic attacks. Old Bohemian Annals report on the capital punishment see Michal Šronek, ”Bo canonical hours,anddecorated vestmentsshould destroyed be or burned. Laurentius, (1979), 111. Laurentius (1979), 103. Kalivoda, and Kolesnyk, Transcription in Nechutová,“Prameny,“ 35. Laurentius (1979), 39. Forthe link of defamation in

- - 155- 868 An anti-Hussite song outlines the theological background to the destruction of treasuries in in treasuries of destruction the to background theological the outlines song anti-Hussite An Since the early 1420s, the number of known reports on the destruction of church interiors and and interiors church of destruction the on reports ofknown number the 1420s, the early Since and an unworthy priest should not be allowed to celebrate the Sacrament and anyone had the had anyone and Sacrament the celebrate to allowed be not should priest unworthy an and 865 866 In other words, the act offended the city’s authorities and they punished it as sacrilege. as sacrilege. it punished they and authorities city’s the offended act the words, other In Také

” (Theysay that imagesare not needed, nor altars nor bells nor high choirs). ť d ř ení obraz ě jí: net jí: Das Hussitische Denken im Lichte seiner Quellen masopust ů ř jako svátek“ (Iconoclasm as feast) in (Iconoclasmas jakosvátek“ Pikhard eba ť obrazóv/ anikterých v kostele oltá time (feasting time before the beginning of the Lent) and pillaging monasteries,of

article, where theauthorcalled be carried out without a or holybaptismal font . On . the otherOn hand, claimhis they took that Žena ve , 297. , 297. č lunu ř forthe destruction, not only of óv /…/net , 391-404. 870 Laurentius’ accusation ř eba ť je zvónóv / ani / jezvónóv 869 No oils or No 867 viatici Even Even ), CEU eTD Collection by by pillaging Vyšehradchurches, houses,and the royal palace.People came insuch numbersthat venerated images. Onlythe following day, Praguecitizens used the opportunity to enrich themselves context ofretaliation and vandalisingsymbols ofreligious power,even or iconoclasmagainst in the understood can be attack this Therefore Church. the of riches the epitomised and papalists the relics embodied, next to the metropolitan church of St.Vitus, at that time stillin Sigismund’s hands, Vyšehrad, atthat timestill under direct papal jurisdiction, and with the memory of displays offamous churches and destroyed their interiors, breaking images, altars, organs, seats, and other ornaments. context. individuals,probably for their memorial or aesthetic value, oncethey were deprived of theircult by collected apparently were pieces Some attack. the to background iconoclastic the confirms also images the destroyed report on The presumed. be also should reasons ideological so priests wine, clearly also indicates more prosaic motivations. more prosaic indicates also clearly wine, the drank and property, convent’s the took images, and altarpices broken parts of away carried laymen treasuries andsupe that were dangerous view Hussite te indicated and God of Law the of rules the keeping their with consistent enemies, their to riches ecclesiastical to attitude uncompromising their rather showed but stealing, and treasuries, 873 872 871 weapons andmoney. horses, taken beyond was not Booty of power. amanifestation was act also This and burned. pyres on were piled vestments church and chalices Monstrances, above. I have outlined background theoretical seen as payments to the mercenaries with vestments. with mercenaries the to payments economy was then behindminting money from chalicesand monstrances from Prague churches and underwear.Thewar even or shirts cloaks, made they from which vestments liturgical of destruction Laurentius, (1979), 103. Laurentius (1979), 53. Laurentius, (1979), 121.

- - 156- After Vyšehrad was handed to Prague, the Prague folk ( folk thePrague Prague, wasto After handed Vyšehrad The attack on Zbraslav later in the year 1420, when priests with their soldiers together with with together soldiers their with priests when 1420, the in year later Zbraslav on attack The Destruction ofchurch the treasurieshidden at Castle Sedlec nearÚstí and Rábí aresometimes topos for the moralist background of Hussite de moralist forbackground the 872 Thisway Hussites could notbeaccused ofimmoral enrichment, hunger after

rfluous human additio rfluous human 871

873 This attack however, was led by the city’s city’s the by wasled however, attack This struction of treasuries stemming from the the from stemming treasuries of struction ns to the cult. thecult. ns to lid obecný ) attacked Vyšehrad Vyšehrad attacked ) CEU eTD Collection bells, books and otherchurch ornaments (may notbe taken) andthe Corpus Christi may not be moved be pillagedonnorfire,set unless ordered the by commanders,… sacred objects,chasubles, chalices, of Hod however, alater sourcereveal does adifferent pointof view.The Hussitemilitary code ofJan Hájek availableinformation on Hussite pillaging. For thelater period, nosuch rich source exists. Sometimes, most importantmost Passion,andtheVirgin) relics of the The relics of themetropolitan treas Laurentius does mentionnot any destruction ofthe metropolitantreasury, garments or other pillaging. interior, cathedral the in decoration at the aimed was primarily attack The pieces. into it breaking it threw down, then and Meissen of town the tobless image the asked mockingly they “display”, the to reference making By Gate. Golden the i.e. shown, were relics once the where place same the in possibly balcony, cathedral’s the on exhibited they which a on donkey, image Christ cathedral of Lauren attack. an iconoclastic in churches Castle’s of John of Želiv destroyed important images and a things away wasso large, as it used to bein the time, whenthe relicswere shown…). …andVyšehrad, thewhole they carried day back tothe couldwhatever city they carry. The number of those who carried dob jakobývalo v takové, odnášejících bylo množství 878 877 876 875 874 sanctuarywith the Body of Christ placed on the main altarthe in church ofSlané, north of Prague. the Fernand and the last pre-Hussite archbishop Konrád of Vechta ordered to pull down a prominent position inthe centre of the main altar. Atthe end of May, 1420, whilst positioned there, exposed Eucharist was the most venerated object of the Hussites and the sources infrom us of its of symbolic defamation of the Eucharist (possibly under both species?) from the Catholic side. The displays. Laurentius likened the pillaging of Vyšehrad to the pilgrimages on the feasts held during the shortly beforethe attack, under “eminent danger.” brought were probably where they St. Wenceslaus), above chamber the from probably saints, the CPSVP, CPSVP, LXIII, inventoriesLXII, and IX, X. They were taken there July 29,… Laurentius, (1979), 224-225. Laurentius, (1979), 71.

Laurentius, (1979),“ 167.

- - 157- ě The Chronicle of Laurentius already ended in 1424. It furnishes scholars with much of the the of much scholars with It furnishes in1424. ended already Laurentius of Chronicle The On June 10, 1421, three days 1421, 10, June On Similar motivations worked also for the opposing party. Laurentius gives an account on an act an on account an gives Laurentius party. for the opposing also worked motivations Similar tín from 1427 issued a ban on pillaging of relig pillaging on a ban issued 1427 from tín 874

vyšli …achudí i celý bohatí na Vyšehrad, den odnášelidom feria quinta post festumJacobi

uries were already hidden in Ka hidden uries werealready after the Castle was taken, ě , kdy , kdy seukazovaly ostatky… 878 tius gives an account of Želiv’s people mocking the mocking people account of Želiv’s an gives tius

ltarpieces in the in cathedral ltarpieces ofSt.Vitus and the 877 ious sites. “Churches and monasteries may not monasteries not may and sites.“Churches ious (25.7.). and in Ojvín(mostly the 876 a Prague mob under the leadership leadership the under mob a Prague ” (both ” the poor(both and camethe rich out to rlštejn from the mid-1420s (the

ě sta, kdo co pobrati, mohl takže capita and relics of and 875

CEU eTD Collection literatury doby husitské doby literatury vojenského práva. obrazy v a kostelích klášte ruky. Když byn ruky. conditions of the post-Compactate Utraquism post-Compactate the of conditions Bartlová pointedlater out datingfor someofthese works andsuggested theircreation in thespecific however, Recently, iconoclasm. Hussite the of survival their by be explained to used churches of works Prague churchinteriors.Many quality George of Pod abroad or safethe castleskeeping of in Catholic thetreasuries, libraries and archives, theconvents generally managedto save them bysending them monasteries, were often not able to defend themselvesfrom futher alienation of their property.As for destroyed not if sawWeakened, enrichment. at who a chance personal the nobility to lost or 883 882 881 880 879 kalichy, knihy zvony, a kostelníjiné (nemají okrasy být brány) a T would need athorough examination of later inventories fromPrague churches for the survived badly affected by a development of tastethe in Modern Era, and by unfavourable historicalevents. It were church treasuries the in objects Medieval impossible. not if complicated, is more evaluation roadsin [columns] wouldhe be punished under martial law.” altar smashedor images inchurches and monasteries or covered, ripped or damaged (those) on the sacraments out fromtheircontainers andthrew them out, he would be burnt. If anyone destroyedan or taken under the threat of hand off of their hand. If someone took the Corpus Christi or other theftsmonstrances of and crossestime,in his they occurredfrequently. Lobkovice. proper the on treasury church the from garments such as Old economic pressure whenor underthe excuseofprotection, local nobles usurped theirproperty. Some, underestimated. Even the monasteries in the Catholic areas were badly hit by these events, first due to monastictreasuries survivedis not availableyet but thescale of destruction should benot Bartlová, “The Utraquist church and the Visual Arts,” 218. Šmahel, Tobolka, ed., Šmahel,

“ Kostely aklášterynemají být vybíjeni ani vypalováni, le

- - 158- In general,artthe historians tend tounderestimateeffect the iconoclasm of and destruction on Alreadytheearly in 1420s, royal estates andestates ofchurch institutions were largely pawned Husitská revoluce Husitská revoluce 882 ř ě ich (Ulrich) of Rosenberg, didnot hesitate (Ulrich)ich ofRosenberg,

kdo t Pavla Žídka Správovna Pavla Žídka ” “Upravený ě brady is less clear. ě lo Božíspuškújinou nebo svátost a vzal vysypal,bude upálen. Kdybykdokoli oltá , 512. ř ích zbil nebo na cestách v plúpiech [slúpiech?] ích zbilnebo cestáchp na vplúpiech [slúpiech?] , vol. 4,16. , vol. 4,12. ř ád Jana Hájka zHod , 23.

880 Judging from Pavel Žídek‘s complaints about the numerous numerous the about complaints Žídek‘s Pavel from Judging ě tína, about in1427,“ Havránek, Hrabák,andDa 883 (the following chapter). chapter). following (the č nobility. Their fate during the religious wars under religious the fate during Their nobility. by k tomu rozkázáno hejtmany,..posvátné v ty of his Catholic fellow Mikuláš (Nicolaus) fellow (Nicolaus) of Mikuláš Catholic ty his of art from Middlethe art Praguein Agespreserved ě lem Božím nemá být hýbánoanibráno utpod trestem to steal liturgical vessels and gold-threaded vesselsand gold-threaded to steal liturgical 879 ř

ikryté ztrhal a zkazil, ten bude potrestán dle 881 A detailed survey of which With the treasuries, the the treasuries, the With ň helka, ř ě zbo ci, vornáty, Výbor z ř il nebo č eské ě tí CEU eTD Collection George church in Prague Castle ( Andachstbilder Interestingly, allthreepreserved piecesto knownme they understandably, rare and, are very day present during excavationsat PragueCastle. of Christ attachedlater in monastery Franciscan the from reflect the difficult economic situation which affected which situation economic difficult the reflect garments for money (Zbraslav Cistercian monastery) under economic pressure. Both inventories for metal and used for war payments (Vyšehrad, Karlštejn), orrecording the sale ofmonastery’s a treasuries as lateas 1431,listing either reliquaries, crossesetc. ofgold and silver to meltedbe down infellow a monastery by the border.The second type of inventory testified to the scale ofloss ofin the or Rosenbergs the by safe’ ‘kept were they thiscase in treasury; the in relics and objects precious most relic ofthe cathedral’s Virgin’s Veil represen is payments, Karlštejn accounts, Zbraslavtextiles). the the sale of payments, Karlštejn treasury financial dueto need(the list of gold silverand of Vyšehrad givento Sigismund aswar 887 886 885 884 monastery in Prague and the Cistercian monastery of Vyšší Brod), objects fromsouthern Bohemianmonasteries) sources.These includeeither records of objects givenfor safekeeping (theKrumlovcastle listof the among treasuries chapter or monastic returned or lost of fragments the of accounts several found differed from place toplace. situation the albeit expected, be can losses large inventories, pre-Hussite the in shown as treasuries church Prague of pre-Hussite content tothe pieces preserved or currently returned of number limited willbe difficult case,it that in even However 1434. and 1417 between treasuries church fate the of Prague reveal to works medieval Forthe information onthe am last two I Bartlová. indebtedto Milena 13. 9, 8, nos. II, Appendix Appendix II, nos. 11, 12. 10. no. II, Appendix

- - 159- Art objects documenting iconoclasm or church pillaging that have survived down to the the to down survived have that pillaging church iconoclasm or Art objectsdocumenting Preserved inventories of treasuriesclearly reflect the damage inflicted on monastic treasuries. I . Two convincingly come frommonastic a environment – the stone Pieta from St. ). The third piece is a fragment of a knee again from a stone Pieta found found Pieta again from astone is a piece aknee fragment of ). The third to distinguishthe survivors from Pl. 48, Pieta from St. George George St. Prague in from Castle Pieta Pl. 48, Č

eský Krumlov ( Krumlov eský 887 An exceptional An case documenting an attackagainst the famous 884 and returned (parts of treasuries from the Carthusian Carthusian the from treasuries of (parts returned and ted bythe statue of the Virgin Marythe in Tyne Pl.Pieta 49, from many convents during or after the Hussite wars. Hussite the after or during convents many do not include pieces from church treasuries. church from pieces include not do that show signs of an iconoclastic attack, are all all iconoclastic an are signs attack, of show that 886 Thefirst typeofinventory listed the the later donations. Comparing the donations.Comparing the later the 885 or records of lossesto part of a Č eský Krumlovthe legs with ), and thestonePieta CEU eTD Collection ornamentedand Prague greatly profited. Itemimages ofGod and saints were destroyed.” (!) we royal relics the especially and destroyed, were saints of Relics churches. the of decoration and chasubles altars, chalices, chapels, monasteries, (the Church’s) orders… Item (they) damaged churches, burnt them and pillaged (as wellas destroyed) and 2001),Litomyšl: 121 Paseka (ft. 21), 133, (ft.37). The scuplture wasreturnedto thealtar before 1519,when sources obrazovéItem boží asvatýchzkaženi svátosti svatých zkaženy,a zvlášt ř St. Vitus cathedral held bytheCatholics. Papoušek, in order to comply with his views piety. on views with his comply to in order Papoušek, in 1448 and made immediate changes to itsinterior,furnished by religious art shortly before by his activecooperation in restoringartworks and cults tothe interior ofthe Tyne church. relics Prague of role the on reflection Papoušek’s 891 890 889 888 liturgical missals from Plze two case of the in as monasteries, from books looted or material raw precious works, goldsmith cheap Virgin of the Tynechurch, around 1440 off. ( cut was harshly and veil hair Virgin’s the where church, Vitus chapter when it was exiled in Plze in exiled was it when chapter Vitus St. from the it bought directly Shemay have altar equipment. necessary with founded altar she had Margaretby Berbet (unfortunately, the note does not state from whom), whenshe was furnishing the Nicolaus in St. Batholomeus church inPlze St. and Andrew St. of altars the to belonging as recorded were they century, mid-fifteenth the in but Týn (Tyne) church in 1437, in church (Tyne) Týn well as an acquitance ofAenea Silvio and of papal legates confirmed to thePrague LadyOur at the Papoušek, Jan a Master co university The opponents. Virgin on Mary the inTyne the fifteenth century) theEnthroned Virgin Mary with childfrom the main altar. ády… Item kostelovévypáleni a zkaženi, opušt Boubín, and Zachová, “Žaloby“, 29, 52. Milena Bartlová, “Chrám Boží Matky p Havránek, Hrabák, and Da This important parishPrague church , located close totheRoyal court in the Old Town,was a Hussite counterpart tothe 29. no. II, Appendix

- - 160-

After the ten-year episode of Papoušek’s presence in the Tyne church, Rokycana returned there there returned Rokycana church, theTyne in presence Papoušek’s of episode ten-year the After In comparison, parish churches myeven have even profitedfrom the surplus ofrelatively Destruction ofchurch ornaments becameimportant an weapon in the hands ofthe Hussite ň helka, ě ň 889 královské od . 888 criticised the (more radical) Hussites: “(they) reject the Sacraments and Sacraments the reject “(they) Hussites: radical) (more the criticised .” Výborz They were both written for the Prague St. Vitus church around 1410, 1410, around Vituschurch St. the Prague for written were both They

č eské literaturydoby husitské ň ě ň ni, kaplyklášterové, oltá aty kteréž královstvie skrze m . Marginalia historica ) ň . An inscription . inscription in An one of them states it was that bought re taken from us, through which the kingdom was the kingdom re through which from taken us, and theroyal(imperial?) treasury corresponded with nservative Hussite, and later Catholic convert as convert laterCatholic and Hussite, nservative Heisdiscredited with 4. 891 ř Sborník k padesátinám Petra Petra padesátinám k Sborník ové, kalichové, ornáti kosteluov.a okrasy Item Rokycana was probably troubled by the by troubled wasprobably Rokycana , 133. “ Pl.50, Master oftheCalvary, Tyne ě lo velkéozdobenie aPraha velký užitek. (Husité)zamítají svátosti a její(církve) ř ed Týnemv 15. století” (Churchof the removal of the image of Č orneje (Prague, 890

CEU eTD Collection in Bohemian matters. In 1433, he was charged with the delicate task of reconciling “heretic”the reconciling task of the delicate with was charged he 1433, In matters. Bohemian in Basel of Council the for legate a became who figure political important an was bishop The Coutances. is conflict inthistimeof confessional treasuries acceptance of traditional forms of Christian cult. were far from radicalism of the Taborites in the sphere of religious practice and more open in their Utraquists conservative more piety, Catholic of forms excessive more the rejected theologians their although the fact that eased by was means such persuasion of of The memories. use as personal them older ofPraguecitizens, asthe memory collective Bohemian Throne. King the (Praha:amidst revolution) Mladá 229.fronta, 1998), 893 892 mention altarpiece apanel with (” older sculpture dedicated. was also altar main the to whom Christi, Corpus the of expense the at washonoured statue the way treaty. This became ameans of Catholic restoration of pastoral care inPrague withinthe limits of the re-introduction of Catholic formsofrituals and piety manipulating by relics, garments,treasuries. and a towards pressed theway they in embodied propaganda” “soft to resorted envoys Council the party, Utraquist the by accepted was Prague to return of prospect their Once Bohemia. in restoration Catholic reluctant to continue the military measures agains were representatives Basel of Council the and Sigismund Emperor the 1434-1436, in compiled Agreement Compactate the of treaty a peace under and negotiations long years, war the After PoliticsandMemory, the Holy2.2 Catholic Relics: monstrance on the main altar, at least for some parts of the liturgical year. Christi a Corpus been previously had there 1380 asaround equipment, original pre-Hussite its replaced by asanctuary with Eucharist.the Ironically, such an arrangement would have been closerto St.Vitus’most famous relic) andwas preserved down tothe present day. The sculpturemay have been against propaganda open Papoušek’s manifested blatantly too that veil Virgin’s of the exception humiliating gesture, butstatuethe infact destroyed; was not left itwas almost untouchedthe (with Základy starého místopisu pražského (1437-1620) pražského místopisu starého Základy František Kavka, Horní

- - 161- 893 č The central figure in this chapter presenting an example of the manipulative use of church

ková, “Eucharistickýmezi Kristus and Expressions of Catholic piety as we knowthem piety Catholic of Expressions 892 He had the statue “placed (the statue) in the corner“. The Catholic accusers saw itas accusers The Catholic corner“. the in statue) (the “placed statue the He had Poslední Lucemburk na č eském tr ě tabule stará malovaná sMarií ly z Týna“, 223. 223. Týna“, z ly , vol.1, 480, no. 72, (ft. 34). ů n ě . Králem uprost Frenchthe Bishop, Phillibert Bishop Monjeu, of of Tactics amidst the Hussite Reformation pre-Revolution pre-Revolution recall wasgeneration ableto still t the Hussites, but did not give up the idea of of idea the up give not did but Hussites, t the from the earlier chapters, appealed to to the appealed chapters, earlier the from ř ed revoluce ř ezanou dobrým dílem (The Last Luxemburg(The on the

“, Teige,ed.

CEU eTD Collection staging theof arrival of the Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg in Prague two days later, efforts to isolate theradical opposi Prague.Fr Hussite to directly him priests he reintroducedmonastic orders Prague back into Between September 1436 and April 1438, Prague. in time his during asbishop role in his appearances to the Council of Basel,whic of theCouncil to weresent to negotiate withthe Czechs. As a result of his mission, theHussite party madeconcessions Phillibert in 1437-39) of relics, arepreserved inthe Lapidary of National Museum. denHerrschaftsinstrument unter Luxemburgen Nováková, KarelK “Biskup a Phillibert General Council of Basel the 15th century, Council], Scriptorum Vindobonaetomus I. 1857,pp. 787-867. Blanka Zilynská, reliquiarum the Empress Barbara of Celje on February 11, 1437, and probably helped organise the last September 30, 1436 at theEmmaus Monastery, on November 8, 1436 theinchurch of Our Lady atthe masses four he held onSept Phillibert’s activities: for asstages acted churches that the recorded secretary, Phillibert’s Jan deTornis, churches. Prague 899 898 897 896 895 894 decisions. Jean deTornis, which recorded movementshis reconciliation among the Czechs. His actions were documented inthe diary of hissecretary, Master aims,Sigismund’sPhillibert chosemoderate pressure Czechswith the Roman Church.After studying presentation of the stone tablets engraved with the Basel Basel the with engraved tablets stone the of presentation showingexhibited notthe only imperialroyalandrelics housed in Karlštejn,butincluded the official Hussites rose to prominence. What last These relicshad 1437. in Market Blanka Zilynská, “Sv Zilynská, “Biskup Philliberta The stone tablets, laterattached to the Christi Corpus chapelon the TownNew Market and original place of thedisplays Milena Bartlová, “Sigismundus Rex Bohemiae: Royal Representation the after Revolution,” in František Palacký, ed., “Artikulové smluvení na držení kompaktát w ed., ErnstBirk,

- - 162- 899 Thesecond period of Philibert’smission, from the summer of 1436 until hisdeathin 1439, led To promote hiscause, Phillibert turned to conventional Catholic ceremonies and public , and held services in pontifical garments in the in garments pontifical in services , andheld 894 (displayrelics) of Inthe first phase of his mission, between 1433 and 1436, heled several delegations that MonumentaConciliorum Generalium decimi Saeculi quinti, Basileense Concilium ř esadlo, and EvaNedbalová, eds., (Jihlava: MuzeumVyso č eské zem Documenta Pragensia ě cení kn ě “ Phillibert and(Bishop theBohemian Lands),in ě č žstva biskupem vletechv Praze Filibertem 1437-39“( by of bishop clergy eské zem h in effect resulted in Czechs Czechs in resulted effect in h

in its original place at the Corpus Christi chapel in the New Town’s Ox Town’s New the in chapel Christi at theCorpus place original its in om his arrival on August 21, 1436, his stay was marked by great was great stay by marked 1436, his 21, August on arrival om his tion and return the city to the Cat the to city the return and tion

ě 9.2 (1991), 361-371. 361-371. (1991), 9.2 “, 91. gave this event a special political flavor was the fact that the the thatfact wasthe flavor political special a event gave this been shown on the Feast of the Holy Lance in 1417, before the the before 1417, in Lance Holy the of Feast the on shown been , Ji ř í Fajt,and eds.Andrea Langer, (forthcoming). ember 9, 1436 at St. Mich at ember 1436 9, around Prague,meetings important and political 898 the situation and inagreementsituation theEmperor with as a means to his end and promoteda means peacefulend as to his (fifteen of them before his death), ordained Compactate cathedral, and at least in five other important important other five at least in cathedral, and returning to rituals. Catholic Č echách 10.3. 1437,” 453-455. č iny, 1992), 56, 60. Jihlava aJihlava Basilejskákompaktáta Accord. holic faith. He participated in faith.Heparticipated holic the ael’s in the Old Town, on 897

Kunst als [Writings of the of [Writings 895

896 crowned crowned ostensio , Dana CEU eTD Collection 107. relics place, took and chapela at the university. tradition. Phillibert thealso consecrated dynastic chap an CharlesIV,was by founded church, Cunigunde’s theinvitation of a conservative Hussite priest, Master K church in which 1419, ended in the pillaging of the church and parsonage. Eckert, attacked in when 1410 announcing aninterdict against Husand John the radical priest Želivský John anled attack on the Star. The church had been thesite of twoviolent episodes during the early phase of theHussiterevolt. apriest First, was Eucharistic atextual Liturgy: in study,” BRRP to such an extent that it was treated as a new foundation in some sources. some in foundation anew as was treated it that extent an such to 905 904 903 902 901 900 enlargement, anewchurchwas in built the same celebration of theEucharist. during laymen to wasoffered chalice lay the where church first the was Michael St. Christi. of the priest might have played a role in Phillibert’s calculations. On 19 Christ). originally a monastic churchof the Franciscans,those for who communicated in Prague. churches To some extent these two criteria overlapped. The Tyne churchwas oneofthe most important parish ( parishes important otherwise or revolt Hussite recent the with connected those specifically 5, May 1437at St.Henry and Cunigunde’s churchin the OldTown. (Tyne)Týn churchin Town, the Old Marchon 14, 1437 atSt.Jacob’s church inthe OldTown, and on early stages of the Hussite movement. the in excesses radical Hussite of a place as known and church parish Town New important an was New Town ofPrague. This consecration, however,is recordednot in the de Tornis’ diary. The church of the part eastern the in St. Stephen of church parish important the in altars consecrated Coutances Prague), vol. Prague), 2(Prague:D administrator called it “well-decorated church” with a treasury under proper care. proper under treasury a with church” “well-decorated it called administrator Appendix IV, no. 5. Eckert, The patronage rights to this ancient churchbelonged to Czechthe hospital oforder theKnights of with the a Cross Red Zilynská, “Biskupa Phillibert Holeton, “The Bohemianmovement Eucharistic in itsEuropean context,” František Eckert,

- - 163-

In mid-June 1437, Rokycana fled Prague with the priest St.of Stephen’s church. Theabsence churches, Prague important strategically the on concentrated Phillibert that appears It Posvátná král.hl. místa m Posvátná místam král. hl. 900 ě John Rokycana had preached there and it was also dedicated to the the Corpus to was and it dedicated also there preached had John Rokycana dictví sv. JanaNepomuckého, 1884), 293. č eské zem 901 Phillibert also consecrated several altars in St. Michael’s, possibly at possibly St.Michael’s, in altars several consecrated also Phillibert ě sta Prahy

ě ,“ 90. 903

ě 2 (1998), 94-126. 94-126. 2 (1998), sta Prahy. D sta Prahy. , 105. During the reign of CharlesIV, the parish had been enlarged ě jiny apopsání jiny 902 location andrichlyendo location Finally, heconsecrated St.Jacob’s church, el of the Corpus Christi, where the of where display theCorpusChristi, el of important parish church with an imperial and and imperial an with church parish important (Sacred places in the royal capital city of ř

iš 24-27. Idem,“Evolution of Utraquist ť an St. an of . Henry and Posvátná místa král.hl. m th ofApril, 1438, Phillibert of sub una sub wed. In 1379/80, the the 1379/80, In wed. 905 904 A silver gilded gilded silver A Followingits (onlyBody of ě sta Prahy sta Map 3 , ). CEU eTD Collection 1111).Year 1438, appended to Sermon Dominica +PostPascha Dissolved Monasteries, AZK hac reliquia(s) reliquia(s) hac Bo(B p(ro)vincia(m) copy. monastery. Appendix II,28. Inventory of relics in the church of St. Stephen inRybní was giventruly important relicsfor consecration. the the place on took consecration The origin. Catholic testimoniesPrague’s to gloriousas past a pilgrimage centre, and reminded the Utraquists of their behind his activities in Prague. Itwas aimed at the collective public memory of important relics as treasury. church they were the part of saint,not although the of feast day the Protomartyr and astone fromthe stoning St.of Stephen ch toSt.Stephen’s St.Vitus of cathedral treasury 909 908 907 906 bust he saw in churchthe treasury, probablycame from the imperialendowment. to to St. Vitus’cathedral. them and donated in 1355 Prague to Rome from relics his specialesteem,Stephen in St. brought held venerabilem in A written record of relics Phillibert’s offered tothe church ispreserved in thearchive of the Karlov Augustinian Eckert, CPSVP, IV, XII, XXVII, XXXI. Protocolum

- - 164-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ------9 Phillibert’s consecration of altars in St. Stephen’s in 1438 most clearly reveals the strategy A

o Posvátná místa král. hl. m Dni 1438 die 19 Ap(ri)lis Ap(ri)lis 19 die 1438 Dni , 62. De ligno S. Crucis De Columna in qua fuit Chrs(Christus) flagellatus qua fuit Chrs(Christus) in De Columna De Lapidoin quo stetit Crux Sita(m) Reliq Stephani Prothomarty(ri) Prothomarty(ri) Stephani Reliq De Beato Petro in primo De Sanguino Beati Pauli Pauli Beati De Sanguino SS. Simonis et Juda(m) Ap(osto)lor(um) S. Venceslai M. Venceslai S. S. LaurentiiS. M. χ o patrem et Dominum Philibertum gratia Dei Episcopum Coutancien(sem?) Coutancien(sem?) Episcopum Dei gratia patremetDominumPhilibertum o ohemiam?) a S. ConcilioBa ohemiam?) a 907 Ř It might have beenalso Charleswho initiated an annual procession from the A Karlov, (unsorted Spisy administrativematerial), inv. no. 2535fasc. 11. (Holinka no. ě sta Prahy

hore(?) Domi(ni)ca Secunda post Pascha , 105-106. siliensi Legatto(sac siliensi sc(?) urch carryingurch the bust reliquary StephenSt. the of 909 second Sunday after Easter and the parish church church parish the Easterand after Sunday second Ira enim virijustitiam Dei non operatur

908 which were then shown inthatchurchwere thenshown on which Templu(m) hocConsecrata e(st)per č ek (1438). National Archive, section Archive, National (1438). ek ras?) eade(m)ras?) reconduntur 906 Charles IV, who , 17th century 17thcentury , CEU eTD Collection Laurentius, Mauritius, and the pope, St. Clement. In the third altar, bones from the Eleven Eleven the from bones altar, third the In Clement. St. pope, confessor the and Mauritius, Laurentius, martyrs early the with together wasplaced St. Wenceslaus, Bohemia, of saint patron themain group, second the In altar. first the in placed were relics these of All Jude. St. and St. Simon Apostles the and Protom the Stephen St. saint, titular the with starting Stone which held the Cross in Golgotha.Relics ofmost the important saints of Christianity followed, the and wasflagellated, Christ where column Cross,the True the of pieces included They enclosed. Protomartyr. and Martyr and,(St.?) Elisabeth the Widow. Thetitular dedicationis tothename ofSt. Stephen the Virgin the Sabrina St. fourth, the in Martyr and Virgin the Ursula St. Martyr, and Virgin the Margaret holy Eleven Thousand Virgins, the Martyrs, St. Catherine the Virgin and Martyr…for the third. St. Clemens the Pope and Confessor, St. Hilarie? the Martyr…for the second [altar]. The bones ofthe [altar?]. Relics of St. Wenceslausthe Martyr, St. Lawrence theMartyr, St.Mauritius Martyr, the St. Protomartyr,of St.Peter,the Blood ofSt.Paul, St. Simon and Juda theApostles…for the first flagellated, from the Christ Stone in which th the following relics were brought there: from the Wood of the Holy Cross, from the Column where Philibert, Bishop of Coutance, Legate of the Holy Council of Basel to theprovince of Bohemia, and

- - 165- [ Prothomartyrii S. VeroStephano annotatur Titulus 17 The inventory is written in four parts, possibly denoting altars in which the relics the were which in altars denoting possibly fourparts, in written is inventory The 10 14 13 ------12 11 16 15 ------On April 19, 1438, (…on the second Sunday after the Easter) this church was consecrated by consecrated was church this Easter) the after Sunday thesecond (…on 19, 1438, April On

S. Sabrina(e) V. et M. (sc?) 18 Elisabath Vidua(e) Vidua(e) Elisabath (sc?) 18 M. V.et Sabrina(e) S. S. MauritiiS. Martyris in 2 S. S. Catharine V. etM. in 3 Mart. Virginu(m) Milliu(m) 11 ss. Ossa St(?) (…Ilybros, Hybros?, Ilarie?) Martyri(s?) (sc?) Confesoris Papa(m) Clement(is) S. S. S. Ursula(e) V. et. M. in 4 S. Margaritha(e) V. et M. ] e cross was positioned, a relic of Stephen the the Stephen of relic a positioned, was cross e artyr, followed by St. Peter, the blood of St. Paul, Paul, St. of blood the Peter, St. by followed artyr,

tio to do

CEU eTD Collection Mary images under Wenceslaus IV’s reign. IV’s Wenceslaus under images Mary fourteen late the from known images orsculptures, promotion oftraditional forms ofCatholic piety wasprovidedthe by practiceinserting of relics into and displays ofrelics, episcopal rituals,and manipulation oftreasuries. Another opportunityfor public tradition. Bohemiawas thereto remind the Protestants theof martyrs of their pastand their own saintly of saint patron main relics is clear.The St. Wenceslaus’ use of the for reason the Finally, displays. Prague showing of relics. Kubínová, him to MagnaMoravia in the9 Slavonicfeelings. Hiswere the first relics that consecrated churches in Bohemia, as SS. andCyril Methodius had brought Phillibert who had earlieras prieconfirmed been had Phillibert who 913 912 911 910 by the master identifi the master by between the choir and the nave of theTyne church ( inserted intothe head sculptureof the of Christ in century practice. consecration ofth this Phillibert himselfinitiated Peter and St. Clement—were included; Clement—were St. and Peter (SS. Lawrence, Stephen, Peter, and Paul) and papal authority; two uncontroversial sainted popes—St. the Virgin in Salvation History. The composition also aimed at careful promotion of Roman saints Mary relics, which can explainedbe Phillibert’s by concession to the Hussiteswho disputed the role of Virgin were no There rite. Hussite the in Christi Corpus the and figure Christ’s of centrality the echoed and, in this ambivalent confessional environment, avoided beingcontroversial. too ThePassion relics impressive is choice The Apostles. and the the Passion of onrelics wasplaced accent IV,the Charles parish church inPrague. agreementIn with the Christian hierarchy ofsaintsand the tradition of Margaret, Ursula, Sabrina, and Elisabeth. wereIn deposited. St.Catherine and Virgins Thousand Hussite (Prague: Era) Academia, 2004), 23-25. Zilynská, “Biskupa Phillibert Milena Bartlová, Šron Churches had been dedicated to St. Clement since Christianity arrived in Bohemia and his cult resonated with Czech-

- - 166- ě k, “Šlojí Phillibert’s activityaimed at re-Catholisation wa Such a compositionSuch consecrationof surprising relicsis important,for an butnevertheless a just ř nejistý,“ 84-5. Mistr Týnské kalvárie. ed after this work. this after ed th andcentury fromthere to Prague; later, this saint’s relics wereincluded inthe annual č eské zem Imitatio Romae,

Č ě ,“ 90. eský socha 910 912 relics of both were previouly also shown in the Prague the shown also in were previouly both of relics Either the priest, Master Jan Papoušek, an adherent of adherentof an JanPapoušek, Master the priest, Either 291-4 291-4 911 ř doby husitské doby On March 11, 1439, important Passion relics were relics Passion important 1439, March 11, On st st of the churchPhillibertApril 1437) by (on24 the famous Calvary standi Calvary famous the e sculpture in aclearreference e to thesculpture fourteenth- in th century Bohemia, and popular with the Virgin theVirgin with popular and Bohemia, century th Pl. 52 – ChristPl. from52 – theTyneCalvary s not limited to pontifical masses, processions masses, processions pontifical to limited not s the last group were th were group last the of(Master Calvary. Czech the Tyne sculptor of the ng inthetriumphal arch e virgin female saints ), carved 913 or CEU eTD Collection Stephen’s. The blooded St. of consecration the in used those with wereidentical relics three first the Interestingly, Christianity. Christ’s Passion were used exclusively, and again, they ranked among the mostvenerated tokens of 1439. in inserted here mercy deedsof are ofthe relics other and preached, Christ where stone, the of covered, was nakedness his which with Christ, of the veil the of flagellated, wood oftheHoly Cross, of the stone in whichstood the Cross, ofthe column, atwhich hewas [ predicavit, de operibus misericordiae reliquiealiae his recondite a.d. MCCCCXXXIX m.Xima qua stetit crux, statuade circa quamflagellatus continenturvertice in huiuscrucifixi amarissime:Passionis Christi, primodeligno domini, depetrain paintingof theVirgin was ofthe churches Phillibert was associated with (the Tyne, and St. Stephen). In the Tyne church, the panel images of the Virgin dating from the second third of the fifteenth century originated from two of the relicsimultaneously a to referring Christ’s Virgin. Passion andthe and Cathedral, St. Vitus the in relic avenerated was It choice. aclever was Cross, the on reliable supporters of Phillibert’s of supporters reliable Plze Prokop of Papoušek, Master JanofP (Eligius). Prague St.Jiljí Here, churchof the (Czech Gothic painting. Panel painting 1350-1450) (Prague: Melantrich, 1940),154, pl. 254-5. 916 915 914 in Praguechurch treasuries. in designed the la Calvary, church had itsown Catholic-oriented decorationprogramme insculpture by the Master ofthe Tyne late, conservative examples ofthe Beautiful Style, copying famous Bohemian prototypes. are Both church. Stephen’s St. for created was type, Brod Vyšší the of time this Virgin, the of painting of St.Lady Stephen Below are sacred relics that are placed in the head theplaced inhead are relics that aresacred Below Horní Bartlová, Bartlová,

- - 167- č The relics inserted in the Tyne Christ’s head read as follows: follows: as read head Christ’s Tyne the in inserted relics The Whenconsidering Phillibert’s fostering traditional of Catholicpiety is notable it two that A carved Crucifix by thesame workshop of the Master ofthe Tyne Calvarystil is preservedin ková, “Eucharistickýmezi Kristus and Poctivé obrazy Poctivé obrazy ř íbram, another conservativeofhis Utraquist allies. Utraquist Four Masters,Jan ). Bartlová dates the painting tobefore the mid-15th century. Another panel , 389-90, pl. 148, Antonín Mat , 389-90. pannum ň te 1430s to 1440s, whose iconography promoted the most important relics important most the promoted iconography whose 1440s, to te 1430s 916 , K

ř iš , the Virgin Mary’s Veil Mary’s Virgin the , ť Beata an ofPrachatice, and Jan of P cause, as all of them consequently provided guaranties to the tothe guaranties provided them consequently asallof cause,

type ě ly z Týna“, 223-225. Týna“, z ly 914 closely following the St. Vitus prototype ( ě in April 1437, Phillibert confirmed and established and April 1437,Phillibert confirmed in j č ek, of this crucifix: of the thiscrucifix: Passion of of first the of Christ, est, de panno domini, de lapide ubi Christus Christus ubi lapide de domini, est, depanno Ć eská malba Deskovémalí gotická. , with which Mary covered Christ’s nakedness ř íbram wereapparently regarded as Infrascriptae reliquiae sacrae ] This time, relics of of relics time, ] This ř ství 1350-1450 915 pl. 53, Our 53, pl. The Tyne Tyne The

. CEU eTD Collection Contribution totheContribution of evolution Nákladem(Prague: Hussite Conservative party) spole priests for Prague, clearly with the intention to limit the of serving number priests under both species. and serving mass outside ofchurches. vessels, and places sacred of destruction iconoclasm, against as argued well as saints, the to prayers images, venerationthe their and saintsof festive preached the traditional Catholic cult to the Prague annual displays of relics, and especially defended the Virgin Mary relics. Mary Virgin the defended especially and relics, of displays annual the of translation the in tradition their of origin Bohemian the ancient of argument the He used processions. the and relics of as public veneration such (Onthe veneration of relics andprocessions) April 18, 1438, although he did not report his source for this information. this for source his report not did he although 1438, 18, April is,on that St.Stephen’s, day before the Phillibert by was consecrated thischurch that writes Eckert that date, but before 1448, before date,but that the church isdoubted. Iamindebtedfor this information toV.Kelnar. Catholic Church, was established in this parish Phillibertby on May 5, 1437. conservativeUtraquist andally of Phillibert in the reconciliation between the Czechs andthe Roman 924 923 922 921 920 919 918 917 in St. Henry’s in 1437 or 1438, that is, befo in1437orthatis, St. Henry’s 1438, in applicants forclericalapplicants upgrade masses (The Tyne church, St.Henry and Cunigunde’s, St. Stephen’s, and the Emmausmonastery) positionsin his views on traditional cult practices and hisstrategy for persuasion. them, such asreliquaries, ornaments, precious vessels and decorated service garments held key efforts, Phillibert Phillibert “returefforts, Prague andillustrates theclaim AeneaSilvio by churches. Christ theMasterby ofthe Tyne Calvary workshop wereordered leastat for two of theirfour Prokeš, Prokeš, Jaroslav Prokeš, Zilynská, “Biskup Philliberta Eckert, Hadravová, Martínková, Motl,and eds. Another candidate would bethecrucifix wasuntilthat recently in St.Henry andCunigonde church,however its link to “Sv Zilynská,

- - 168-

Another church where Phillibert is known to have been active is St. Henry and Cunigunde’s. Cunigunde’s. and is St. active Henry been to have known is Phillibert where church Another At least four of the churches consecrated by Posvátná místa král. hl. m M. Prokop z Plzn z Prokop M. Plzn z Prokop M. 918 This suggests an interesting link between link interesting an suggests This ě cení kn M. Prokop z Plzn M. Prokop ě žstva biskupem where she 366-7, Filibertem,” argues that Phillibert ordained toofew Utraquist ned images ofsaints back”the churches. to ě ě , 237-8, ft. 628-638. 628-638. ft. 237-8, , , 153, 183, 259,ft. 845. 922 č eské zem he authored a tractate: tractate: a authored he ě ě sta Prahy . P ordained byPhillibert ordained in 1437-1438. ř ísp

Aeneae Silvii Enea Historia Bohemica / Silvio Historie ě ,“ 90. ě vek kvývoji konzervativní husitské strany 924 , vol 2,7. Although not explicitly naming church treasuries, objects in treasuries, objects church naming explicitly not Although , where he defended traditional Catholic forms of piety re Phillibert’s death a death re Phillibert’s body of St. Ludmila, readers reminded Charles of IV’s St. of body public. In the outlines for his sermons he for hissermons promoted Inthe public. outlines Piccolomini (later Pius II)that among his other ceremonies, feasts, and pilgrimages, sacraments, sacraments, pilgrimages, and feasts, ceremonies, De Adoratione reliquiarum et de processionibus reliquiarum Adoratione De Phillibert orwhere Ph this workshop and the this workshop 919

nd possibly under his 917 č nosti Husovamusea, 1927), 144. (MasterProkop of Plze The sculptures of Crucified 920 923 Master Prokop of Plze of Master Prokop In hissermons delivered 921 illibert held pontifical č Probably soon after after soon Probably bishop’s activity in in activity bishop’s eská , 169. ň aegis . , he ň , a

CEU eTD Collection following the revolt. One cannot be Onecannot su revolt. the following loss of prime the of position Pragueamong imperial cities astheseat of theHoly Roman Emperor the resentment over public on alsohave played Hemight ceremonies. solemn and donations existence, of these relics on moderate Utraquists Prague.in Catholics and conservative Utraquists since the 1420s the with had had Hussites radical the issue conflicting key the reflected that earlier outlined I have in cont expressed apoint aprocession ceremony with special feast days. Philli on showing relics public by of persuasion including relics’ manipulation,treasuries, ceremonies and processions,and engaged the Catholic cause.Making the direct of service the into it put and effort IV’s Charles of memory the embraced consent, or order imperial by claim to the Bohemian throne. displayfeast onthe of the Holy Lance to provide arespectable contextfor theEmperor Sigismund’s for order imperial by from Karlštejn Prague to brought been had they 1437, of spring the In Prague. Vitus treasu relics St. of Third, the 925 Sigismund appropriated most of its own resources and stopped paying them after he left Prague. heleft them stopped after paying and resources own most its appropriated of Sigismund considerable influence over the Prague chapter as he paid its expenses with his own money after wide range ofrelics from allover Europe and Rome. Second, Phillibert was able to exercise severalfor reasons. First, the excellent collection contained the most important Passion relics and a it islikely that theyor question, controversial for the Hussites. persuasivecapacity as themost venerated ofrelics, and on the other hand,seem haveto been less astrong had hand, the one on relics,which, Christ’s of value and patrimonial potential unifying the on calculated Phillibert case wasunder threat. the Catholic when ina for need, timeof help on called century glory.Prague’s forgotten treasuries—the mostimportant relics of Western Christianity—were fourteenth- totheir treasuries Prague church restore could that relics of veneration IV-style Charles Phillibert made use of thecommon of memory thepe already had theirownhistorical memories of Charles’ IVstrategy tomake Praguepilgrimage a centre. Zilynská, “Biskupa Phillibert

- - 169- More than half acentury under later and di Where Where did relics Phillibert’s the come from? Althoughthere is no on direct sourcethis č eské zem iginated fromiginatedSt. cathedral. Vitus It wasahandyforPhillibert resource reference to Prague (Catholic) hi to reference ry (withremains of the royal treasury

ě “, 67. re of the direct reaction of Prag the direct of reaction of re fferent confessional cond bert counted onatwofold effect. First, the public emporary polemicsthe on format church of ritual . Phillibert also counted on emotional the counted effect .on Phillibert also Utraquists were more likely totolerate their ople in support of the contemporary revival of ople revival contemporary in supportofthe story, Phillibert employed methods methods employed Phillibert story, ue’s public to Phillibert’s effort, ?) were present at that time in itions, Bishop Phillibert, itions, BishopPhillibert, 925

CEU eTD Collection letech 392-394. 1436—1459,“ strategy of persuasion until the Jagellonians took the throne in 1471. 1471. in throne the took Jagellonians the until persuasion of strategy this to an end put in 1457 Posthumus Ladislaus King young of death as aswell the sudden 1448 only at the time of death.Phillibert’s Zilynskyj, “Postavení utrakvistické katolické a konfese na Novém M period of ourconsideration, Bohemiantowns became important players the on political scene and administration church of laicisation to leading internationa and contempt Catholic Europe, of brought one-and-half-centuryarchbishop´s of caused It levels. many on treasuries church of administration and existence the affected revolt Hussite 3.1 The Utraquist Treasury Catholics to power in Prague. George Pod of power Prague. to in Catholics death fromplague on June 19, 1439 closed the first phase of the “peaceful” efforts to return the later. Although Phillibert’s spawnedpolicy followe moment,the albeit fornot long. Sigismund diedDecember in 1437,followed Phillibert by two years religious litt scene inPrague,had conser the more likely but concession a as meant partially embraced - toleratedor - indignation among more radically oriented individua butwhich certainly posedthe threat ofconflict. The ritualsmust havecaused, and did cause, upon, decided yet been had nothing when atime at piety to traditional inclinations and Reformation only partially correct. He readthe psychology of the people, which balanced betweensympathy for the 926 3. theattention of the faithful. Catho that showing sources in recorded are churches No large-scale retaliation is known, and at this the harkingbut tradition and thefa ato glorious back Aboutfifth one of the betweendonations 1436 andwent 1448 to Catholic institutions, however, thefirstmade were Confessionalising the Objects: Church Treasuries around 1500 1500 around Treasuries Church Objects: the Confessionalising

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Phillibert optedfor persuasion rather than moreextreme action, but hiscalculations proved 926

le problem with traditional religiou a return to what was clearly Catholic practice. This might have been been have might This practice. Catholic wasclearly what to a return

sedesvacantium ě brady’s siege ofPrague and return ofJan Rokycanain time, the first post-revolt endowments to Prague vative Utraquist party which then controlledthen vative partywhich Utraquist the rs who continued his worktill 1457, Phillibert’s lic institutions for atimemanagedshort to attract me oftherelics themselves involved faithfulinvolved the in religious matters.the In ls, but thels, burghers fail but Phillibertdid not and l isolation of the Itspeeded Bohemia. processes l isolation , and , and weakeningmonastic of life, as well

s practices. Memory worked for for worked s practices.Memory workedwelltogether. ě st ě Pražskémv CEU eTD Collection period. Mountain pre-White the of situation complicated the in persistence remarcable a showed century, mid-fifteenth before existedalready which Consistory, Utraquist the in 1471, Rokycana John of death represent rather the conservativeapproach to the riteclose the to Catholic practice. they although 1437, of Accord the Compactate of the keeping defining articles in the founded primacy of the Roman Church.The existence ofUtraquist deviations fromCatholic the rite was preserve specific ritual, featuresoftheir and rec Rejchrtová, andZ.Zahradník) remain unpublished. (2008)(forthcoming). representedcommunity‘s shared 931 930 929 928 927 confessional environment, they served as the source patrioticof pride, attracted visitors, thetreasuries still played an important role in religiouslife ofthe community; regardless of the religious upon suitable identity wasmanifested occasi community’s the where spaces the of one into transformed treasury church situation, this In conducted. were practices cult the way the in communities the among variations local great were there however, during the reign of George of Pod Bohemia perceived them asheretics.In spite of itthe dual confessional system Bohemia in endured Utraquist Consistory as the highest Utraquist administrative body, the Catholics inside and outside of the universal Church and their church organisation copied theCatholic administration majority in moderatewho gained Utraquists, the public sphere turned into space,wheretheturned into public sphere urban the thus and monuments; churches, buildings, public through position strong their demonstating churches no lessthan ch thirty-six ( vessels liturgical numerous donate Thefaithful situation. confessional different the in donations of patterns the on needed is more study although century, mid-fifteenth at least since is growing churches the to donations as well as ornaments church of number The treasuries. the enriching and churches their decorate Councillors of Kutná Hora church toshow treasures important people, Šimek, Palacký, “Artikulové smluvení na drženíkompaktát w Zilynská, “Utrakvistická církevní správa,” 41. Zilynská, “Utrakvistická církevní správa amožnosti jejího studia,” 52.Key works 40-41, on the topic N. (by Kate

- - 171-

ř 929 ina Horní In conditionsthe Ut post-Compactate of the The period of the Jagellonian rule in Bohemia in rule Jagellonian the of period The

č ková,“Enrichment to presentationpublic of identityreligious of Czech(Utraquist) towns,”BRRP7 monstrances memoria ě alices between 1467and 1512, reflectingthe wealth silver ofthe

brady and the Jagiello kings up to the early 17 early the to up kings Jagiello the and brady , chalices), and textiles: inKutná Horaparishioners gave the . citizens manifested thei Č oncile them with formaloncileApostolic them with ofthe recognition echách 10.3. 1437,“ 453-5. Bohemia during the 1430s, sawthemselves asapart 1430s, the during Bohemia ons. In spite of their changing role in the cult, the cult, in changingrole of their ons. Inspite raquism, the Protestant totried Protestant communities raquism, the is marked by the new effort of faithful to to faithful of effort new the by marked is r confessional identity. Kutná Hora v 15. a 16. století 16. a 15. v Hora Kutná th century. After the 930 927 In general, 928 Although Although , 152. withthe 931 and CEU eTD Collection vast number results of from and workscurrent earlier withfocus. regional account thetopography and local situations as well as their development time. over Such aproject would have to combine centuries. No substantial work hasbeen published sofar on the Bohemiaconfessional situation has takenin that into between 1478and 1491 in St.Jacob in Brno. Bretholz, císa years. 936 935 934 933 932 existence, a whether church was Catholic or Ut confessional map of Bohemia developed over the time.theIn situation of Utraquist-Catholic co- national andlocal identity. communities clingedto the unique features ofUtraquism as demonstrations oftheir confessional, at but the first; changes asminor seem these may Lutherans, or even Calvinists, Brethens, of Unity the of case the in traditions Catholic the to resistance of level the to Compared theologians. which wascriticised adversariesby ofBohemianReformation ever since itsinvention the Hussiteby children, of Communion Hussite the kept also They chalice. lay articles—the Hussite basic four the ( Utraquism less conservative more or to adhered century fifteenth further generalisation. securing people’s support through the social spectrum, but differences between theplaces hinder any pr religious local in factor designing independent an as emerged communities Lay community. parish the of agreement the pending optional administering lay chalice;the use of garments in with problems practical and matters, ecclesiastical over authority Biblical accentuated service, from Hussite the liturgical reform, such as lay par to provide financial support for one priest. communityCatholic of St.Jacob’ inBrno joined altar existing comm parish The arrange. to difficult and expensive, end of the fifteenth century due to lack of priestsand costs of keeping analtar priest became mining town. mining The problem theis complexity of the andconfessional distribution in MoraviaBohemia inthefifteenth and sixteenth Zikmund Winter, Bretholz, Altars werehowever erected in some thechurches; situation from differs place to place—five altars were erected Šimek, ř e Františka Josefa pro v

- - 172- 935 Given the current state of our our knowledge, the current stateof Given majorityThetown parishes ofin Bohemia (o Utraquist religious practicecomprised variousso

KutnáHora století a XV.A XVI. Die Pfarrkirche zuSt. Jakob 932 However, number the ofnew altar erections never reached pre-Husite level; Život církevní v ě dy, slovesnost aum Č echách , 73.

, 53. , 53. (Religious life in Bohemia), vol. 2(Prague: Nákladem ě ní, 1896),505. 934 Some churches, though, were without a priest forseveral apriest without churches, were though, Some Die Pfarrkirche zu St. Jakob raquist depended not only on local nobility, power power nobility, local on only not depended raquist actices, where tradition functioned as unifying force force as unifying functioned actices, where tradition the mass, money collection andfeasts remained ticipation, and useof vern 936 unities reacted to this situation in various ways: situation invariousways: thisunities reacted to it is hard to estab is hardto it ver thirty royal towns, forexample)towns, royal ver thirty inthe cial, theological and cultural aspects inherited inherited aspects cultural and theological cial, beneficia Map 4 , 72. ), which enforced only one of together to couples, in order lish precisely how the lish precisely acularin the partsof Č eské akademieeské 933 at the at CEU eTD Collection of church treasuries; duringfifteenth the century, lay influenceinstitutionalised Utraquist church inventories around 1500 churchinventories Utraquist power helpedto restore donating habits of thePrague citizens.The first results show dual donationsto of consolidation the sources; the in re-appear churches Prague the to donations 1430s, in as early As the post-Compactate Bohemia. “Vrchnostenská m treasuries as well; treasuries the position of councils in the decision-making on churchmatters that, in consequence,influenced the 943 942 941 940 939 938 937 patronage rightspatronage to altars andthethe community’spresentation and church finances. This processcan bestbe observed in towns, where the features of Utraquist church administration, church Utraquist of features patronage Comunity elders. community’s the from registers. panování kn panování teaching,the requestfor clerical poverty,and removal of wordly rule of clergy (“ community thatalso engaged inadministration the on more dependent became treasuries managing weakened, ties When centralising matters. church treasury. radical points of view, however, did not necessarily result in the destruction of the objects in the more even of presence The church. each in interior church the to amendments and ritual of form was rather a matter ofchoice for the community and the priests’ position on orthodoxy that defined the fifteenth to early seventeenthcentury, Catholiclords could haveProtestant subjects and vice versa.It from Bohemian Lands the in the between these players. creed, As to opposed Augsburg the later distribution amongstthe community, andchoice of the priest, butalso on the network ofrelations memory. memory. registers), andSacristansVod (church Zilynská, “Utrakvistická církevní správa,” 48, 52. Chrudim were written inventories in the Book of transactions, Appendix 30.II, Theearlierinventories of Chrudim and 1444) are (1465? written in Latin. The towns, and thecouncils actaspatrons in patronagepractice; their is often not stated in official Waska, documents. Waska, “Vrchnostenskám Zilynská, “Utrakvistická církevní správa,” 40-1, 48. Zilynská, “Utrakvistická církevní správa,” 42.

- - 173- In post-Compactate Prague two confessions lived side sideby and had to tolerate each other. Bohemian Reformation speeded processesleading to enforcing lay power over the parish 942 To ease the control, two or more lay sacris lay the more control,two Toease or ě ží ”) ě sta,” 278, Zilynská, “Utrakvistická církevní správa,” 48. 937 940 formed theoretical support for lay overtaking of endowments and administration forexample inventoring was organised the localby authorities. Majority of ě sta,” 278.sta,” ň any in

church graduallytothe passedcouncil. Liber memorabilis Liber 943 I have collected were writteninCzech significant for restoration of ecclesiastical treasuries in of endowments. An of original point in Utraquist and lay control of endowments are characteristic are characteristic endowments of and lay control , Book of Memory, the book oftransactionsfor eternal Liber contractorum tans responsible to the , Nicholaus’ in St. Books of 939 council wererecruited council The change enforced change The odstran 938 941 controlling thecontrolling in the town town the in ě ní sv ě tského CEU eTD Collection introduced typical some books, choral suchasBook of Songsor Brethen (Utraquist gradual). lecture, lecture, June 2008), forthcoming). BRRP8, 6 (publication Sacrament was placed. Havránek, Hrabák,andDa (after 1500,pl. 94) the exceptionthe Minor of Town, times heavier than the average chalice and capable to contain large volume of wine. of volume large contain to capable and chalice average the than heavier times five witha spout, chalice silver alarge by were replaced Prague Old Town in Nicolas of St. treasury Piccolomini’s Piccolomini’s Silvio of Aeneas “translation” Czech the in illustration fol. 42v. from Thechalice weightedthe treasury. ten and pounds of fourteen silver halfand accounting of1538 with Nicolaus, the goldsmith market, ofHorse who made gotiky a renesance fostered theintroduction of new the type of withaltarpieces centralnichefor the Eucharist, cf. Pešina, the administrationlay ofUtraquist churches,” BRRP 6 (2007), 189-208. (Was utrakvistická?“ the M 1490-1530, Zuzana Všete invention was other parts of Central Europe. other parts ofCentral from known piety lay of development the hinder anyhow not did Bohemia of abnormality confessional century. seemsIt wereburghers’ donations that be pr reached churches parish town to donations lay sixteenth century, plummeting especially after the 951 950 949 948 947 946 945 944 prevail, developmentsecond inthe half ofthe fifteenth century,the donations to the Utraquist churches testaments show that donations to the Utraquist churches prevail byfour fifths. Due to the political articles against Rokycana 1461. of Rokycana against articles both Utraquist and Catholic institu Catholic and Utraquist both out the Blood, served for the Communion Communion for the served Blood, the out c. 1520 Appendix no. II, 33,Sacristan Book of St.Nicholas, Archive of the of City Prague (AHMP), inv. no. 1669,fol. 34 gives Dana Stehlíková, “Kalich z Kadan There weremore in the interior of the Utraquist church. The central role of CorpusChristi inUtraquist devotion Fordetailed study Kate see Zilynskij, “Postavení Utrakvistické akatolické konfese Novémna M Cf. high tosupport the Utraquist churchM in Zilynskyj, “Postavení utrakvistické akatolické konfese Novémna M Žaloby

- - 174- Only few objects in the Utraquist treasury Utraquist the in few objects Only 945 ) is the only preserved example and dates around around 1520. dates example and preserved only ) isthe , 70. although endowments to the Catholic institutio the to endowments although

chalicea spout with , altarpieces from Chrudim, St. church Catherine’s (c. 1500, pl. Slav 70), . Historia Bohemica Historia In thecollection of Utraquist exempla from the Olomouc, beesbuilt achapel with an altar, where the č ková, “Byla m ková, “Byla ě lníkfigure pyx with of Christon the MountofOlives Utraquist?) (unpublished offprint of the ř ina Horní 946 ě ,“ in the gifts to the Catholic monastto theCatholic the gifts č ě ková, ková, “A Utraquist Church and Treasure Its Custodians: Afewobservations on 950 ( lnická pyxida figurální s výzdobou vpodob

, Z poklad ř tions in theearl The chalice, often with a large bowl and a lid to prevent spilling spilling prevent to lid a and bowl alarge with often chalice, The epice Communion under both speciesfrom thespout chalice ě lník two and only bequests for themonastery in Augustinian Pšovka ň helka, eds., sub utraque ), of which the chalice ofKada ů litom ěř 947 ické diecéze hind showingthatthe therestitution treasuries, of Prague revolt of 1483. The estimates suggest that The estimates suggest of Prague1483. revolt Výborz are exclusive to Utraquism. e-Hussite level already before the mid-fifteenth mid-fifteenth the before already level e-Hussite y post-war years, by the faithful. the by ns are attested again in the early With 1460s. early the in areagain ns attested č ě ě eské literatury doby husitské st st , inv. ě ě Pražském v letech 1436—1459,“ ft. 403, 33. Pražském v 1436—1459,“letech 392. large chalice with spout č 949 eries were in decline untilthe mid- . 146. Its use is first mentioned useisfirst in Its the lot

In 1534, three chalices from the from chalices three 1534, In . Nameof the goldsmith on appears ě Krista na Krista ho 944 ň however,the New Town ( Historia Bohemica ě tín (1531, pl. 249), or Libiš249),or pl. tín (1531, pl. 55, chalice of Kada of chalice 55, pl.

948 ř Thefirst Utraquist e Olivetské , 331. The Utraquists Utraquists The , 331. of threechalices 951 Č eská malba pozdní eská malbapozdní On On a woodcut ( pl. 7, pl. 7, ň ) , CEU eTD Collection children communicating wine from such chalice. a such from wine communicating children aboutread we Memoirs Slavata’s governor the in century—forexample seventeenth ofthe beginning the at use in still apparently were chalices the Chapel); Betlehem Prague, in Nicolus (St. 1500 wahy iijhrziwny ii covers for the use at the sicks’ bed ( bed sicks’ at the use the for covers theBlood whilstcarrying theEucharist to the sick people. theIn inventories wefindchalices with Salvation, thetypical form the Communion of chal demanded to used be in one’s Communion. was poured] Blood wasconsecrated for thelaity andthese chalices hadattachedthrough the spouts which Blood to smaller chalices Peter the earlyChurch communicated underboth kindson big even we feasts and nowadays find the largechalices where a ty kalichovém Hodiškov, c.1510). [Strahov Monastery Library]. 956 955 954 953 952 heavily criticised by other confessions), infants have not found in the inventories. I however, apiece, such purpose; same the for bottles of use of the informed also are we Rokycana, publishedMikuláš by Koná which again links Rokycana tothe introduction ofthis practice. adorating Rokycana John as isidentified chalice and monstrance with altar the of front in kneeling gear pontifical in figure third The lip. the to a attached small through spout it from drinks visual evidencesupport it. Utraquist inventories, there is not a specific mention of small communication chalices, nor does the theUtra for confirmed not sofar is differentiation Such Communication. for chalices small into waspoured Blood the from where chalices, Consecration been have to thought were chalices large These Rome. in found been have chalices large these that delegation relays thatthe pope mentioned large chalices with spouts as earlyan Christian practice, and pod obojí p report of the Utraquist delegation to the Pope Pius II inRome hints tothe origin of theidea. Appendix II, no. 31. 31. no. II, Appendix Winter, Although research presumed—and older it likely is to have happened too—that privatedonations of chalices were “Relace poselství do Woodcutfrom Aenea SilvioPiccolomini’s

- - 175-

As the Utraquists recognised only the Communion under both species asvalid for the Another new invention was the Communion ofchildren. Inpractice unique to Utraquism (and The precise usethe of Život církevní v ř ijímalo za velkých svátk . ě li sú usebe γ lot Ř íma,” 1462, in Č ), such as in the Prague church of St. Nicolaus. of church Prague the as in ), such echách č iepky neb 954 č of Hodiškov, Moreover, the the Moreover, , vol. 2, 911-2. ů a hod a ř epice ř Výbor z ápky, ponichžápky, krevdo menšíchkalichuov bylanalévána…

ů a seješt chalice in Utraquist liturgy is not without problems. The 1462 The problems. 1462 without not is liturgy inUtraquist chalice Item kalich strzibrny kalich Item s przikr Historia bohemica č eské literatury doby husitské 952 ě velcí kalichové nalézají, v nichž byla krev Boží posv ř the priest holds this priest holdsthis chalic the epice were brought to Communion were brought to 955 chalices are attested in the inventories only after only inventories the in areattested chalices ices was amendedin order to prevent spilling out quists—in spite the numb of spite quists—in

, transl. byMikuláš Koná , 248. “ ywadlem k choditi nemocznym drzi 956 Za From the Accussation of John From Accussation John the of e ineboth hands a and knight č č as of (Koná Hodiškov, ů sv. Petra se vprvotní církvi by their parents their and by er of chalices in the in chalices of er ” […in the oftimes St. ě cována lidi pro sub utraque sub č of 953 The , CEU eTD Collection Hradec Králové ciborium Králové Hradec Králové, Utraquist ciborium with one silver and one gildedspoon is preserved in the museum( Book of St. Nicolas in 1536, Nicolasin St. of Book inventories, where silver spoons for the children are listed. Two spoons are mentioned in the Sacristan 1516) 254-55. 2005), Skira (Milano, third clearly denotes a reliquary. clearly denotes third anotherChristi—and small withrelics one ( Church in Chrudim of 1463, there is a reference to two large ‘monstrances’—probably for Corpus St. Bartholomeus,nowof St. monstrance church)Jacob today preserved until is 1500 the around made cm60 and the tower-type monstrance of silver monstrance,which fourmen had to carry. particul a Hora, Kutná of thecouncillors by 1569 other jewels from treasury of St.Barbara church shownmembers tothe of Bohemian Chancelleryin Among wealth. community’s as the as well practice, andreligious doctrine Utraquist the in Christi Corpus of importance the reflected pounds silver of afew to dozens up weighting works goldsmith these elaborate interior, the in exhibited or processions in Carried treasury. its in piece decorated most paten, or—due totheirsmall size—for Communion ofminors. 963 962 961 960 959 958 957 Cross. withsmalla wooden cross inside is listed amongthe jewels in the inventory—areliquary of the True served with John Hus. The also hadtreasury achalice with a forspout, and four spoons Communionminors. of andwith theblack chasuble wooden in aof coffin, black cover two bodyof theInnocent in wrapped green silk relics: the notes of Jan the of1550,Mystopolpriest thejewels in the chapelwere inventoried again. Among them,the chapel kept andpreserved remains)(Pragueits history 1922), 37. in is inventory of therelic the 1529recorded already the chapel. In communicating from aspoon. she was a face mouth and slapped hurt while usa her miller’s in to priest daughter unknown Cf. Appendix III. Ferdinand Hrejsa,Ferdinand Cf. III. Appendix Karel B.Mádl, “Nádobí aroucha kostel Unpublished.Appendix 31. II, Šimek, Kate AHMP, 1669, 41v. Winter, Památky Archeologické Památky

- - 176- 962 ř ina Horní Relics Large Large Even Prague Betlehem Chapel, Betlehem Prague Even Kutná Hora aXVI. v XV. století Život církevní v a spoona monstrance are rarely mentioned inthecontext of Utraquist treasuries. In theinventory ofVirginthe č ková, cat. no.66,in “Dwie lziczky stribrny“Dwie lziczky pro (twosilverditky” spoons children) for . The practice was prone to excesses—Z. Winter records a case when from reasons from reasons when acase records Winter excesses—Z. to was prone . Thepractice Č echách 17 334. (1896),

for Corpus Christi was a standard possession of a Utraquist church and the and church a Utraquist of possession was astandard for Corpus Christi ); 959 958 , vol. 2, 913. the spoons might have been used either for placing the Host on the the on Host the placing for either used been have might spoons the 957 others in others the inventories of the Mysterium. L´Eucaristia nei capolavori dell´arte europea 961 Betlémská kaple. Ojejíchd This Communion of the minors is confirmed in the Utraquist , 14-15.

Inthechurch Ladyofthe Our Nám na ů kutnohorských r.1516“(Vessels and of vestments churches in Kutná inHora 963 960 thecentre ofHus’ cult and dwie monstranczii welike, atrzetys mala monstranczii dwie swatostmi From another church in Kutná Hora, St. Bartholomeus, Bartholomeus, St. Hora, Kutná in church Fromanother ar notice was given to a large, life-size silver silver life-size large, a to given was notice ar ě jinách a zachovaných zbytcích . churches in Kutná Hora. In Hradec In Kutná Hora. in churches Hussite teaching, its relicHussite kept … ě ti in Kutná Hora, a cross cross a Hora, Kutná in ti , ed. Alessandro Geretti (Betlehem Chapel. On (Betlehem Chapel. (pl. 57, (pl. 57, pl. 56, pl. 56, ); the the ); CEU eTD Collection preach here. of furnishings in th in and incomes, expenses its listing matters church the Baptist, foundedBaptist, 1409. St. Prokop,Martyrs, founded 1377, 2Virgin Mary altars (one with St. Laurentius, 3 priests), andaltarofaltar the John had atthesixteen time: altars St. Cross, foundedmembes by offamily Štuk already during John of Luxembourg, St. Ka Laurentius in now kept in the Archive of the City of Prague. City of the of Archive the in now kept yet. Both were accessible to the faithful—albeit the ques “treasury” in the adjacent room tothe nave next to the solemnly wrapped relic of the Innocentum. chapel’s the in kept chasuble—was black Hus—his John of “relic” memorial The Evangelist. pulpit, the decoration showed Hus’, and Jeroným’s death at stake next to that of St. John the preachers’ the On preach. to used Hus John where place asthe confessions Protestant all of faithful chapel enjoyedspecial a position amongProtestant religious houses in Bohemiaand was open to the could have been carried thein processions. farit so cult, much importance inthe oftheir lost have to seem they Although period. thepre-Hussite in as ceremonies or reliquaries elaborated implies modest number incomparisonto the earlier period, andinsimpler, albeit solemnreliquaries; nothing So far Ican assume from Utraquist the inventories, 966 965 964 Hora was finished in 1506, the community boughta Janov,and Nicolaus ofDresden;whenthe buildingtheof church LaurentiusSt. of inKa beginning of the seventeenth centuries. Relics were al Relics were centuries. seventeenth the of beginning of an Innocentumthroughout both Utraquist and even Brethen(!) administrationthe in sixteenth to the P as JohnMilí for his keendefence of the church’s treasury,savaged theby Hussites. Somefamous preachers, such here,as place a conse took riots Hussite 1419, 18, ř E.g., selling stallswascommon, AHMP, inv.no. 1665 fol. 31v-33v, 38, 31v. AHMP, inv. no. 1665. The parishpriestwas named either Olbramowiczby familymonastery. or Abbot of Strahov It Vincenc “Historické Braniš, poznámky o kostele sv. Vav emysl Otakar II originally for German burghers in the Old Town in the thirteenth century. On July On July century. thirteenth the in Town Old the in burghers German for originally II Otakar emysl

- - 177- Utraquist treasury of St. Nicolas in Old Town Prague was recorded in the Book of Sacristans Sacristans of Book the in was recorded Prague Town in Old Nicolas St. of treasury Utraquist cults John Hus and Jeroným own of its Prague. Betlehem of developed Reformation Bohemian č ň ofKrom k) Method e church interior, 6.10 115. (1880), ěř íž, Mikuláš Puchníkand, inthesixteenth century, Mystopol, Jan to used

966 and donations to the treasury. The church was founded under 965 From 1497, the sacristans held detailed accounts of accounts detailed held sacristans the 1497, From ř quence of which a priest was decapitated reportedly reportedly wasdecapitated apriest of which quence ince na Ka seems that they were accessible to the faithful, and faithful, the to accessible were they that seems lead casket for relics for the altar consecration. tion of their veneration will veneration their tion of relics in the were kept Utraquist treasuriesina terests on lent property, agreements to exchange exchange to agreements property, lent on terests so kept in the altars,as so inthe kept ň ku“ (Historicalku“ notes on thechurch of St. advised by Matthew of Matthew of by advised have to be answered be to have ň k near Kutná 964

CEU eTD Collection younger ones were elected to the office. the to wereelected ones younger rule the written in town-hall registers andtheSacr different from the sacristy. from the different was which chamber, treasury well-protected from the keys had members, council with together vestments; however he accounted each contribution to sacristans who approved the receipt. example the donation by Kate non-Catholic subject, such asimage ofHus, known John nowonly froma few preserved pieces (altarsof Roudníky, damaged shootingby bythe Hungarians ofthe king Wladislaus II.Jagiello.might Such an attack havebeen by a provoked wall. parsonage, 6tinplates, 3 large ewers,1candlestick, abucket, table and tablecloth and even counted atin washbasin theon beneficium community, as was recordedin the privilege royal of the king Wladislaw of Jagiello,fol. transcribed on 22v. Základy starého místopisu pražského chest where the jewels were locked. In the second box, asilver longerfor spoon communionchildren’s was found. Teige, were kept. First three keys are fromlarge double and fourthfrom door, the first iron door lockandfifthfrom the large mentionsfive keys from chapel a vaulted choir–the above thesingers’ where thetreasury, jewels vessels and liturgical large boxes containing awith charter seals,contracts to related church endowments, extracts from testaments; theinventory 1552, they had to renew the practicesof institution of In1553follows sacristans. athorough inventory of archive in three the wastreasury kept, and “downstairs“ to referring thesacristy. such as the new cloth bought for collecting money at the altar Corpus Christi in 1528. in Christi Corpus the altar at money collecting for bought cloth new the as such entitledSacristans werealso to buying newvestments where the priest Církvice, in like service—similarly the for needed vessels liturgical priest the handed even weighted, Sacristans kept the items under close scrutiny, ordered chalices or other items, inventoried them and after lookedcouncil th that town Administration ofthe treasury and donations toSt. Nicolaus was in hands ofcommunity the and the conservativeCzech middle town class with asubstantial proportion ofcraftsmenand merchants. as characterised be can St. Nicolaus of community Utraquist period, previous the of contrary the To 975 974 973 972 971 970 969 968 967 As for theof interior the church, the CzechAnnals of1509 where record a story, the (main?) altarofSt. Nicolaus was Even furniture and vesselsfor everyday use in the parsonage wereunder scrutiny of the community. Theybelonged to “ 1528 Winter, In1555, St. Nicolas hastwopriests (main and younger) and a bell-ringer wearing vestments. priestly before Shortly in AHMP, 1665, fol. 120, 1577. year AHMP, 1665, fol.makes 34v, adifference “upstairs“, achamber between in the tower above the choir, singer’s where AHMP, 1665, fol. 15. Teige,

- - 178-

The sacristans were responsible for the maintenance and safekeeping of the treasury, and, The first post-war donations in St. Nicolaus chur St.Nicolaus first in donations post-war The Any donation to the church was carefully recorded, na Co(la)tur(u) Základy starého místopisu pražského , notto the priest -theywereonly lent to him. 1531 St. Nicolaus’ sacristans inventoried bowlsfrom8 large the Život církevní v 971 had to ask the sacristan before the service to issue him relevant vestments. ”, AHMP, 1665,money fol21v-22r. Collected fromall St.Nicolaus altars went to the Č echách 969 Officially, the priest was still acce still was thepriest Officially, ř , 2, 515. ina Swatkowa in 1509 ofa whitecurtain frontthe over ofaltar,the , vol. 1,106. e treasurythrough elected sacrista

, vol. 1,96-97. 968

istan’s Book. Always two elder burghers and two two burghers and elder two Always Book. istan’s or liturgical textiles to ch were recorded already in 1450 and and 1471. in1450 already ch were recorded 974 pting donations tothe suchpting donations church, as oftenfunction with andplace. For ns; their institution followed a the treasury if needed, if needed, the treasury 973

975 an 972 970 967

CEU eTD Collection (Fromthe Sacristan BookofSt. Nicholaus in theOld Town of Prague in the 15th and 16th century) lost” andlost” accounted will be theJudgement. at Last treasury in the upstairs in the to the in in theupstairs treasury a vaulted in locked were ciborium gilded another with together chalices twelve remaining service; one and fivechalices only took sacristans the number recipients of financialcontributions. Altogetherthechurch owned seventeentwenty to chalices; ofthat for for chalices, seven containers for Corpus Christi, seven containers for the corporal ( fifteen silverchalices with patens(four gilded and one decorated with images offourthe Evangelists). two altars were founded in St. Nicholaus church during the Utraquist period, the Utraquist during church St. Nicholaus in founded were altars two atleast 1500, around there existing Virgin the of and Christi, Corpus altars of the to priest. Next the of absence meansor financial lack of the due to together joined or lost were endowments 1500—many used to be on placed wereweightedSepulchre last year 39pounds and lot)… 2.5 and recorded forit future memory sothat each jewel had aseparate entry. Item large silvermonstrance and crossthat 2.5 lotu.(…objects subscribedbelow belonging to theof the jewels soul endowment wehave seenand weighted the silver monstrancijItem welika strzibrna akrzizekkteryz na hrobie bywa podle predesseho rokuzwazenij drziewahy 39 hriwen aby kazdy glenot zejmena postaven. byl zadussi prilezy spatrivse acoz od strzibra i gest zvazivse probuduczy toho pamiet tuto znamenati gsu a sepsati rozkazali jeyzkrzyze byval nahrobie …wazia hriwien a XXXVIIII 2.5 lotu The first inventory has silverone monstrance withcrystal, a are ten women and seven men among the largest donors. donations. Altogether, womenprevail also among the donors ofother donations tothe treasury—there 980 979 978 977 976 Vlin beneficium altarcloth with crosses and two brass candlesticks wa Sepulchre in Easter (weighting more than 39 pounds of silver). of pounds 39 more than (weighting Easter in Sepulchre andlarge for the Corpus Christi, monstrance silver period (1515). service garments, and twelve dalmatics,and capesexceed the number ofvestmentsfrom the later fifteen damaged, partly Although altarcloths. twenty-nine and corporal, a in cross gilded one burse), AHMP, 1665, fol. 34r,(1515, corrections later,still in 1539) “. AHMP, 1665, fol. 21.(1514) “ Antonín Baum,“Ze “zápisní knihy kostelník AHMP, 1665, fol. 12r,25rv. AHMP, 1665, fol. 21r.(1509). ě ves).

- - 179- The inventory of 1515 starts with the monstrance and the cross. The Book lists the content of St. Nicolaus’ treasury in 1497, and 1515 (with later corrections). (withlater and 1515 1497, treasury in Nicolaus’ St. of the content lists Book The In 1514, the parishioners were especially proud of two objects in the church treasury: a large, large, a treasury: church the in objects two of proud were especially parishioners the In 1514, should cease to exist, her donation would go go would herdonation exist, cease to should …monstracyj welika téhož domu Mikulasse Božieho Sv. X (VX???)hriwien wazena a wer to keep away the thieves. thieves. the away keep to wer ů v“ chrámu Mikuláše sv. Starémna M 976 . “ silver gilded cross, which used to stand on the the on stand to used which cross, gilded silver ciborium to be kept in sacristy for regular use in in regularuse sacristy for in bekept to ciborium Her concern reflects a typical situation around situation atypical reflects Her concern ..Tyto viecy dole wglenotnych psaniekterez temuz s subscribedwitha note to another altar “sothat Gracewould not be 978 nine chalices (one copper), two skirts skirts copper),two (one chalices nine 979 ”

Bothpieces were mentioned as ě st ě pražském zXV.a XVI. v 980 977 Then it continues with with continues it Then both private women’sboth private that if the particular Method

corporalnicz 3 (1877), 51-2. 51-2. 3(1877),

ě ku“ ku“ , CEU eTD Collection continues with ten corporals andsix burses, goldsmith Nicolaus a of Horse Market; later entry reads that it has a spout. Prague average—by the than timesbigger ten pounds—five chalice weighting large making one for was used chalices three from silver year, same the in sacristans, the of request the Upon treasury. the of curator main Pekarz, Buryan to over handed and Mielnicky Waclaw by was donated a chalice when chalices withsome silveradded(weights 10 stood atEaster.He bought a new In 1537, Václav Šetelka heldpatronage rights to the altar wheretheof Corpus Christi, Sepulchre with gildedthe cross communion ofchildren. Onfol. 42v. one chalice for the communication of the sickat Easter was bequested by Kozlowa. used at Easter: a greengarment, twoa censer, chasubles, stolas, three two small green banners, and two silver spoonsfor were donated, andin 1536,four parishioners orderedto repair the choir stalls and provided several—mostly textile—pieces “špulé compasses and the treasury. the to donated textiles of number a to and sick, the to chalice carrying of practice the to chalice, brass?) monstrance foror holding it, and two cloth covers for the Sepulchre. the cross covering for witha one bi-coloured another monstrance, for the ribbons courtains, two candlesticks, pieces of a cross in a box” probably denotes relics of the Holy Cross. Other items included books, included items Cross. Other Holy the relics of denotes probably abox” in a cross of pieces pearl humeral,five largeand 988 987 986 985 984 983 982 981 widespread. widespread. was Communion during chalice spout the use of the that seems appears, it chalice this where sources, this entry may refer to the containers for the Euch the for containers the to refer may entry this w mrzijzcze stribrny spatenou pozlatite (‘ fence’ gilded the in paten and chalice ‘silver as described was chalice One pounds. three Bo the copiedin marks goldsmiths bore Chalices eleven garments, two separate dorsal chasuble crosses, chasuble separate dorsal two garments, eleven spoon, AHMP, 1665, fol. 34(1538), 42v, account with Nicolaus the goldsmithmade who largethe chalice withaspout of three Textilesfigure amongstmost the prominentacquisitions ofthe in treasury mid-1530s. In1535, two large greenbanners Tin baptistery with a lock, 2tin ewers, 12 ampules, 2 incense burners, brass lavabo, formfor baking hosts anda pair of Four large tin 14candlesticks, ones smaller, 24brass and 3 ironones, 8candlesticks orsupports (“postavnikuov”). Fivemissals, handwriten one printed, two antiphonaries, a gradual. Chasuble with cross images embroidered in pearls, another one with embroidered images. One gilded. Eight Christi oldCorpus might containers been have burses, two madeof them of pearls. One with image ofmade the Mary Virgin of pearls.

- - 180- 982 The 1515 inventory was regularly revised up to 1539; the notes testify to the use of copper (or (or copper the use of to testify the notes to 1539; revised up was regularly inventory 1515 The another tinof for everyday use, and two silver ampules. The church textiles consisted of 987 985 More important donations were handled by the sacristans directly, such as in 1534, asin 1534, such thesacristans directly, were by handled Moreimportant donations non-sacred vessels non-sacred vessels and instruments, ř na comunicanty”(?). nacomunicanty”(?). palla thirty small altarcloths, two small altarcloths, thirty , new Easter altarcloth, and acandlestickfor thefeast of (fol. the Trinity 42v).

hriwna ‘); asthe latter refersoften in other sourcestothe tabernacle, (pounds) of (pounds) silver and 14 and half lot). 981 ok and weighted between one-and-half pound to over over to one-and-half pound between weighted and ok two silver twosilver pyxes for with Christi a Corpus gold 986 arist currently placed in in placed currently arist four bells and organ, eight small banners, two banners, small eight organ, and bells four 983 pendilia ten dalmatics, five capes, four shirts, onefour shirts, five capes, ten dalmatics, , and thirty-eight altar covers. Three Three covers. altar thirty-eight , and 988 the tabernacle. The list From the number of kalich kalich 984

CEU eTD Collection chapel. chapel. during the fifteenthcentury and the beginning of thesixteenthcenturies tabernacle niche inor the niche in the altarpiece. The textiles consisted twenty-seven of altarcloths Christi and two older made of copper. Achalice w for Corpus monstrance silver new one had church The memory. their keep to inthetreasury pieces chalices, one for the sick,and one made of tin.The inventory record the donors of themost important offers an example of an Utraquist treasury from the beginning theof sixteenth century. It holds ten six large banners, and two processional scepters. processional two and banners, large six ones, twenty-three candlesticks, and ten ampules. The processions were decorated with nine small and five tin and chalices silver burses, seventeen in corporals eight Christi, Corpus the for pyxes textile four dalmatics, four capes, seven garments, common and festive eleven are There anymore. relics of mention no is there however, copper; and silver Christi, Corpus for monstrances two still are There ( decoration altar further hangings, six are now Did it fromoriginate alootedmonastic library? the Josephus volumewe learnthat it iswrittenin French script (language?) onparchment and itis beautifully decorated. bible. Therewasalso the theological psalteries, five missals and twoagendas. Theinventory alsomentions recent acquisitions of books, suchmissal, as ora 992 991 990 989 ( alsoarefive tin (!)chalices,and acenser. Fromthe textiles, ten garments, altar two thecovers for fast were chalicessilver probably gilded other ten chalice; one large gilded and chalices, silver six lists 1444 of inventory Latin-written first, theon development of an urbanUtraquist church treasu festive garments and sevencommon, two dalmatics, two capes,and fourty-eight altarcloths. chalices hasthirteen it 1444—now “monstrances”, one of them, however, contains relics (i.e. a reliquary). The treasury grew large since bible, breviary breviary bible, vela quadragesimalia vela Appendix II, no. 32. 32. no. II, Appendix The books added abible, but two missinggraduals seemto be in comparison toprevious inventory. Interestingly, about The collection of books is good: choral four graduals (three theygot fromthe church?),Tyne four antiphonaries, five 29. no. II, Appendix

- - 181- The number of liturgical liturgical of number The A series of unpublished inventories of the Chrudim deaconate parish church of the Virgin theVirgin of church parish the of Chrudim deaconate inventories unpublished A series of Twenty years laterin The inventory of the church of the Birth of the Virgin in Vod in Virgin the of Birth the of church the of inventory The viaticus , passional, and possibly writings ofWycliff donated (Bryton, the priestLaurentius)? by ), thirty-eight altarcloth ( summa 1463, thetreasury’s inventory is 1463, paramenta with patens, two silver spoons for Communion, six tin chalices, ten chalices, tin six Communion, for spoons silver two patens, with

held inaseparatestore. tosilver Next Communion vessels, there , homiliary, , Visions of Isaiah, book on vices and virtues, Josephus Flavius, increased during the next fourty years (inventory 1504). 1504). (inventory years fourty the next during increased pallae Before 1504, the church bought an older horologue. horologue. older an bought church the 1504, Before pendilia ), and two textiles ( two ), and ith the Sacrament stood on the altar inside the inside Sacrament thealtar ith the on stood ry in the second half of the fifteen century. The ), two stolae ň written in written Czech. Itlists three any ,andaltarcloths for four the 989 tegumina 992 provide a good prospective prospective agood provide was compiled in 1511 and 1511 in wascompiled ) for the dead.for the ) 991 990 There

CEU eTD Collection church around 1500 ( 1500 around church inventories, only one pieceis preservedtoday, monstrance a originally made for St.Bartholomeus stemmingfrom nearby silver mines.Out of these and unaccountable numberof garments marked in town the of might economic the of asign – vessels and gold silver hundred one than more altogether na Nám a series of inventories for theirfour churches fromand 1515 1516, St. Barbara,St. Jacob,Virgin Mary 1518. in thetown in plague the Archiv m Vod choral books comprisedmissals, nine a gradual, special antiphonary, chants book, and psalteries. three The processionin buried withthe deceasedpriest Stanislaus, thereforeand crossedfromthe inventory. Vod entriesofdonations thechurch. to Withonlythirteen yearsbetween and 1515 1528, the burghers of visiting the sick and used consecration for of wine on the spot. period. Interesting item isasmallstone portablealtarthat could beenhave carried withthe priest when blue fast, the keeping Althoughhumerale. turnedwas later intoapearl the Utraquist vestments. 996 995 994 993 smallpieces church of cloths. (furtherseven currently used theon altars) and three covers fort he pulpits, next toa large number of full garments, six capes, full nine cup, four spoons,crism a container, and acenser, all in silver.Among the textiles, there wereeleven silver a textile), of (four made other pyxes two pounds, 11 weighting of spout with achalice infirmis”, monstrance reliquary fortheHoly Cross,thirteen chalices (alphabetically numbered)and two “pro a Christi, Corpus for monstrance asilver wefind church, St.Jacob In silver. in all 1516, in chalices monstrance for CorpusChristi weig reportedly under construction, there were two monstrances, oneof them (called “of the miners’s”) a life-size (emboidered?) dorsal cross. Mádl, “Nádobí aroucha,” 329. Appendix II,no.32. Next to the special largecandles, the treasury containedfifteen tin candlesticks, four iron andfive copper ones. The Appendix no. II, 32.Theinventory shows themovements of textiles Out inthe treasury. of eight garments, one was Liber MemorabilisLiber ň ň any could haveany carried up to eight banners. anychurch seven to one the (!)chalices, gave

- - 182-

In Kutná Hora, the second most prosperous town in Bohemia in the Late Middle Ages, we find find we Ages, Middle Late the in Bohemia in town prosperous most second the Hora, Kutná In Among the textiles, profane pieces are recorded, such as red red as such recorded, are pieces profane textiles, the Among ě ě sta (AM Vod) Vod Vod) sta (AM ti, and St. Bartholomeus. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, their treasuries contained contained treasuries their century, sixteenth the of beginning the At St. Bartholomeus. and ti, ofthe of town Vod pl. 57, pl. velum ň any) any) no. 527, vol. 1,page 747 and 749. 995

from Vod from monstrance from St.Bartholomeus monstrance 993 Theintensity of the burghers‘ donations was linked tothe outbreak of Three goldenthreaded garments attest the use of expensive fabrics for fabrics expensive useof the attest garments goldenthreaded Three pallas ň

any, Stateregionalany, archive —the TownArchive (SokA Strakonice, (frontals), altarcloths for the Lent and monstrances, stolas, stolas, monstrances, and Lent the for altarcloths (frontals), ň any was probably used for covering the altar in the fasting the in altar the covering for used was probably any hting 121 pounds(!),the smaller 42 pounds, and 29 the Utraquists wereoccasionaly accused of not silver Eucharist four pyx, garmentsand one 994 ). Theinventory isfollowed by the 996 č epec In St. Barbara—that time still still time St. Barbara—that In (female head gear), which which gear), head (female CEU eTD Collection by oni nic kzáduší however, showedthem. Šimek, “Kutná v Hora 15. a 16. století,“ 152. occasions they, fromUpon other wouldbe takenthem. relics fear thatthe in they resisted and ofthetown the councillors ofrelics St.churchtoBarbara be brought to the townhall and shown to him. This—otherwise not unusual— query scared devotion comparable to Hussi situationbefore the the Symptomatically, thenor inventories, nor the donatio incentive,such spreading as a plague, of or uncommon economical strenghtofcommunity.the such as garments, and altar decoration; high intensity of donations may sometimessignify aspecial donations created a surplus ofcertain groups of objects in the treasury, mainly chalices andtextiles, through demonstrated piety lay hand, other the On treasury. Utraquist of content the defining factor main the be to seems still liturgy in its use functions, memorial and representative, decorative, its of churches. treasuries rich fromthe compensated losses wereofthen the dissolved; power its and weakened Hora Kutná in mining century, sixteenth Virgin Mary church. from the most work, forthe pay to monstrance a and pyxes two chalices, thirty-seven also minted they thecouncil collecting was moneyfor restoring the roofSt. Barbara of church; nextepiscopalto gear, jewels for bishop Filip de Villanova amongforand 1 bishopjewels Villanova 1504 Filipde 1000 999 998 997 importance of the town in the period. church anything anymore”. anything church that if the jewels donated by theirancestors would be takenawaythey “would not want to give the to threatened and it wasagainst family well-known one that responded he chalices; the of away taking altarcloths; parta ofthem were kept ina vaulted treasury of thechurch. monstrances andtwenty-sevenfull garments nextto two spoons, five cross, reliquary pyxes, textile five and silver six numbered, alphabetically inSt.Jacob. although lessthan Batholomeushad onemonstrance,fi of St. church The the sick. to brought when forused chalices sacks four of made is mention a larg including books liturgical asetof courtains, Šimek, “Kutná Horav 15. a 16. století,“ 148. Kutná Hora was apparently famouschurch forits treasuries.Still in chancellor 1572, Vratislav of Pernštejn askedthe Mádl, “Nádobí aroucha,” 332-336, 607-613. Šimek, “Kutná Hora v 15. a 16. století,“ “…148.

- - 183- Although the composition of of composition Utraquist treasuries the Although The overview of the four Kutná Hora treasuries outlines their unusual richness reflecting the the reflecting richness unusual their treasuries outlines Hora Kutná four the of overview The č initi necht 999 The priest of the church was therefore asked to explain the parishioners the ě li …“ 1000 Alreadyin that time and more in th Finally, the Virgin Mary na Nám na Mary Virgin the Finally,

ve chalicesandone spou with 998 Kutná Hora workshops made al made workshops Hora Kutná jestliže totiž by se ty klenoty m e gradual, and notated antiphonary. An interesting interesting An antiphonary. andnotated e gradual, te wars. This, however, does not at all mean that that mean at all does not however, wars. This, te a greatother liturgical number textiles of and ns testify to the cult of saints, or the level of of level the or saints, of cult the to testify ns 507, which were minted 507, which reveals combination of practical (liturgical), (liturgical), practical of combination reveals ě ti church had twenty-seven churchhad ti chalices e course ofthesecond half theof ě t, two manypyxes, and textiles,t, two ly bráti, kteréž jich ly bráti, p 997 so thewhole set episcopal of

already in 1532, when ř edkové nadali, ze edkové nadali, ze CEU eTD Collection pectoral witharelic to the church, and inKájov “ relicswere presented withmore attention. For examplein Boskovice, the priest donatedhis own Catholic treasuries. The inventory may however, hint at the church’s Catholic administration when the inventory was compiled by Stefan Niemtzitzer of Vyškov, the notary of Znojmo. The Kájov inventory was written by the church priest,Michael Pilz of Chvalšiny, while theZnojmo inventorywas the evenwritten notary bythetown’s registers.The Boskovice and Znojmo inventories were initiated the by local towncouncils, inZnojmo separatewereonly theinve written in booklets an German, of Boskovice in Czech and, that of Kájov in Latin. Two inventories (Kájov and Znojmo) span of forty years, each inventory was written in a diferent language: the inventory of Znojmo in and a thirdfrom Catholic pilgrimage site of Kájov. Although these treasurieswere compiled over a discuss one example from the royal town of Znojmo a second one from the vassal town of Boskovice ruled by the Catholic nobility (theRosenbergs in Boskovice, Kájov near th throughout Catholic mostly remained Moravia and Western Bohemia, and other smaller Catholic regions scattered over the country ( The confessional map of Bohemia would not be complete without the Catholic 3.2 Catholic Treasure amidst the Reformation status. social and wealth identity, confessional community’s the accentuated as aswell patrimony, common and unity, space for of manifestation wassuitable orvessels vestments books, choral and illuminated textiles, complicated confessional situation ofBohemia, c the In reliquaries. with even rarely, more albeit occasionaly, monstrances, and garments chalices, of ( ones Catholic church Utraquist the practice, in ornaments, church the in excesses Catholic the to sceptical more be theory, in rather and occassionally, may Utraquism Although Bohemia. of areas Catholic the in than poorer looked interiors church the or treasuries the

- - 184- In comparison to the Utraquist treasuries, the confessional distinctive features are lesser in the the in lesser are features distinctive confessional the treasuries, Utraquist the to In comparison

pl. 54, of church,interior a Utraquist St. possibly Michal inPrague Č eský Krumlov, andZnojmo) to be dicussed below come fromareas the either aliquas tabulasaliquas et reliquias South will Moravia.from Bohemian I Kájov)or hurch interior with its epitaphs, altars, painted its hurch interior with is period. The three church treasuries (from (from is treasuries church Theperiod. three . In Kájov and Znojmoand Kájov weknowthecompilers. . In ntory was Boskovice of includedthe town in es were apparently no no es wereapparently ” were bequeathedto the less the decorated than dominia ), witha number Map 4 Map in Southern, Southern, in ). Also CEU eTD Collection z Bu economic losses or even to get some of the treasury pieces back. pieces the treasury of some get to even or losses economic sexagenas (apparently a pre-Hussite acquisition).Each vestment sexagenas sellingwere and pawning valuables and treasuries from Bohemian monasteries.The monks got fifty treasuries, were sold for money to renova to money for treasuries, were sold among and images circulated Vessels Bohemia. in century fifteenth the of the second half in objects contained anumber of priestly vestments,decorated with preciousstones, gold andsilver. financial pressure to the merchant Jakub of Jind in Zbra AulaRegia in Cistercians in 1431, Already donated to the altar in St. Bartolomeus church in church Bartolomeus St. in altar the to donated religious institutions were bequeathed by the middle class, such as a missal of St. Vitus in Prague monasteries to get someoftheir treasuries backwas supported a by ofLadislaus Posthumusin 1006 1005 1004 1003 1002 1001 one of St. Jacob and one of St. Sebastian. St. of one and Jacob St. of one Mary, Virgin the of two saints, of (statues) images andgold silver four and relics, with panel gilded silver a was there pieces, the outstanding Among monstrances. twelve and stones), precious set with treasuryand possessed twenty-fivethe fivesilv gold had its treasury inventorised in 1487. In additon to to the twenty-eight gilded andsix silver chalices, burghers’ piety manifested in donations tothe church treasury. The parish church ofSt. Jacob in Brno these objects. of context compositionofthe treasury as well as the historical situationto ablebe to evaluate thereligious the ofthereli in life treasury ofthe position “ altar displayed while church one Vereins für Geschichte derDeutschen inBöhmen Aula Regia got their six-volume Bible backin 1447.Itwassold bythe Karlštejn administration underZdislav Tluksa First, two items came from VitusSt. cathedral treasury. Appendix no. II, 14. Appendix II, no. 30. Jahrhunderts,“ 15. des Ende dem aus Pfarrinventar Gojauer “Ein Schmidt, Valentin 35. II, Appendix Bretholz, Bretholz, ř enic when under safekeeping there. Ferdinand Tadra, “Listy kláštera zbraslavského,“ no. 248, 309.

- - 185- A fewA ofinventories the I havecollected implyexistencethe market ofa for church treasury The urban Catholictreasuries at end thethe of fifteenth century display a high level of average.on The moneywasintended tosustain the monastery thatsuffered had harsh Lucca“ from “silk expensive including mass the for garments eleven of sale forthe Pfarrkirche zu St. Jakob inBrünn Pfarrkirche zu St. Jakob inBrünn tabula de ossis factamodum ad monstrancie

, 73-74. acenser,two ampules, and threepyxes for the Christi. Corpus , 73-74. 186-7.44 (1906), te the church, or bought to be donated. be to bought or te church, the 1001 ř ich gious community then needto consider the whole Apart fromthe liturgical vessels, Pilsen by a burgheress, Margaret, in 1452-1453. in Margaret, aburgheress, by Pilsen ů slav sold the vestments from their treasury under slav soldthe under vestments from treasury their v Hradec, v er patens, five gildedcrosses (of which weretwo would therefore have been worth less than five five than havebeenworth less wouldtherefore 1005 probably one of the subdealers, who subdealers, the of one probably 1006 Although the effort of the of effort the Although ”. Scholars studying the 1003 1002 Mitteilungen des Objects from from Objects the treasury treasury the 1004

CEU eTD Collection was rather poor in comparison to St. Jacob in Brno. in Jacob St. to comparison in poor rather was the prieststhe were onlyones mentioned. and lords the church, the to donated who people” good “other mentions inventory the of introduction the Although here. different is donors of composition The inside. relic a with pectoral his and Olomouc State Research Jan, Priest di library. who red vestment and a large Bible to the church. The bible is today identified with the manuscript in a and father donated their followed Ladislav, and Albrecht Boskovice, Václav Theof sons of cross. monstrance donated by Václav of Boskovice, seven chalices,and onemade tin,of and one silver community.wealth ofthe the for ashowcase obejcts, of collections complex and rich as stand out treasuries parish comparison, Lipka, “Starší inventá “Starší Lipka, representative and included a monstrance, alarg amonstrance, included and representative more were donations noble the However, the church. to a cross and books chalices, bequeathed between donations number of the lords andthe The inventory mentioned seven candlesticks, two banners, and a censer. Lipka, “StaršíinventáLipka, anda censer. candlesticks, twobanners, mentioned seven The inventory priest. a donated by mostly other were books,andthree choral, VáclavofBoskovice.The church hadtwelve, donated by altar,Mary although in each caseonly one was used. A canopy for the procession with the Corpus Christi with was textiles main ( altar frontalsfor the were three altarcloths. twenty-three There covered by the donations, and especially donations by the church’s patrons, the lords of Boskovice. of lords the patrons, church’s the by donations especially and donations, the years to the end of the fifteenth century. The reason for inventorising was tomaintain the memory of state fiscal collapse of 1809) limited preservation of medieval monastic treasuries in Bohemia. equipped and show what show what equipped and poorly were churches filial The altarcloth. a new and corporals three cross, silver a and chalices silver two garments, three only 1505, in later, somewhat possessed It basically. more even equipped the Assumptionthe ofthe Virgin captured treasurystatethe the of shortlyand before aftercompletion of 1009 1008 1007 1454, 551, Appendix II, no. 33. “Valuablesfrom our churchinBoskovice that were donated by our hereditary lords and other good listed)” (are people Tadra,

There were a number of vestments: sixteen mass vestment sets and four simple ones, and three capes. Altars were simple andthree capes. four mass ones, andvestment sets vestments: of sixteen were anumber There

1007 - - 186- In spite of these few expensive gifts, the liturgical equipment of St. Jacob church in Boskovice Boskovice in church Jacob St. of equipment liturgical the gifts, fewexpensive these spite of In Written separately as a booklet, the inventory of Kájov (4 km from Towardsend the fiftenththe of century, the Boskovice parish church ownedsilver one The entries of the inventory of St. Jacob in Boskovice were written from 1484 over several the economic and political pressure pressure (together theeconomic laterpolitical with and dissolution of monasteries and the “ Listy Listy kláštera zbraslavského,“ no. 249, 311, “ ř vkostelní Boskovicích,“ 551. was deemedfulfill the to sufficient ba

e illuminated bible and a processional canopy. canopy. aprocessional and bible e illuminated bona mobilia vel immobilia ed 1491, bequeathed the church his silver chalice his the church bequeathed ed 1491, 1009 priests (four times) was the same. The priests priests The same. the was times) (four priests The Boskovice filial church of All Saints filialwas church ofAllSaints The Boskovice sic needs of the liturgy. In this In this sic theneeds of liturgy. palle “ should be returned. ), and five), for frontals the Virgin Č eskýKrumlov) church of ř kostelní v kostelní Boskovicích,“ 1008 The CEU eTD Collection of these treasuries indicate the extent of the southern Bohemian Catholic dominium. Catholic Bohemian southern the of extent the indicate treasuries these of distribution topographic The parishioners. the and servants Rosenbergs’ the a extent lesser to as well confiscated in1793 (dissolution of and inZlatá Koruna) 1809(warreparation). 1011 1010 were sold for the new building. Another silver chal Another building. new the for were sold possessed eight gilded and silver chalices (six gilded, two silver), three with patenas, of which six available. longer no were theirobjects though even inventory building of the church. This might have beenthe primary reason forcommemorating donors inthe new the for money used and the were sold inventory) chalices from donations(cf. sold of the list the Koruna andhad a newheyday in the second half ofthe fifteenthcentury. P under in 1263 mentioned (first of the sixteenth century. The church isamong one of the most ancient pilgrimage sites in Bohemia the beginning to between 1485 the period from are mainly The entries 1485-1488. in new building the Ktiš (Tisch), Chvalšiny (Kalschi (Tisch), Chvalšiny Ktiš Hrady (Gratzen), lower aristocracy from Rovná (Ruben), Sonnenberg, Vlhlavy (Wihlaw), clergy from Jind from burghers Hlohovská), Anna Schaumburg, of (Agnes the wivesbrothers theRosenberg of the Rosenbergs, especially of from the personages household included church the of supporters The objects. the in exchange commercial and economy the into thes of donors also the detaileddescriptions, but only not providing treasury, the in objects on information provides inventory The Peterand Paul. and Sts. close neighbourhood of Krumlov. inthe Catholicity of a centre, stronghold local pilgrimage important an into grew care, church Kájov the under back cult a popular pushing strategist a cunning and of orthodoxy, guardian anxious an piety, forms Catholic of traditional of a himbe defender to shows Kájov to Wolfgang St. of cult popular the of Histranslation saints. cult of the of supporter active an 1422. Thepriest, awell-known personality, influential Catholic and agood organiser was,moreover, afterrebuilder ofthe church itlay in ruins foralmo inventory, parish priest Michael Pilz,was the figure behind the renewal ofthe pilgrim’s site and Schmidt, “Ein Gojauer Pfarrinventar,“ 186. main The ofheyday was in Kájov Baroquetimesfrommid-17th Unfortunately, the the was century. treasury

- - 187-

Before the construction ofthe new building of the churchin 1474, the treasury inKájov The altarsThe of Kájov church builtconsecratedPilz were by the to VirginSt. Mary, Wolfgang, ng), Kájov, and burghers from ř emysl Otakar II). It was supported first by the Cistercians of Zlatá Cistercians of the firstby It was II). supported Otakar emysl

st fifty years following an earlier Hussite attack in in attack Hussite earlier an following years fifty st ice wasturned into a monstrance (areliquary?), e valuables. It also provides a remarcable insight aegis ř ich Č of the Catholic Church. Under his eské Bud eské ů v Hradec (Neuhaus) and and Nové (Neuhaus) v Hradec ě jovice and Krumlov as 1010 The author of the of author The 1011 A majority of CEU eTD Collection Czech, sermons, pectorals, three garments,“ role individuals played.. In the bequest, Nicolaus the , chaplain of Kájov, donated a chalice, two (Jind speculum humanae salvationis humanae speculum books (missal, graduale,antiphonary, specialservices—speciale, viaticum,psalterium, agenda, bible, service the into weredivided books Available church. new the in be used to meant surely already were 1012 with “empty” oculus ( Krumlov. In 1485 and 1489, new donations of chalices and and vestments chalices of new donations 1489, and 1485 In Krumlov. in the church were sold to Two dalmatics chalices. the with along was sold second the church, acquisition suggestsit may have been part ofthe spoils ofwar. Moystrin “ by donated cloak brooch, with agilded child with Virgin decoration (Virgin Mary, crucifixion),all donated clericalby persons, theand gilded painting of the for one more.The inventory alsolisted crosses and images: three gilded crosses with figurative for four (althoughthe inventory mentions only three)chalices altogether while the chaplain accounted accounted Michael whole, the On Nicolaus. predecessor Michael’s by donated was and crystal rock Anotherround pectoral was ornamentedwitha sculpted figurethe Virgin, of probablycarved from St. Barbara. and Michael, S. Dorothy, St. Virgin, the (?), Sorrows of Man the of petals the in scenes five and middle the in crystal rock a with rose five-petalled of form a in pectoral beautiful a donated Michael chalice, the with Together Bohemia. of markets century fifteenth the in chalices of exchange the in business remarkableshows a donation another from ones new chalices acquiring and of selling Michael’s Urban. asWurs the chalice on named another person to originally belonged probably Crucifixion scene. The latter wasacquired and given tothe church by Michael himself, although it a with decorated paten with chalice gilded one and Rosenberg’s, of groom a from chalice silver small a comprised These treasury. the entered and later somewhat arrived chalices more items, two sold the church. the in used be to left was chalice gilded Theornaments of thechurch record five humerals and six vestments. In 1490, Henry (Henricus) de Nova domo ř ich

- - 188- ů The bequest isinteresting for understanding growth oftreasuries from point the ofview of the Of two the Corpus Christi monstrances that follow in theinventory, only one was left tothe replace to order in Probably Pilz. Michael by made were again list to the corrections In 1481, v donateda Hradec) full garment. Schmidt, “Ein Gojauer Pfarrinventar,“ 192. ”. The origin of the Madonna painting cannot be established, but the description of the of description the but established, be cannot painting Madonna the of origin The ”. Peregrinussanctis de monstranciam cum pulcerrimo cr pulcerrimo cum monstranciam et aliquas tabulaset reliquias ) and the group ofbooks bequeathedchaplain by Nicolaus.

, tractates, thelives father of istallo longo interius vacuo ” and” a number of books, resp. pasionalein quedam vetulaMezipotoczi de nomine s Milí postilla and saints, of 1012 were recorded. These objects These recorded. were ) while only oneonly ) while č (!), (!), CEU eTD Collection the Virgin with the childVirgin withthe the of a depiction with apanel garment, simple another garment, good complete one chalice, gilded small thePaulat beginning sixteenth ofthe century. Thethings directly pertinentfor the altar included a twenty-four humerals, often embroideredhumerals, twenty-four with often images section inthe inventory suggests they were regarded as ornaments( reliquary pectorals and silver crosses. silver and pectorals reliquary Hussite times when ornaments merged with cult obje cross reliquary witha relic, and anot censer,rectangular a pectoralwith animage Virgin,the ofivory an tablet,ampules, two small silver asilver monstrances, three Barbara, St. and St. Nicholaus Virgin, the of statues or and images crosses reliquary ofSt. Nicholaus asit bears hissilver gilded image. The inventory then listed fivesilver gildedmonstrance with lunullaits held twoby angels,and two other monstrances,may onea be silver a large owned church The altar. each to objects of donations private to opposed as community altars)and those exhibited during feasts.These objects wereconsidered the common patrimony of the the benefactors was the primary reasonfor inventorising the treasury. of commemoration the that appears it From this donations. their with donors of the list by introduced thos then and treasury the in objectsfirst describing of Niemtzitzer Stefan notary, city’s the by 1524 prominence of this altar in the inventory suggests a hidden anti-Hussite agenda. medio crucifixus cum pluribusymaginibus 1015 1014 1013 were all intended to remain in the chaplain house ( house chaplain the in remain to intended all were Salvationis Humanae Speculum skirts ( priestly two a chasuble, dalmatics, four garments, complete seventeen a stole, capes, seven Christ, Staats-Reform-Realgymnasiummitdeutscher Unterrichtsprache im Series Znaim (Znojmo: M. F. Lenk, 1928), 6. Uncertain reading“drey kharrekl”? Kobza, Raimund M.Kobza, “ quam depinxit Jindra

- - 189- tzwen levitten röck tzwen levitten A special entry inthe inventory was written on theequipmentthe for altar of Sts.Peter and The treasury contained a large number of textiles, some very expensive. As the title of the The inventory started with the most precious objects in the treasury (and not at the individual individual the at not (and treasury the in objects precious most the with started inventory The The Nicolauschurch inventory St. in Znojmo The of Kleinodienverzeichnis der St. Niklaskirche inZnaim im Jahre 1524 ”, a painter from from apainter ”, (?)), and a silk cover for and asilk (?)),cover 1013 , a panel withrelics( panel a , “cum pictura”, and many other objects to the church. These items items These church. the to objects many other and “cum pictura”,

Č her gilded pectoral. This part of the treasury is reminicient of pre- of reminicient is treasury the of part This pectoral. gilded her 1014 eský Krumlov,eský Schmidt, “Ein Gojauer Pfarrinventar,“ 193, 206. Kleinodienverzeichnis der St.Niklaskirche

), other images, and a bursa for the corporal. The The corporal. the for a bursa and images, ), other the Christ’s Easter Grave. Easter Christ’s the capellania e pertinent to each altar. Eachaltar descriptionwas tabula de ossis facta ad modum monstrancie, in monstrancie, modum ad facta ossis de tabula Vyškov (Wischau). It is a detailed inventory isa inventory (Wischau).detailed It Vyškov of saints, the Virgin, the Virgin, ofsaints, ends our period of interest. It was written inIt waswritten periodinterest. of ends our cts, for example, silver statues, reliquaries, ). Czir ) for the church. There were were There church. the for ) , 8. 1015 . Beilage zumBericht des and with the names of of names the with and The inventoryfinished

CEU eTD Collection Kobza, with paten 14 lots, one lot is equalto 14 gr.Thus,lots, received for fourwithchalices, paten florens they 9 one lot is 41golden 14 14 and VIgr.) golden and two 45 lots, the last silver brokenchalices together chalice with patens weighing and weighing 1017 1016 since around 1400, responded to the dangers repres the dangers to responded 1400, around since Grace and individual efforts to participate in it, the Utraquist church, continuing processes on-going representational space also grew. Whereas Catholic treasuries were good examples of merchandized in importance their while (Kájov) repairs needed church the when reserve financial asa pragmatically show thattherehasa shift been intheway they and even nobility more importantfor burghers, through representation Secondly, chalices. all above thechurch. This buying and selling resulted in the development of a busymarket in treasury objects, reserve. financial a as wasintended or Salvation, their and donors of memory It was considered that collection of to the Utraquists sinceobjects cult still preserved their positionthe in inventory and withinthechurch. compared wasdifferent emphasis The decoration. rich and altars many boasted churches the allowed, patrons and community the of power Where the economic owners. their by donated pectorals reliquary out on feast daysand for processions.Among the donationsalso we findprivately owned relics inthe statues reminicient of fourteenth-centu silver even listed and relics, and images cult, of objects the possessed treasuries The saints. of cult the in role their preserved still they counterparts, Utraquist their Unlike treasuries. Church Catholic of and represented their donors in the eyes of the eyes the community. the of in donors their represented and were donations they fact that the to images was and related on these garments decoration sumptuous clearly private donations toaltarsrepresenti the complete garments although sometimesmissal a corporal or was also mentioned. These objects were two and apacifical, chalice, a onaverage equipment, liturgical basic had altars thirty-one the of withtwotogether garments. “ with mention of four missals, and twenty-five chalices. twenty-five missals, and four of mention with auff welische art gemacht Kobza, In1524, four chalices fromwas taken to the be treasury sold: one gildedweighing with together the 25paten, lots (for

- - 190- Kleinodienverzeichnis derSt.Kleinodienverzeichnis Niklaskirche Selling Selling objects waslegitimatemeansnow a forth functions the Moravia epitomise and in Bohemia 1500 around compiled inventories three The The inventory then continued with a list of the objects pertinent to the chapels and altars. Each Each altars. and chapels the to pertinent objects the of list a with continued then inventory The Kleinodienverzeichnis derSt. Niklaskirche ”, i.e. in the Renaissance style, were donated by the Lord of Svojanov Svojanov of Lord the by donated were style, Renaissance the in i.e. ”,

chaliceswas,Utraquists,similarly the designedthe to tobolster ry treasury riches (Znojmo). Itisalso likely that they were taken , 8. , 12-13. the lower classes. The treasuries treasuries from1500 lowerclasses.The around the

ng families and their and families quests for Salvation. Thetheir ng public presentation of lay piety became more and and more became piety lay of presentation public ented by the way these Catholic treasuries were treasuries Catholic way these the by ented functioned, that church treasuries were used were used treasuries church that functioned, 1016 e priest or the community to find money for find money tocommunity the or e priest 1017 Another gilded ampules chaliceand two

grossi (silver coin). (silver coin). CEU eTD Collection record of its own history and the cultural and political contexts through which it passed. An inventory An inventory it passed. which through and contexts and the cultural of political its own history record be possible. not would scale this on a narrative repetoire, a broad without although generalisations her or his limit and collection of the objects. When writing such a narrative, the historian needs to respect the individuality of the formulated were in, participated processes in late evolving Bohemianmedieval so communication media, memorystores, and symbols intheir own right.On-going social andreligious strategies, events, public demonstrations, and pr ceremonialduring ritual perf or Eucharist equipment vesse includingliturgical the existence in thesacristy. These biographies object and alterations. contexts, varying manipulation, interpretations, each treasury, and even each object represents a narrative evolving over time and exposed to the objects themselves were physically manipulated intime and space. Inaparticular microcontext, medieval church treasury and the manners in whichthe meaning of treasuries weremanipulated and workMy aimed has at understanding thetransformationsconcepts of andfunctions the Bohemian of VII. Conclusions content of church treasuries should be closely watched. watched. beclosely should treasuries church of content moreindi radical of scrutiny close the and under ha heritage the Hussite but same, donationsthe were among themselves in the decoration and richness of their treasuries. Personal motivations for the objects independentfrom theconfessional environment.Catholic and Utraquistchurches competed scepticismthe Hussites of andfilled “fragmented”as well.Around1500, century, Grace became “fragmented” by personalised interests and, thus, churchspace becomes consituted by becomingmore concerned with liturgicalpractice. Nevertheless,in the sixteenth

- - 191- The medieval church treasury is a unique historical source. A preserved treasury is a living hidden their followed than can better be treasuries of “life” thepublic that It logical is

and in which their meaning shifted, in turn transforming the turn meaningin which shifted,in meaningtheir and ormances. These to weresubjected objects political treasuries in mercantile piety and private inte mercantilepiety andprivate the interiors of the churches with altars andthe churches with with treasuries interiorsofthe the ls—asthey were often removedfromthe treasury mainly concern two kinds of objects—relics and ciety provideda network of eventsthat objects viduals, exaggerated riches and devotion to the to devotion viduals, exaggerated riches and d still taught the Utraquists alesson. Occasionally ivate interests. They served as particular served They interests. ivate rests won their wontheir rests battle against the CEU eTD Collection only one of many possible narratives on the problems the on narratives possible many of one only represents work this sketched, broadly Although treasuries. the of aspects economic the or centres, of individual treasuries assembled from the earlier periods, the developmentof individual pilgrimage deeperanalyses could bemade concerning the problemssurrounding the continuationof thetradition remained unanswered unavoidably. Due to the different focus ofmy research and alack of space, no questions many research, current of state insufficient and theof subject extent the to Due out. left to be efforts. Reformation other its latermaterialisation in the Bohemian Reformationset in the wider context of Early Modern IV Charles’ was one discourses: both for foundations firmly rooted in thefirst discourse Nevertheless, and interpretations. of objects they became – cult inthe 1420s Catholic of critique Hussite the of thecontext in again and concept imperial IV fourteenth-century Charles’ gr or intepreter each for meanings specific carried construct memory andput it service tothe of politicaland religious agendasmade them vehicles that themeanings religiousmasterminds wanted themcommunicate. to capacity The of treasuries to Bohemian latemedieval religious culture were constructed andmanipulated inordertocommunicate activeroles in developments andbecame objects i of religious and political events inthefourtenth—sixteenth century Bohemia, butthey that they played treasuries thatthese shown I have content. their in with religiouswith meaning, they were manipulated, an growth and declineof ecclesiasticaltreasuries inBohemia. Asemotionally charged groups of objects the behind concepts the revealed that aspects those at looked I Bohemia. Protestant policies transforming thetreasuries inthe fourteen P the from of the originalcontexts in the or active denial ofthose contexts. re-enactments collective and rituals public embody in was memory they demonstrated place. The their collective memory bound to relics, silver, goldobjects, a of isarepository It time. in moment ataparticular frozen record, isa“dead” treasury lost a of

- - 192- With such a complex problem itis understandable that many aspects of medieval treasuries had I have examined Bohemian church treasuries in their political, religious, and cultural contexts contexts cultural and religious, political, in their treasuries church Bohemian examined I have ř emyslids, throughtheLuxemburg Jagell tothe the later discourse on the position of treasuries in the cult was inthecultwas treasuries position of the on discourse the later . General biblical concepts and their moral implications were the the were implications moral their and concepts biblical . General d underwentre-definition, bo th century in toof thecontext theirre-definition oup at different points in time.Twice points inat different –once oup were not only silent wi silent were only not nquiry on the true biblical tradition. Treasuries in in Treasuries tradition. biblical true the on nquiry ideas and interpretations, even conflicting ideas conflicting even interpretations, and ideas attempt to carry out religiousreforms to carry out and the attempt of ecclesiastical of treasuries, which, arguably is and textiles, and of the ac onian rule. I onian rule. followed the implementation of tnesses of the turbulent th in their concept and their th in tions that put them in them tions put that mis-en-scene , CEU eTD Collection heavily dependent on my choice of data,so andchoice of my heavily dependenton cults. At the core, there was a desire to morally elevate of Czechs and all of Charles’ subjects to an an to subjects Charles’ all of and Czechs of elevate morally to a desire was there Atthecore, cults. late relatively Christianized been thathad country pathsfrom different catalyzed and attitudes were took in treasuries Bohemia. medieval of the development of to the problem approaches aiming at intensification of inreligious life B governance and royal or imperial representation. The second effect was a public religious reform veneration of relics with twofold effect.The first effect aimedconstructing at an image of good religious reform with a broad publicimpact was based onhis supportspecific of forms of public hisHe later used institue to toposition real translatethese conceptsattempt This moral the world. to time. the of relics of collectors important most the of one lay behind theefforts ofElisabeth. Her activitiespre-dated those ofher son, Charles IV, who became commemoratethe lineage dynastic (re-institutionP the of and presented in new cultmanifestations ( P Elisabeth of they helped to reenforce a deeper public religious experience. The last P P of memory the re-kindle to keen especially were dynasty royal the of members Female officials. church high P last new devotionwerethe devotionasma private) andtheirpublic(as well second decade of the fourteenth century, a new kind of patronage related to developing forms of promotingdynastic goals throughthe display ofroyal piety started withthe last P themselves had becomeobjects to be manipulated. well.In the fourteen century,treasuries helped to shape the devotioncustoms ofpeople now thatthey as content partly and meanings different with structures different into turned had century, fifteenth the object ofcontroversy at acertain point. Treasuries, when they emerged from religious the conflict of became treasuries an context, the Bohemian In for events. these paid which production and cultural art area of the was it Ironically, manifested. were changes confessional where research of field small one

- - 193- Historical developments in Bohemia meant that certain processes in society’s religious religious society’s in processes certain that meant Bohemia in developments Historical Biblical reading inspired the understanding of therole of treasuries of the young Charles IV. of process The Bohemia. in cults Christian in part amajor played relics with treasuries Church ř emyslid pietyand initiated the growth ofpublic ř emyslid, were avid collectors of relics which which relics of collectors avid were emyslid, ř emyslids offspring —outliving the the heirs II —outliving and III— of Wenceslaus and emyslids offspring translationes ohemia, which suffered still urces. I fully acknowledge acknowledge th urces. Ifully nifestationAmong appeared.the proponents this of , a country void of important religious centres and and centres religious important of void , acountry other parts of Europe. Tr Europe. partsof other , the Eucharist) to the public. A desire to theA desire public. to Eucharist) the , ř emyslid treasury) and be commemorated, commemorated, and be treasury) emyslid cults in Prague before Charles IV. Thus, they distributed to religious institutions,to religious distributedthey ř emyslid queens, especially especially queens, emyslid from the complexes of a complexes of fromthe easuries represent only e plurality of possible of e plurality ř emyslids. From the CEU eTD Collection counted on disseminating sacred treasuries to the rest of the country ( country the the restof to sacred treasuries disseminating on counted of piety, drew thousands of Bohemian and foreign pilgrims.The masterminds of the policy also relics, itself anew of medium showings impact and degree in septennial its extent public of and annual eventually extended further out to other areas of Bohemia. Prague became a pilgrimage centre, where that a topography Prague, century fourteenth late of topography religious complex the composed images or miraculous treasuries these around evolved which cults The way. the help along could quali moral of step every their at almost reminded of memories material these distributing By devotion. and The of relics, presence to countryside. the exported as in Prague. of Chri ideal was abstract universal else the nowhere educationalthe situation so inte so rapidly, within the course of one generation. Nowhere else was the political and religious, as well as thinkers, and nowhere else did there develop such a network of local cults protected by the authorities fourteenth thecentury more in pr in Bohemiahas, however, particular features.Nowhere in medievalEurope was the religious situation century secondImplementation andreligiouscenturies. cultural of in the half fourteenth policies the of fourteenth the of half first and thirteenth late the in Christianity Western in of faith deepening presentation. Finally, new sets of rules were developed related to their handling and guardianship. be reliquaries with for wellcared proportionally subordinated to them. These objects held pride of place in the inventories. They they were displays, in processions, through manipulation and ceremonies. The organisation of the treasury was of service, the to but limited to it, theob become part integral wasan before which “treasury”, church of paradigm the shifted They the saints. of relics the components, most important their received treasuries church The topography. religious through offereda path tothe CityofGod for allsocial groupsand individuals. Salvation. Charles IV’s active policy of making Prague a pigrimage centre andcentre ofreligious life ideal Christian society, a reflection of Augustin’s Augustin’s of reflection a society, Christian ideal

- - 194- The whole Prague community of faithful wasemployed a religious in experiment, later Charles’ religiosityand support the for cult sa of As part ofhis religious concepts, Charles used the cult ofrelics to organise religious life rtwined in efforts toreform one exaggeratedto the forms pietyof religious criticised later by ties leading Salvation andofthose to individual who Civitas Dei ject of cult. The relics draw attention in public stian ruleimplemented in such a detailed manner ing created for them permitting their solemn solemn their thempermitting for created ing the saints’ lives around the city, the faithful were faithful the city, the around lives saints’ the ints was in keeping withints wasinkeeping the trends spiritual in Andachtsbilder , the community of those chosenfor the the Christian Community. Finally, Č eský Krumlov). images inspired the growth of of growth the inspired images CEU eTD Collection that moral philosophy played in the perception of medieval treasuries. In the eschatology of Milí of eschatology the In treasuries. medieval of perception the in played philosophy moral that trea views of the moralist between fa weak of faithful the fool to come to prophesized Christianeschatology for this kindofclandestine activity: the coming of the Antichrist, who was and thebehind-the-scenesmotivations of greedy clergymisleading in people.There amodel was in cults. They criticised the superficiality of cult prac of superficiality They criticised thecults. Prague. in pestilence of due 1380 to an outburst around tointensify It maybegun already 1390. have after shortly Matthew written in works Janov of was described devotion exaggerated This Jenštejn. of John Archbishop under distributed indulgences cult objectsand altars churches in coincided and withan unusual numberofpapal and episcopal related) devotion appeared at the end theof fourteenth century. It is closely related to the growth of in frequent donations to the treasuries. Cr and, images miracle-making and relics of devotion extensive indulgences, of distribution in manifested cult. map dueto religious the on slowly appear to began however, Towns, centres. religious as position their maintained churches fillial their and monasteries countryside Hussites, the attract Before to pilgrims. amongst themselves competed that institutions Pr by washeld position churches.key The village countryside of equipment church poor the hand, the other on and cults their of thegrowth reflecting Králové) inHradec Spirit Holy 1390, Prague in Gall (St. average the than richer were churches show churches on of inventories Preserved cults. elegant features drew the attention of the faithful. and appearance attractive whose Style, International the of variety a Style, Bohemian Beautiful the level never attained before.Moreover, around 1400, art productionculminated inthe development of chur The treasuriesand interiorsof makeand th to donations began Burgers community. intensified. Donationstochurches grew and the donors includeda broader spectrum ofthe city

- - 195- During the course theof second half of the Janov and his followers turned their attention to theirattention followers turned Janov andhis devotion this deepened spured Charles’ policies the of distribution of terms in countryside the and Prague between differences werelarge There sury the centralin Charlesand placeHus’ thinkingreveals sury IVs John ches filled up with religious art; manipulation of relics achievedmanipulation a relics art; ches filled of up with religious iticism of the “trade” in the “trade” in iticismindulgences of and ith before the second coming of Christ. Parallelisms Parallelisms Christ. second coming of before the ith the one hand, the content of town churches. These These churches. town of content the hand, one the tices, their external form theirecoconmic capacity the to support growth of ague, which encompassed a cluster of religiousague, cluster of a whichencompassed e production of cult objects grew accordingly. accordingly. grew objects cult of e production the internal mechanisms behind the growing fourteenth century, re to particular religious media. They were media. were They religious particular to at borderingidolatry,at on ligious life in Prague mercantile (object- č , his CEU eTD Collection an abrupt end. Somemonastic treasuries may have survived the destructions by the Hussites in the wars. Hussite the following treasuries destruction also became thefactors behind theshifts the in meaning and function of Bohemian church inspiredextensive bythe been have may losses the of some that fact isthe inferred be can What available. yet is not Bohemia timein this at iconoclasm of study a comprehensive since especially today, imaginable is hardly losses Czechs. the to was closed this path piety; Roman contemporary to return to able not was Reformation Bohemian the Catholics, the to close formally was that ritual a later followed Utraquists the theory, to as opposed reality in when Even faith. of performance their Bohemia, the drive toreformreligious life wasthorough; it was deeplyingrained in the people andin century fifteenth early – fourteenth the In IV. Charles by pursued already were implementation Christian concepts, and especially itsmoral concepts whose theoretical foundations and movement inEuropean history or not,I wouldlike to point out thatthe movement fromgrew general wh of a discussion into enter to want not do condit created saints of cult the supporting policy bi thorough and concepts Christian moral universal Christian concepts created afertile groundfor the evolution of Hussite thoughts, based too on movement. implementation format the discourseon Hussite improper objects(human inventions— Church, iconoclastic ideas and critiques of luxury framework for the Hussite destruction of treasuries. Asan important part of the moral reformof the activity. Antichrist’s Christianpractice. Thus,exaggerated, ostentatiouspiety considered was amanifestationofthe theAntichrist, who wascapable of reversing Christian values, hiding them underthe cover of by tested were being morals their and time, Christian of moments last the living were contemporaries

- - 196- Monasteries werethe maintarget pillaging,of bringing flourishingthe cults bound to themto Undeniably, pre-Hussite treasuriesaccured huge losses inthe Hussite wars.The extent ofthese Ch by authored life reform religious of The ofMies,an ofJanov,Jacobellus criticisms The ofliturgical reform developed into oneofthe important achievements ofthe role of treasuries incontemporary cult, and that the motivations for their of ritual (critique of piety, the chasuble question); the actual traditiones humane ether the Hussites represent the first Reformation first the represent Hussites the ether ions for the growth of the Reformation. Although I Although Reformation. of forthe the ions growth aimed at theelimination cults and of unhealthy arlesand IVandhiscircle based on universal blical reading. In other words, the Emperor’s Emperor’s the words, other In reading. blical d Nicolaus of Dresden ofDresden d Nicolaus ) from churches. Their ideas echoed in in the echoed ideas Their churches. ) from created the theoretical created thetheoretical CEU eTD Collection earlier period,the occurrences reliquaries of inth theirrole inBohemian history would beremembered. Surprising, albeit rarely incomparisonthe to make to inhisefforts Coutance of Phillibert Bishop by employed more once were Relics garments. and images as way same the in authors of attention theTaborites. Onthe other hand,in Hussite discourse on religious practices, relics never attracted the hand, Laurentius of B laymen. to treasuries church of concession the in resulted towards clerical possessions andUtraquists the Hussite of stand negative The protection. their and to them donations inventorisation, their seen in be may that something local nobility, or council the by The administration of treasuries wasnow fully in the hands of the parishcommunity and supervised memory. eternal for their the object of thedonor sometimes recorded inventory the churches where memory and local patriotismbehind lay the growth in Central Europe, both the late medieval piety ofindividuals and constructionthe ofcollective can period. The be treasuries in writteninvent traced century now mainly concerned the parish churchesin towns. Thistrend continued until the end of this donations to Utraquist churchessoon prevailed. The growth of treasuries from the mid-fifteenth m Catholic positionof the consolidation of gradual Some monasteries even sold the garments in their treasuries for cash to support themselves. back. them buy to able they were nor objects pawned of return the effect to financing provide to able some cases, the local nobility was responsible for usurping atreasury and the monasteries were not often fell victimthisto struggle. Some their of objects foundtheir way to parish churches (Pilsen). In laterthese inventories the fight religiousof comm economicand to political pressure exercised who estates owners of by excacerbated wasfurther situation The for it. allow not did simply restoredwas never however,its to to restorethem from the 1430s evenor aslate as at the end fifteenthof the century. Monasticculture in or were Bohemia asmany safekept outside 1420s implicitly reject their use in cults in theiruse reject implicitly in position prime their lost relics Whereas study. my

- - 197- The fate of relics during the Bohemian Reformat Bohemian the relics fate during of The ch to donations Prague, in late 1430s, the By ř ezová was critical of the way relics had been desecrated and thrown away by by away thrown and desecrated been had relics way the of critical was ezová , in reality their position was position prob , in realitytheir original splendour, nor it could have been, the political situation situation political the been, have it could nor splendour, original constrain the restoration ofmonas unities tosurviveeconomicallyunities and the treasuries onasteries at the end of the decade. However, the However, decade. the of end the at onasteries Utraquists return to Roman rituals. Occasionally, Catholic dominia. There attempts were important ories from ories thelate century. As fifteenth elsewhere the cult andcultUtraquist textsoften theHussite the and e treasuries of Utraquist churches suggest that, that, suggest churches Utraquist of treasuries e of late medieval Bohemian treasuries in town town in treasuries Bohemian medieval late of urches urches re-appear the in the showing sources, ion represents the most problematic issuein ably moretheambiguous.one On tic treasuries. Icould in detect tic treasuries. CEU eTD Collection for the Communion ofchildren, and chalices for the spoons spout, a with (the chalice objects new churches, Utraquist in treasuries of composition the on thecontent of thetreasury. Although Utraquistinovations to the ritualmade relatively aminor impact treasury became a became treasury meaningsand cultural treasurysacred of of the the off striping By accentuated. were representation and economy liturgy, in functions “practical” Hussite churchtreasury is over.With aweakening of churchtreasuries alreadyhad begun. The multiplecultural functions andsignificance of the pre- treasury’s sacred dimension was surpressed. The process leading towards a more secularised notion of The century. fourteenth the in case the been had as practices cult of centre the than rather memory, independent body radiating sacred power. an than rather memory its for repository a and community the for reserve afinancial rather became related to cults, as well as church endowments and finances. Under the lay administration, the treasury development ofreligious practices and administration. Asa result, the communitycontrolled matters the in catalyst a as acted Reformation Bohemian The changed. treasuries church Bohemian Protestant additionsto treasuries. Asa result of extent also Catholic) churches in fifteenththe century see asbeingI evenmore importantthan to vi butalso chalice with a spout), a large ordering adherence to Utraquism only not within the community(likeelders of St. Nicholas community community communicated as they construction, identity of means important became therefore amendments to the rite. Their significance liesin th conditions for preservation (and possibly to some ex to for preservation (and conditions possibly similarly as casewas the with garments, it was

- - 198- One special feature of the Bohemian treasuries from this period reflected religious identity into into identity religious reflected period this from treasuries Bohemian the of feature special One The church treasury thus became more a stage for the display of a community’s collective collective acommunity’s of display the astage for more became thus treasury church The The change the in function and position of treasuries in Bohemian Utraquist (and tosome modern construct construct with defined, utiliarianfu the Hussite wars, both content the and functions of sitors (showing the treasury of Kutná Hora). the level of tolerance of the community that set set that community the of tolerance of level the tent the veneration) of relics in treasuries. treasuries. in relics of veneration) the tent sick) entered treasury the entered sick) fourteenth-century, the sixteenth-century the fourteenth-century, parish the cult role for the medieval church treasury, its treasury, church themedieval cult rolefor the eir identification with Utraquist liturgy andthey identification Utraquisteir liturgy with nctions in liturgy nctions in liturgy and the community. following these Hussite CEU eTD Collection österreichische Geschichtsquellen u.a.m.“ Reli undSilber, Gold Kostbarkeitenderselben in aller Verzeichniss oder 1435, Jahre vom Olmützerdomkirche der “Inventarium Wolný. Ed. Gregor cathedral. bishop’s the be to ceased it before expeditionto Gniezno (Gnezen)in Polandfor the relics of St.Adalbert, prince B of Olomouc,before m thebishopric Bishop the wasof the seat Olomouc Paul) in St. Peterand of (later Peter ofSt. church the 1131, Until Moravia 1. The first church inventory in the region: early medieval inventory St.of Peter inOlomouc, AppendixI: Aspects of Medieval TreasuriesBohemia in andMoravia … continuation unreadable indistinct, (….) [ ] my notes, and corrections ( )shortening spelled out marks: Editor’s Appendices VIII. The inventory describes the cathedral possessions (using the word theword (using possessions cathedral the describes The inventory PetertheSt. body of

- - 199-

Oesterreichische Geschichtsquellen III. NotizenblattBeilage2 -Archiv zum für St. Christinus of the Saint Five Brothers, who died together with St. Adalbert. (1852): 231 (Latin edition). edition). (Latin 231 (1852): oved to thecathedral of quien vonHeiligen,Bücher, Mess und Chorgewänder St. Wenceslaus. In 1038, after the military Wenceslaus. St.In the 1038, after thesaurus ) shortly) before 1130, ř etislav donatedto the CEU eTD Collection edition Iabt.Olmützer vol. 1, Erzdiocese. Selbstverlag Brünn: des Verfassers, 1855, 268,footnote(German 2 tap(e)ten ausweist. Kreuz,Geschenkgoldenes der Mutter des Hrzg. Otto, Euphemia, 3vergoldetevon kreuze Erz und[iron?], 7bessere Adalbert,LebenHl. 3Hymnen-,1 (nocturnales), 4Nachtgebetbucher Propheten,1und des 4Psalter, Sequenzebucher, der Paulus,1Buch Heiligen des Briefe version] in Latin 2 the 11 – [sic homilienbuch, Monchregeln, 1plenarium, 11 Messkanneln, 1 egg]aus [ostrich Straussenei Silber, 3Missale, 3Messgebetbucher 5(orationales), Gradualien,1 seidene Handtucheln bedeckenzum deszuweihenden Chrisma, 1Altarkreuz (imKastchen bewahrt) , 2 silberne Dalmatiken, subtilia, 4 8silberneKelche,34mit3 4kappen (Chornherrnuberkleider), Handtucher, 17 Alben zugehor, Kohout of Land the ArchiveOpava, Olomouc branch. forgery. materi Boczek’s among forgeries of to occurrence Due lost. is Original 2642). No. zu Brunn, Landesarchiv im (s.Slg. registers Boczek’s Anton so-called cites 1019 1018 deaurate. Tapecia VII meliora. VII meliora. Tapecia deaurate. PsalteriaIIII. Crux aurea, quamEufemia mater Ottonis ducis dedit beatoPetro. Tres cruces eree no IVitaSancti Quattuor Adalberti. prophetarum. orationales. Quinque gradales. Plenarium. Iomilie IIRegule monachorum. II Epistole Pauli. Liber altare ponitur. Ampuledue argentee, etouum st Manutergia ad cooperiendumtria serico crismade paruula. Octo calices argentei. Triginta et quattuor manutergia. Albe cum necesariis septem et decem. una et cappe Tres subtilia. quattuor et dalmatice, Quattuor aurifrisio. earumcum due casule, septem Thetranscription gives the of impression anoriginal. Forthe informationon Boczek Iamindebted toMgr. Št

4mit altartucher und2 womit durgewirkt, ferner7 Kaseln, tucher, 4 2 verstorbeneGold bedectwurden, vovon

- - 200-

1018 Gregor Wolny. Reportedly transcribed from a12 from transcribed Reportedly Quattuor decr.(?) pallia, que super altaria ponuntur et duo que super mortuos ponuntur. Et ponuntur. mortuos super que duo et ponuntur altaria super que pallia, decr.(?) Quattuor Transcription:

1019 ).

Kirchliche Topographie von Mähren meist nach Urkunden und Handschriften und Urkunden nach meist Mähren von Topographie Kirchliche

th century MS codex in the Chapter archive, Olomouc, Wolny Wolny Olomouc, archive, Chapter the in MS codex century quando conficitur. Scriniumcum cruce quod super rutionis argento fabricatum.Tres missales. Tres cturnales. Tres Ymnarii. Et duo sequenciales. sequenciales. duo Et Ymnarii. Tres cturnales. al, some scholars al, somemaintained scholars that itcould bea ě pán , CEU eTD Collection Sedlec) ab and 1327(?) since and Prague bishopric, Moraviae Emler, Joseph In 672-673. p. 1330, Ed. Inventory ofrelics collected by Andreas of Prague (Old page 139-140. 2. are identified by their by identified thesaints’are origin, names,and parts of their bodies. John St. the Baptist NaZá Brothers, the Virgin Mary in StrahovPremonstratian Monastery,and the parish churches of St. Gallus, St. the Minor James of Star, the Red with Knights Cruciferous of Bigger St. Cross the Zderaz, in Hermits, St.George of the Benedictine Nunnery, St.Peter of Cruciferous Knights with the RedHeart collegiate church of St. Peter and Paul in Vyšehrad, the monasteries of St.Thomas of Augustinian have been, for example, intendedfor aperson of arank. Bohemia still thein second half offourteenth the century. Asno reason for the act isgiven, its purpose is unclear –may it Královský 3,ed. Vyšehrad Bo Bo “Záv Ed. 1330. in Waldsassen Inventory ofrelics owned byElisabeth P of 1021 1020

In themid-fourteenth century, bans wereintroduced onkeeping in treasures layhouses. The practisewas frequent in For identification see:Zdenka Hledíková, Záv ř Testimoniumreliquiis de sanctorumAndrea ab jurisperitoPraga de collectis Collecting relics in Prague before Collectingin Charles IV. relics ivoj Nechvátal (Kostelní Vyd (Kostelní Nechvátal ivoj De ordinacione testamenti inclite Elizabeth, quondam regine Boemie. quondam Elizabeth, inclite testamenti De ordinacione ěť

- - 201- Elišky P Account of Andreas of Prague(Old

Thirteen Prague churches donated relics to Andreas: the metropolitan church of St. Vitus, the St. the Vitus, of church metropolitan the Andreas: to relics donated churches Prague Thirteen 1020

, vol. 3, Annorum 1311-1333. Pragae, 1890. Pragae, 1890. 1311-1333. Annorum 3, , vol. personal collection of relics, compiled between 1326-1328. 1326-1328. between relics, of compiled collection personal ř emyslovny” (Testament of Elisabeth P of Elisabeth of (Testament emyslovny” ř ivoj Nechvátal (Kostelní Vyd bradlí, the Our Lady Na Louži (in Lacu (in Louži Na Our Lady the bradlí, ř í: Karmelitánské nakladatelství, 2007), 137-140, the inventory on

ed. ed. ěť EliškyP RegestaDiplomatica nec non epistolaria Bohemiae et ř ř emysliden and bequested to the Cistercian monastery in in monastery Cistercian the to bequested and emysliden ich of Pab ich of ř ř í: Karmelitánské nakladatelství, 2007),132. emyslovny (Testament of Elisabeth of P bot (since 1330?) of Cistercian monastery in in monastery Cistercian of (since 1330?) bot ř ě ichPab of nice, St. Vitus canon, and administrator of administrator and canon, Vitus St. nice, ř emyslid), in in emyslid), ) and Our Lady at Tyne.Lady TheOur relics ) and ě nice) of 1330 of 1330 nice) Královský Vyšehrad 1021 InZdenka Hledíková.

ř …no. 1722,year emyslis), in: 3,ed. CEU eTD Collection Ed. Gottlieb Kürschner. Kürschner. Gottlieb Ed. church ofSt. Wenceslaus do the on 1482 of Opava of Viktorin of Charter God´suse, shall serve not any human anyuse more.” for intended once and was “What blessed church. the from bealienated to circumstances was no under treasure monstrance donate asilver for it.The new to decided and monstrance in a wooden exposed Hussite wars (eg. for the release prisoners).of Vi the during Hussites the against means financial as predecessors his by cause “right” the for used were Pod Opava: Verlag desStadtmuseums, 1903. Edition on page 15-16. 3. of Olives,andmilk, hairand bloodied Veil of the Virgin). column,tunics, and bed,Sepulchre the Christ, of the Holy Cross,stones fromthe Calvary andMount martyrs martyrs and Apostels’ relics,andmemorial relics Christof andtheVirgin ( virgins asas well St.of PeterandSt. John the Baptist.second The and thirdcontained numerous Bartholomeus, and other numerous relicsthree in boxes. St. relics a and pyx, the Apostles, George, a crystal of with bare relic St. St. of Valentine, garment, relics ofthe Apostles in a crystal nave reliquary, twenty goodmares (horses),reliquaries 5 ofrelics collection to the Cistercian monastery Stadtmuseums, 1903), 16. monstrance. under thecurse eternalperdition. of 1022

Gottlieb Kürschner, Gottlieb Kürschner, Reasoning donationafterthe Hussites: The proper cause the and proper keeping ě brady) referred to losses of objects in the church treasury of the monastery. The treasures lost lost treasures The monastery. the of treasury church the in objects of losses to referred brady)

- - 202-

Donationcharter for the monstranceby Viktorin ofMünsternberg (son ofKing George of Elisabeth of P of Elisabeth

Das Buch der Stiftungen zum ehemaligen Dominikaner-Kloster inTroppau ř emyslid, the recently deceased queen of Bohemia,donated her personal Das Buch der Stift Buch der Das

According to Accordingto the text, thecharte ungen zumehemalig ktorin feltsorry when hesaw the Corpus Christi in Waldsassen. The bequest included a priest’s apriest’s included The bequest Waldsassen. in nationsilverof monstranceDominican to the 1022 In the first there weremostly In thefirst relics of saintly Shall thereanyfall Shall be trespasser,hewill en Dominikaner-Kl r should be kept should bekept nextr to the manna (Opava: Verlag (Opava: des oster inTroppau , pannum , cradle, , cradle, . CEU eTD Collection s krzizi perlowymi meziperlami bylo drahy kameni a przitom neseni gsu klynoti ku okrassie swatosti Ornatu w tom tiele Boziem po nedieli tu chodil fararze za nas u gsa czasu toho Petr kniez zie pamatugi sieczo Ornatua tiech klenotuow doticzie, kteryz straczeni gsu/ iwiznali gsu zie siewtom dobrzie [požádali]wssieczki Susedy swy / przi kteremžtoswolani pan Purkrabie nynieyssi gest. wieczi sepsal a opatrzil s a opatrzil sepsal wieczi Baworowske fararze a swrchkynabytky a nahoru sepsal abych to a w Baworovie, kostelnie of Rosenberg?] opatrzeno … … opatrzeno 1024 1023 in Bavorov andcarrying itawayfor safekeeping. 4. did not take anyone there (but the treasuries were stolen). carried inprocession theyand howreturned were (Vrchní ú (Vrchní

Seal of the attached. Rosenbergs Bavorov wasatown in theSouthern that Bohemia belonged to the dominium. Rosenberg Catholic 1500 ofBavotown nobility-owned church treasurein Administration and protection Catholicof a tr

Unpublished. - - 203- Tu gsme sie wsiech tazali wsiech czogsme Tu sie bygim v pami Purgmistr y plna Radamiesteczka Baworowa znamo czinie tiemtolistem ziegsme podali T in Archive State Urozeny pane mog milostiwy sluzbama… jakozmi milost wasse psala abych wiecziw poczel John Roz()ka? [z Zkozka to Jan , of burgrave Adam Draho, of of Letter 15.6.1468. b) a) Edition: 25.7.1500 Letter of lost valuables from Baworow (lost between 1496 1500) and 1496 between (lost from Baworow valuables lost of Letter 25.7.1500 ř The burgrave of Helfenburg reports to his lord his to reports Helfenburg of burgrave The ad), sign. VÚ II B 3 K 3 B II ad), sign.VÚ The burgrave and council Bavorov of attest, how paramenta and precious objects were ř ebo ň (SOA T α 2n 2n

ř ebo ň , branch , branch 1023 wzal. Y to gsem uczinil (…) s Johannessem ty eti bylo aby každý pod swu przisahu powiediel , powiediel przisahu swu pod každý aby bylo eti

to the treasure chamber and kept locked. They easurethe Hussites:Inventoring after the of rovin 1468, and account ofits stealing before Č eskýKrumlov, ArchiveSuperiorthe of Office on his inventoring of the church treasure of the hisinventoring on o y také obylee to g(es)t wsse to g(es)t obylee ytaké 1024

CEU eTD Collection Jind (microfiche) 551 sv. AHMP 1665 Book of sacristans (Book of Unpublished. kyz fararz každý kteryz faru przigimal wedly Registra gy Registra wedly przigimal faru kteryz fararz každý kyz zdawal. A klicz Starssiech tý pokladniczie zawolagie od the Tu urziedniku office] ginymu down [laid pokladni ty od klicz Tu bywal. zamku na urziednik pokladnicziefararza druhy Otewrzielya dotruhly schowaly.toto Y namtaky pamatno kteryz for work in the parish had to compile an inventory of members consentedcouncil to it and these carried itemsthemselves (the procession didnot take place 1496).in 5. Bozieho. Aposstola Jakuba swateho den na Ten patek Tisiecziehopietisteho k przitisknuti to miesteczka nassieho byla ustnie geden každýseznati. Tomuswiedomiena a kuprozbie Obecznichdali gsme poczet from [z Kozka?, A milosti. geho pana Rosenberg?] pokladniczie.sie Aczoz farzie doticzie kazdyho ziadnyho smeswywolnie neprzigimaly zkozkamnez 1026 1025 obycziege tiem nahoru nesieni. nahoru tiem obycziege klenoti prwie nikdiBráni doluow nebyli Bez wiedomie [Baworoweho]purgmistra a starssich a zasie a tomu gest czryrzilyta, když tobylow nediely když jarmark bywa ytaky sie wtompamatugi ziety priest was obliged to the after inventory treasury obtaining theparish.

According to the charter,the treasury (“pokladniczie”) is“upstairs” in possibly theEvery tower. priest when accepted Valuable from thechurch used treasury to be carried inthe CorpusChristi procession. Customarily, the burgrave and Matters in administration of a Utraquist treasure: St. Nicholas in the Old Town of Prague inthe Town of Prague Old St. treasure: Nicholas a Utraquist of in administration Matters ř ich de Wlkanow in1531]

- - 204- ..co se dotý se ..co Fol. [excerpt 15 fromcouncil town registers agreement– on election of sacristans writen by sacr of Election Edition: A kdiz namisto miely byti polozieny Przitomipurkrabie s kliczem swym kteryz miel od č e ou istans, 1531 ř adu kostelnický(h)o a jak by p by jak a kostelnický(h)o adu záduší 1025

) of St. Nicolaus,starts from 1497,Archive of the city of Prague, muto listua gich wiznanie z temz gest dan a psan letha Buozieho res ecclesie czie k zasie z Akdyž vzal. sobie stupowal zamku to prawie kswe wieczie / kdiz by potrzieba toho potrzieba toho by wieczie /kdiz prawie kswe to . Thispractice in originated provincialstatutes when the ř ito(m) rziditi se mielo… mielo… rziditise ito(m) 1026 zassie stupowal stupowal s y zassie tý kliczem od CEU eTD Collection sauseduowdwa a

Jany nebožky Zwirzednicze naten czasDorotheaa Mrzenkowa sauseda zadussi nasseho przedstaupili 1027 hrobie a towsse wazia xxxviiii hrziwien a 2,5lotu aješt miestie prazskem dawa osadnim. nebyli… obtiežowani Ssimona sie Ssimona dalo… Similar transaction fol. on 31v,32v, 33r

- - 205- [after releasing sacristans from the last year] ..na to místo aby povoláni byli dva ze staršich …monstrancyi welika téhož domu Božieho s. Mikulasse (…)wazena akrzyzek jenzbywal na large Utraquist a of 1514 probably from [account 21r fol. objects of weight and the value of Recording dal nowyud semrosst a nedobry ponie stuol na ubrus stolya trzi dobry(…)ii ageden przed kuchynia druhy (…) drzewenie wodie k staudew a zielezny svzen geden a stienie na czynowy aumywadlo (…) atrzety dwie konwe veliky 6 mís v parsonage] from probably a sacristan, by accepted objects of inventory [the 30v Fol. Inventory (poczet) equipmof w kolaturu ze kral Czesky uhersky Wladislaw Jagiello of [Vladislaus 22v Fol. Transfer patronageof tothe town, Jagellonianperiod, no date fol. 32r fol. Commercial transactions inside the church:buying pews ě 1027 tšich obyczejnychželeznéa 2 a talí Itemw patek przed swatym Martinem lethamcxxxvii Anna Zubowamatka z domu č ty ř i [later correction] z mladšiech a to z d toho ielati prito(m) czasu prito(m)ielati

ent of the parsonage(?) ent of theparsonage(?) passes on revenue from altars ( ř uw czynowych uw czynowych ssech oltarzuow u swte(h)o Mikulasse w Starem ě kousek zuostal newazeny od pana Rzazima pana od zuostal newazeny kousek ů monstrance vodu aby jedni sausede mimo druhé mimo sausede jedni aby vodu collacio ] ) to the parishioners] parishioners] the to ) CEU eTD Collection Praha: Náklademd Ed. Antonín Podlaha,and Eduard Šittler. 1354-1420 treasure from Vitus’ St. of Inventories 1. A: Metropolitan churches Appendix II: Late Medieval inventories: Their catalogue and editions budouczyuzivati gi m gi gegy y dorotha onamohla aby osady mistiewssy na uczinil sem gi Zapis kuru. same(h)o u rucze chlebnych. od Kotczow amatieg matieg Bacs, woyssek gr? (…) tuja nazadost gich (…)to mocz mage sobie na ten czas dam s ginymi pomcníkyGirzyk xxx za Mrzenkowy Dorothie Zubowa Anna predala ona Stolicze kteruz uczinie gim zapis zadagicze tu Praha: Náklademd Ed. Antonín Podlaha,and Eduard Šittler. Inventories of St. Vitus‘ treasure in text-fiche inv.no. 5187) (p.LVII). 1413 of additions with from 1387 differences only XXX), 1396 (p. fully 1387 (p.XXIX), 1355 from differences only 1374 (p.XXVI), 1355 from differences only X (p. 1355 fully (p.III), fully 1354 p. III-LX: on Prague 1454 (p. LXIX), inventory of things of LXIX), inventory (p. Prague 1454 revision ofthingsin Ojvín(p. LXVIII), and Karlštejn (p.LXVIII), and thelist of things brought to (Oywin, p. LXIII).List of returned things to Karlštejn in 1438 (p.LXIV), inventory of1441 (p.LXV), St. Wenceslaus 1420 (p.LX),a list of objects division ofthe treasury at the beginning of the Hussite wars starts withthe inventory of thechapel of

InventoriesSt. of Vitus‘ metropolitantreasure - - 206-

Takowa stoliczy kteraz hned u mrzizie naprzed stogi g dnes k welikemu woltarzi po prawe Archive of Prague Castle, Archive of the Metr edited is inventories pre-1420 of sequence the p. 3-111, on isdescribed treasury of the History History ofthe treasury described is p. on 3-111,the sequenceofinventories charting the ě ě dictví sv. Prokopa, 1903. 1903. Prokopa, sv. dictví dictví sv. Prokopa, 1903. 1903. Prokopa, sv. dictví ě li a drzeli gi…diediczne… a drzeli gi…diediczne… li the fifteenth andearly 16th centuries ChrámovýVíta sv. poklad vPraze.Jeho d ChrámovýVíta sv. poklad vPraze.Jeho d kept in Krumlov 1465 (p. LXX), and Plze LXX),and (p. 1465 Krumlov in kept II), 1365 only differencesonly II), 1365 taken toKarlštejnLXII),(p. 1420 and Ojvín 1421 opolitan Chapter of St. Vitus (KA sign. 260/1-7, sign.260/1-7, Vitus(KA Chapter opolitan of St. from 1355 (p from 1355 ě ě .XXV), 1368 jiny a popis a jiny jiny a popis a jiny ň 1476 (p. (p. 1476 . . CEU eTD Collection 1430 and 1435 and 1430 2. from 1397)” Ed. JosefPelikán. “Inventá pertinent the to fromin St.Inventories the of altars 1397 ornaments Vitus’ cathedral and 1512 (p. XCV). K po (Excursion 1.Olomouclibrary and chapter itsinventories at the of beginning the15.c.) in: Ed. Vincenc Brandl. “Inventá Brandl. Vincenc Ed. a) 1028 LXXII), inventory of 1480(?) (p.L LXXII), inventoryof1480(?) 182. (1889): 115-117, 127-129, 127-129, 115-117, (1889): (Inventory of church vessels, garments,jewels and books ofthe Olomouccathedral)“ III d 2, of 1413), written in Latin on both sides of parchment 47 x 66 x 3, with seal. seal. with 3, x 66 x 47 parchment of sides both on Latin in written 1413), of 2, d III 1421). and 1415 of additions (includes 145-148, p. on 225-231, p. 15, heft –172, 168 p. 11 heft p.140-151, 10, heft (1852), und Chorgewänder u.a.m aler Gold Kostbarkeitenderselbenin Verzeichnis

The inventory from 1413 Codicological analysis MiroslavFlodr, “Exkurs 1.Olomoucká kapitulní knihovnaa její inventá č átk Charter inventoriesmetropolitan of treasure St. of Wenceslaus inOlomouc from 1413,

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ů Edition –in Pelikán inCPSVP Edition Extracts in Gregor Wolný. Wolný. inGregor Extracts MCOA (AO, sign. Olomouc Archbishopric Archive Olomouc, branch Opava, in Archive Land m písa Památky archeologické ř ské tvorby v 1028

č eských zemích ., in: ř Method oltá

ř ná řů Archiv fürKundeösterreichischer kostela sv. Víta v Praze z r. 1397 (Inventory of altars of st. Vitus Vitus st. altars of of (Inventory 1397 z r. Praze Vítav sv. kostela XXIX), and of 1483 (p. LXXXVIII (p. 1483 of XXIX), and 16 (1890): 7-9, (edited without additions). additions). without (edited (1890): 7-9, 16 č

iní kostelního, rouch, skvost rouch, kostelního, iní (1946): 123-131. 123-131. (1946): Inventarium der Olmützer Do Olmützer der Inventarium . Spisy Univerzity vBrn und Silber, Reliquien von Heiligen, Bücher, Mess- ě – Filosofická fakulta 67 (Prague: SPN, 1960), 162- ů Geschichtsquellen, Notitzenblatt a knih velechrámu olomouckého mkirche vom Jahre 1435 oder oder 1435 Jahre vom mkirche ), 1496 (p. XC), 1503 (p. XCII), 1503 (p. (p. XC), ), 1496 Scriptorium Olomoucké. ř e napo č átku 15. stol.“ Method Method 15 15 2 CEU eTD Collection Olomucensi solempniter decantatur. divisumdans etdeputans ipsum pro missamane semper beateae virginis qui cottidie in dictaEcclesia Calicem cum patena deauratum habentem pedem sculptum et nodum argenteum circumquaque de Mladyeyowicz perpetuus vicarius Ecclesie Olomucensis presentavit dominis in Capitulo unum b) eiusdem coloris auro mixtum. dalmaticis duabus cum coloris viridi ornatum unum Olomucensi Ecclesie dicte hora et die eodem donavit Itemidem dominus noster serrenissimus RomanorumVngarie Boemieetc. Rex donavit episcopo eidemdomino Rex dominus quas coloris viridi aksamito de cappamkoralem et Christi Corpore pro deauratam argenteam monstranciam ecclesie dedit Olomucensis Episcopus Johannes 145-146) Jan, deacon Olomouc of chapter. ve liturgical of inventory an compiled cathedral, Unpublished. A III(1430),A d2 written Latinin on both sides of parchment 52cm x77 x 4. 1435. inventory of the from differ that parts Wolny’s those to it only edited compared and Ihave edition inventory, the of section identification of the authors, and the first part containing he vasa sacra as whole.a In the paramenta the with beginning edited the thus, Ihave 4). II, no. inAppendix (cited Wolny by published 1435,

- - 208- Inventory Olomouc St.Wenceslausof in from 1430 24.3.-27.3. 1413 Ond 1413 24.3.-27.3. Item Anno Domini M Item Domini Anno

Nota Anno domini Millesimoccccxv [upper part of Editionadditions of from 1415and1421(following separate a edition of extractsWolny, in This inventory is almost identical with the in Land Archive in Opava, branch Olomouc, Archive Archbishopric Olomouc (AO, sign. MCO (AO, MCO sign. Olomouc Archbishopric Archive Olomouc, branch Opava, Land Archive in recto ] ř o ej Stojslav ccccxxisanctae die Tyburcij Reverendus in Christo pateretdominus ů v of Jeví o diesanctae Cecilie dominus Johannes iuvenis Rassculus ssels,relics, textiles, and books upon theorder of č ko,canon of Vyšehrad andcustos Olomouc of ventory of the Olomouc cathedral treasure of of treasure cathedral Olomouc the of ventory CEU eTD Collection the inventoryearlier when compiling the one.new against edition. Wolny’s Theclose relationship between 1430and 1435inventories canbeexplained close by copyingof content of the in treasury; the remaining parts (textiles, and other things inthe only are of care correctedbell-ringer) incorrect reading. Iedited only the first part(reliquaries, goldsmith works) Geschichtsquellen, Notitzenblatt Silber, Reliquien von Heiligen,Bücher, Mess- und Chorgewänder u.a.m.“ Wolný, ”Inventarium derOlmützer vomDomkirche Jahre 1435 Verzeichnis oder alerKostbarkeiten derselben inGold und 1030 1029 quam donavit Dominus Nicolaus Magarensis(?) Episcopus Ecclesie. Ecclesie. Episcopus Magarensis(?) Dominus Nicolaus donavit quam thuribulum Argenteum paruum inferius conscipte sunt invente Andrea et Campanatore Johanne Ecclesie Olomucensis Radecz Michaelis Gewicz cande Michaelis Radecz virorumdominorum AndreeStoyslay de Gewiczcustodi Luce deNawsedlicz magistri Cztibori de honorabilis presentia in Olomucensis Ecclesie etCapituli decani de Dubczan Johanis dominorum diebus sequentibusfacta estVisitacio sacristie etaliarum (?)Ecclesie mandato de VenerabiliumViris of Jeví books in the sacristy. sacristy. the in books sacristan Olomoucof churchcompiled aninventory liturgicalof vessels, textiles, valuables,relics and Inventory 1435 has: Thetext of the inventory isalmost identical with thatof 1435 (cf. AppendixII no 4), published by Wolný (Gregor

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č Anno domini Millesimo trece quadringentesimo Ond Itemcrux alia parvasive pectorale argentea cumlapillistribus parvior Item aliudpectorale siveparva crux auro puro de Item unum pectoraleargenteum quadrangulare inkathenula. decorata. monilibus alba infula Item episcopales. cirothece Item due Item infula magna cummargaritis et monilibus preciosis cum pendilibus argenteis deauratis ItemAmpule due argentee deaurate Inuno futro Item alie due Argentee deaurata argentea plenaria Item duo Item primo viginti calices inter quos tres sunt ar Edition: Edition: ko canons, Petr of P of Petr canons, ko ř ej Stojslav 1029

cum zaphiris lapidibus et diversis preciosis ů v of Jevív of 2.10 149-151, (1852), 2.11, 168 – 172, 2.15, 225-230)few with partly due diversions, to ř íkazy and Matyáš of Tršice vicars, Jan Campanator and Ond onicorum č ko, custos, Lukáš of Slavkov, Magister Ctibor of of Ctibor Magister Slavkov, of Lukáš custos, ko, Rade

Petri dePricazet Mathie Petri de subsacristano ecclesieres singule Ubi subsacristano predicte simo diesimo secundamensa? aprilii? cum aliebus . 1030 gentei solum etaliiargentei deaurati Item in kathenula aurea in toto Archiv für Kunde österreichischer todue more changessignificant in the Trssicz perpetuorumvicariorum ř č ej deputy ej deputy , Michal , Michal CEU eTD Collection habens lapides pretiosos cum reliquiis suis suis cum reliquiis pretiosos lapides habens argento deauratoin quadam kathenula super ornatum et infra lapidibus pluribus circumdatum corona In superiori veropa Reliquie continentur domini Woytiechii Othasslawiczde Pragensis et Olomucensis canonici pragensis ecclesie arma asinistra et pragensis archiepiscopum Ioannis arma dextrum vero adlatus ecclesie Eclesiaequietiamhuius episcopus ligno dominimagnam peciam coloris viridi et rubei parvos lapillos xiiii circumferensiis Item duo anuli minores aurei quilibet cum uno lapide

- - 210- Item caput sancte Cunegindis argenteum deauratum sub corona a parte anterior habens arma argentea vero facies pretiosis lapidibus cum monile pectore in habens decoratum Pretiosis lapidibus incrinali superius deauratum argenteum Candidi sancti caput Item octo lapides preciosos argenteum dearatum Item caput sanctae Cordule cum lapidibus preciosisab infra Incrinali vero habens Item quinque capita Primo caput sancti Cristini argenteum deauratum Item alia ymago sancti Wenceslai quasi armis bellicis induta argentea deaurata sub pedibus Item ymago sancti Wenceslai argentea deaurata vero infra ad suum articulum tenens deauratum argenteum Dorothee sancte brachium Item medioet in xii lapidibuspretiosis decoratum Item brachium sancti Bartholomei argenteum deauratum in cuius medio plures Sanctorum Item caput sancte Ursule argenteum deauratum cum corona habens aparteanteriori arma Robertus quamdominus dedit domini Spina de corona una fuit crucis ilius in dorso retro et Quatuor zaphiros bonos cummargaritis inquatuor partibus et alias plures gemas aureum crucifixum habens cristalino pede in Onichino de crux Item alia Itemargentea crux deauratalongitudine in unius ulnepragensis cum habens pede inse de vero Item duo Calices argentei fracti deaurati etvitris lapidibus cum magnus argenteus Item anulus alius Item anulusepiscopalis aureus cum lapide topasion admodum oui galinie habensin Item duo anuli magni episcopales de puro auro cum zaphirem etdiversis lapidibus preciosis Tumbamsancti Cristini fecit rte tenens articulum sancti Bartholomei Bartholomei sancti articulum tenens rte cum lapidibus pretiosis ornata tenens ossa in ossa tenens ornata pretiosis lapidibus cum CEU eTD Collection parvo etin pectorereliquias Sceptrumargenteum deauratumsinistrain vero pomum cumcruce similiter argenteumdeuratum pede suo proprio sanctorum incuius tergo sculpta est ipsiusymago in plenum reliquiis cum tribus cimboriis superius decorata continetur Reliquie eorundem eorundem Reliquie continetur viaticumcircumdatumaltaris argento rubeode marmore digiti modum ad Moysi virga de pecies Item Oswaldi

- - 211- Item ymago sancti Sigismundi argentea argentea habens Item Sigismundi sancti ymago Item ymago sancte Catherine pulchra argentea deaurata subtus(?) continens oleum invitriolo Item monstrantia pulcra argentea deaurata et Item articulus sanctorum Innocentum in argent in Innocentum sanctorum Item articulus Cristall in Itemspina domini sanctorum Reliquis cum Cupreedeaurate monstrancie Item due alie deaurate argente rotunde monstrancie Item due Itemmonstrantia sancti Jeronimi doctoris cancellata continensin pluribusse reliquias Item tabula cum velo sancte ClareItem tabula Item peplum beate virginis intabula circumdata argentomodum per canceli cumItem deaurata cuprea ymaginem Crucifixi crux oblonga Item unum Candelabrumcupreum de pulcro opere antiquo habens treslactas circa pedem Item opere pulcro de cupreum unius cristallina tria Candelabra Item quatuor argento circumdatus ligneus curvature Item strucionum Itemova baculus trio aq magni modumpomiItem ad berillus Item cyphusametisto de habens patenamde cristallo Itemflascule due parve cupree deaurate per balsamoconservando manuum calefaciendum(?) ad deauratus cupreus Item globus Item baculus sancti Egidii circumdatus argento perditus est Item crismariumargenteum futro sanctiSebastianiItem in sagitta Item reliquie sancti Berhardi deargentate inferius et superius Item brachium sancte Anne in ferius et superius deauratum Petri sancti compedibus de clavus Item Petri sancti Caliga cum Item thabula o adlongitudinem unius digiti adlongitudinemo unius uo insenditur ignis invigilia uo insenditur ignis pasce superficie leo monstranciacum catulis que caret superficie magna continens in medio cristallummagnum o inclusus cum ymagine lignea capite in cuius cum manica sancte Elisabeth et camisia sancti camisia et Elisabeth sancte manica cum in pectorereliquias ipsius tenensmanu in CEU eTD Collection habens dominus Jacobus Cantorad vitam suam dumtaxat ornata ymagine cum clypei eiusdem anteriori aparte margaritis cum pecies alia Item resureccionis patriarcha anthiocenus ecclesie olomucensis Fridrici prepositi Olumucensi eclesieipsumper pro remedio animesue deputate clipeo et ilud et lancea Wenceslai cum gladio sancti vero alia Cristini sancti videlicet una deaurata argentea imago una latus libet quod ad Item pulcre ornata etdeaurata et diversis pretiosislapidibus totum sepulcrum superius etinferius ornatum deauratum etxicymboria etsuperius s(?)itate in triaet aliud latus retro solum duo cymboria omnia im et extensas quatuor imagines abante etiam circumdata est argento abante et in duobus lateribus tantum etdeauratum Retro vero nichil habens quatuor deficiunt qui priusfuerunt etiam et preciosi similiter lapides xiii sunt ciboriis quatuor in superius sepulcri vero longitudinem Secundum(?) lapides deficiunt quatuor etubi coloris fusci albi lapides preciosi xiiii sunt cimboriis in plures lapidespreciosi videlicet zaphiri cumaliis diversis lapidibus Etiam incapite inmedio sepulcri deaurata et qua libet illarum lapidibus preciosis ornataet decorata et ab abante super media imagine 1031 In1435 new acquisitions: “

- - 212- Item racionale pulcrum margaritis imagin et Item ciphus ligneus sanctiAdalberti martyris(?) Item cena domini in vitro cumpluribus imaginibus Item unum lilium de tumba sancte Cordule argenteum deauratum Quamdomina Marle donavit per seniori prebendario Item tabula parva argentea pro pace in missa danda plena reliquiis sanctorum quam nunc dominice imagines continens futro uno in ornatus etauro margaritis unius clipeus Item sm zaphiri inuna duo eiusdemEt pecie et unius Item imperfecta infula cum margaritis et similiter a retro tottidem(?) et ad quo libesimiliterretro tottidem(?)ad quo a et deaurate extense etiam sepulcrum ultra septemymagines abante habet quod Item sepulcrumsancti Cristini circum Item sepulcrum sancte Cordule sive Tumba cumossibus etreliquiis plurimorum sanctorum que Accreverunt item tres calices

datumin toto deauratum argenteumet diversis lapidibus preciosis ornata ornata preciosis lapidibus diversis sepulcrum factum est de Clenodiis argenteis domini domini argenteis Clenodiis de est factum sepulcrum “ medio ipsorum crucifixum similiter argenteummedio crucifixum similiter ipsorum t t latus unam imaginemargenteam consimilem ibus ornatum quod dedit dominus Wenceslaus Wenceslaus dominus dedit quod ornatum ibus 1031 aragdus cumaliis lapidibus preciosis pluribus

CEU eTD Collection pretextam cum imaginibus rubeaxiiii subductura 1032 aurea sanctus Jeronimus et aquila habens variatum subductura albis inserta etc inhumerali littereAve Marialittere argenteis deauratis in axamitonigro cum strictis pretextis humerali et(?) The folowing item is missing from the inventory of 1435. 1435. of fromitem the inventory missing is The folowing

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Item capaflaveacumflavibus etcedul aureis Item capa flavea cum animalibus aureis et avibus viridibus et floribus albis viridi subductura (Sequitur ornamenta Ecclesie) (recto, 3.column) …. (Sequitur inventarium librorum eclesie Olomucensis) (recto,column) 2. Item cappa brunatica colore diversis coloribus coloribus colore diversis brunatica Item cappa … Vicariorum) cappe (Secuntur (recto, 3. column) … Item casula rubea auro superde contexta pertotum cumvariis flavea lineis subtilis subductura … Item (?) casula rubea cum viribus avibus et arbori … quibus(?) in pretextis aureis manic(?) et fimbriis in conottate et(?) albe dyalmatice due Item … (Sequitur Inventarium Casularum etc.) (verso, 1.column) pretexta in ante ab contexta totum per super de floribus et animalibus albis flavea cappa Item Item casula rubea cum cingulis aureis et animalibus et alia varia textura viridi subductura alba alba subductura viridi textura alia varia et animalibus et aureis cumItemcingulis rubea casula

per totum contexta cumfl contexta per totum is literis grecorum per totum inserta habens is literis per totuminserta grecorum bus et foliis aureis subtili rubeo subducta alba alba subtili rubeo bus et foliissubducta aureis avea subductura lineis subductura avea 1032

CEU eTD Collection adventu etin quadragesima subductura selchrum in vigiliis sollempmibus corpus dominicumportatur Andreum Stoislai olim custodis et canonicum olomucensis olomucensis et canonicum custodis olim Stoislai Andreum 1034 1033 Inthe of inventory 1435 the editor Wolny usesXLfor In the ofinventory 1435 acquisitons areaddedhere.

- - 214-

Item alia tectura dominicalis de pano albo brunatico et nigro que ponitur diebus dominicis in in dominicis diebus ponitur que etnigro brunatico albo pano de tectura dominicalis Itemalia … flavea et cum episcopus Laczko dominus dedit intexta quam auro Item rubea tecrura … Item tecturasuper sepulchro sancti Cristini nigra cumaurea majestateque ponuntur super (InfrascriptaeRes habet Campanatorin cura) (verso, 3.column) Item stamen aliud rubeumcum floribus diversis viridibusintextum ? Item aliud stamen vide? diversis floribus eiusdemmaterie? intextum cummarginibus albis intexta auro aliis et leonibus animalibus quibus flaveum stamen Item Cordule sancte sepulcro super que Item tectura Item due texture sive cortine una canonicorum etalia vicariorum quo sub viridibus ? etfloribus faciebus turribus leonum Item rubeum cum velum imaginibus … Item albasubtilis cumplicis Axamitde rubeo…Item plures albeferiales novem … Item (quatuor?)albe tela deplicis detenui Item tresalbe detenuitela cumplici quasi subgriseis devaria textura Item una palla nova cum cruce in medio viridi et ruffi coloris de novo data per dominum dominum per data novo de coloris ruffi et viridi medio in cumcruce nova palla Item una … … scampna super ponuntur tresarte que Item cortine … 1034

quadragesima quasi griseis desuper deauratis textura pulchra pulchra textura deauratis desuper griseis quasi . 1033

CEU eTD Collection of Ra six Latinon in written 1435) of 2, d III structure] without text, and only mistakes, with [edited 225-231. 2.15, 172, – 168 2.11 140-151, 2.10, c) Chorgewänder u.a.m.,“ Kostbarkeiten derselben in Gold und Silber, Reliquien von Heiligen, Bücher, Mess- und Ed. Gregor Wolný.“Inventarium der Olmützer Domkirche vomJahre1435 oder Verzeichnisaler grain, food,money. vestments and 1036 1035 ed. Kadlec, Jaroslav Ed. 1339 3. period inpre-Hussite Churches Monastic B: vessels, relics, textiles, books, and charters of Olomouc cathedral. cathedral. Olomouc charters of and books, relics, textiles, vessels, clergy in 1339 supported by Bohuta, archdiacon of Ku of archdiacon Bohuta, by supported in 1339 clergy 60. no. 201-202, pages on edition 1985, Verlag Augustiner

Next to lossof the the treasury, attack monks one left of the deadly hurt, and losses counted books, domestic animals, th folows of1435 inventory the In Inventory St.WenceslausOlomoucof in from 1435 Objects alienated( Objects

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č ice, canon Ctibor ofRade Ctibor ice, canon

After 30.September 1435 Pavel, bishop of Olomouc in the presence ofchapter deacon Petr Land Archive Opava, in branch Olomouc, Archive Archbishopric Olomouc (AO, sign. MCO A Item una cortina flavea cum alba tela subducta circum laniata telasubducta alba cum flavea cortina Item una

Wolný in – Edition Listed Listed res ecclesiae Codex Thomaeus. Das Augustinerkloster Sankt Thomas in SanktThomas Prag Augustinerkloster Das Thomaeus. Codex Archiv Kundefür österreichischer Notitzenblatt Geschichtsquellen, res nobisablate figh were inthe or stolen destroyed Codex Thomaeus e description of St. tomb.Cristinus č and custos Martin z Martin custos and Dob

parchment folios 27 x 39, with seal. folios 27x39,with parchment ) from the convent of Augustinians Hermits in Sušice in inSušice Hermits of the Augustinians ) from convent , 201-202. ř im, andJohn Paduanus, canon of Vyšehrad. ř an compiled aninventory ofliturgical an ts between the convent and the parish and the parish convent the ts between 1035

. Würzburg: 2 (1852), (1852), 2 1036

CEU eTD Collection Prague 1889, 280 – 305. – 280 Prague 1889, der Wissen Gesellschaft böhmischen königl. der Ed. Josef Emler, ed. “Zlomek inventá B 5. 4. Mittelalter,“ im Böhmens derKloster Kunstübung und der Geschichte zur „Beiträge Neuwirth. Joseph Ed. century 14th equipment and animals) of the the of animals) and equipment (ifthere were) are missing. of the B 1037 pramen kpoznání církevních,“50-1. starožitností the property of inventoryingproject ofall property of themonastery. 1394 – the 1390 Divišin abbot under werecompiled inventories The monastery. ř

Sekyrka, “Inventá evnov, after 1390 Fragmentinventory ofthe theof ofchurch Inventorytreasurethe of of the Dominican monasteryPlze in

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Edition – in –in Edition Neuwirth Edition –in Kadlec The source and the edition contains also inventory or inventory also or andtheeditioncontains source The Chapter Archive(KA APHPrague boxVaria-R in Emler - Edition ř evnovchurch inventory ismissing, also inventories of parishes in , Svrkyn Mitteilungen des VereinsGeschichte für der Deutschen Böhmenin priories ř e kostelních poklad in in 1037 Police

parish churches in Nezamyslice and

ů v p Broumov ř e klášetrab ř edhusitské Praze” 157,no. Praze” edhusitské 162. Summary inZoubek, “Nový d , which all belonged under thejurisdiction, whichallbelonged of B schaften,Philos. Histor. – Philol.– Classe ř evnovského z evnovského 1394,“ – let 1390 St.Benedict, Alexios Bonifacius, and in ů zné, sign. XVIII-18, fol sign. XVIII-18, zné, 1r-4r). Thebeginning , Kostelec res ecclesiae ň from the the secondhalf of , Chcebuz 34 (1896). 39-42. 39-42. (1896). 34 (including the farm farm the (including

as apart of large and and Sitzungsberichte Sitzungsberichte ě and Zvíkov Zvíkov and B ř , Jg 1888, íství ř evnov evnov ů , and ležitý CEU eTD Collection Ed. Josef Hemmerle, ed. Hemmerle, Josef Ed. 6. Ed. the fourteenth to thefifteenth centuries 7. Hostradice Archiv, Verl.1967. Wiss. zur Bonn: Deutschen 22. Geschichte Ordens des Studien und Quellen 262/CXXVIIv (edition p.376-380) p. 357-375).Continuati(edition Thomaeus Codex Compilation ofextractsfrom registers the of turn no. 157. 154, 1991, University Charles treasuries of church Praze (Inventories in pre-Hu “Inventá Sekyrka. Tomáš 357-380. 1985, Verlag, Augustiner

Codex Thomaeus.Augustinerkloster Das SanktThomas Pragin Inventories of the churches of the Te of churches the of Inventories - - 217- Pre-Hussiteinventories ofSt.Thomasin Prague in Hemmerle - Edition Inventory ofchurches: (376-380) -262/CXXVIIv 259/CXXVIr reliquiaria) et (monstrantiae Reliquaries corales) (libri books Choral 255/CXXIIIv)(372-373) (sacrasupellex) utensils Images, 233/CXIIIr-253/CCXXIII Paramenta Inventoryafter 1415, Codex Thomaeus, partQuarta 2, pars, pag. 233/CXIIIr-258/CXXVv (1408), (1408), , beginning of the 15th century. 15th the of beginning , Havlí č Die Deutschordens-Ballei Böhmen in ihren Rechnungsbücher 1382-1411 Rechnungsbücher in ihren Böhmen Die Deutschordens-Ballei k ů v (N St. Benedikt inPrague ě on, Codex Thomaeus, Codex Qu parton, 2, mecký) Brodmecký) 256/CXXIVv –257/CXXVr (374-375) (374-375) –257/CXXVr 256/CXXIVv r (357-372), 258/CXXVv (375) (375) 258/CXXVv r (357-372), utonic knights betw utonic knights (1411). (1411). ssite Bohemia).” Unpublish ssite Bohemia).” of the fourteenth to the fifteenth centuries in centuries tothefifteenth fourteenth the of of the Augustinian order from theturn of (1402-1411), (1402-1411), ř e kostelních poklad e kostelních een 1400 and 1411 and een 1400 , ed. Jaroslav Kadlec. Würzburg: Würzburg: Kadlec. Jaroslav ed. , inta pars,pag. 259/CXXVIr- Plze ň ed MA thesis. Prague, Prague, ed MAthesis. (1402, 1408, 1411), 1411), 1408, (1402,

ů v p ř edhusitské , CEU eTD Collection 8. Ú sent 1. 8. 1420 from Karlštejnfrom8. 1420 sent 1. 9. C: Fate of monastic andchapter treasuriesthe in Hussite wars from Karlštejn to Vyšehrad to cover Sigismund of Luxembourg´s war expenses. 1.8.1420) of list a of (transcript (MAthesis, Prag Bohemia).” inpre-Hussite treasuries “Inventá Tomáš Ed. Sekyrka. 1038 history librariesof in Bohemia in the pre-Hussite period)“ Hlavá Ed. Ivan (NA Prague(NA III)). Copy of 1470 written by Vyšehrad´sdeanJan ofKaplice. no. 27, f. 191r, fol 45r-47r. National Archive Prague, Archive of Collegiate Chapter Vyšehrad KVš č

ty hradu zlet Karlštejna 1423-1434 On 5.5. 1423, largereliquary cross of chapter theVyšehrad was destroyed and the togold used pay the war, Pelikán, Inventory of the Augustinian Monastery in T Augustinian Monastery the Inventory of Inventory of relics and jewels from collegiate

- - 218-

Edition –in Kadlec

Archive of Vyšehrad chapter, National archiv Relics andjewels from collegiate the chapter ofSt. Peter and Paulin Vyšehrad sent1. 8. 1420 Edition in -Hlavá Edition following T. Sekyrka following Edition Unpublished č ek. “Studie k k “Studie ek. d č ek

1038 ř , 14, cat. no. 13.. e kostelních poklad e kostelních ě jinám knihoven v v knihoven jinám to Vyšehrad

1039

č ř ů eském stát ue, Charles University 1991), 72-74, cat. no. 12. cat. no.12. 72-74, 1991), University Charles ue, e, sign. e, KVš (NA PragueIII),manuscript RKP ebo v p chapter of St.Peter Paul in Vyšehradand ň Sborník historický ř of1415 edhusitské Praze (Inventories of church church of Praze(Inventories edhusitské ě vdob ě p ř 12 (1964):46-51. (1964):46-51. 12 edhusitské (Study of the the of (Study edhusitské 1039 CEU eTD Collection As thisrecord is not easily accessible, Itranscribe the inventory with permission of theauthor. sciscit …de eis et repetere. repetere. sciscit …deeiset Wissegradensis. ecclesie dominum Jacobum Decanum Eclesie predicte et dominum Johannem Canonicum eiusdem Eclesie Reliquiesancte suntCastro de Carlssteinad

- - 219- Anno domini Millesimo CCCC XX CCCC Millesimo domini Anno Item deRegistris Eclesieet Nonnullis rebus monasterio fuit in Melkchin Austria bonum esset Benedictus olimprepositus Albe Regalis in VngariaEpiscopus Jauriensis alias inRabres Scit Que tandemomnia obligavit in Wratislavia pro Quatuor Milibus florenorum Reliquias perlas et lapides remisit in Carlsstein Hec Rex Sigismundus abstulit omnia argentea et aurea attergo ab ante Alia tota XXXMarcasAuri in pondere Aurea habens tota una Cruces Item due Thure pro pyxis Una Pulpitum argento circumdatum Candelabra Duo deaurata Duo Turribula argentea quorum vum[unum?] erat deauratum Manus Sex Argentee deAurate et Argentee argentee Monstrancie Quatuor Nicolai Sancti Pauli Sancti Petri Sancti Tres ymaginesargentee etdeaurate videlicet Caput s. Cristofori Caput s. Laurecij Caput s. Mauricij s. Caput Gereonis in Caput SanctiJohannis Baptiste disco aurea Caput SanctiVitaliscum Corona o Ablato que auro etargenteo Feria quinta. In die s. Petri ad Vinculam Infrascripte Infrascripte Vinculam ad s.Petri In die quinta. Feria Ecclesiam Wissegradensem per venerabilem virum virum venerabilem per Wissegradensem Ecclesiam

CEU eTD Collection the Karlštejn Castle)“ 10. 1040 Rostislav Nový,“Dopl ed. Pelikán, Josef Ed. 11. follows (Prague) (p. 164). the possession of St.Vitus. Another private acquisition ofvestments by Procopius of NewTown mentions (1434) records last the of One vestments. and Rokycana), Jan to (even books selling reconds also it 1434 In tomb). Wenceslaus as well as chapel, St. Palmatius of equipment Vyšehrad(large gold cross), Zbraslav(altar panelling, and statues), reliquaries from Ostrovmonastery, breaking and selling viaspecialised merchants preciousmaterial from important pretiosafrom Ed. Antonín Baum. 43-44, 70. 70. 43-44, Böhmen in Böhmen In 1431, ten vestmentsmonastery of Zbraslav weresold in financialcf. need, no. 14.

Karlštejn Accounts Accounts Karlštejn - - 220- Inventory of Krumlov – safekeeping of the treasuries during the Hussite wars Hussite wars the during treasuries the of safekeeping – Krumlov of Inventory

Includes aninventory ofZbraslav vestmentsincluding full 27 sets, 109-110.

Editionin - Pelikán, Nový Matthias Pangerl,ed. Matthias Pangerl, ed. Edition –in Pangerl . Fontes RerumAustriacarum 2. Diplomataria et Actabd. 37. Vienna 1872. . Fontes Rerum Austriacarum 2 Diplomataria et Acta bd. 23. Vienna 1865 1865 Vienna Diplomataria et Acta 23. bd. 2 Rerum Austriacarum . Fontes

“Inventá Folia Historica Bohemica Ú ň ky k „Ú č ty hradu Karlštejna z let 1423 z 1434 – let 1423 Karlštejna ty hradu ř Urkundenbuch des CisterzienserstiftesUrkundenbuch B. Krumlovský(Inventory Krumlov)” of Urkundenbuch ehemaligendes Ci č t ů m hradu Karlštejna z Karlštejna Accounts of the m hradu to (additions let 1423-1434“ quedam mulierEgra de

from the metropolitan church (panelling from St. 10 (1986): 193-202. 193-202. (1986): 10 (Cheb) that boughtfor herselfcape a from . Prague:. Státní historickýústav, 1948. sterzienserstiftes Goldenkron in Method Mariae Virginis zu Hohenfurth zu Hohenfurth Mariae Virginis 4 (1878): 4 10-11, 23-24, 1040 Records Records CEU eTD Collection 13. know of only pawnsto von Reinprecht and Waldsee bishopof Passau in 1420, and Reinprecht alone in 1439. Anton (1420, 1439) (1420, Ulrich father by his Austria in pawned were They in from 1462 Czech) (charter Wien 1865. Geschichtsquellen. Bohmen ed. Pangerl, Matthias Ed. Io fratre Johanne, priore domino Oywen in ibidem presentibus 2 pretextis cum et antependilibus cum mappas duas et perlis cum omeralia 3 et cruces 1041 recepit ameres eorum monasterii videlicet octo ornatus melioreset 2 monstrancias preciosas et 4 procurator supra Carthusiensis ut frater Albertus dominico die ipso fuit quia Wenceslai 3.3.1425, Zittau. near Ojvín of convent the from monastery the to returned signature, fol 14r. 12. treasuries in pre-Hussite Bohemia) in pre-Hussite treasuries “Inventá Tomáš Ed. Sekyrka. 1425 The source mentions Thesource 39 years long stay of injewels which Austria, wouldcorrespond with year 1423. However, we

Return ofthepawned jewels totheCistercian monastery of Vyšší Brod

- - 221- Handing over part of the objects from the treasury of the Carthusian monastery in Prague Prague in monastery theCarthusian of treasury the from objects the of part over Handing

John ofRosenberg returned the jewels and the relics of saints to Vyšší Brod monastery. Krumlov 30.12. 1462, Anno domini etc. XXV Sabbato ante dominicam Reminiscere sive ante Translationem Sancti Sancti Translationem ante sive Reminiscere ante dominicam XXV etc. Sabbato domini Anno fol. 14r. Hec capi(t)a fratrum d(omi)norumde Carthusia T. Sekyrka following Edition the Ca of treasury part ofthe Inventorya of National archivePrague, Archive of Prague Archbishopric, box Varia, manuscript without . Diplomataria etActa XXIII Band, Fontes Rerum Austriacarum /Oesterreichisches 1041

Urkundenbuch des Cistercienserstiftes B. Mariae V. zu Hohenfurt in in Hohenfurt V. zu Mariae B. Cistercienserstiftes des Urkundenbuch ř e kostelních poklad e kostelních .” (MA thesis. Prague, Charles Univ Charles Prague, thesis. (MA .”

doco, fratre Vlrico, fratre Marthino senioribus. fratre Marthino senioribus. fratreVlrico, doco, rthusian monastery in monastery in Új rthusian of Rosenberg in the time of the Hussite wars ů v p ř edhusitské Praze (Inventories of church church of Praze(Inventories edhusitské ersity 1991), 187-187, no. 222. no. 222. 187-187, 1991), ersity ezd, Prague, which was was which ezd, Prague, or

CEU eTD Collection smluvu radnu s ctihodnym otcemknezem Pawlem umensovala, klenoty ty ...vyplatili jsme.. klenoty a swatosti dolepsane zlate a stribrne pozlaceney chteje a byly odnaty aklenoty swatost ta kterych od domouv bozich tech is ...ze ahledeni cti Rakusich. let v 40 jednoho bez zastavene sancrosanctae crucis dominipreciose ornatum ... monasteriolignumqui Falkenstayn donavithuic Zawissius de (died) MCCLXXXX fundatores monasterri Altuadensis: 1042 für Geschichte derDeutschen inBöhmen HohenfurtKleinodienverzeichnis desZisterzienserstiftes und Rosenberger der vom 1439,” Jahre Mörath, “Kleine Beiträge zur Geschichte Deutchen der im und Krummau südlichen Böhmen insbesondere VII. Ein klastera neodlucovalianibrati zadnymobycejem, ani kterou mieru. matze panemarii ivsem swatym tiech svrchupsanych klenotuov a swatosti nikdy viecze od teho nassemu vysebrodskemu ty klenoty a swatosti zasie dali jsme a nawratili. toto wedlemilo uciniwse tehoz klastera (conventem)

Possibly theZáviš’ cross, Possibly with a golden cross reliquary Cf. theWoodof the Holy Cross. Pangerl, 383

- - 222-

...Oldrich zastavil nektereklenoty v nebezpecnych a valeczne casech...klenoty a swatosti byly CCXLII, p. 300-1: Pangerl following Edition za i se averne u prawie ctne Slibujice item kalich opatuov tri hrivny a 3 loty itemkalich bratra Thuomy hrivnu 1 14a lotuov a lotuov 7 hrivny 2 prevoruv kalich item . lotuov 19 a hriven 12 monstrancia item item kalichs ruozemi 4 hrivny a 12 lotuov item tabulas ruozemi 19 hriven lotu a 8 hriven 12 marzie Magdaleny swate tabula item itemkalich vsecjken zlaty & hriven bez lotu itemdruhy kriz maly take zlaty hrivny2 a 11 lotuov item nejprve kriz weliky zlaty 9hriven 44 (1900), 336-7, edition 336-7, 44(1900), the 337-340. ze sluzbabozi by se na nasem panstvie rozmnozovala radeji nez 1042

swe dedice a buduezie Panu Bohu a Najslavnejsej a Najslavnejsej Panu Bohu abuduezie swe dedice opatem klasteraWysse sti sti klastera penieze vzaliklasteru a temuz jsme brodskeho aconuntem Mitteilungen desVereins

. Nota CEU eTD Collection 1904. p. 240, no. 187 (includes also inventory of 1522, see below no. 17). see 17). no. below 1522, of inventory also (includes 187 no. 240, p. 1904. Nákladem Prague: 23. Archiv .( Vngaricales calicesquos eoab deemimus, novo pro quibus omnim(b?)us dedimus sexi(a?)gentosflorenos calicem cum rosis, quem voluntate domini Johannis tunc monasterio Budweis vendidimus. Item tres cruc magna(m) Item infrascripto. aureo calice cum sunt donata nostro monasterio Johannis et Vlrici J(o)doci Petri dominorum nobilium matre Sawnberg cum dente sancti Benedecti, tabulamcum rosis, queremedium ob anime nobilis domine Katherine de cleinodia cum suis aliis cleiodiis exsoluit: extra terram Bohemie et monasterium nostrum alie Wolse (Walsee v Rakousku) reisdente Austriain pignoravit ubi per quadraginta annos minus uno sic Ed. FerdinandTadra. treasuryin thefifteenthcentury 14. again) cleinodia the monastery’s away gr.... kop 125 perceptam subditis nostris ducentas sexagennas grossorum excoluimus .et ultra predictas summassuper addidimus steuram a primuspater domini petri deRozmberk,et pro calice uno aureo, desupra quo mentiofacta ,est

- - 223- Inventory of sold church vestments of Zbra vestments of church sold of Inventory tabulam argenteam etdeauratam cum cri(a?)nibus sancte Marii Magdalene et monstranciam de domino generoso cleinodiis aliis cum ea a monasterio infrascriptis reliquiis ...acceptis Pangerl, following Edition 1.8. 1464 Latinconfirmation ofthe receiving oftherelics by Abbot Thomas ofVyšší Brod. (inthe followingreminds he that John promisedfor himself and his ancestors never to take that is: ) itemspeciali in pro parua cruce aurea quamdonavit nobilis dominus Henricus Listy kláštera zbraslavského Č eské akademie císa akademie eské

CCXLIV, p. 303-4. (Documents ofZbraslavmonastery). Historický emauream, quamlegavit dominus Zawissius . Item ř e Františka Josefapro e Františka v slav slav cloister (1431),and notes thethe about

nata fuerunt ,...dominus johannes subscripta subscripta johannes ,...dominus fuerunt nata ě dy, slovesnost a slovesnost um dy, ě ní: ní: CEU eTD Collection 15. chur Inventories ofmonastic D: 1043 first two first items). Jind no. 10. Eger vomJahre 1474,“ undde Ed. Richard Basel. Inventar “Das Sakristei Cf. list Zbraslav of writtenof vestments 1429?, inKarlštejn registers, Pelikán,

ř ich

- - 224- 1474 from Cheb, inventory in monastery Dominican The listof churchvestments of Zbraslavmonastery

Ista vendita sunt Jacobo mercatoriHradecz de Gindrzich. pro sexag. L Ornatus Zbraslav. s. Venc. festivalis coloris,viridi Lúcký. Ornatus Zbraslav. b. Iohannis Bapt. viridi coloris, Lúcký. Ornatus Zbraslav. Marte festivalis contextus cum serico. OrnatusZbraslaviensis b. Bartholomei,Lúcký..antiquus. Ornatus Zbraslaviensis omnium sanctorum viridi coloris antiquus, Lúcký contextus. Item ornatusZbraslaviensis, ornatustafat blankytný. Item ornatusZbraslaviensis ermolai Aksamit flaveus cum crucibus, albis, ornatus Zbraslaviensis altaris s. Silvestri. Ornatus Zbraslawsky, Lúcký rubeus vyražovaný. Ornatus atlas czrweny vyražovaný cum dalmaticis cum floribus. ornatus. ollis, cum bialy zlatohlaw Prag. Ecclesie feria XXXIsecunda Anno Transcription: Edition –in Tadra ů v Hradec, 28.5. 1431. It includes vesments of the metropolitan church of St. Vitus (the (the Vitus St. of church metropolitan the of vesments includes It 1431. 28.5. v Hradec, Die Kultur ches inthe Post-Hussite period ante f.s.Trinitatis ante 7 (1907): 354-356. 354-356. (1907): 7

festivalis flavei coloris atlas. coloris atlas. flavei festivalis r Bibliothekskatalog des Dominikaner Konventes in in Konventes Dominikaner des r Bibliothekskatalog 1043 sold to the merchant Jakub of Jakub themerchant to sold Ú č ty hradu Karlštejna let z 1423 – 1434 , CEU eTD Collection abbot abbot Wenceslaus. fo reportedly Account b. virginis Marie, parva imag(g)o preferens imaginem episcopi, crux parva aurea cum pede argenteo argenteo pede cum aurea parva crux episcopi, imaginem preferens imag(g)o parva Marie, virginis b. Ursuleet Cordule, imago ducis habens pollicems. s. brachiis de continens monstrancia item una, deaurata argentea monstrancia Christi, crucis particula ornata, et aliarum XVcum corporalibus communes, pectoralia quinque, crux argentea deaurata cum argento et gemmis corporaliuna(m) pro capsa polimito, etopere axamito de sericee tr(r)es corales cappe quattuor, paria V,cirothecarum annuli tres, baculi pastorales tres, pontificales mitre ultra, quotidianno cum singulis ac sacerdotem requisitis casulas cum albis, humeralibus, stolis, manicis ac cingulis sex, ornamenta communia et pro usu 1904. p. 274-5, no. 355. 355. no. 274-5, p. 1904. Nákladem Prague: 23. Archiv 17. 16. Ed. FerdinandTadra. 94-99. (1961): Ed. Jan T

Inventory Zbraslavcloister in of Inventory 1522 Inventory Poorof Clarescloister in - - 225- ..Sequuntur ornamentaet resecclesie. Primo calices XV, ornamenta deaurata duo, de axamito Transcription: monastery Zbraslav of inventory Year 1522, Inventory of 1522 written by the abbots of Sedlec and Ž ofSedlec the and abbots written by Inventory of 1522 –in Edition Basel Edition - in in T - Edition ř íška. “St íška. ř ř edov Listy kláštera zbraslavského íška ě ký literární Krumlov)“ (Medievalliterary ký Krumlov Č eské akademie císa akademie eské und in the chapter archive written on small piece of paper. chaptersmall the on paper. pieceof in archive written und Č eský Krumlov from 1502 from1502 Krumlov eský (Documents ofZbraslavmonastery). Historický numero dalmaticarumquindecim, numero tria paria etnon ř e Františka Josefapro e Františka v Wenczeslai in manibus, tabula continens de peplo peplo de tabula continens inmanibus, Wenczeslai ď ár after resignation after ár Zbraslav of ě dy, slovesnost a slovesnost um dy, Listy filologické Listy ě ní ní 84 84 CEU eTD Collection tribus 18. 1045 1044 ampulas argenteas. Libri ecclesie viginti tres, libri conventuales centum nonaginta quinque. nonaginta centum conventuales libri tres, viginti ecclesie Libri argenteas. ampulas opere polimito,antependia communia decem paria cumpallis,candelabrorum auricalco octo, duas de relliquias. Altaria portatilia quattuor,antependium unum margaritis ornatum cum pulchris imaginibus manus argentea deaurata continens de brachio s. Adalberti, manus lignea deaurata continens plures Item dom(i)ni. corona de spinnam continens aurea parva corona reliquias, continens plures deaurato National Archive, Archive of Unpublished. restoration ofthe objects inthetreasury Dorothea Daupowde Anno D(omi)ni 1524 :22 mens(e)Maii– domo d(omi)ni decani: exma(n)dato d(omi)ni Administratoris: [ (Archive of the BarefootAugustinians atSt. Wenceslaus in the New Town ofPrague) Zbraslavlibrary is not among the largest,cf. inthe number the Augustinians- around 250.

Res domesticae ..aswell asweapons handguns (four –

- - 226- and 1524 from Augustinians ofthe Barefoot monastery the of inventory Visitation

Sedmy Ornat Czerweny Tykytowy krziz gesty zlaty a dwa sstiti Bez appa Item sequnturresdomesticae.... Ssesty Ornat pulzlatohlawo Paty Ornat Modry skwietkyczerwenymi bylymi promiessenymi /bezapparatu CztwrtyOrnat stareho zlatohlavu prosteho krziz naniems proroky / bezApparatu Trzeti Ornatptaczky s zelenymia Bilymi /Bez Apparatu Druhy Ornat niekolika Barew krziz starodawny /Bez Apparatu Maria zrnka Na omieralu místo Ave perel kostiene Item Wornat Czerweny Aksamitowy naKrzizy Swata Trogiczesczelym apparatem de su(n)t recepta Prague] Town New the in [St. Wenceslaus Zderasen(sis) Ecclesie Ornamenta Edition: Threefolios paper arenotthe of Amongpart treasury. domestic things also: dissolved monasteries AZK

o prosteho stareho astrhaneho / bez app rucnice 1045

). Ř A sv. Václav, inv. no 2544 fasc. 6 tapetie diversi coloris quattuor cum mensis quattuor cum mensis diversi tapetie coloris and given and tu

] ad(omi)na priorissa tu

1044

CEU eTD Collection

- - 227- Wousmy Ornat Czerweny ssamlatowy od mol wsseczken sgedeny Bez Appa Item Omieralperlowy se dwimaS obrazy skrzisstalem nepozlatzene Strzibrne Male pacem Druhe krzisstal stran obu s prziniem rzetizek strzibrny a Strzibrne maliczke pacem Item Strzibrnymiten gest A prwe byl klassteraSwieteczkeho to gsu dokazaly a czerwenymi sstrychy s a druhy zakona, toho geden Erby dwa ma noze na zespod wolowa nalito do nohy Item Trzeti Stribrny piekny pozlatczeny pozlaczene yablko toliko nepozlatczeny mali strzibrny Druhy / mefecit Mayznar Item Trzy kalichy GedenStrzibrny pozlacenymaly wnozespod wyrito Nicolag Item An(te)pendile s krzizky prostestare profte stare menssii dwie a wieczy dwie Item korauwiczky OrnatCzerweny stary s dwima Erby gich zakona Stara modrym platnem podssita Item kapie stara sptaczky / Itemstaradruha Tykytowa Trzetizelena druhaczerwena Aksamitowa zespod IHS nani zlate: Corporalu bez czerwena zlatohlawowa gedna kapselli dwie Item ozdobeny stymi A trzy slowa perlowa.A.M.G. pod korunamigranaty s a gynymi kamenky pro[-] Dyalmatyka zelena zlatohlawu p(ro)steho stara / bez appa /bez stara p(ro)steho zlatohlawu zelena Dyalmatyka ------Dwie dyalmatycze zeleneAksamitowe s pruhy harasem podssite czerweny wyparany przedek Aksamitowa Czerwena dyalmatyka Gedna Dwie dyalmatyky zlute nepodssite Stare zle wsse bez Dwie dyalmatykytez modre damasskove gedna bez rukawu Item dwie dyalmatycze modre tykytowe s fleky pieknymi ------Item dwie dyalmatyky byle damasskowe fleky nanich s obrazky / bez Appa / bez s obrazky nanich fleky damasskowe byle Item dyalmatyky dwie DesatyOrnat Bily damasskowy mol zgedenyod wsseczken/ nez krziz piekny stary / Bez Dewaty Ornat Starehozlatohlavu prosteho pruhateho /Bez Appa e Barbory geden druhy S tu

apparatu tu

e Dorothy tu tu

CEU eTD Collection Item omieral místo perel kostiene zrnka Ave Maria

- - 228- Item druhykalychtez Item ysta folio] [second gsu. hubene nemagi Item dwaomerali prostestare / Item cztirzialby dwie magi fleky adwie Item perlowy Omieral se dwimaobrazy geden S zespod IHS zlate nani podkrzizem a dwie S a dwie podkrzizem Janem Swatym a Matka božy wykyty maa czerwene /Cruczyfix strzibrne sstrychy mazakona druhy noze toho dwe Erby geden Zgedeny molami Item druha kapsella Item dwie kapselli gedna zlatohlawowa czerwena Corporala wni [ stalem Item druhe paczemmaliczke Strzibrne nepozlatzene skrzi- stran krzisstal Item paczemmaliczke strzibrne a Strzibrny rzetizek prziniem subu nohy do nalito wolowa zespod pozlatczene Item Trzeti také malyStrzibrny nepozlatczeny nez yablkotoliko kowy / Nicolag Mayznar me fecit we Item druhy Ornat niekoliku Barew / krzizstarodawni bez apparatu s aappostole Swata trogice na krzizi yaksamitowi Czerweni Item wornat apparatem czelym Ornamenta Eccl(esi)e folio] [third kamenky prostymi ozdobeny Itemkalichy Trzi Geden pieknyStrzibrny wssechen druhyS pod korunami perlowymi / s granaty /s perliczkami perlowymi granaty pod korunami e Dorothy / atrzy slowa perlowe.A.M.G. wsse perlo (Toto gestsupr.) – e panny z kazde strany cruczyfixa wykyte wykyte cruczyfixa strany kazde z panny gtnientyz(?) w male truhliczcze kteraz gest wlozena do Truhly welike Strzibrny pozlatczeny menssiwnozie zespod wykyty ta[-] czerwena yaksamitowa yaksamitowa czerwena e Barbory a pozlaczeny na a ginymi a ginymi -

sic !] CEU eTD Collection

- - 229- Item Ssysty Bili damaskowyOrnat kwiety Item paty ornatmodry s kwietyczerwenymi bylymi promissenymi bez apparatu Item Cztwrty ornat Stareho zlatohlavu krziz naniemprorokys bez apparatu s zelenymiItem ornat ptaczky bilimi Trzeti bez a apparatu Item kapie stara s To wsse Zetlele wsse roztrhane aZa dob gedno To Item Cztyrzistulya geden manipul Poral Item vobrus stary a Tkanicze prziniem Item pally dwie male pod kor- zlata prosteho s krzizy an(te)pendyle Item Item dyalmatika starastrhana Item Ornat czerweny stary s dwima Erby gich zakona Item Ornat wusmy Czerweny samlatowy krziz naniem zeleny sstiti a dwa zlaty krziz Tykytowi ornat Czerweny Item Sydmy Item Alby cztyrzy dwie magi fleky a dwie nemagi hubene gsu hubene nemagi dwie a fleky magi dwie cztyrzy ItemAlby Item dyalmatika zelena zlatohlawowastara harase(m)czerweni(m) podssita podssite Item dwie dyalmatycze zelene yaksamitowes pruhy harasemczerweny(m) Item gedna dyalmatyka Czerwena yaksamitowa przedek wypa Item dwie dyalmatycze zlute Stare nepodssite zle Item dwie dyalmatykytez modre damasskove gedna bezrukawu Item dwie dyalmatycze modre Tyketowe s fleky pieknymi apparatu Item dwie dialmatyky bile damasskowes flekys obrazky bez Item trzeti kapie zelenastara modry(m) platne(m)podssita Item dwaOmierali prostestare resur(r)ecc(i)oet nadruhe petr(us) paul(us) gedne na obrazky navieczych / take dwie male a wieczy korauwiczky Item dwie Item desaty ornat pul zlatohlawowe Item pul ornat desaty Item zlatohlav Dewaty Stary pruhowaty

ptaczky Item druha kapie stara tykytowa tykytowa stara Item kapie druha ptaczky

o Stareho astrhane Stareho ř lilii zlatelilii skrzizem bezapp pieknym e czele nestogi nestogi czele e o

od mol od

rany wsseczken zgeden zgeden wsseczken

tu

CEU eTD Collection 19. E: Inventories oftheparishchurches 1046 book, where pre-1351 debts were written following a several large fires of Louny). Louny). of fires large several a following written were debts pre-1351 where book, ot to according (dated 1348 around Wernher Ottonis, 20. 499, and 558,ft. 1. Ed. Ferdinand Lehner. Ed. Jaroslav Vaniš. “K otázce patrocinia d (with mistakes).(with patrocinium Hlavá

- - 230- Inventory of the parish church in the queen’s dowry town of M town parish thequeen’s dowry churchin the Inventory of

Inventory of the parish church in the royal town of Louny (1348-9) (1348-9) townofLouny church the royal in the parish of Inventory Poruczie eccl(esi)e Prag(ensis) (…) s(an)ctae (…) Administrator niechtiela. przygati Swieteczke(mu) domu Mohlaliby czo z to z czo Mohlaliby

Edition –in Vaniš Inventory compiledby a commission of the town ofLouny headed by(the burgrave?) C 1,fol. 6v-7r. 1 SOA Louny sign. Louny, of book record) (Court Town Edition –in Lehner Inventory provost resecclesiae Budislav.writtenof under č ek, St of the deaconate church in Louny)“ ř edov 1046 o toPaniePrzeworze tehdaz Dorothee de Daupow ě ké soupisy knih a knihoven

D ě o jiny um jiny polepssiti Neb polepssiti gmacz to ě

ní národa národa ní , 50, cat.no. 61. č ě eského kanského kostela v Lounech (To the question of of question the (To Lounech v kostela kanského Sborník okresního archiveLounechv o k sobie k a kk(on)w(entu) [k tomu?] (Art history ofCzech nation). her inscriptionsfirstthe the book, partof in ě lník around 1276-7 around lník 1276-7

Vol. 1.3, 1907, 1907, Vol. 1.3, 1 (1985): 1 42. CEU eTD Collection 22. vicar and rector of the St. Gallus church. 4, 7-9, 115-117, (Czech translation) 1050 1049 1048 1047 21. Č Ed. FerdinandTadra, consriptum registro cancellariae Aepalisinseritur. 485. Ed. Klement Borový. asopis katolického duchovenstva Stejskal, “Inventá Stejskal, “Inventá František(?) Stejskal, “Inventá

(Fr.J.) Zoubek, Zoubek, (Fr.J.) Inventarium de rebus Ecclesiae parochialis as S. Gallum Pragae a Joanne Pomuk plebano plebano Joanne Pomuk a Pragae Gallum S. as Ecclesiae parochialis rebus de Inventarium

- - 231- Inventoryparish the of church inDivišov, 1406-7 Ed. Ferdinand Tadra, 23.

24. Inventory of the parish church of churchof parish the of Inventory Ed. Ferdinand Tadra, Inventory Gallus (St. of St. Havel) church in Borový - Edition Edition –in Tadra

Edition –in Tadra

Inventory of theparish churchin Inventory of the parish c “Bývalé Havla klenotykostela sv. v Praze (Former jewels of St. church)” Gallus‘ ř ř e kostelnív e kostelnív Acta Iudiciaria Acta Libri erectionum archidiocesis Pragensis saeculo XIV. et XV XIV. et saeculo Pragensis erectionumarchidiocesis Libri Acta Iudiciaria Acta Acta Iudiciaria Acta Č Č 54 (1913), 625.54 (1913), (Czech translation) echách r.1406-7,“ 625. (Czech translation) echách r.1406-7,“ 625. (Czech translation) ř e kostelní v

, vol. 5, 414, no. no. 423. 414, 5, , vol. hurch in Sluštice, hurch inSluštice, 1406-7 St. Gallus (Havel) in Prague (1390) (1390) Prague in (Havel) Gallus St. Č , vol. 5, 396,361. no., vol. , vol. 4, 332,77. no., vol. echách r. 1406-7 (Church inventories in Bohemia from inventories Bohemiaechách r.1406-7 in 1406-1407),“ (Church Ř 19 August, August, 1390. 19 eporyje, 1406-7 1406-7 eporyje, in Prague written by Jan of Pomuk,written byJan Prague archbishop of in 1048

1050 1049

1047

, IV, 345, cat. no. cat. , 345, IV, Method 9 (1883), 1- 9 (1883), CEU eTD Collection 1051 Clenodia et ornamenta Ecclesie Sancti Spiritu Ecclesie Sancti ornamenta et Clenodia ornaments ofthe Holy Spirit church.(Bienenberg p. 239) days before the feast of Thomas,St. an inventory was written down into a parchment book of the two fire, the After castle. the royal and John St. of church Franciscan Spirit, Holy of church parish 239. (1407) Stejskal, “Inventá Ed. Carl Josef von Bienenberg. Bienenberg. von Josef Carl Ed. 26. Editionin Tadra – 25. - - 232-

Ed. Ferdinand Tadra, Edition –in Tadra Item Calix Jodoci Jodoci Item Calix V. argenteos Item Calices IIII.deauratos Item Calices minores III. sex majores chorales Item Cappas Item Dalmatice sex, quattuor sine apparatibus et cumdue pleno apparatu Primo ornatus XXVI. Anno domini M domini Anno Transcriptionfollowing Bienenberg: the down burned which Králové, Hradec of town the in fire great a was There 28.5.1407

Inventory in of the churchofHoly Spirit Inventory Inventory of the parish church inVrbice, and Podmokly 1406-7 ř e kostelnív o CCCC Acta Iudiciaria Acta Č echách r.1406-7,“ 625. (Czech translation) o VII proxima feria secunda anteThomae apostoli infra Scripta

Geschichteder Stadt Königsgrätz , vol. 5, 129,486. no., vol. s in Grecz presentibus sunt inscripta. inscripta. sunt s inGrecz presentibus the queen’s dowry town of Hradec Králové Králové Hradec of town dowry thequeen’s 1051

. Prag: Franz Gerzabeck, 1780, . Prag:FranzGerzabeck, 1780, CEU eTD Collection burnt down) sicut exusta sicut Civitas down) burnt

- - 233- Item octo libros sed Inocinales unus, liberJac Item partes due matutinales estivale ethyemale. Item unumSpeciale Item unum Missale a plebano emptum quartum missale plebani Item Item missalia antiqua III. Item corporalia V. Item plenariaIIII. Item patenas argenteas VI. III.Item patenasdeauratas Item vexilla Ecclesie VIII. Item vexilla pro Corpore Christi IIII. Item II. Caldaria Item thuribulaII. Item duo psalteriaItemduo Chori. Item duonovapsalteria. Item tercium. Item Gradivalia. duo antiphonale Item novum unum Item unum antiquum antiphonale hyemalisItem antiphone; pars Item antiphone duo Itemmatutinale unum antiqum Item Cantra pro vino IIII. Itemampularum paria VII. argenteaItem crux deaurata una Itemmonstrancia una pro pace Itemmonstrancia fracta cum ovo. Item monstrancia III. Item unum cancionale inparvo. (exufta???) Vnum. Vnum. (cautra????) (cautra????) duo duo Crem. Cremata.

Crem. non est. non fuit circa jacobum pretorem Boemorum. Cremat. Cremat.

obus de Voragine de sanctis Combustus Combustus sanctis est (was Voragine de obus de CEU eTD Collection

- - 234- Altare SancteAltare DorotheeII. Altare omnium Sanctorum I. Altare S. Leonhardi fest. Domin.fer. III. S.SigismundiAltare fest.apostol. domin. fer. III. Altare S. Catharine fest. Altare S. Jo. Evangeliste III. Altare S. Margarethe fest. apostol. domin. ferial. IIII. ferial.S. IIII. Agnetisfest.Altare domin. SanctiAltare Mathiefe III.Sancte Altare Barbare III. baptiste SanctiAltare Joannis Altare Sancti Andree festivales et feriales III. III. feriales et Dominicales Altare Sancte crucis festivales III. Curtinaset superfluas II. .V. feriales dominicales apostolorum festivales Virginis Altare beate pallas SanctiAltare Viti dominicalesfestivales feriales III. I. ferialem. II. festivales pallas habet Bartolomei Sancti Altare ItemII. pretextas Item adparietes pendiliaIII. Item Tapecia IIIIor. Item pro Cena dominietpro ascensione II. Feriales II. Item altari promagno festivales pallas IIIIor. Nota pallas altaris Ecclesie Sancti Spiritus Item octo pariaampularum minora. Item Candelabra maiora XVIII. Item vnum vmerale pro Missa beate virginisin adventu resurreccionis. ymagine pro tunice Item vna st. apostol. ferial. III. apostol. dom. ferial. IIII. IIII. dom. ferial. apostol. Crem.

V.

non sunt non

CEU eTD Collection eade(m?) reconduntur ha(n)c reliquia(m?) reliquia(m?) ha(n)c reconduntur eade(m?) p(ro)vincia(m) aS. Concilio Bo(…)?(Bohemiam?) per venerabilem in operatur 1111) (Holinka no. fasc.11. 2535 no. inv. material), administrative Stephen inRybní

- - 235- National Archive, section Dissolved Monasteries, AZK 27. parish in books relicsand of F: Gains

A Edition: Unpublished. 27 26 25 ------24 23 22 21 20 19 18 Year 1438, appended to Sermon Dominica + Post Pascha Pascha Post + Dominica Sermon to appended Year 1438,

, copy of 17th century century 17th of , copy o

Dni 1438 die 19 Ap(ri)lis Ap(ri)lis 19 die Dni1438 The list of bishop Phillibert’s of Coutances consecration relics for the church of St. of church the for relics consecration Coutances of Phillibert’s bishop of list The S. Mauritii Martyris in 2 S. LaurentiiM. M. S. Venceslai Ap(osto)lor(um) Juda(m) et SS. Simonis Pauli Beati De Sanguino De Beato Petro in primo Prothomarty(ri) Stephani Reliq De Lapido in quo stetit CruxSita(m) flagellatus Chrs(Christus) fuit qua De Columnain De ligno S. Crucis č χ ek in Prague in 1438 in1438 in ek Prague o patremDominum et Philibertumgrat hore(?) Domi(ni)capostPascha Secunda churches during the Hussite period theHussiteperiod churchesduring Basiliensi Legatto rc? (sc? sacram? (sc? Basiliensisacrae?) Legatto rc? ia ia Dei Episcopum Constancien(sem) Templu(m) hocConsecrata(m?) e(st) Ira enimvirijustitiam Dei non Ř A Karlov, Spisy (unsorted (unsorted Spisy A Karlov, do

CEU eTD Collection St. Bartholomeus inPlze 1e35, s.3-5. There aswell earlier records of donations. medieval works. from St.Bartolomeus‘ church, Plze 28. 1054 1053 1052 Bartholomeus St. in altar Missal Markéta of (Margaret), widow after Jan Berbet, originally the donation forthe St. Andrew Ed. (incomplete extracts) Michal Dragoun. Dragoun. Michal (incomplete extracts) Ed. V Plzni 1891.Extracts from testaments alsoinDragoun, „Vybavení kostela“, 6-9. Most likely, it got into the possession of the widow the thepossession of gotinto it likely, Most Dragoun, “Vybavení kostela“, 3. Maybe even abit earlier? Donations to church:the Strnad, Josef, Alater of inventory the church of 1588preserved in the Archive of the Town of Pilsen with several ofrecords

- - 236-

Ornamenta ad altarepertinentia 31 30 ------29 28

Titulus Vero annotatur S. StephanoProthomartyrii 34 The missal was originally written around1410 The missaloriginally was Library of the National Museum, KNM, inv. no. XVI A 9, f.1v. 33 32 ------

S. Catharine V. etM. in 3 Ossa ss. 11 Milliu(m) Virginu(m)Mart. St(?) (…Ilybros, Hybros?) Martyri(s?) (sc?) S. Clement(is) Papa(m) Confesoris S. Sabrina(e) V.etM. (sc?) 18 Elisabath Vidua(e) S. Ursula(e) V. et. M. in 4 S. Margaritha(e)et M. V. Inventarium rerum ad cultum divinum dedicatorum ň )“ Kud ě j 1(1999), 3-13,p.11.on

Listá ň 1052 (thelist of objects pertinent ř královského m

“ Vybavení kostelasv. Bartolom Margaret when sold sold by when Margaret ě sta Plzn 1054 , Archiv m , Archiv

1053 for for a Prague church, probably St. Vitus. ě

avesnic druhdypoddaných ě sta Plzn to one altar) infourmissals ě , inv. no., 390, 11folia, sign. ě the metropolitanchapter je v Plzni (Equipmentje v of tio to

, vol 1, 1300-1450, 1300-1450, 1, vol , CEU eTD Collection Unpublished. Bartholomeus Missal of Vitus theDraper (Vít Soukeník), originally the donationfor the Virgin Mary altar in St. Unpublished. exilePilsen. in likely, itgot intothe possession of Jan Strništ Strništ ofJan Missal atine(n)tia… 1055 during its first exile in P exilein first its during war Hussites and hiding in there 1467. accordingHowever, theinscription, bookthis was bought by Markéta before that date (a Venetiis i(n) collo suo i(n) peregrinat(i)o(n)e an(n)i Jubilei anno dni m dni anno Jubilei an(n)i peregrinat(i)o(n)e i(n) suo collo i(n) Venetiis Unpublished. date to 1452-3. to date Liturgical books from St.Vitus Prague chaptermay have got to Plze spolia

- - 237-

Library of the National Museum, KNM, inv. no. XV A 5, f.1r (year 1486). The missalwas written sometime before 1410Prague fora church, probablySt.Vitus. Most Library ofthe National Museum,KNM, inv. MS no. XV A 8,f.227v. [follows account of her deathin 1453and census] iiiior casulascu(m) um(eral)iappellatu [sic] calice(m) argenteu(m) valente(m) „Item hu(n)c librum co(m)p(ar)avit p(er) eod(em) altar(um) Edition: ?).

1055

ě of Jablonné donated to the St. Nicolaus the to St. donated ofJablonné ilsen after Georgeof Pod

ě , when sold by the metropolitan chapter during its first itsfirst chapter metropolitan during sold by the , when ě brady seized Prague. Margaret’s donation possibly exillis deaxamiteexillis de rubeo que(m) apportavit ň withthe Metropolitan chapter escaping the altar in St. Bartholomeus, Pilsen Bartholomeus, St. in altar o cccc o xxxxx o ii [1452] et alia [1452]et ii CEU eTD Collection Unpublished. 1470-80, theinventory ofornaments from 1503) Bartholomeus Missal of Martin Mertlík, originallythe dona reb(us) et ornamenta pro in hu(n)c hu(n)c libru(m) insc in etornamenta pro reb(us)

- - 238- KNM, of the NationalMuseum, inv. no Library [follows census in Czech and list offorMas the Deadfor 33 people] It Ampule due feriales festiviset duplices It pallas It quattuor candelabra de Ore It missalei(n) cute min(or)[fili?] rubea MissaleIt maiusi(n)rubea cute emptu(m) [C?]Liiiii florenis ungaricae monete 1486 crux argentea It Pectoral ------Ornat(um)It toto ferialecu(m) apparatu It Ornat(um) Rube(us) cum toto apparatu, humerale cummargarit(is) It Ornat(us) alb(us) cumtoto apparatu, It Ornatus flave(us) cum toto appa toto cum flave(us) It Ornatus It Alter Calix [file?] argente(um) [imnoz] duar(um) marca(rum) It Primo Duo Calices un(um) triummarca(rum) arge(n)teum deaurat(um) Vitus pannifex civis plznensis…ad honore gloriose Virgine Mariae…Ideo hab infrascriptas infrascriptas hab Mariae…Ideo Virgine gloriose honore plznensis…ad civis Vitus pannifex Edition:

ratu, humerale demargarit(is) humerale arge(n)teu(m) d(e)auratu(m) (sic!) ribiinstit etprocuravit, ne… dispercant. tionfor theSt. Felix and Adaukt altar inSt. . XII B 17, f.1r (the missal written around around missal written (the f.1r . XIIB17, CEU eTD Collection Incomplete ed. Antonín Fr. Rybi 29. InventoriesG: ofparishafter churches 1057 1056 Wenceslao… super notem una cum… filio Nickonis… Nickonis… filio cum… super notem una Wenceslao… civitatismuro comissa magi nostri… sunt per Unpublished. transcribed). (not and 1465 1457 of inventories also Contains Czech). (Latin, Chrudim) of huii rh polovin v druhé v Chrudimi centuries)“ sixteenth the of beginning the and fifteenth the of half second the in Chrudim in church deaconate Paper Paper damaged, the date provided by later hand Edition content, headingsof with names are missing.

Inventories ofthedeaconate churchth of - - 239-

Item vela quadragesimalia duo duo quadragesimalia Item vela Item cappa festivalis Item xornatus et ixalbe ex hiis unus in Cottcziecum toto apparatu Item v calices stagnei iiiminores et unius in Cotczie sextus sunt sex iii minores argentei et septimus calix magnus deauratus Item unus calix argenteusdeauratus calixet Mathiae Item unuscalix noviter manussdatus a ie Primotres calices argentei Itemargenteus deauratus calix […] Mathisonis … Conthorali Anno domini Mll domini Anno from 1444 Inventory Edition Liber contractuum V ě stník královské : mo I of1439, fol. 42-47.SokA, Archivm CCCC ě č XV. a na za XV. a na eské spole eské č o ka,

x(xxxiv) “ Seznamy klenot the Hussites: Utraquist (Town) churches (Town) Utraquist the Hussites: č nosti nauk č 1057 átku XVI. století (The lists of jewels and rents of the of rents and jewels of lists (The XVI.století átku … sunt … cleinodia eclesie beate Marie virginis in virginis Marie eclesie beate cleinodia … sunt … e Virgin in Chrudim 1444, e Virginin Chrudim and 1444, 1463, 1504 strum …Andream Cudele, etceteros consules (1895): 1-6, esp. pages 1-4. ů a úro a č ě ních plat sta Chrudimi (Archive of theTown ů d ě kanského chrámu Pán chrámu kanského 1056

ě

CEU eTD Collection Paulo SutoreWictorino Gregorio Anno Do Sartore Blasio Raiman Mathiassone Andrea Cudele Hawrankone ? Wenceslao Zak Johane Wlcnowecz ? perLaurentium datum ? pro eclesiebeate Marie virginis in muracivitatis) veritatis deauratumx in?) Matheus Wawrinecz pellifex data campanatori et notatur superius ? per Johane supranotate Petrus Scriptor magnus Gira Hlinski civitatis nostre ? dem comisa sunt per magistrum civium Mathiam et ceteros consules ? dicta rotunda ?

- - 240- (Anno Domini M Domini (Anno iii Manutergia Item biblio in papiroempta aconsulibus infrascriptis Paulo arcuficeJohane Teleczki Witkone Item quo ablata ferrumin pistantur maiores ? ?vo parvas Itemiii nolas Item Turribulum unum Item candelabra novastagnea et cuprea x xx antiquitatusItem Iosephus Item passionale, viaticusC gr per Item pergamena byblia Item volumen omeliarum Item legendariumincipit qui Visio Isaie profete (added:Itembibliain papyro et Bryton etiamin Item volumenin quo continentur omnia viciorum et virtutum etcompendiumTheologie agende Item due quartum: et unum Item missalia tria Item psalteria quinque antiphonaria Item quatuor Item quatuor gradualia unum Trzebicz etiii z leta pragense (added:calices argentei cum exilia quinque parwa superllecia Item Item superllecia magna iiiior Item tegumina mortuorum duo xxxviii Item palle Item coltra Ampule iiii Itempendilia vii Agenda o CCCC o xliiii o conscripta sunt cleinodia eclesie beate Marie virginis in muro muro in virginis eclesie beateMarie cleinodia sunt conscripta mini MCCCCxliiii feria sexta post Dorothe Dorothe sexta post feria mini MCCCCxliiii unius noviter emptum, in Cottczie Cottczie emptum,v unius noviter in or

CEU eTD Collection Tyniecz Tyniecz sub penal sexagenasSacerdos Petrus plebanus in Chrudim etsacerdos Wenceslaus plebanusin eodem per ? fidem Campanatori Matheo sunt comissa clenodia quadem ? presidente Stankone civitatis Jasno Stankonem Raumani, Bezchlebie Machkonem beate virginis mariein muro Civitate nostre perScabinos eotempore constitutos videlicetJohanes swrchnich swrchnich totrzii, w miestie

- - 241- Sstola nowa pruhata Item iii sstoly zelene nove zelene sstoly Item nowapruhata iii Sstola monstrancii na bily ? Item postawecz Item postawecz druhy plawy iii staly Item zeleny geden Archu na postawecz Item Item coberecz Anno domini M domini Anno Inventory from 1463 Cant[enei?] duo […] Ornatuow a(osm) swatecznich x Ornatuow czynowych,Item awKotssim sedmy ssest kalichuow Dwie lzicze strzibrne, tiez pateny nawseech a pozlatitych, osm bylo nimi mezy xiii, strzibrnych Kalichuow Dwie monstranczii welike, a trzety mala s Hac sunc perceptaMathiss? a dominibus plebanisassisste Item antifonarze dwa we cztyrzech swazczyech swazczyech wecztyrzech dwa antifonarze Item Item hradaly dwa, Item mssalowe cztyrzi zde, a w paty Kotssim Itempiet komzij Item dwaprzykrowy s? kterez kladuna zakowske pulpity itemdwie oponie Item ubrusuowl kromie zlych dwu geden na krztidlnicya druhy na lucernie wssedni a druha swateczni, kapi, gedna dwie Itep Swidnice, z et dialmatice Item dwie Item wswatehoJana Geden ornat awKotssimdruhy se vssim przisslusenstwim kromie o CCCC o lxiii o trente ff(eria) vi ante Sophie conscripta sunt klenodia Ecclesiae Ecclesiae klenodia sunt conscripta Sophie vi ante ff(eria) trente viiwssednich a každýma k sobie wsechny przipravy kromie swatostmi Item iiii fefliky, dwa ii zla dwaii fefliky, iiii swatostmi Item

? Crucem per? vitum et eo tempore notarium tempore notarium eo vitum? Crucem et per? CEU eTD Collection zamykagy sacramenta druhe kmentowe promiessowane czerwenym harasem, a dwie menssii

- - 242- Item okrzidle iako bywagii okolo oltarzuow, bywagiiiako okolo Item okrzidle przed oltarz, swatky w kladu kteryz kobererzecz Item geden Itel cztyrzy koltry, Item trzi konwe welike Itemdesset ampulii peku oplatky iako Item zelezo Item kadidlnicemiediena gedna Item osm zwoncuow iii maly a ostatek wietssich Item amosaznych osm czynowych xii swicnuow pismempergamenie na volumen krasne parzizskym Item antiquitatum Josephus Item agendiedwie Item gedemwiatyk Item omeliarz weliky czistym pismem na pergamenie Item Briton na papirze Item trzi biblii gednawielika stara napergamenie a dwie na papirze naarku Item legendarz gesto se poczina visioIzaie a druhy desanctis Item knihy gedny w nychzjest suma virtutum viciorum, et compendium a theologie veritatis Item zaltarzuow piet Item psalterie eepistole Sstiepana knieze od Item specialnik Item iiii kladki od dwerzii kostelnicha paty zamekkaple w ampuli od oda konwi gesto gimi Itemsstolessylherzowe ii agedna swatecznia gedna wsedni Item coopertoria s. corporis Christi quibus utuntur infirmos visitantes subque defferentes Item iiii ubruszy wkaple Item dwie kortinie patroniovane na platnie pendilia, cztyrzy, gednowelikependilia, postawcowea CEU eTD Collection chalices is made.chalices is the church comesfrom then approximately mid-sixteenthcentury (date wheremissing), aninterestingmention of tin seven czerwenacztwrta bez strzibra perlowa Cantureksuburbano subplebano domineBouslao et sunt ista dictum Soldan JohanemRospek Thob Venceslai carnificem. conscripta sunt Clenodia Ecclesie Beate Virginis Mariecivitate Chrudimensi per ? videlicet Johanem 1058 dominum Petrum Pessatam et dominum Johanem Hospodnieczek et ? anno domini M et domini ? anno Hospodnieczek Johanem dominum et Pessatam Petrum dominum Church Catherine(?) Fromthis there is another year, (unoublished) inventory the in book, islargely damaged.but its inventory Another of

- - 243-

The list of liturgical objects from 1465(?) Item ii nole? Item due stanea iii Item candelabra Item v….clum[velum?] Item calix uniusargenteus deauratus monstrancia Item una Item vexila dua Item iiii Item cztyry pussky gedna z gedna pussky Item cztyry atlasowa a trziety aksamitowa a druha zlattohlawa strziebrneho piet. a czynowych strziebrnych a? pozlattitych piet xvi Item kalichow Item ampuli x Itemdwiepussky strziebrne kostelníka u Item capi p Item fferialnichxi Item ornatowffestiwalnich xi dicto etJacobo Chrudimensi civi braseatori Ballo manum? in sunt dicta clenodia quidem Que Anno Domini millesimo quingentesimo quarto feria secunda in die Marie Magdalene Inventory from 1504 Inventory of things kept separately, possibly It clenodia ecclesie ad Johanem que sunt aspecta per Hanacek ? quobus ? rebus? videlicet ?rebus? videlicet ?quobus aspectasuntHanacek per que Johanem ecclesiead It clenodia o ampule ampule or palle ě t a t dwie male

1058

at the priest, written amongrents the ofSt o CCCC o lxv o

CEU eTD Collection 30. ?MLXLIX letha Wstaupenim Bozi pondieli przed 1059 Liber Memorabilis m mixture under Calixtine (Utraquist) leadership.. Utraquist town, but “tolerant”, wherepeople of (Catholics,other religions Union of alsolived. Brethens) Rather acolourful 749) Archiv m Vod

1059 Inventory of the church of Birth of the Virgin in Vod Virgin in the thechurch Inventory of Birth of - - 244-

ň Panii poruczniczy Marketiepo nebozcze Czia zwlasstnii registrum gest gyni knihy Item na a miediena druha gedna strziebrna monstrancii Item dwie Itemorlojik skupil stary sa Item zeleza oplatkowatrzi Item kadidlnicze dwie Item ffeflik napulpit Item zaltarzow cztyrzy dwa nowaa stara dwa Item antyfonarzecztyrzy strany Item dwagradaly Item mssalow sedm Item xxiii swicznow Item koruhwicz malych dewiet a welikych vi a scitre dwie Itemmonstrancii ffefliky trzina Item komzedwie Item kobereczcerweny geden przed oltarzem Item Corporalniczi Corporalow osm Item dwie pendilia atlasowa palla Item Item dialmatiky cztyrzi Item zwonczow sedm

any -royal town in the Taborite union of towns (fought on side Taborites inLipany battle conservative 1434),

ě sta (AM Vod (AM Vod) sta ě sta Vod ň any 527,,fol 1stvol. 27r-v,(listany 26v ofchalices 1511) of (pages 748- ň an (Liber memorabilis of the town of Vod

nakowe oddali kalych strziebrny pozlaczeny na na pozlaczeny strziebrny kalych nakowe oddali ň any any (1511) ň any), SokAStrakonice, CEU eTD Collection M kostel Narození Panny Marie vVod 1 (Prague, Zem objects but in werenotedtreasury, when turned into a new object (omiral). liturgical object oraspayment. Theseprofane objects (red headdress) were probably not inventories in the list of liturgical office. 1063 1062 1061 1060 Unpublished. ě In places, profane things wereinventoried. Crossedout they later, weredonated tothe to be changed treasury into a Laterhand: In 1511 new Stanislav priest, (1511-1522) accessed tothe The inventory might parish. be related to his entering the ExtractsVáclav Mostecký, stské muzeumstské agalerie, 1996), 10.

- - 245- OrnatAtlasu modreho od pana Oldrzicha se wssemipotrzebami Ornat perzasty skwiety panaod Oldrzicha Malowcze se wssemi potrzebami Ornat kanichowy somiralemsewssemi a potrzebami An(n)o d(omi)ni Millesimo Quingentesimo Vndecimo 27r Edition: Item Czepecz Axamitowy czerweny Axamitowy Item Czepecz Cu(m) Sa(c)r(a)mento w Arsse pozlatceny wssiczek maly Kalich Sladka Waczlawa od nemocznee Pro Kalich pozlatceny krziz patene a na littery vzlu na pozlatcena rukowiet Brny Ihesus Strziebrny rukowiet pozlatcena Giny text vzlu a na pozlatcenu s rukowietij Strziebrny Kalich pozlatcena Rukowiet MonstranczijStrzibrnaNowa druha Miedienna pozlatcena Ordinarie asignantur Jussu D(omi)norum EiusdemCivit(ate) / inHoc libro Domus inWodniana Ex Civitate dei Secunda Feria (Carnispruij?) Ita Suppellectilia Kalich s Ssiroku Czessi pozlatceny Kalich od Ssymka diewcziczkeho s + diewcziczkeho Ssymka od Kalich pozlatceny Czessi sSsiroku Kalich od Kalich kaupila Jana knieze od KalichKuchtowsky Kalichnaywietssi Credasowee od Druhy teez od ktery Lziczky Strziebrnee ě Trzeti zhole miedi 1060 d ě lská knihtiskárna 1940),lská knihtiskárna 133-135other [with endowments]. Fragments also inJi

D trzi ě jiny bývalého královského m (thethird ofpure copper). ň anec (Theanec Deaconatechurch of the Birth of the Virginin Vod dwie kadidlnicze pussek Corporaluow

Kalich czinowy krziz pozlatceny # # pozlatceny krziz czinowy Kalich pana Oldrzicha Malowcze s puol koniem koniem puol Malowcze s Oldrzicha pana Omiral za Ssest kop s perlami ě s textem nadvzle(m)KalichStrzie- Maria sta Vod ň an (Historyan of formerroyal townof Vod 1061

1062

1063

em ň ř Kalich any) í Louženský,

(Vod ň any: ň D any) ě kanský , vol. CEU eTD Collection 1067 1066 1065 1064 tutoranu morowu Leta toho[?], ktera wmiestietutoranu Letatoho[?], wodnianskych morowu serozmohla a mnoho dobrych muzuow Miesstieniowa of their child twins who diedof plaguein the city: cross,and pageon 749 747 (puška), box Eucharist silver one chalices, 7 church Theentry of 1518 readsthatJi later By hand: later By hand: later By hand:

- - 246-

Sywy a Czerweny Taffath / zelena palla a Czerweny Taffath Sywy na archu modre Velum Trzi komže kniezske Zwonikowa cztwrta komze / Trzi kniezske komže Spolu Czerwena palla / na weliky/ Camisia oltarz cu(m)infirmos visitant Ornat tykytowy sewssemibrunatny tykytowy potrzebamiOrnat Omiral wnie(m # Ornat czerny s + - Ornat czerne se wssemiOrnat trzetij zlattohlawowy potrzebami Pally nebkoltry Pally pozlatcenymiLitterami Strziebrnymi Trzetnia / postawniczkuow pozlatce / postawniczkuow Trzetnia Miediennych s malymi piet Ampulek viii Zwonczuow osm (pnta?) Sstanda [follows donationsto Druhy zlattohlawowy s krzižem Crucifixem skrzižem zlattohlawowy Druhy Ornat zlattohlawowy Sstrauchowee se wssemi potrzebami Item Trzetij Sedlakaod negmenugea a se od ktere lampy Barthy vbrus od Item druhy Item vbrus nowy kmentowy Pysarzoweeod 27v Fol. Specialnik zaltarze dwapargamenowa geden papie/ koruhwi osm Postawnikuow via Cztyrzimalij / prowigenychSwiecznuow vi Czynowych xv kamenny Oltarzik Vbrusuow Na oltarze xxiiiia na pulpity Trziie Vbrusuow oltarziechna Sedm Missaluow osmpargameno [Dgmaty kniezi Jeronimowi dan na pohrzeb Jeronimowi danna kniezi dan kniezi Janowi na pohrzeb niemlezi v kniez Stanislaw k ? ] weliky druhy maly a trzetij zly [hazelsky?] Antyffonarz Gradual Gradual Antyffonarz [hazelsky?] zly a trzetij maly druhy weliky se trzemi krali dwie se trzemi krali / Malowczowa dwa postawniky / Swieczni Zieleznij cztyrzij 1067 ř í Kolouch with his wife Anna aredonating achalice to záduší ] Palliczek malych pod monstranczij piet ffeflikuow osm osm ffeflikuow piet monstranczij pod malych Palliczek ch

, between 1515 and 1528 the townsmen of Vod of the townsmen 1528 and 1515 , between dewaty papierowy do Sspitala (priestStanislaus isburied in it). (given topriest Jan for burial). o ke czti a chwale Bozii jako pamatku Ditek sweychdwoczastku kterziz Pfendrsstatu s krzizem ch (given topriest Jeronymfor burial).

vi Trzij patronowanee t podssita Taffath zeleny a czerweny – zelenyaczerweny Taffath podssita 1064 lucerny dwie / 1065

four garments (ornatus) and one chasuble dorsal dorsal chasuble one and (ornatus) garments four

o

1066 Zelena s Ihus

) s záduší

gedenaczti ofVod ň any gave to the ň

t any as memoryany as

CEU eTD Collection 31. zwiaženij držije wahy xxxix hrziwen ii hrziwen xxxix wahy držije zwiaženij tuto gsu znamenati a sepsati rozkazaliaby kazdy glenotzegmena byl postaven. glenotnych temuz zadussi przilezy spatrzivše a coz od strzibra gest, zwazivše pro buduczij toho pamiet w kterez psanie dole wieczy Tyto svého. fararze tehdaz Satule Waczlawa knieze przitomnosti z bakalarz Waczlaw rukavicz, w (…) Ssilhaczek Martin Pessek Konwarz, Motyowskeho, do(mu) z Roh Benes pan Mikulasse sv. kostela wosadnych poruczenye z dnech of Waczlaw Vlkanowa, Old Town of Prague) of Town Old and bad altarcloths ( and bad Unpublished. city ofPrague, AHMPsv. 1665 551 (microfiche) 1069 1068 in Vod honour and of glory God as a memory of twin our chidren that (died) on the plague this On year. this plague that hppened zemrzelo. Jan Kopenecz toho czasu starssimiesta zaczal ten zdopusstieni mor hrdelni Bozieho na nemocz[??], 23. Prague) of topography Incomplete inJosefTeige. edition kostelník administration of the churches,“ Utraquist Onfol. 3v-4vshort Czech inventory of objects, no date, around 1500: two skirtsfor chalices, 7 silver chalices, 29 good Extractsin Kate

1068

Inventory Inventory St. Nicolausof of - - 247- ň

any many ofmenany good and died. burghers Jan Kopenec, the started councillor, the plague…).

Item mostrancij welika strzibrna a krzizek kteryz na hrobie bywa podle predessiho roku predessihoroku bywa podle hrobie na kteryz akrzizek welika strzibrna Itemmostrancij Leta od porodu PanenskehoTisyczeho pietisteho pietimeztnieho wpondiely krzizowych o 34r-35r Fol. Edition: Inventory Book ofsacristans (Book ofEndowments) Nicolaus, ofSt. starts from1497, Archive ofthe ů ” chrámu sv. Mikuláše ” chrámu sv.Mikuláše na Starémm ř palli ina Horní 1069 Method ). ofthechurchjewels from 1515 wi . Vol. 1.2.Praha, Náklademobce král. hl. m 3 (1877), č ková, and“A Church its Utraquist Treasury Custodians: afew observations on thelay

51-54. the Old Town Prague 1515 Prague 1515 theOldTown Základy starého místopisu pražského (The foundations of historical BRRP ě γ st [two and half] lotu. 6 (Prague 2007), 189-208, Antonín“Ze Baum, “Zápisní knihy ě pražském” the (From ‘Book of ofSacristans’ St. Nicolaus church inthe th inserted corrections from 1538 1538 from corrections th inserted ě sta Prahy , 1915, p. 97, no. 12, 13, 13, 12, no. 97, p. , 1915, sta Prahy

. (…Tothe

CEU eTD Collection toto znamenijMartha trzi(…) wnii ♀ ctyrzi ewangelisty na Št przigalPekarz gestBuryan (zamoru?)ma waczyii ko(runu?) Petronella [sign upsidedown] ě

- - 248- dry den Letha (MCCCC Item kallich weliky strzibrny ys Itemweliky kallich Item kalich stribrny s patenau / drzi whay ij hrziwny /ma toto znamenije Item Item kalich strzibrny spatenau drzij wahytrzi hrziwnyma / toto znamenije Item kalich strzibrny s Itemkalich strzibrny ix ii hrziwny patenau drziwahy [next to crossed lines]místo giny weliky udielan yakze g(es)t radne znamenan napsan (…) su Item kalich strzibrnys patenau wmrzijzcze pozlatite drzi wahy ii hrziwny xiii lotuow(…) ma Item kalich st Item kalich strzibrny spatenau drzij wahyiii Item kalich strzibrny spatenau / drzijewahy ij hrziwnymsas / totoznamenije Wegmeno bozij drzi / patenau s stribrny Itemkalich pozlatity Item kal

Totoma znamenije lotu Item puol kalich wcy iij hrziwny s patenau drziwahy stribrny wietssii pozlatity Itemkalich maly pozlatitys patenaudrzije wahy Ihrziwnumenie/ Mielnczk(e)h(o) Waczlawa pana od kalich Item 1538:] in inventoring durning [*inserted Item kalich strzibrny spatenau / drziwahy iihrziwny x[?] ma lotuow/ toto znamenij kalich ich strzibrnys strzibrny ř

ibrny s ibrny X

s przikrywadlem k nemocznym choditi patenaudrzij wahy dwehrziwn

C) xxxiiij [1534] xxxiiij C) patenau drzi wahy i hrziwnu xiiii lotuow/ ma toto znamenij

patenau lotu ma znamenij xii toto drzij wahyiiii hrziwny γ wahy ij hrziwny xv lot(u) / toto ma / toto ijhrziwny znamenij xv lot(u) wahy hrziwny / ma toto znamenije znamenije / matoto hrziwny y y xiiii lotu, ma totozname γ hrziwny av γ lotu /ma toto znamenij Joh(a)n(e)s B drzi wahy iijhrziwnyii

γ Z γ lotu. Stalo se we stredu stredu we se Stalo lotu. lotu / znamenije mage mage znamenije / lotu

W C V

XX

nij

*

∆

m

γ lot(u) lot(u)

CEU eTD Collection and in treasury(here12) provesthe existence of large ofnumber hoardedfor vessels itseconomic value. prevent Similarly theft. as in St. Gallus in theinventory pre-Hussite the period, division chalices for of use (here direct 5) tower, as in the caseof St.Nicolaus). The access was made difficultmany as keysas possible with and firm todoors another namefor treasury room - gedna pusska strzibrna pozlaczena na horze, nahorze, da pozlaczena pusskastrzibrna gedna kalichu y s welikym s y tim jak k nemoczny chodij s y tim miediennym xvij, zustawa na horze xii, a 1074 1073 1072 1071 1070 cztwrtcze zlatnýkem s Konske gedentomu a k stribray nieczo przidano gest. patie (see later).(see “Nameans horze” inthe Theplace treasury. where the treasury was kept was aseparated vaulted room (from this come Tinboxfor theEucharist. monstrance Thusthe alone weighted over 39 pounds ( gilded Brass chalice with paten. Insertion (finishing). Iattached it to firstthe partof entry text, the inserted which atstarts the bottom the fol.of 35r.

- - 249- Item kalich stribrny pozlatitys patenau /drziwahy ij hriwny /i Item pusska ii loty i hrziwna strzibrnee drziiewahy AmpuleItem dwie Item kalich Item kalich BurianaSsmayderze strzibrny pozlatitys y patenau /puogczeny Item kalich strzibrny pozlatitys patenau drzij wahyij hrziwny [*** later insertion in the upper start of the fo the start of intheupper laterinsertion [*** ------Letha M Letha insertion [** in the lower bottom the fol.35r, of account on inventoringin 1438:] ------Item krzizek kteryz przi monstranczij zwazen strzibrny pozlatity drzii su wahy ij loty krom krom loty ij wahy su drzii pozlatity strzibrny zwazen monstranczij przi kteryz Item krzizek Item pusska strzibrna drzijwahy xii lot(uow) bez cztwrtcze lotuow xi wazy zlata lziczka nije a przi pozlaczena, strzibrna pusska Item Bozij Matky obraz i perlowi Item Corporalnicze Item Corporalnicz piet Item Corporaliow deset [**] 1072 1070

o V mosazny Czynowa c o trhu to trhu xxxviii w auterý na den S den na w auterý xxxviii gewölb, kvelb, sklep pozlatity y s patenau. o wssednij czasu ze kalich weliky weliky ze kalich czasu

1073

), generally in upper), levels of church the (above or sacristy inthe 1075 na druha dolu k w k rucze. kostelnikuow dolu potrziebie na druha hrziwna

o 1071 Rzehorzie stal se poczet, stal sepoczet, Rzehorzie s Mikulassem asistiem

l. 35r, from inventoring in 1438:] Suma wssech in1438:] Suma l. from inventoring 35r, ). s rzapkem kteryz on dielal ze trzy kalichuw kalichuw zetrzy dielal on kteryz γ γ lotu / od Adamky lotu / ma znamenij obrazky na 1074

CEU eTD Collection 1539?] 1539?] pana Buryana Pekarze kteryz klenoty wladneprzed a kostelniky niniegssimi [?letaw xxxix – year mid-page, here mark the in as insertion [continues // przetrhnutise giz takaby si buduczy nato(m) nemaylili kamti trzy se starzii by kalichowiemieli dáti poznamenamy gest prwnie ale waze tehoz kalichu przi chalice with aspout from silver chalices three andmore some silver added. 1076 1075 did accessories. not have any Sklep, se Sklep, se ft. 14. Two garments (chasubles) were kept in the treasury ( Anote on thefinal accounting with from the goldsmith Nicolaus the Horse Market formaking his of the (silver)

- - 250-

Item wornat damassku brunatnehosklepu z Item wornatdamassku i bileho se wssi prziprawau sewssi prziprawau aksamitu Itemi czerweneho wornat prziprawau wssi se Adamczim aksamitu czerneho i Item wornat Item wornatydwaaksamitowazelena se wssi prziprawau 35v fol. Ten naywietssijkalich mawahy deset hrziwen strzibra apuol patnacztalothu.Tak se nasslo Item dylmatyky dwie bileho kanichu kanichu bileho dwie Itemdylmatyky Item Itemdylmatyk, modreho damassku Item dyalmatyk , modry aksamitowy Itemdylmatyky dwiewssechbarew Aksamitowe dwie Item dyalmatyky Item humeral, sperlowymikwiety obrazy s wornatu k zlatohlawowy krzirz Item Item krzirz kwornatu sobrazy perlowymi fol.36r Item wornat brunatnystarychz wornatuow Item wornatbileho / kanichuz sklepu bez prziprawy prziprawau wssi se czerneho kanichu / wornat Item sewssiprziprawau czerweneho kanichu / Item wornat se wssiprziprawau s ptaczky zeleny i Item wornat bileho Aksamitu bileho 1076 ed **] tak aby se to vykonalo prziprzito(m)nosti vykonalo seto aby tak ed **] bez bez prziprawy tiech trzi kalichu tuto wtiechto registrzich ma sklep ) asa ) resource. They werenot inuse asthey

CEU eTD Collection

- - 251- malych wseech xxx wseech malych Item pally koltarzuomwelikych x[?] Item kapie malee dwie Item kapie welikeTrzi Item dylmatyk gedenPilhyrzowy [Silhyrzowy?] Aksamitu czerweneho geden Item dylmatyk Item knihy k zpiwani Venite p(er)gameno(w) Item czynowychmenssijch Swicznuow xiiii na czynowewelike nohach Item cztyrzi Swiczny azamek k nij Czynowa Item krztitedlnicze Item Antyfonarze pergamenowe Item missal geden, imprimowany Item missaluow pergamenowych piet zwonikowy adwie Item kniezske dwie komze wssech xxxviii oltarze na Item ubrusuow fol.36v Item formagedna na oplatky, tomu k kruzidlo na hostijsspulerz a communicantyna Item ctyrzi zwoncea gedenczymbal mosazne Item vmywadlo Item dwie kadidlnicze fol.37r Item Ampulek xii Czynowe konwe Item dwie nohach na zielezne Trzi Item Swiczny Item mosaznych Swicznuow xxiiii ti

o straha gedna letnij, letnij, zymnij gedna a druha straha ti

e

CEU eTD Collection Barbara, St. Jacob (Jakub), St. (Jakub), Mary, and Jacob St. Barbara, the Bartolomeus). Virgin 63 cm high. Helena Štroblová, and Blanka Altová, St. Bartholomeus. It isa silver monstrance of the tower typewith a statue of thesaint,miners andtwo with coats of arms, Emanuel „Um also in folios, of Leminger, them Extracts 8 written. churches)“ kostel aroucha “Nádobí Mádl, Karel B. and bequests. 313), registers st.Barbora of (1449, p. 339), St. Jacobdonations (p. 355-6),among othertestaments extractsfrom inventory shortly after 1420 (St.Jacob, p. 313),another offifteenth century (St.Jacob, p. Pages 2000. noviny, Lidové Prague: Lunga. Radek Ed. Jan Ko 32. 1078 1077 (Archiv m akademie v Matky Božína Nám (1886): 1. 1. (1886): politických d politických Only one piece fromthe inventories ispreserved tomonstrance our days –a fromthe small, now churchof destroyed Mádl the followinggives Státní reference: Okresní Archiv Kutná Hora (State District Archive), inv. no. 177. On 16

- - 252- Inventories of four Kutná Hora churches inthe 15th – 16th centuries

Item feflik tafatowy s krzizem poul zelene poul krzizem s tafatowy feflik Item Item prostieradlo popelawehotafatu Item prostieradlozeleneho tafatu khrobu Itemfefliky dwa kmonstrancy Item dwieCortyny nowee viii malych koruhwiczek Item viii Item postawnikuow Inventory ofSt. Barbara,St. Jacob, the Virgin Mary inNám Inventory of the church of Virgin Mary in Nám Josef Šimek. ě d aum ě ř Památky archeologické Památky sta Kutné Hory),no. 177 (Containsjewels following ofthe Kutná churches: Hora St. ínek. ě jinkutnohorských (Kutná Hora in the fifteenth theand suxteenth centuries. Anumberof ě ní Staré pam , I(Prague 1926), 71, and Šimek, ě Kutná Hora v 15. a 16. století 16. a v 15. Hora Kutná ti v ti Ho ě ř ti kutnohorské (Old memories of Kutná Hora) Kutná of memories (Old kutnohorské ti e Kutné (Church of Our Lady Lady on Nám ofOur e Kutné(Church 17 (1896), (1896), 3-329. 17

ů kutnohorských r. 1516 (Vessels and garments of Kutná Hora Hora Kutná of garments (Vessels and r. 1516 kutnohorských Kutná Hora Kutná Hora v15.a 16. století o a puol czerweneho czerweneho apuol (Prague: (Prague: Lidové 2000), 375-6.noviny 1077 312-370 (reedition of 1675 edition). (Contains edition). (Contains of 1675 (reedition 312-370 . Ř ěť Booklet form, Town Archive of Kutná Hora Kutná of Archive Town form, Booklet ada obraz ada in Kutná Hora of 1515: Ji of 1515: Hora Kutná in ě lecké 1078 ř emesloKutné v Ho ů ěť ěť , pojednání a a , pojednání

, and St. Bartholomeus, and in 1516: in Kutná Hora)“ Hora)“ Kutná in . , ed. Alexandr Stich, and and Stich, Alexandr , ed. č ř e.“ rt z kulturních a ř í Zach. “Chrám “Chrám Zach. í Rozpravy Rozpravy Method 12.1 12.1 Č eské eské CEU eTD Collection registers, fromregisters, extracted wherethe editors them. lords of Boskovicewere Catholic. Great Bible, church of St.James and we thank His for Grace this. the for aksamit red of anornate us birth,gave of anoble Václav], Boskovice, son of of Arkleb [Albrecht lord His Grace On the day of St. Peter and Paul, 1491, our priest Jandied and gave churchasilverto our chalice and apectoral witharelic Good cross silver with one image and asecond gildedthis one cross; islostandfrom was the same parson. Good chalice, gilded, whichbelonged to deceased priestJakub, our parsonmemory. of good madechalice of tin. Two silver gilded chalices, three silver ones and priest Pavel chaplain a fourth has one, who silver isnow in Ra Silvermonstrance, which lordVáclavour [of Boskovice]ofmemory good andgrace gave our church. lordshereditary have donated together with goodother people. Year of the God 1484,the Monday thenew before summer, thejewelsof ourBoskovice noted, church are which our (St. Jacob‘s Church 1484 with additions) 1082 1081 1080 1079 Two ornates damascene, white and blue. green. Twomade ornates of golden-thread, one greenwithbirds, second red. are threeaksamitThere onewithwhiteflowerswith ornates, second purple pearlomusal, deep withpearlomusal, third Here, church vestments arenoted: the church eventhough person would tothe like leave one or die. day Boskovice)“ Boskovice)“ Ed. František Lipka ed. “Starší inventá 33. churches – Catholic the after Hussites churches parish of Inventories H: and the inventory of All Saints filial church in Boskovice from 1505 from Boskovice in church filial Saints All of inventory the and the church of the Virgin Mary in Ka in Mary Virgin the of church the three silver spoons. He also summarises the 1516 inventories, and gives edition of 1505inventory of pearls, without (textile) four and pearls with (embroidered) pyxes three pyx, silver one monstrances, silver chalices, two St. Jacob (15 of inventory from 1492 extracts (Contains 53-56. pages 1908, Hora). Kutná history of and political cultural the from notes images and Thesourcessuggest of existence series of for inventories Kutná Hora churches from15-16 Therecordsfor the church of Boskovicename non-Catholic also but priests, Catholic creed wasprobably prevailing.The

Translation from Czechfollowing Lipka’s edition: Another offull inventory church ornaments the is preserved from 1670, with1687-91. additions

- - 253- Inventory Inventory of the parish churchof St. Jacobin Boskovice

Edition –in Ko 1082 which our graceful lord Ladislav ordered to be made and gave to the parson so that the Bible would stay with Biblewouldthe stay made sothat parson tothe and gave to be ordered whichourgracefullord Ladislav Památky archeologické ř ínek, Mádl, Zach and Šimek and Zach Mádl, ínek,

ň 20,(1903), 551-556 (edition 551-554). k (p. 254-5)). 254-5)). (p. k ř kostelní v Boskovicích (Older churchinventory in 1079

1080 (from 1484, corrected in 1491), 1491), in corrected 1484, (from 1081

1082 KutnáHora: Karel Šolc, th centuries in the town

č ice, and one . CEU eTD Collection A new tablecloth. Two corporals, third new. Two silver chalices, good, and alittle cross. silver Three ornates, one green,second deep third purple, white old. The Yearof theGod 1505,jewels inof church All noted: Saintsare (All Saints Church,1505) Bible, asstatedabove. Psalter on parchment, new, ordered by Prokop Zapagrava. New agenda, [davená]. missale,A good new, on apaper [davený]. Three books were given by priest Adam Mašinka to church: our rubrics,small books, they areat and the parson’s. 2 old banners, incence burners. 6 candlesticks [ of brass missale, second1 good oldand1 [sperálník2 antiphonariesvesperale of Gradal], one parchment, 2 psalters, shabby agenda. noted: church books are Here, 23. for Altarcloths the one high altar, new one new andand fourtwo old forold, the of the altar Mother of God, all tablecloths other covers [ffefflíky]. Canopy that deceasedour lord Václav, lord our graceful, gave our church, further three silk covers [hedvábníky] and ...two Three capes: 1 red with whiteflowers, 2 old. Black velvet ornatewith all thataccessories belong to it. from Lhota. Bílková bought by whichhas been all ornates, with accessories, ordinary ornate white damascenelinen, two Green ornate, anotherthird green, bluish green,fourth oldaksa des Vereins für Geschichte derDeutschenBöhmen in 34. 35. Bretholz. Ed. Berthold Ed. Valentin Schmidt. century

- - 254- Inventory of the church of St. Jacob in Brno in 1487 St. the in in1487 of Inventory Jacob church of Brno Inventory of the Assumption ofOurLady oftheAssumption Inventory chu –in Schmidt Edition Edition –in Bretholz

č istec] and one small made of copper. Pfarrkirche zu St. Jakob in Brünn Jakob zuSt. Pfarrkirche “ Ein Gojauer Pfarrinventaraus demEnde des 15. Jahrhunderts,“ mit,fifth oldred, blue….., sixthwhite,made twoof black (MVGDB) 44, (1906), 193. 193. (1906), (MVGDB)44, rch in Kájov fromKájov fifteenthrchin theendof . Brno: Rudolf M.Rohrer, 1901, 73-74. 73-74. 1901, M.Rohrer, Rudolf . Brno:

Mitteilungen Mitteilungen

CEU eTD Collection jejích d jejích in 1516)”, since Chapel (Bethlehem Hrejsa. Ferdinand r.1516 “BetlémEd. od 2. Bethlehem Chapel treasuryin 1550 and ampules. the Innocent, a hanging? ( ahanging? Innocent, the Vav Master which in one (and garments fourteen children, for spoons foursilver pyx, silver monstrances, chalices, twelve contained The treasury The inventory The was following made theof thepriest death Master Vav d jejích in 1516)”, since Chapel (Bethlehem Hrejsa. Ferdinand r.1516 “BetlémEd. od 1. Bethlehem Chapel inventory from 1529 thesixteenthin century Three inventories documenting the development of AppendixIII: The treasury of the BethlehemChapel in thesixteenth century 1083 Lobkowicz f. 286, Library, identical in MS no. Hh 25,f. 152 and 153 inSOA(MZA)Rajhrad. collegiorum decanatu item quintuplici Mr.Marci Moravi Bydzoviniab ao 1567 ad annum 1584 36. Ed. Raimund M.Kobza. Znojmo: M. F. Lenk, 1928. 1928. Lenk, M. F. Znojmo: Series. imZnaim Unterrichtsprache deutscher mit Staats-Reform-Realgymnasium des Bericht zum

Rewritten by Hrejsa reportedly fromRewritten by

- - 255-

Inventory of the church of St. Nicolaus in Znojmo 1524 Znojmo 1524 in St. Nicolaus churchof the of Inventory ě ě

Edition - in Kobza jináchzachovaných a zbytcích jináchzachovaných a zbytcích Kleinodienverzeichnis der St. Niklaskirche in Znaim im Jahre 1524 Jahre im Znaim in Niklaskirche St. der Kleinodienverzeichnis feflík ), theBethlehemprivileges, tinware,

. V Praze 1922, pages 22-106. pages . VPraze 1922, . V Praze 1922, pages 22-106 22-106 pages . VPraze 1922, Acta in Academia Pragensi sub praepositum et Directura diversorumDirectura et subpraepositum Pragensi in Academia Acta ř inec was buried), books in a cupboard, the body of of body the acupboard, in books wasinec buried), theBethlehem Chapel(Utraquist) treasury 1083 sixewers, six bowls, six plates, ř inecT z

ř ebon Betlémská kaple. O Betlémská kaple. O ě in 1529. 1529. in , in MS no. 310, . Beilage . Beilage CEU eTD Collection On p.On 37 description ofthechapel’sUtraquist trea jejích d jejích in 1516)”, since Chapel (Bethlehem Hrejsa. Ferdinand r.1516 “BetlémEd. od 3. burners,four bells, two cymbal, twosilver ampules,tin two ampules, and smalltwo ampules. finishes with liturgical equipment of twenty-one brass candlesticks, four tincandlesticks, two incense is made of the Innocentum relic in this inventory. this in relic Innocentum the made of is mention no Surprisingly, Hus. John of black one with together recorded, weresets vestment full three meanwhile changed, and the inventory includesseven children Communion, one silver monstrance, andtwo brass ones. The fashion ofthe altar decoration Further eleven. to corporals and three to increased five with patens. Large tin chalice an inventoryIn of1590, the treasury decreased -it held only ninechalices(five silver, three gilded), inventoryAn compiledTomáš by Nigell ofJemnic ducillo (11 silver) chalices partly gilded with patens twelve Christi, Corpus for monstrance silver a then coffin, wooden a in was placed that textile black The treasury contained the relic of the body ofthe Innocent wrapped in green silk and covered with compiled. was inventory this in1550, introduction his of occasion the Upon 1568. and 1550 between chapel the archu (fourteen follow: ahumeraltextiles an image the withof Virg pearls), and a chasuble embroidered with the image of the coronated Virgin Mary. Then the other with ornated (three several humerals Hus, John Master to belong to used that one including garments (corporal containers), ten corporals, one portablealtarmade of the black stoneand inset wood,twelve five children, for spoons ciboria,four two silver lists it Then donor). the the name of with Bethlehem’, three silver gilded wi Inventory from 1590

- - 256- ) withimage (face?) ofChrist ( ), one bigfully gilded with an image ofI the ě

jináchzachovaných a zbytcích pallae- frontals?, fifteen altarcloths, three shir three altarcloths, fifteen frontals?,

th ‘Jesus’,onewith ‘Maria’, a with a spout is still present in the isstill present with aspout in veronica . V Praze 1922, pages 22-106 22-106 pages . VPraze 1922, ?) and five other pieces for themonstrance,five stoles. It (among themone large tin chalice with a spout ( on there are five ampoules, and three spoons for the for spoons three are fiveampoules, and there on e, the priest of Bethlehemthe chapelin 1590 sury compiled by Jan Mystopo Jan by sury compiled in, capes,and a three number textiles altar of other nnocent, anotherwiththe pendiliis ts, two on green hangings the altar ( for the altar. Thirteenth chasubles and and chasubles Thirteenth altar. for the nother with images, and yet anotherimages, with nother and yet inventory. The number of ciboria ciboria of inventory. The number inscription ‘Chalice of l, the main priest of l, the Betlémská kaple. O feflíky na bursae cum cum

CEU eTD Collection upon request, left request, and Betlehem. upon administration. Shortly later, the the Utraquist as wasduring it and decoration altars, the treasury, and keep chapel, to the access free provide to confessions Reformation with made was agreement an time, as this throughout stayed MS Access (on Table CD) -1380 1379 of Protocol intheVisitation IV: Churchtreasuries Appendix

- - 257- furnishings The Brethen. of Unity the by was administered Chapel Bethlehem 1609, Since

relic of the Innocetum was given to Anna, the king Matthias’ wife wife Matthias’ the king to Anna, wasgiven Innocetum the of relic CEU eTD Collection Unpublished inventories Sources IX. Bibliography (Archive of the Town ofChrudim). MS inv. no. XVI A f.1v.9, MS inv.MS no. XV f.227vA 8, MS inv.MS no. XV f.1rA 5, (year 1486) oblastní archiv State- Regional Archive,Town archive) Louny 1C1,fol. 6v-7r. administrative (unsorted material), inv. of Dissolved Monasteries, SÚA AZK XIIB17,f.1r inv. no. MS Archive Archbishopric Olomouc (AO, chapter Vyšehrad, sign. KVš sign. PragueVyšehrad,(NA III), chapter ma (microfiche) 34r-35r 551, sv. AHMP 1665 Prague, city of the of Archive Metropolitan Chapter AMK (KA sign. 260/1-7, text-fiche inv.no. 5187). 5187). inv.no. text-fiche 260/1-7, sign. (KA AMK Chapter Metropolitan

- - 258-

Inventories of Inventories Chrudim Inventory - things St.Bartholomeus of altar in Inventory things St.Bartholomeus of altar in Inventory things St.Bartholomeus of altar in Inventory things St.Bartholomeus of altar in Inventory of Louny parish church - Inventory of consecration relic Inventoryof St. Wenceslaus in Olomouc- Inventoryof St.Nicolaus Prague in Inventories of St. century)Vitus cathedral of - Inventories (14th Inventory ofSt. Peter and Paul, Vyšehradand - – in

Liber contractuum sign. MCO A IIId2, sign. of 1413). Ř no. 2535 fasc. 11. (Holinka no. 1111). 1111). (Holinka no. fasc.11. 2535 no. s of St. Stephen, Prague - Prague Stephen, St. s of A Karlov (ArchiveofAugustinian Canonsin Karlov), Spisy - in Book of sacristans of St. Nicolaus, begun in 1497, 1497, in St. Nicolaus, begun of sacristans of Book -in Book of Court Records of Louny, sign. SOA(Státní Records Book Louny,sign. of Court of nuscript RKP no. 27, f. 191r, fol 45r-47r. fol f.191r, RKP no. 45r-47r. nuscript 27, - Library - Nationalof the Museum (KNM)in - Library - Nationalof the Museum (KNM)in - Library - Nationalof the Museum (KNM)in of 1439, fol. P42-47. Archiv m Archiv P42-47. fol. 1439, of Land Archive in Opava, branch Olomouc, Olomouc, branch Opava, in Archive Land National archive III, Archive of Collegiate III,ArchiveofNational archive Library Nationalof the Museum (KNM)in ArchiveArchive Prague ofthe of Castle, National Archive, section Archive Archive section Archive, National ě sta Chrudimi CEU eTD Collection 24, 43-44, 70. MCCCXCIV[The Lives of the AvignonPopes] annum ad usque MCCCV Christi anno ab sederunut Gallia in qui Romanorum pontificium Historia sources historical Published Archive Archbishopric Olomouc (AO, Other unpublishedOther sources 26v (or pages 748-749) District Archive Strakonice, Archive of the town of Vod of town the of Archive Strakonice, Archive District Vod of town the of Krumlov, dept. Netolice) Archive Archbishopric Olomouc (AO, Krumlov, (State odd. Netolice Regional archive Town of Prague), inv. no 2544 fasc. 6 monasteries AZK

- - 259- Inventoryof St. Wenceslaus in Olomouc- Baum, Antonín. Baluzius, Stephanus, and Guillaume eds. Mollat, Inventoryof St. Wenceslaus in Olomouc- Agenda of Tobias of BechynAgendaTobias of of Liber ordinarius - C5 MS Cod. Inventory of Virgin MaryVod in Inventory ofSt. Wenceslaus inZderaz,Prague - Inventory of the parish church in Bavorov in Inventoryparish church ofthe Ř ň A sv.Václav (Archive of the Barefoot Augustiniansat St.Wenceslaus in the New any), SOkA Strakonice, Archiv m Archiv SOkA Strakonice, any), AMK, Archives of Prague Castle,C 5 sign.MS

– National – Library of the Czech Republic,Prague [NK), sign.Cod. IVD9. “Inventá ř Krumlovský [Inventory of Krumlov]” ě – sign. MCO A IIId2, sign. of 1430). sign. MCO A IIId2, sign. of 1435). AMK, Archive of Prague Castle, Prague [APH), Sign P3 Sign Prague [APH), Prague Castle, of AMK, Archive ň any . Vol. 1. Paris 1916. 1916. Paris 1. . Vol. – in Č eský Krumlov, box Estates UpperOffice Krumlov, box eský Liber Memorabilis - SOA - ě sta Vod ň Land Archive in Opava, branch Olomouc, Olomouc, branch Opava, in Archive Land Land Archive in Opava, branch Olomouc, Olomouc, branch Opava, in Archive Land any,Vod box Vitaepaparum Avenionensium hoc est National Archive,Archive of dissolved Č ň eský Krumlov, fond Vrchní ú an (AM Vod),Vod (AM an ň Method any 527), 1st vol. , fol 27r-v, any 527), vol.,fol 1st Vod ň an ( an 4 (1878), 10-11, 23- 10-11, (1878), 4 Liber memorabilis Liber ň any 527 (State

ř Č ad ad eský Č .

CEU eTD Collection 15 z XV.aXVI.v pražském Gerzabeck, 1780. [inventory of Holy Spirit church in Hradec Králové 1407] Králové 1407] Hradec in church Spirit Holy of [inventory 1780. Gerzabeck, Press, 1989. 1852. P 256] item 1, p. Prague, in church [St.Havel] St. Gallus of [Inventory Calve 1875-1889. J. G. Prague: (1390-1397), centuries]. and 15th Pragensis DoctorumTheologiae Collegii 1857. Vindobonae Basileense [Inventory of church vessels, garments, jewelsand books ofOlomouc cathedral church],“ konsisto 1868, Akta Catholic Utraquiststhe and of letters V[1398-1407]. vol. 1397], [Chronicle of Cosmas of Prague. Continuation 1, Monk of Sázava] of Monk 1, Cosmas of Continuation [Chronicle Prague. of 7-9. (1890): 16, 127-129, 115-117, (1889): ř íbram: Státní okresní archiv v P th and 16 and

- - 260- Baum, Antonín. “Ze “zápisní knihy kostelník Birk, Ernst ed. Bienenberg, Carl Josef von,ed. Borový, Klement, ed. Davis, Boubín, Jaroslav, ed. ed. Klement, Borový Brandl, Vincenc. Brandl, ed. Klement, Borový, Bretholz, Bertold, ed. ed. Bertold, Bretholz, th [Writings of the General Council of the 15th cen 15th Generalthe Council of the [Writings of c.],”

Raymond, ed. Method ř

e katolické,ed. 1869].2, vol.Prague: Kober, I.L. 1868-69. 5 vols. Pragae: J.G. Calve, 1875-1889. Esp. vol. I [1358-1376], vol. vol. IV [1390- Pragae:J.G. vols. Calve, I Esp.5 [1358-1376], 1875-1889. vol.

“Inventá 3 (1877): 51-54. 51-54. (1877): 3 MonumentaConciliorum Generalium Saeculi decimi quinti,Concilium ě ku[Book of Sacristans of St.Nicholas inthe OldTown of Prague from the Liber The Book Pontiffs pontificalis /of Libri erectionum archidio Libri erectionum archidiocesis Pragensis saeculo XIV. et XV XIV.et saeculo Pragensis archidiocesis erectionum Libri Jan z Jan P Cosmae Pragensis Chronica Boemorum. Cont. I. Monachus Sazavensis Sazavensis I. Monachus Cont. Boemorum. Pragensis Chronica Cosmae Jednání a dopisy konsisto dopisy a Jednání ř ř íbrami a Okresní muzeum P muzeum aOkresní íbrami ná ř Consistories],1-2 vols [Akta konsisto č íbram iní kostelního, rouch, skvost rouch, iní kostelního, Geschichte der Stadt Königsgratz Stadt der Geschichte [Book of altar erections of Ar of erections altar of [Book ě . Život kn ecesis Pragensis saeculo saeculo Pragensis ecesis ě ů ží Táborských ží Táborských v” chrámu sv. Mikuláše na Starém M ř e katolické i utrakvistické i utrakvistické e katolické tury, tury, Basel Council]., Scriptorum tomus I. ř íbram, 2000. íbram, 2000. ů . MGH Scriptores a knih velechrámu olomouckého velechrámu olomouckého a knih . Liverpool: Liverpool University University Liverpool . Liverpool: [The Life of Taborite priests], Taborite [The Life of chdiecese of Prague of 14th 14th Prague of chdiecese of ř e utrakvistické, vol. 1, ed. ed. 1, vol. e utrakvistické, . Franz Vol. 1. Prague: XIV. et XV sumptibus [Protocols and 2. Hannoverae 2. Method , tomus IV IV , tomus ě 15 15 st ě

CEU eTD Collection Tábor [Writings of theEmperor Charles IV]. MaticePrague: the Hussites]. Metropolitan Chapter], vol. 1 1 vol. Chapter], Metropolitan (Magistri Joannis Hus Opera Omnia) [Matthew of Janov’s Report on Milí on Report Janov’s of [Matthew Prague with continuations], transl. V.V.Tomek. Prague Church]Prague der Wissenschaften, Philos. – Histor. –Philol. Classe monastery] in 406. 1873, RBM inventory ofB , vol. 3, annorum 1311-1333. Prague 1890. 1890. Prague 1311-1333. , vol. annorum 3,

- - 261- ů

Emler, Josef ed. ed. Josef Emler, Dudík, Beda. eds. Molnár, and Amedeo M. František Dobiáš, Eršil, Jaroslav, ed. ed. Jaroslav, Eršil, Emler, Josef, and Josef Perwolf, eds. Emler, Josef ed. Josef Emler, Eršil, Jaroslav, and Ji and Jaroslav, Eršil, Erben, Karel J., ed. ed. J., Karel Erben, Emler, Josef,ed. Emler, Josef, ed. Emler, Josef, ed. “Zlomek inventá Emler, Josef,ed. Emler, [Confession and defence of the Taborites]. Prague: Academia 1972. 1972. Academia Prague: Taborites]. the of defence and [Confession FRB

FRB Josef, ed. ed. Josef, ř evnov monastery of 1390-94],“ of 1390-94],“ monastery evnov . In . In vol. 5. Prague 1894. Prague 1894. 5. vol. vol. 4, 1-337. 1-337. 4, vol.

FRB ed. ed. Statuten des ersten Prager Provincial-Concils 1349 Provincial-Concils Prager ersten des Statuten CosmaeChronicon Bohemorumcontinuatoribus cum Spisové císa Spisové LaurentiiBrzezova de historia hussitica , vol.4, 457-548. Petr Žitavský. Chronicon Aulae regiae Testimoniumreliquiis de Život Milí Beneš Krabice of Weitmil. Cronica Ecclesiae Pragensis [Chronicle of the [Chronicle Ecclesiae Pragensis Cronica Krabice of Weitmil. Beneš John Hus. Defensio articulorumJohn Hus.Defensio Wyclif Bartošova kronika pražská ř í Pražák. í Pražák. Katalog listin a list č č ř e z Krom of cremsier]. e Karla IV. Na oslavu p oslavu Na IV. Karla e 22.Prague: Academia 1966, 141-232. Archiv Pražské metropolitní kapituly ř e klášterab ěř íže FRB Sitzungsberichte derkönigl. böhmischenGeselschaft Mat [Record of relics], no. 1722, year 1330, p. 673. in [Life of Milí of [Life FRB ů .Vol. 2. Prague 1874. z doby p (1888, Prague 1889): 280 – 305. 305. – 280 Prague 1889): (1888, ě č je z Janova Zpráva o Milí o Zpráva Janova z je [Bartoš’ Chronicle Prague].of Prague 1851. Chronicle [Bartoš’ . Vol. 1. Prague 1873, 431-36. 431-36. Prague 1873, 1. . Vol. eská, 1878. 1878. eská, ř evnovského z evnovského of [Fragment – 1394 let 1390 Nicolaus of Pelh of Nicolaus ě tistyleté památky jeho sbor Matice Matice sbor jeho památky tistyleté ř [PeterofZittau. Chronicle ofZbraslav edhusitské [-1419] edhusitské č ofKrom , in [Laurentius of B of [Laurentius Magistri Magistri Hus Polemica Joannis . Brno 1872. 1872. . Brno ěř ř imov. Vyznání a obrana obrana a Vyznání imov. íž] [Chronicle of Cosmas of Cosmas of [Chronicle . FRB [Archive of Prague ř . Prague: Archivní ezová’s History of č ovi zKrom .

Vol. 1. PragueVol. 1. č ěř eské eské íže CEU eTD Collection Protocol of Archdeaconate of Prague 1379-1382 made by Pavel of Pavel by Janovice]. of made 1379-1382 Prague of of Archdeaconate Protocol [Visitation factae pragensem Janowicz archidiaconum de Paulum - per 1382 1379 annis Pragensis synods and councils in the pre-Hussite times]. Prague: Karolinum, 2002. 2002. Karolinum, Prague: times]. pre-Hussite the in councils and synods http://www.clavmon.cz/clavis/FRRB/chronica/SERMO%20Ocko.htm. http://www.clavmon.cz/clavis/FRRB/chronica/SERMO%20Ocko.htm. iv caroli imperatoris mortem Prague: Koniasch Latin Press, 1998. Press,1998. Latin Prague: Koniasch Enea Silvio Historie Enea Silvio správa Ministerstva vnitra, 1956. Hrad Hussite Chronicle].JosefIntrod. Macek.Prague: SNKLHU, 1954. 1979. B [Laurentius of Castleand 1541. Prague Hradshin Town, in Prague 1541]. Minor Svoboda, 1976. 1976. Svoboda, churches]. 1967. [Inventory Benediktof St. in PragueandBartholomeus St. inPlze 1411 linea 321.Turnhout: Brepols [ . QuellenStudien und Geschichte zur desDeutschen OrdensSeries22.Wiss. Bonn: Verl.Archiv ě

- - 262- pražském i na Hrad ina pražském Hlavá Hledíková, Zde Jan O Jan HájekLibo z Hadravová, Alena, Dana Martínková,and Ji He He ed Josef, Hemmerle, Hieronymus. Hieronymus. He ř ř ř manský, manský, František, ed. manský František, ed. č č ek, Ivan, and Zde and Ivan, ek, ko of Vlašim. Sermo factus per dominum johannem archiepiscopum pragensem post post pragensem archiepiscopum johannem dominum per factus Sermo Vlašim. of ko ř ezová. Hussite chronicle.The Song on the Victory of Domažlice]. Prague:Svoboda

František, č Commentarii in Ezechielem in Commentarii an, Václav. “ Václav. an, č ň eská ka, and Jaroslav V. Polc. V. Polc. Jaroslav and ka, č [History of the Czechs by Aeneas Silvio], anech léta léta 1541 anech . Die http://clt.brepolis.net/clt/start.asp?sOwner=menu

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O neš ň Deutschordens-Ballei Böhmen in ihren Rechnungsbücher 1382- Rechnungsbücher ihren in Böhmen Deutschordens-Ballei Vav ka Hledíková, eds. Hledíková, ka ř inec z B z inec ř ť [Post mortem speech on Charles IV] IV] Charles on speech mortem [Post inec z B z inec asné p asné “[On the unhappy event that happened through fire in the the in fire through happened that event unhappy “[On the ř ezové. Husitská kronika. Píse kronika. Husitská ezové. ř [Commentary inEzechiel], Cl.0587, Lib. cap. 9, 28, íhod Pražské synody a koncily p ř ezové. Husitská kronika ř ě í Motl, eds. , kteráž se stala, kterážseohe skrze [Chronicle of Zbraslav monastery]. Prague: Protocolum visitationis archidiaconatus Aeneae Silvii HistoriaAeneae Silvii Bohemica / ň praefatio , and other Teutonic knights knights Teutonic other , and ř Praha: 1973 Praha: Academia, ň [LaurentiusB of edhusitské doby doby edhusitské ] 2473-2482/3813. ] 2473-2482/3813. o vít o ň v Menším m František Šmahel. František ě zství u Domažlic Domažlic u zství [Prague ě ř st ezová ě , na , na . CEU eTD Collection Würzburg: Augustinner Verlag, 1985. 1985. Verlag, Augustinner Würzburg: noviny, 2000. Series. Znojmo: M.F. 1928. Lenk, Beilage zum Bericht des Staats-Reform-Realgymnasium mit deutscher Unterrichtsprache im Znaim 1969. Verlag, Akademie Berlin: 8. vol. Geschichtezur desReligiösenWissens Beiträge und muzeumgalerie,a 1996,10. [Inventory ofthe Church ofBirth of the Virgin inVod in 1505]. and of Saints of All church Boskovice and 1491, 1484, in Boskovice Jacob church Boskovice]“ 1908-1913. Prague and Insbruck, and New Testament],vols. the Old of 4 Rules Jacob, St. Bartolomeus, and the Virgin in Kutná Kutná Hora] in Virgin and the St.Bartolomeus, Jacob, churches in KutnáHora]“ Rosenberger vom Jahre 1439“.Kleine Beiträge zur Geschichte der Deutschen inSüdlichen Böhmen Amedeo, ed. Amedeo, Hodiškov, c. 1520. [copy from Strahov Monastery Library]. history artof crafts and similar).

- - 263- Kalivoda, Rudolf, and Alexandr Kolesnyk. Kolesnyk. and Alexandr Rudolf, Kalivoda, ed. Jaroslav, Kadlec, Kybal Vlastimil,ed. Ko Kobza, Raimund M. Mádl, Karel B.“Nádobí a roucha kostel Louženský Ji “Starší inventá ed. František, Lipka, Mareš, František. “Materiálie k d k “Materiálie František. Mareš, Mörath, Anton. “EinKleinodienverzeichnis des Zisterzienstiftes Hohenfurt und der Mikuláš Koná Mikuláš Molnár Amedeo, ed. ed. Amedeo, Molnár ř ínek, Jan. ínek, Památky archeologické místopisné a Výzva Jana Želivského.Jana zkázání.Výzva Výbor ř č í. of Hodiškov, transl,ed. Staré pam D ě kanskýkostel NarozeníPanny Marieve Vod Památky Archeologické Mat Jan Želivský.Dochovaná kázání zr. 1419 kázání Želivský.Dochovaná Jan Kleinodienverzeichnis der St. Niklaskirche in Znaim im Jahre 1524 imJahre Znaim in Niklaskirche derSt. Kleinodienverzeichnis Codex Thomaeus. Das Augustinerkloster Sankt Thomas in Prag in Thomas Sankt Augustinerkloster Das Thomaeus. Codex Památky archeologické archeologické Památky ě ě j zJanova. j ti kutnohorské ě jinám um

Regulae VeterisRegulae et Novi Testamenti ř kostelní v v kostelní in inventory [Older church Boskovicích Aenea SilvioPiccolomini ů [Old memories of Kutná Hora]. Prague: Lidové Hora]. [Old memories ofKutná Prague: 20 (1903): 551-556, esp. 551-554. [Inventory of St. St. of [Inventory 551-554. esp. 551-556, (1903): 20 kutnohorských r. 1516[Vessels and vestments of Das Hussitische Denken im Licht seiner Quellen seiner im Licht Denken Das Hussitische Prague: Úst Prague: 17 (1896), 3-329. [Inventory of St.Barbora, St. chaftlichen chaftlichen E. Denkens,Winter ed. and H.Mohr, ě leckého pr 16 (1893-5): 297-302. ř ední církevní nakladatelství, 1954. ů myslu a podobným“ (Material to apodobným“ myslu [Sermons of 1419], in Molnár, Historia bohemica.Koná ň anech . Vod [Matthew ofJanov. ň any 1511]. ň any: M any: ě stské stské č of . . . CEU eTD Collection Medieval Texts. Budapest: CEU Press, 2001. and hisLegend of St.Wenceslaus], withan introduction Ferdinandt by Seibt, Central European ConscriptaHystoria et Novade Sancto Wenceslao Martyre Böhmen [Inventory ofthe Dominican closter inPlze akademie císa akademie pragensem archidioecesimfacta anno 1373 Mat und insbesonder in Krummau Series 7. Sources onBohemia] 2 Vol. Mittelalter,“ 1993 Paris Master].Oldenbourg, Munich: De corpore Cristi jewels, manuscripts,andarchives ofZlatá Koruna, VyššíBrod, T und Staatsdruckerei 1872. [esp. 254 [inventory of consecration relics],380-404 [inventory of relics, Hof- Kaiserlich-Königliche Vienna: Acta et 37. Diplomataria 2. Series Austriacarum Rerum Fontes “Accounts of Karlštejn“] Karlštejn“] of “Accounts [Articles of the Compactate Compactate the of [Articles moravské. in Böhmen ě je z Janova, Mistra Pa Mistra zJanova, je

- - 264- Nechutová, Jana, and Helena Krmí Nagy, Balázs, and Frank Schaer, Novák, Novotný, Václav, ed. Václav, Novotný, Neuwirth,Joseph. “Beiträgezur Geschichte Klosterder und Kunstübungder Böhmensim Pangerl, Matthias. Pangerl, Nový, Rostislav.“Dopl Palacký, František, ed. “Artikulové smluvení na držení kompaktát w kompaktát držení na smluvení “Artikulové ed. František, Palacký, Pangerl, Matthias, ed. Pangerl, 44 (1906): 336-341. Vol. 3, Prague: F. Palacký, 1844: 453-455. 1844: F. Palacký, Prague: Vol. 3, . Fontes Rerum Austriacarum Series 2 Diplomataria et Acta 23. Vienna 1865 1865 Vienna Acta23. et Diplomataria 2 Series Rerum Austriacarum . Fontes Mitteilungen Vereinsdes für Geschichte der Deutschen in Böhmen ř

e Františka Josefa pro v Jan Bed . [Fromfifth book ofthe Rules ofthe New and old testament of Matthew ofJanov, ř ich, ed. ed. ich, Folia Historica Bohemica Urkundenbuch des ehemaligen Cisterzienserstiftes Goldenkron in Böhmen in Goldenkron Cisterzienserstiftes ehemaligen des Urkundenbuch ř Acta Innocentii VI. Pont. Rom. Accord 10.3. 1437], in in 1437], 10.3. Accord ížského / VeterisMathiae Regulae etNovi Testamenti Janov de Urkundenbuch des Cisterzienserstiftes B. des Cisterzienserstiftes Urkundenbuch Inquisitio domorum hospitalis S. Johannis Hierosolimitani per per Hierosolimitani Johannis S. hospitalis domorum Inquisitio ň ky k k ky “Ú Monumenta vaticana res gestasBohemicas illustrantia ě dy, slovesnost a slovesnost um dy, Mitteilungen desVereins für die

č ň č t ková, eds. eds. , second half of the 14th c.] . Historický Archiv Series 19. Prague: Nákladem Nákladem Prague: 19. Series Archiv . Historický ů m hradu Karlštejna z to [Additions let 1423-1434“ Caroli Imperatoris Romanorum Vita Ab Eo Ipso Ipso AbEo Vita Romanorum Imperatoris Caroli

eds. eds. 10 (1986): 193-202. Archiv Z páté knihy Regulí Starého i Nového Zákona Zákona Nového i Starého Regulí páté knihy Z ě , ní 1901. 1901. ní 1352-62 č [Autobiography of Emperor Charles IV eský č ili staré ili písemné památky . Prague: s.n. 1907. 1907. s.n. . Prague: Mariae Virginis zu Hohenfurth ř Geschichte der DeutschenGeschichte in ebo ň of1418 kept inthe Č echách 10.3. 1437.“ 1437.“ 10.3. echách 34 (1896): 39-42. (1896): 34 [Vatican [Vatican , liber V. č Č eské i eské eské .

CEU eTD Collection [Master Prokop Plze of Praze, 1948. 1397],“ of IV], trans. Jakub Pavel. Praha: Odeon, 1978. Rosenbergs’s Krumlovcastle]. Rosenbergs’s Krumlov castle], 416-7 [inventory of Zlatá Koruna jewels of 1425 kept in the Pale Nákladem spole 1673. anno Dobroslavina de Arnoldi Joannis Typis Prague: Czechorod. de Pessina Joanne Thoma etGloria. Majestas EcclesiaePragensis DiviViti Metropolitanae illustrantia edidit Franciscus Palacký. Praga Sumptibus F. Tempsky 1869. Tempsky F. Palacký. Sumptibus Praga Franciscus edidit illustrantia Constantiensi Consilio actam et controversias dereligione in Bohemia annis 1403-1418 motas Prague: Sumptib Series. capitulimetropolitani Pragensis Praguechurch of the Metropolitan of [Statutes 1903. Prokopa [The Cathedral treasury of St.Vitus in Prague: history and description] Czechorod de Pessina Joanne Martyr…Thomae Orientis v druhé polovici XV.a za na č ], in František Palacký,],in František ed.

- - 265- ResponsumHus ad articulos M.J. Pale z Pešina Pelikán, Josef. Pelikán, Josef. “Inventá ed. Jakub, Pavel, Prokeš, Jaroslav, ed. ed. Jaroslav, Prokeš, z Pešina Podlaha Antonín, andEduard Šittler. Rybi Podlaha, Antonín, ed. Památky archeologické archeologické Památky č ka, AntonínFr. “Seznamy klenot č Č nosti Husova musea, 1927. Husova nosti echorodu, Tomáš. Č echorodu, Tomáš. Ú ň č Karel IV. - Vlastní životopis / Vita Caroli Quarti Quarti Caroli /Vita životopis IV. - Karel Vlastní ty hradu Karlštejna 1434. z let – 1423 Karlštejna ty hradu . Contribution to the evolution of Conservative Hussiteparty]. Prague: č átku XVI.století [The lists of jewelsand rents of the deaconate church in M. Prokop z M. Prokop Plzn ř oltá Statuta Metropolitanae ecclesiae Pragensis anno 1350 consripta 1350 anno Pragensis ecclesiae Metropolitanae Statuta (1946): 123-131. řů Thesaurus in Lucem Protractus Protractus Lucem in Thesaurus Documenta Mag.Joannis Hus vitam, doctrinam,causam in kostela sv. Víta v Praze z r.1397 v Praze Víta sv. kostela Phosphorus Septicornis Stella Septicornis Phosphorus Chrámový poklad usv.Víta v Praze:jeho d ů a úro č ě 1415 . P of 1350]. Editiones Archiv of 1350].Editiones č ř ních plat ních ísp [Response of M. John Hus to the articles of of the articles to Hus [Response of M.John us s. f. metropolitanicapitulius s.f. Pragensis, 1905. . ě Pragae Anni 1675 Anni Pragae vek k vývoji konzervativní strany husitské ů d ě Prague: Státní historický ústav v v ústav historický Státní Prague: kanského chrámu Pán kanského siveMerc S. [Inventory altars St. of Vitus [Inventory alias Matutina. Sanctae alias

[Autobiography of Charles Charles of [Autobiography . . Prague: Nákladem sv. sv. Nákladem . Prague: ii et Bibliothecae s.f. Bibliothecae ii et urius, Maximus ě ě v Chrudimi jiny a popis

CEU eTD Collection Komise pro vydávání pramen Town ofPrague [no. 157], the VirginMary inthe and Alexios Benedictine cloister inB Bonifacius St. Benedict, f. 191, 27, no. MS 72-73, 12, no. Vyšehrad in and Paul Peter St. of chapter collegiate of [Treasury 1991]. Prague, university Charles thesis, [MA Prague] pre-Hussite in treasuries recommendations, and sermons]. Prague: SPN, 1958. Sermones recommendationes. akademie v akademie Catherine) Kate Mitteilungen desVereins fürGesc um Historický series 23. Prague: Nákladem [Court Records of the Prague Consistory]. 7 vols. Prague 1893-1901. Old memory of Kutná Hora]. Prague: Lidové noviny, 2000. Chrudiminsec.the halfof the 15thcentury and beg.the of 16th century],“ spole http://home.tiscali.cz:8080/ 1616 ě ní, 1904. 1904. ní, ř č

- - 266- iny (Two Legends fromthe time CharlesIV. Th of nosti nauk nosti Šimek, František ed. Tomáš.Sekyrka, Inventá Anežka ed. Schmidtová, Šmilauer, Vladimír,ed. Schmidt, Valentin.Schmidt, “Ein Gojauer Pfarrinv Stich, Alexandr, and Radek Lunga ed. Tadra, Ferdinand, ed. Tadra, Ferdinand, ed. Sassmann, Alois,(?). ed [Utraquist Order of God’s services of Jan Rudolf Tr JanRudolf of services of God’s Order [Utraquist . Transl. Josef Hrabák, and Václav Vážný. Prague: Nakladatelství Nakladatelství Prague: Vážný. and Václav Hrabák, Josef . Transl. ě d, 1959. 1959. d, (1895):1-6.

ca967743/rad_utrak.htm. ̃ca967743/rad_utrak.htm. ů Postila Jana Rokycany Jana Postila Acta Iudiciaria Consistorii Pragensis / Soudní akta konsisto akta /Soudní Pragensis Consistorii Iudiciaria Acta Listy kláštera zbraslavského kláštera Listy

č [John Hus, Master of Charles the University. Positions, Dv eského hnutí náboženského, 1928-9. 1928-9. náboženského, hnutí eského ř hichte der Deutschen in Böhmen in hichte derDeutschen Utrakvistický e kostelních poklad ě legendy z doby Karlovy. Legenda o svatém Prokopu. Život svaté svaté Život svatém Prokopu. o Legenda z doby Karlovy. legendy Iohannes Hus Magister Universitatis Carolinae. Positiones, Positiones, Carolinae. Universitatis Magister Hus Iohannes ř evnov no. 162, St. Thomas, Augustine-Hermit cloister in Minor in cloister Thomas, Minor evnov 162, Augustine-Hermit St. no. Č eské akademie císa akademie eské Jan Ko Jan ř ád služeb božích Jana Rudolfa Tr Rudolfa Jana božích služeb ád Carthusian cloister no.222, St. Gallus no. 256]. 256]. no. St. Gallus no.222, cloister Carthusian entar aus dem Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts,“ 15. des Ende dem entar aus [Postila of John Rokzcana], vols. 1-2. Prague: ů ř v p ínek. e Legend of St. Procopius. The Life of St. St. of Life The Procopius. St. of e Legend [Charters of Zbraslavmonastery]. Archiv ř

edhusitské Praze [Inventories of church church of [Inventories Praze edhusitské ř Staré pam Staré e FrantiškaJosefa v pro 44 (1906), 180-209, esp. 193. 193. esp. 180-209, (1906), 44 ě ti kutnohorské kutnohorské ti č ka of Lípa of 1616], 1616], of Lípa ka of V ě stník královské č ě ky z ky z Lípy roku Č dy, slovesnosta eskoslovenské eskoslovenské [Jan Ko [Jan ř e pražské e pražské ř č ínek. eské eské CEU eTD Collection Prague].Prague:3vols. Náklademkrál.obce m hl. um Nákladem Prague: 23. Series Archiv Hilarius ofLitom Anthology An Hagiography: Praha:vol. 1.2. Náklademobce král. m hl. akademie císa akademie Chorgewänder u.a.m.,“ und Si inGold derselben aller Kostbarkeiten annals]. Prague: 23]. 12, 13, nos. 97, 2vols. Prague: Nákladem obce král. hl. m 2.10, 140-151, 2.11, 168 –172, 2.15, 225-231. Prague 1866. Vol. 2 2 Vol. Prague 1866. 1893]. 1893]. ě ní, 1904. [no. 187]. 187]. [no. 1904. ní,

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Alfred, ed. XVII. Hannoverae 1861. 1861. XVII. Hannoverae ěř ice to John of Rosenberg]. Základystarého místopisu pražského (1437-1620)[Old Topography of Prague] Nowé m ě ě k, ed. k ed. k ed. Archiv für KundeArchiv österreichischerGeschichtsquellen, Notitzenblatt Listy kláštera zbraslavského zbraslavského kláštera Listy Základy starého místopisu pražského [1437-1620] pražského místopisu starého Základy , ed. Thomas, ed. 763-779. Head. 2001: New York: Routledge, ř e Františka Josefa pro v Hilaria Litom ě Vincentius Pragensis. Annales Bohemorum (1140-1167) Bohemorum Annales Pragensis. Vincentius The Old CzechLife of St. Catherine ofAlexandria M. PavlaŽídka Správovna sto. Základy starého místopisu pražského Prague 1870. Vol. 3 3 Vol. Prague1870. D Č ě ě dy, slovesnost a slovesnost um dy, eské akademie císa akademie eské jepis m ě sta Prahy, 1866-75. ěř ě sta Prahy, 1915. [Inventory of St. Nicolaus in Prague, p. Prague,p. in St. Nicolaus of [Inventory Prahy, 1915. sta ického Traktát k panu Janovi z k Janovi Traktát panu ického Rozenberka

ě Historický archiv 1 no. 13, Prague: Nákladem 13, no. 1 archiv Historický sta Prahy lber, Reliquien von Heiligen, Bücher, Mess- und Mess- Bücher, Heiligen, von Reliquien lber, ě sta Prahy, 1910-1915. 1910-1915. sta Prahy, ě dy, slovesnost a um slovesnost dy, [Charters of Zbraslav monastery] Historický Malá Strana [The Corrector by Master Pavel Žídek]. ě ř [History of Prague].Vol. 1 ní, 1898. 1898. ní, e Františka Josefa pro v pro Josefa e Františka Berlin: Union, 1988. 1988. Union, Berlin: . Prague: F. . Prague: [Old Topography of Prague]. Prague]. of Topography [Old ě ní, 1908. [Old Topography of Topography [Old Ř ivná ě dy, slovesnost a slovesnost dy,

. In . In č , 1872.[2ed. Staré m [Tractate of [Bohemian 2 (1852): (1852): 2 Medieval Č ě eské sto. ,

CEU eTD Collection explications],” explications],” with Bible from the Extracts Emperor. IV., the Charles of teaching [Moral explicationibus [Truthful images. Panel painting in Bohemia and Moravia 1400 - 1460]. Prague: Argo, 2001. 2001. Prague: Argo, - 1460]. 1400 Moravia and Bohemia in painting images. Panel [Truthful Franciscus ofPrague] in KutnáHora]“ Prague, and Litomyšl: Paseka, 2001. 2001. Paseka, Litomyšl: Prague, and in Prague],” nakladatelství, 1991. literature Secondary antiquities] Church source tothe and Historický Ústav AV church in in 15 church Hussite Chalice icon from the Lahure, 1881.

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FRB 12.1 (1886): 1. (1886): 12.1 Testament du roi Jean le Bon et inventaire de ses Joyaux a Londres a Joyaux ses de inventaire et Bon le Jean roi du Testament “Nový d Marginalia historica Č Poctivé obrazy Poctivé R, 1997. R, 1997. Moralitates Caroli IV. Imperatoris CaroliIV. Moralitates [Prameny d ů ography point of view]. of point ography vod husitského kalicha z ikonografického hlediska” [Origin of the the of [Origin hlediska” z ikonografického kalicha husitského vod , “ ů Method ležitý pramenk poznání starožitností církevníchimportant [New Biblický slovník

ě . jin 9 (1883), 9 Deskové malí Deskové schichte Mährens Mährens schichte und Schlesiens č 4. eských] Series Nova tomus 1. Pragae: Nadace Patriae Nadace Pragae: 1. tomus Nova Series eských] ě ř . ti v ti Ho ed Týnem v 15. století,” [The Virgin Mary upon Tyne Tyne [The upon století,” Virgin Mary 15. ed Týnem v Sborník padesátinám Petra Kutná Hora Kutná

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ě Pražském Husitský Tábor Husitský Pam “ GeschichteBildenden der Kunst. Pam [Memories of the parish church, parsonage andschool ofHenry St. and Remembering Bohemia‘s Forgotten Patron Saint“ BRRP 6(2007): 17-32. [I Zbožnost st ě Církevní jm Církevní ě Z d ti kostela Panny Marie na nebe vzaté a sv. Karla Velikého Karla sv. a vzaté nanebe Marie Panny kostela ti Č tihlavního kostela farního, faryškoly a sv. Jind eský Krumlov in 1420-1470] 1420-1470] in Krumlov eský ě jin bohoslužebv dob ě 8 (1985): 29 (1985): 29 – 37. 8 nské university ř edhusitské a husitské ikonofobie“ [Sources of pre-Hussite and ř edov ě ní za doby husitské se z husitské se doby za ní ě ku ku hichte in der Deutschen Böhmen [Piety of the Middle Ages]. Colloquia Medievalia n, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, 2003). 2003). Indiana, Dame, Notre of University n, E9.13[1964]: 149 – 161. Č ď eského Krumlova v v Krumlova eského the [To 1420-1470“ letech ě an “De Imaginibus” a jeho vztah k Mat vztah ajeho Imaginibus” an “De husitské 1898. 1898. Um ě ní [From History of the Liturgy inthe ř etelem k Morav k etelem 33 (1985): 520-545. 520-545. (1985): 33 ř 34 (1896): 92-123, 92-123, (1896): 34 icha a Kunhuty na Kunhuty a icha ě

[Church property [Memories of ě ji z CEU eTD Collection schránkám“[Relics in the Empe possession of the Kunstgeschichte 142.Peter Bern:Lang 1992. Kunstauffassung amHo Intern. Kongresses der Liturgieentwicklung im Spiege Prague: SPN 1963. BohemiaMoravia and 1310 - 1526] Acta Universitatis Carolinae Philosophica et Historica Series 4. Chapels of the High and Late Middle Late and High the of Chapels Boží milosti milosti Special Issue:Memory and Counter-Memory milosti loincloth], in Markusand Hörsch, 53-72. Sigmaringen:Thorbecke, Jan 2006. 2003. Prague, in gallery National Kunstaufträge aus seiner Spätzeit“ in in Spätzeit“ seiner aus Kunstaufträge

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55-79. Rome: K Rome: 55-79. Opuscula historiae artium. Studia minora facultatis philosophicae philosophicae facultatis minora Studia artium. historiae Opuscula . IV. Kirchengeräte, Kreuze und Reliquiare der christlichen Kirchen derchristlichen Reliquiare und Kreuze Kirchengeräte, ů Č ” na obrazy [Jacobellus ” Sermon Mies in [Jacobellus the of na so-called obrazy and KCH, 1979. Liturgické reáliePosv ř ů íbra a tzv. Týnské kázání z 31. ledna 1417. Názory v“ [Liturgy in Hus and the Hussites] in the inand Hus v“ [Liturgy ř es ists in itsimpact]“the Jagellonian time and ť anská akademie, 1980. 1980. akademie, anská at Conques: Reliquaries and Imaginative Imaginative and Reliquaries Conques: at Festschrift des Vereines für Geschichte ě ě jská, 1914. cení cení č , 116-125 asu [Liturgy IV.Liturgical Cambridge, Mass, . Prag 1902. .Woodbridge, The The .Woodbridge, . Braunschweig: Studietexty a . .

CEU eTD Collection processess, ideas].Nakladatelství Prague: Lidové noviny, 2008. 1994. 1994. Otto-von-Freising der Vorlesungen Praha, 1993. 35-102. (1986): 19 1985. France, de Universtaires Presses France: de Collège Series. political history ofKutná Hora].Kutná Hora:Karel Šolc, 1908. d politických Politik und Ideologie im 14. Jahrhundert Karls IV“ in Ideologie Politischen der als Instrumente und Kirchentreue “Frömmigkeit KongressesBibliotheca der Hertziana EuropäischeWallfahrtsstudien Frankfurt 1. amPeter Main: Lang, 2006. PilgrimagesKultur/ in EuropeanCulture (MA Prague] pre-Hussite the in treasuries Prague 1979. Prague 1979.

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CEU eTD Collection 110. Prague: CMS, 2007. CMS, 2007. Prague: 110. In ]. veil“ “uncertain minora Series. Prague: Artefactum, 2007. 2007. Artefactum, Prague: Series. minora 1997. 1997. um výtvarného 606. Brno: MoravskáGalerie vBrn Order of the Smi treasuries treasuries of the Litom cupit. Sborník p Sborník cupit. Kate kulturaMoravy a Slezska 1400 -1500 time] post-Hussite and the Hussite work of Staletá Praha Zbožnost st with relics[Processions Gnie in DiG, 2008. w sredniowieczu 435-440. Prague: Artefactum 2006. ř ina Horní ina

- - 285- Šron Šron Šronek, Michal. “Bo Michal. Šronek, Stehlíková, Dana. Dana. Stehlíková, Šronek, Michal. “Bohoslužebný “Bohoslužebný Michal. Šronek, Stehlíková Dana. Stehlíková “K Stehlíková, Dana, “Um Dana, Stehlíková, -1471] 1400 goldsmiths [Prague až1471” 1400 letech zlatníci v “Pražští Dana. Stehlíková z “Procesje Starnawska, Maria. relikwiami Starnawska, Maria. ř ě ě edov k, Michal. Michal. k, ašlojí Michal.k, “KarelIV,JanRokycana 14 (1984): 171 – 187. 187. – 171 (1984): 14 č ě ková and Michal Šron Michal and ková [The Afterlife of the Saints. Relics in re in Relics Saints. the of Afterlife [The ní Litom ř ě ř ísp ku ický family from 1613 and images inherited from the ancestors] in in theancestors] from inherited images and 1613 from family ický , ed. MartinNodl, 59-77.Prague: CMS, 2007. ě vk Zbožnost st ěř ů Výtvarná kultura Jednoty bratrské pro Lubomíra Kone ice diecese 3. Art Crafts in 13 in Crafts Art 3. diecese ice ěř Z poklad Swietych zycie po zyciu. Relikwiee kulturze religijnej nazemiach polskich ice 25.9.-30.11. Litom č ř ení obraz ení eskému zlatnictví doby husitské a pohusitské” [To Bohemian goldsmith goldsmith Bohemian [To a pohusitské” husitské doby zlatnictví eskému ě zdno diecese in the Middle Ages] Ages] Middle the in diecese zdno lecká lecká ř edov ů ě litom , 1999. ě , vol. 2, catalogue of exhibition,of catalogue 2, , vol. k, 391-404. Prague: Artefactum, 2007. 2007. Artefactum, Prague: 391-404. k, ě ř ů ř emesla” [Art Crafts], in ku jako svátek“ [Iconoclasm as feast] in in feast] as [Iconoclasm svátek“ jako ád Smi ád ěř

Um - Colloquia Medievala Pragensia ické diecéze č ě ného ní ř ických z roku 1613 a obrazy po p po z ických aobrazy 1613 roku 40.4-5(1992): 301-311. ěř , ed. Beket Bukovinská, and Lubomír Slaví Lubomír and Bukovinská, Beket , ed. ice: Galerie výtvarného um w metropolii gnieznienskiej wsreniowieczu“ 3. th ř ligiousmedievalPoland]. culturein Warsaw: nejistý“ [CharlesIV, Jan Rokycana and the –16 [Visual arts of the Un the artsof [Visual Um ě th lecké lecké centuries] Cat. of exhibition. Galerie Od Gotiky k Renesanci. Výtvarná Výtvarná Renesanci. k Gotiky Od Colloquia medievalia pragensia ř emeslo 13.-19.století ed. Kaliopi Chamonikola, 539- Chamonikola, ed.Kaliopi 6, ed. Martin Nodl, 79- ity of Brethen]. Opera ě Žena ve Žena ř ní v Litom edcích“ [Liturgical [Liturgical edcích“ Pictura verba verba Pictura [From the the [From č lunu ěř icích, , ed. č ek, ek, 6. CEU eTD Collection 2d ed. Prague: Artia, 2003. Artia,2003. Prague: ed. 2d Cunigunde]. Prague: Odeon, 1975. [below] showing in Akademie der Wissenschaften 1990. de Veröffentlichungen Gerhard Jaritz, 123-156. Sitzungsberichte ÖA der Wissenschaften, Phil.-Hist. Klasse 554. in religiöser Kunstobjekte“ Stiftung Louny] in church deaconate the der philosophisch-historischen Klasse Series Series 771. Klasse der philosophisch-historischen Krems Kongress internationaler Schätzen: Spätgotik und - Hoch der in seiner Ausstattung und Kirchengebäudes des Funktion der und Bedeutungsschichten B ř evnov].Prague: Benediktinskéopatství, 1993.

- - 286- Studni Tadra, Ferdinand. “Ukazování sv. Ostatk Štroblová, Helena, and BlankaAltová. Stejskal, Karel, andKarel Neubert. Emma Urbánková. and Karel, Stejskal, Stejskal, Karel. Karel jako sb Vavra, Elisabeth, Kornelia Holzner-Tobisch, and ThomasKühtreiber, eds. zur Überlegungen Formel. leere oder Motivation – anime “Pro remedio Elisabeth. Vavra, Vaniš, Jaroslav. “K otázce patrocinia d Van M. ed. Elizabeth Tyler, Tisíc let benediktinského klášera v Tripps, Johannes. Č ěč eský Krumlov inthe eský 14 . 2ed. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 2000. 2000. Verlag, Mann Gebr. Berlin: 2ed. . ek, Václav. ed. č ková, Milada.[Study on Codex of Jena][forthcoming]. r Institut fürMittelalterliche Rea Das handelnde Bildwerk in der Gotik. Forschungen zu zu den Forschungen der in Gotik. Bildwerk Das handelnde Karolus Quartus Treasurein the Medieval West Sborník okresního archivu vLounech th Materielle Kultur und Religiöse Materielle Kulturund century] century] ě ratel [Charles IV as Collector] in Um an der Donau 28. bis 30. October 2004 October 30. bis 28. Donau der an B . Prague: Univerzita Karlova, 1984. 1984. Karlova, Univerzita Prague: . Kutná Hora ř ě ě Č evnov ní na dvo ní na kanského kostela v kanského Lounech“ [To the asopis Muzea Království Veröffentlichungen des In des Veröffentlichungen Pasionál Abatyše Kunhuty ů v ě [Milleniumof the benedictine Monastery of Č ř eském Krumlov . Prague: Lidové noviny, 2000. 2000. noviny, Lidové Prague: . e Karla IV e Karla lienkunde 12. Vienna: Österreichischelienkunde 12.Vienna: . York: York Medieval Press, Medieval York 2000. . York: [Art at the Court of Charles IV], Charles of Court the at [Art 1 (1985): 37-42. 37-42. (1985): 1 Stiftung imSpätmittelalter Stiftung č Karolus Quartus ě eského eského ve XIV. ve V stituts für Realienkunde stituts für [Pasionale of Abbess Abbess of [Pasionale 73 (1899): 173-4. 173-4. (1899): 73 Vom Umgang mit mit Umgang Vom . Sitzungsberichte patrocinium ě ku“ [Relics [Relics ku“ , 455-467. , ed. , ed. of CEU eTD Collection Um Nákladem Culture of Bohemian Towns in the15 in Towns Bohemian of Culture 2007. 2007. Neuzeitdes Mittelalters und der Frühen 20. Vienna 1983. 1983. 1855 and and 1855 1861. Utraquist?](offprint ofthe lecture, June 2008), BRRP(publication 8 forthcoming). M [Was the utrakvistická?“ Olivetské 1973). University, Prague,Charles thesis, Hledíková] Prague] Town Old of church parish main church, Anales canadiennes d’histoire administration and poss Concepts Human Universal and simple in Parables the and Mount the on the Sermon Explaining Mean? ě ní 13. století v ní století 13.

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vol. 1-2.MaticePrague:vol. Facta probant hominess [Festschrift Z. [Festschrift Facta probant hominess ř Č ejnýv vXV. AXVI. SAV Ústav teorie a d Canadian Journal of History / ě ní, 1895 and and 1896. 1895 ní, ě ie der Wissenschaften, derWissenschaften, ie sta pražského“ [Tyne [Tyne pražského“ sta č eská 1890. ě 1 (1855): 109. 109. (1855): 1 What Did Jesus Jesus Did What Krista Krista na ho ě ě ku ku jin um ř [Urban [Urban elomu ě ní, ř e CEU eTD Collection Lands] in 57-94. mistr Hlavá st Documenta Pragensia Documenta letech 1436– 1459“ [Position ofUtraquist and Catholicconfession inNew Town ofPrague] Hartmut Kühne,eds. Europäische WallfahrtsstudienSeries 1.Frankfurt amPeter Main: Lang, 2006. in in 1437-39] Phillibert clergy by bishop of [Ordinations Karlova, 1985. 1985. Karlova, ř edov Wallfahrten in der europäischen Kultur /Pilgrimages in European culture ů

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ek,and Jan Hrdina, 39-53.Univerzita Karlova:Nakladatelství Karolinum 2003. Jihlava: Muzeum Vyso ě Zilynská, Blanka.

Zilynskyj, Bohdan. “Postavení utrakvistickéa katolické konfese na Novém M Zilynská, Blanka. “Ansichten der böhmischen Utraquisten des 15. Jahrhunderts zur Wallfahrt” Wallfahrt” zur Jahrhunderts des15. Utraquisten böhmischen der “Ansichten Blanka. Zilynská, Zilynská, Blanka. Zilynská, Blanka. ku a novov a ku JihlavaBasilejská a kompaktáta ě ku 9.2 (Prague 1991): 389-403. 389-403. 1991): (.2 , Acta Universitatis CarolinaePhilosophica et Historica 2 –1999,ed. Ivan Husitské synody v “ Biskup Phillibert Biskup a “ Sv č iny, 1992. ě cení kn [Hussite synods in Bohemia 1418-1440]. Prague: Univerzita Univerzita Prague: 1418-1440]. inBohemia synods [Hussite ě

žstva biskupem Filibertem v Praze v letech 1437-39“ 1437-39“ v letech Praze v Filibertem biskupem žstva , ed. Dana Nováková, KarelK , ed.Dana Č echách 1418-1440. P 1418-1440. echách č eské zem Documenta Pragensia ě “ [Bishop Phillibert Phillibert and theBohemian [Bishop “ ř ísp ř esadlo, and Eva Eva Nedbalová, and esadlo, ě vek k úloze univerzitních vek k univerzitních úloze , ed. Daniel Doležal, and and Doležal, ed. Daniel , 9.2(1991): 361-386. ě st ě Pražském v

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ubrEcei aeLcto Stateofchurchornaments Location Page Ecclesia Number 1s eeit 8Prague,OT?? 98 Prague,OT 98 Prague,OT Prague,OT? 86 82 pertinetadaltarem/altaristam ornamentaecclesienon sub talcustodaveludprius s. Benedicti Prague,OT 21 96 sacramenta habenssubbonacustodia s.Spiritus s.Crucismaior.,domus s.crucisordinis, hospita Prague,OT Prague,OT 20 81 92 19 stiGastuli(Walentini) Prague,OT 18 94 Prague,OT 95 stiWalentini Prague,OT stMartini minorisinmaioricivitatemPrag. 17 71 Prague,OT 16 st.Leonardi inf.pullorum-resrepon.adtutelam stLeonardi inf.pullorum-altaristae 75 15 stLeonhardi inforopullorum(Linhart) 14 13 Prague,OT 74 steMarieinLacu(Maioriscivitatis Prag.) 12 stiJohannisinVadopropepontem Pragensem stiAndreeMaioriscivitatis 11 10 acou aoie iii6 rge T sacramenta subbonacustodia Eccl.beneornata, sacramentasubbonacustodia Ecclesiainhordnata Eccl.beneornata,sacramenta subbonacustodia Prague,OT? Sacramentasubbonacustodia Prague, OT? 68 65 Prague,OT Prague,OT Eccl.beneornata 53 67 Prague,NT,Rybní 62 Prague,NT,ZderazPrague Ecclesiabenestataetornata Prague,NT,Po Prague,OT 61 56 64 Prague,NT,Opatovice sanctorumJacobietFilipi stiMartiniinMuromaioriscivitatis 45 9 stiStephaniinMuro 8 stiCrucisminorisinMaioricivitatem 7 stiStephaniinRibniczka 6 stiWenceslaiinZderasio 5 stiClementisinPorziecz stiEgidii 4 3 stiMichaelisinOpathowicz 2 1

CEU eTD Collection Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol Appendix 4 1 ř í č ,Pau Eccl.beneornata,orn.Sub bonacustodia í, Prague č k rgeEccl.beneornata,sacram.subbonacustodia ek, Prague ubrEcei aeLcto Stateofchurchornaments Location Page Ecclesia Number 8s arni s ot ern 2 Prague,MT Prague,MT 128 127 Prague Prague,MT 126 127 Prague,MT 125 Prague,Castle??? Prague, 121 124 s. Laurencii su monte petrino 38 EcclesiaStrahoviensis ecclesiabene ornatadeymaginibusettabulis Prague,MT 37 s.Adalbertiin pohorelec 119 s.Johannisin 36 s.JohanisBaptiste inUgezd Prague,Castle 35 sanctijohannis inortomelnicensi 34 120 33 s.Jacobi antecarthusiarum Prague,NT? Prague,NT? 116 Prague,MT Prague,NT? 32 114 117 113 s. BenedictiinhradczanoantecastrumPrag. s. MichaelissubcastroPragensi libriincomodo plebani 31 Prague,OT 30 s. Nicolaiinminoricivit.Prag.subcastro 113 29 Prague,OT 101 Prague,OT 101 Prague,OT s.AdalbertiinPodskalo 101 s.JohannisinPodskalo 28 s.NicolaiinPodskalo 27 s.MichaelisMaiorisciv.Prag. 26 incomodoplebanis.Marie ante Letamcuriam 25 24 sacristias.MarieanteLetamcuriam s.MarieanteLetamcuriam 23 22

CEU eTD Collection Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol Appendix 4 2 ubrEcei aeLcto Stateofchurchornaments Location Page Ecclesia Number 1Ec nPdl12Pau ecclesiabeneornata Prague 132 Prague Prague Prague,MT 131 132 130 eccl.inPsarz(Psa s.PancraciipropeWissegradum 43 Ecc.inPodol 42 S.BenedictiinBrewnow 41 s.MarieMagd.inUgezd 40 39 2Smloiz26Dec.Kluminensis Dec.Kluminensis Dec.Kluminensis 276 274 274 Dec.Kluminensis Dec.Kluminensis 270 ??? Dec.Kluminensis 264 256 Obrzistwie(Ob Dec. Slanensis Semilkowicz 214 ??? 63 247 62 Doniczek Dec. Slanensis Bukol 189 Dec.Benessowiensis 61 60 164 OdolenaVoda Dec.Rakonicensis Dec.Podbrdensis 186 59 Dec. Dec. Podbrdensis 160 Zdib Dec.Podbrdensis Chrabr 264 161 58 160 Bohemicz 57 Lhota 56 eccl.In Nehvizd 55 54 eccl.In Howorczowicz Dec.Podbrdensis Dec.Podbrdensis eccl.In Zlonicz 158 53 156 52 eccl.InStrasseczi 51 eccl.filialis,Bratronicz 50 Networzicz 49 eccl.inRzewnicz 48 Kluminensis Kytyn Mnissek 47 eccl.insacrocampo 46 eccl.InLhotabavari 45 44 5Pkmlc 8 Dec.Kluminensis 281 Dec.Kluminensis 281 Pakomilicz Lybeznicz (Líbeznice) 65 64 ř sv)27Dec.Kluminensis 277 íství) ř )133 e) CEU eTD Collection Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol Appendix 4 3 ubrEcei aeLcto Stateofchurchornaments Location Page Ecclesia Number 6Wsoiz(roie 8 Dec.Rziczanensis 283 Zabiehlicz(Záb Wrssowicz(Vršovice) 67 66 9Pooiz(rhnc)28Dec.Rziczanensis Dec.Rziczanensis 288 287 Seslicz( 70 Prohonicz(Pruhonice) Petrowicz() 69 68 2Klwa 9 Dec.Rziczanensis Dec.Rziczanensis 293 292 Whrzinawess(Uh 73 Kolowrat Lypan 72 71 1Cuhl(hcl)36Dec. Orziechoviensis Dec.Rziczanensis 316 315 Dec. Orziechoviensis Dec.Rziczanensis Dec.Rziczanensis Dec.Rziczanensis 316 314 312 311 Dec.Rziczanensis Dec.Rziczanensis 308 306 Dec.Rziczanensis Dec.Rziczanensis 305 305 Dec.Rziczanensis 303 Dec.Rziczanensis Chuchel (Chuchle) 303 Dec.Rziczanensis 302 91 Dec.Rziczanensis Zlechow(Zlíchov) 301 Dec.Rziczanensis Modrzan 90 300 Dec.Rziczanensis 89 Hrnczierz 299 Girczan Dec.Rziczanensis 88 Zlatnik 297 87 86 Wrany Lyberz 85 Kostelecz 84 Kamenicz 83 82 Popowicz Ade Oleska 81 80 Popowicz 79 Jazlowicz Rzyczano( 78 77 Otticz Cunicz 76 Kralewicz 75 74 Č slc? 9 Dec.Rziczanensis 291 estlice?) Ř í č n)30Dec.Rziczanensis 300 any) ě lc)24Dc zcaessEcclesiabeneornata Dec.Rziczanensis 284 hlice) ř ín ě

CEU eTD Collection Dec.Rziczanensis 294 ves) Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol Appendix 4 4 ubrEcei aeLcto Stateofchurchornaments Location Page Ecclesia Number 0 noc 3 Dec.Orziechoviensis 336 Dec.Orziechoviensis 331 Dec.Orziechoviensis 334 Dec.Orziechoviensis 332 Dec.Orziechoviensis 333 Dec.Orziechoviensis 332 Unhoscz 109 Swarow 108 Whonicz Chwinawa,filia eccl.inZelezna 107 Zelezna 106 eccl.filialisin Wracz(deSpelunka) 105 104 0 oync 3 Dec.Orziechoviensis 330 Dec.Orziechoviensis 329 Dec.Orziechoviensis 328 103 Lodyenicz 102 Horzelicz Tachlewicz 101 100 9Kta38Dec.Orziechoviensis 328 Dec.Orziechoviensis 326 Dec.Orziechoviensis Dec.Orziechoviensis 323 322 Dec.Orziechoviensis Dec.Orziechoviensis 318 319 Krtna Rzieporyg( 99 Orziech 98 Dobrziechowicz(Dob 97 Mokropes 96 Trnowa 95 s.GalliinAulaRegia 94 93 Radotin 92 Skalou) s.Johannis inSpelunkaalias inSkala(sv.Janpod Ř prj)37Dec.Orziechoviensis 327 eporyje) ř

CEU eTD Collection Dec.Orziechoviensis 324 ichovice) Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol 3 Dec.Orziechoviensis 331 Appendix 4 5 ubrEcei aeLcto Stateofchurchornaments Location Page Ecclesia Number 2 toeizDec.Rakoniensis Dec.Rakoniensis Dec.Rakoniensis Dec.Rakoniensis Dec.Rakoniensis ecclesiabene ornata 343 Dec.Rakonicensis Dec.Orziechoviensis 373 341 Dec.Orziechoviensis 341 Dec.Orziechoviensis etaliasecclesia beneornata 340 Dec.Orziechoviensis 339 Turzan Lukow Dec.Orziechoviensis 122 337 121 Strogelicz Ostrawicz 120 119 Wseslow Rusnow 118 Czista 117 Czrnocz 116 Libocz 115 Kopanina 114 Tuchomirz 113 112 Czrnomicz 111 Strziedokluk 110 *churchhas only afewobjects.Hereit may refertowallpaintings orsimilar.

CEU eTD Collection Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol Appendix 4 6 Number 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 capse cumreliquiis Monstrancie et 82381- 4 8,1,-,1 1+2 3 5 7+2 2 1,1,1,1 6 1 6+,7+,4 18 7 5 17 9 6 722 17 658 1 416 8 323 2 2 3 5 158 3 16 5 11 15 133 111 2 3 36 122 4 2 7 222 352

CEU eTD Collection Calices 223 1 2 3 42 39 228 6 24 3 31 2x 2 25 22 47 2 2 2 4 1 33 33 36 Festivales Ornates Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol Ornates Feriales Appendix 4 7 vessels Special isl Casulae Missale Dalmatices, Albae, Stolae, Humerale apePallas Cappae 4 Number 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 capse cumreliquiis Monstrancie et ,,, 26 4 4,-,-,- -,1,-,- 4 7 1 2 3 5 3 2 3 1111 2221 7

CEU eTD Collection Calices 318 10 12 5 -,1,-,- 2 1 6 232 6,-,-,- 16 21 2 2 13 2 13 3 1 6 22 21 2 2 21 1 1 18 24 6 Festivales Ornates Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol Ornates Feriales Appendix 4 8 vessels Special isl Casulae Missale Dalmatices, Albae, Stolae, Humerale apePallas Cappae Number 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 capse cumreliquiis Monstrancie et 2 4 1 123

CEU eTD Collection Calices 314 6 4 2 2 8 3 1 1 1 1 7 2 1 1 13 1 23 -,2,-,- 2 1 1 12 1 6 12 12 4 2 24 3 5 2 13 11 12 11 117 1 13 1 22 1 512 5 1 2 13 2 22 11 13 Festivales Ornates Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol ,,--1 -,1,-,- 1 5 42 211 Ornates Feriales Appendix 4 9 vessels Special isl Casulae Missale Dalmatices, Albae, Stolae, Humerale apePallas Cappae Number 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 capse cumreliquiis Monstrancie et

CEU eTD Collection Calices ,,, 2 2 6 -,1,3,3 3 -,1,-,- 8 1 7 3 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 12 2 1 1 1 2 1 110 12 2 12 1123 8 13 1 12 3 1 23 24 1 1 2 23 2 4 1 1 12 1 2 11 11 1 1 22 2 3112 12 15 1 11 12 3 23 12 13 22 22 Festivales Ornates Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol 111 4 111 221 Ornates Feriales Appendix 4 10 vessels Special isl Casulae Missale Dalmatices, Albae, Stolae, Humerale apePallas Cappae Number 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 capse cumreliquiis Monstrancie et 1 6 16 2 1 4 1 232 2 112 4 236

CEU eTD Collection Calices 516 6 7 1 6 2 1 1 1 3 15 1422 6 1 12 11 1 21 2 1 12 2 1 1 211 2 2 22 1 4 2 1 2 12 12 21 21 11 11 12 12 Festivales Ornates Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol Ornates Feriales Appendix 4 11 vessels Special isl Casulae Missale Dalmatices, Albae, Stolae, Humerale apePallas Cappae Number 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 capse cumreliquiis Monstrancie et 2 10 3 4 142 1 1 121

CEU eTD Collection Calices ,,, 7 -,-,-,2 4 1 6 6 1 2 1 1 2 1 12 1 12 2 21 11411413 13 25 12 131 12 Festivales Ornates Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol Ornates Feriales Appendix 4 12 vessels Special isl Casulae Missale Dalmatices, Albae, Stolae, Humerale apePallas Cappae Number 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ampulae unus calix degemmis, due campanae (pallae?) lavatorium staneum,2angulares cristallo etreliquiis,6Czetkas, deauratum habetfibulacum caput Leonardiligneum 2 angularia te bet fitrs te bet fitrs tttsAgendas Statutes Otherobjectsofinterest2 Other objectsofinterest1

CEU eTD Collection ornate, pulchre monstrancie cumreliquiis, deaurata una cruxargentea mediocris turribula terr.,7p.ampul. ymagines magnialt.,2 que preparaturdenovo una cruxcircaaurifabrum, argentea deaurata ymago sivestatuas.Martini argenteum deauratum caput sanctiStephani argenteum deauratum caput sanctiStephani 19 cereosmagnos et steMargarethe due ymaginisStiSigismundi caput beatiMartiniligneum Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol t 0 1 1 1 5 2 3 4 P ita 1 2 2 ita 1 2 2 P ita,Snon 1 P ita,Snon Appendix 4 13 1521 16 14 121 2215 14 1111 241121 3 111 4 (anti- phonary, Choral books g radual 1 13 111 52 35 ) Psalter Viatici/breviarii/li bri alii 013 Missal for services special 1x Altars 4+ x Number 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 deaurata 2 superpelice, cruxerea altaria Baptisteriium, VIIIopallesuper altareviaticum tres feriales) festivales cumantependilibus et 2 antependilia(duepalle 4 antependilia altare iacereinmatta corpus dominicumviditante crucifixo crux ereadeauratamagna cum sine subpede(cruxpectorale?), crux parvaargenteadeaurata sepulcrorum desindone.una 6 antependilia,triaco(o)pertoria 4librisermocionales,2viatici imagines ettabulae velum quadragesimale unacruxargenteadeaurata 2 ampulae quando communicanthomines sericei peoministrantibuset alique cappedepannis,IIIpanni cum antependiliietangularibus, thuribulum argenteum,palla pro communicantibus, 4 ampulae,2canneargentee te bet fitrs te bet fitrs tttsAgendas Statutes Otherobjectsofinterest2 Other objectsofinterest1

CEU eTD Collection funus copertorium unumsuper cum crucessupra(reliq) monstranc. cumsubpedibus Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol Appendix 4 14 12 11 2 1 1118?11 1232 1 12 311119 2431 1 (anti- phonary, Choral books g radual 21 ) Psalter 11 11 Viatici/breviarii/li bri alii 12 Missal for services special Altars Number 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 5 antependilia liber missalis deantiqua littera liber missalis deantiqua littera antiqua litera liber missalis et matutinalede collectaruis antiquus rupta due palleduplicate!, unacortina 8 pallecum4antependilibus unacortina unum superpelicium te bet fitrs te bet fitrs tttsAgendas Statutes Otherobjectsofinterest2 Other objectsofinterest1

CEU eTD Collection tria angularia,duocorporalia argenteus unus calixplumbeusestalter subpede cumnodisdeauratis una cruxargenteacum Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol ita Appendix 4 15 1 11 1 1111111121 111 1 12 12 (anti- phonary, Choral books g radual 1 1 1 321 11 11 11 1 121 ) Psalter 11 Viatici/breviarii/li bri alii 1 1 1 Missal for services special 1 1 Altars Number 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 lbn 9mappe (humeral,manipul) plebano unus calisplumbeusdatus coopertorium funeris 8 pallecumtribusantependilibus tria superpelicia,unumdiurnale viride velum quadragesimalesericeum cum antependilibus sex palleferiales,4festivales 1 velumquadragesimale te bet fitrs te bet fitrs tttsAgendas Statutes Otherobjectsofinterest2 Other objectsofinterest1

CEU eTD Collection Lipan hic matutinale estecclesiein Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol t,Snn112 1 1 P ita,Snon , t 1 1 1 1 1 2 P,S ita P,S ita Appendix 4 16 2112 11 111121 11 1 11 21 12 121 111 (anti- phonary, Choral books g radual 11 11 111 1 21 11 11 11 1 11 11 32 ) Psalter 2 Viatici/breviarii/li bri alii 1 Missal for services special Altars Number 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 palle duplices super triaaltaria pulcrum 6 palleetunum antependile libri aliqui pluri librisermocionales monstrancia erea palle sexcumantependilii, una sanctis viciorum, liberPeregrinusde veritatis, libellusSumma Compendium theologicae libelus sermocinalisdictus Piper, 3 superpelicia,unumpassionale, antependilia sexta pallapulcraetduo finibus cristallos iuncturis circumdata,habensin 1 cruxdeiaspideargenteoin te bet fitrs te bet fitrs tttsAgendas Statutes Other objectsofinterest2 Other objectsofinterest1

CEU eTD Collection deaurate cumreliquiis due monstrancie cupree Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol , t 3 1 2 4 P,S ita 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 P,S ita 1 P,S ita P,S ita Appendix 4 17 12 1 1 11 2111113 1 (anti- phonary, Choral books g radual 111 1 112 1 21 ) Psalter Viatici/breviarii/li bri alii 1 1 11 Missal for services special Altars Number 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 quamplures cumquibusvenatur 4 ultresetalioscanesvenaticos duo omeraliadeaksamito ornatus 3 aparatusadmissamsive 2 superpelicia una cortinaquadragesimalis superpelicia tria unumhumerale estcumperlis mappas etunumantependile quodlibet altarehabettres pulcra Procopii etefigiesfacieiChristi deaurata cumreliquiissancti una monstranciaargentea te bet fitrs te bet fitrs tttsAgendas Statutes Otherobjectsofinterest2 Other objectsofinterest1

CEU eTD Collection Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol t 3 2 ita Appendix 4 18 11 11 (anti- phonary, Choral books g radual 1 1 1 11 11 1 211 ) Psalter 11 Viatici/breviarii/li bri alii 11 1 Missal for services special Altars Number 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 biai2monstrancecupree etunaargenteasatispulcra calix, pulvinar predessorum plebanum, alienata, etiam pallae, unamonstrancia perNicolaum, due humerale (unumdeperlisetmargaritis), pes monstrancii obligata unademonstranciis crucifixusest;plebanuseccl. valdeinornatus obligati unus calixdeduoetornatus detra psalterium alienatum concrematae, 4corporalia et calixdeperditi, 15 Czetkas,velum,pallacumantependilii 8pallasferiales,festivales,4cappascorales ornatus etcalicescircaClementorum caputobligatumprepositoChottiessovinesis plebanus Mattheusalienavitcalicem caput sanctiStephaniobligatum resornamenta dupliceproquodlibetaltari libros, calices,ornatusetaliaornamenta multtudo nonnumerat monstrancie, homiralia,calicesetalia, Pyxis -subtracta(perfurta?) e ut tolgt oe Noteworthydonation Notes Res Furtaetobligata

CEU eTD Collection Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol et lignum domini Juliane incristallo,alia continenscrucem magnam desuper, inquadiverse reliquie spinam decoronadomini spinea, aliacontinens ymaginemdeauratam sancte monstrancie quasi cummanibus,corona imperialecumzafiris,gemmis etperlis, thesaurarius clenodiorum inquartoanno lapide akstaynino subpedibus ligneislateambe admodumperalmaterii,unaparvadeaurata,ultima de sexagenas, aliaportanscoperturam kristallinam,duemonstrancieargenteecum 2 ampullaeargent.Unamonstrancia cumcrucifixumdeauratumestimacionisXVIII baptisterium nonseratum 3 pallasferial.,fest. unum altarenonestconfactum,3pallasferiales,fest. 4 pallasferial.et7fest.,cappacorale 2 pallasfestvales3feriales,cappacorale,monstrancias ligneasdeauratas antea missalenotatumerat Appendix 4 19 plebanus dominus Procopius donaverit duas ymagines Mater episcopimoderni Number 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 psalteria, unusviaticus psalterium, unumsudarium ecclesia, 2 unus librum missalis perdita,unum vendidit unumlibrummissalem unus calixobligatusprocampana ornatus e ut tolgt oe Noteworthydonation Notes Res Furtaetobligata

CEU eTD Collection Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol allow funerals exposedinthechurch they lackwax forcandels,thezdon’tget fromparishionersanymore, alsodonot secundus ornatusnonscriptum iste resreservanturisacristiecclesieS.m.Predicta dote plebaniperplebanum. monstrancia magnaargenteadeaurataprocorporeChristi. Isteresreservanturin Appendix 4 20 Number 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 iet r tltt u unusornatussine stolaetunaalba diverta proutilitatesua tres pallasferialesperplebanum receptaet monstranciam alienavitabeccl. viaticum, missalem,ornatumet alienavit unam cortinamvalorisXXXgrossorum e ut tolgt oe Noteworthydonation Notes Res Furtaetobligata

CEU eTD Collection Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol d.a.mandavit plebano,utliget libros,quorumpluressuntlaniati… palla bonaadunumaltare emant viaticumbonum d.a. mandavitvitrico,consullibusetiudici,utvendidis aliquibusvaccisecclesie sacramenta nonclausacorporisChristietbaptisterii sexag. emititetvultrelinquereproecclesia duo calicesdeaurati,exquibusunus14sexag.gr.,reliqui 3argentei,viaticumpro7 the onlymentioningabout catolica lignea,sacramentaclausainligneis eccl. beneornata* Appendix 4 21 res ornamenta in thedeaconate podbrdensis SpiritusPrag. abbatissam s. cortina dataper Number 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 laimd.a.mandavitutamoveat columbosdeecclesia altarium sexagena datasufraganio proconsecratione unus ornatus est obligatuspromedia palle etunummatutinaleante 4annos perdicio calicis,duoveltres ornatus,bine vel subducturacasulae viaticum velmatutinaleetpannumsericeum utpetantpecuniamaplebeprobaptisteriolapideocomparando proposouit obligare 1 missaleetdespecialibusmissis mandavit restituere ornatus vendiditplebanus,quodd.a. e ut tolgt oe Noteworthydonation Notes Res Furtaetobligata

CEU eTD Collection Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol acrarium non seratum specialibus mississibiconcessum Johanees presbytercoadiutor plebanihabetornatumetlibrumviaticum de columba (patronorum?)inmundatecclesiam plebanus habetpropriumdiurnalequodrelinquetcirca ecclesiam Eccl. nonpavimentata Appendix 4 22 Number 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 missale obligatum pars matutinalisobligatum recepit desepulcropredessorissui alienavit, vestimenta(ornatumetalia) concremavit indomosibi,1calicem plebanus omnescereosecclesie e ut tolgt oe Noteworthydonation Notes Res Furtaetobligata

CEU eTD Collection Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol utraque sacramenta nonserata Merklinus vitricusinusuecclesie habent 6vaccasecclesieet procensu,quemrecipiuntdedictisvaccis,convertit [pilgrimage siteoutsidePrague, sv.JanpodSkalou] sacramenta etipsapermittitstareinaltaricrizmarium usqueterciumdiem alius calixestperplebanumprepositusetnonconsecratus, nunquamclaudit Appendix 4 23 ecclesia imperatrix deditpro casula deatlasquam Number 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 e ut tolgt oe Noteworthydonation Notes Res Furtaetobligata

CEU eTD Collection Treasuries inPraguefromtheVisitationProtocol scribit unumbonumviaticum quemdisponitproeccl…nisipaupertasimpediat arg.deaur., duoornatusbonicumapparatibusetdue monstrancie argenteedeaurate plebanus diditquodinmunicionecircadominam(castri Okorz?)servaturunuscalix Appendix 4 24

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