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Early Paleozoic Orogenesis in the Maine-Quebec Appalachians Christopher Charles Gerbi

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Early Paleozoic Orogenesis in the Maine-Quebec Appalachians Christopher Charles Gerbi The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 2005 Early Paleozoic Orogenesis in the Maine-Quebec Appalachians Christopher Charles Gerbi Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Tectonics and Structure Commons Recommended Citation Gerbi, Christopher Charles, "Early Paleozoic Orogenesis in the Maine-Quebec Appalachians" (2005). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 112. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/112 This Open-Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. EARLY PALEOZOIC OROGENESIS IN THE MAINE-QUEBEC APPALACHIANS BY Christopher Charles Gerbi A.B. Amherst College, 1996 M.S. University of California, Davis, 1999 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in Earth Sciences) The Graduate School The University of Maine May, 2005 Advisory Committee: Scott E. Johnson, Associate Professor of Earth Sciences, Advisor Charles V. Guidotti, Professor of Earth Sciences Peter 0. Koons, Associate Professor of Earth Sciences Cees R. van Staal, Research Scientist, Natural Resources Canada Martin G. Yates, Associate Scientist of Earth Sciences EARLY PALEOZOIC OROGENESIS IN THE MAINE-QUEBEC APPALACHIANS By Christopher Charles Gerbi Thesis Advisor: Dr. Scott E. Johnson An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in Earth Sciences) May, 2005 Accretionary orogens, such as the Appalachian orogen, form by episodic docking of oceanic and continental fragments. Two factors that exert significant control on the development of an accretionary orogen are: (1) the nature and source of the accreting fragments, and (2) the thermal and deformational structure of the crust. This study addresses aspects of both of these controls. In the Northern Appalachians, a long-lived but untested hypothesis suggested that Early Paleozoic accretion in western Maine, which marked the initiation of Appalachian development, involved the docking of an island arc. My goal was to test this hypothesis for the Maine-Qukbec segment of the orogen, where the Boundary Mountains terrane had been identified as a possible collider. Combining the techniques of mapping, structural analysis, petrography, U-Pb zircon and monazite geochronology, geochemistry, and geochemical modeling, I present the following interpretations related to the geologic history of the region. (1) the Chain Lakes massif, which cores the Boundary Mountains, was an Ordovician arc-marginal basin receiving sediments eroded from a Laurentian source. (2) Anatexis of the Chain Lakes massif disrupted the original sedimentary- volcanic sequence. (3) The Boil Mountain Complex and Jim Pond Formation, which lie along the southern margin of the Chain Lakes massif, do not represent an ophiolite, as previously thought. (4) The Boundary Mountains represent a Laurentian-derived microcontinent that served as the nucleus for part of a regional arc system that collided with Laurentia in the Ordovician. The thermal and deformational processes described herein relate, respectively, to anatexis and pluton emplacement. Review and numerical modeling of the causes of low- pressure anatexis, which affected the Chain Lakes massif, indicate that appropriate pressure-temperature conditions are possible in regions of crustal-scale detachment faulting, percolative magma flow, or where thin lithosphere is accompanied by plutonic activity. Analytical kinematic modeling of the consequences of dike-fed pluton emplacement suggests that if published physical properties of granitic magmas are correct, host rocks surrounding an in-situ expanding pluton must deform at rates several orders of magnitude faster than typical tectonic strain rates. Such strain rates almost certainly must be accommodated by processes other than dislocation creep. ACKNOmEDGEMENTS Where to start? It is impossible to spend nearly five years working towards a goal, and achieve that goal, without unrepayable help along the way. Specific acknowledgements related to work associated with each chapter are noted at the end of the chapter. Here I want to acknowledge those that made it a11 possible. For getting me off the ground, freely sharing their knowledge of the Boundary Mountains, samples, and maps: Gene Boudette, Gary Boone, and Walt Trzcienski. If all scientists welcomed me to their turf as these three did, we would be well off. Doug Reusch, Spike Berry, and Bob Marvinney of the Maine Geological Survey also shared their time and encouragement as I learned about Appalachian history. I wouldn't have had a rock to look at without the kind permission of the landowners: Penobscot Indian Nation, International Paper, and Plum Creek. With the PIN, I particularly want to thank Sparky Clark and John Banks. Thom Dodd of IP made the permitting run smoothly. For companionship, assistance, and advice over three seasons in the woods, I thank my field assistants (most of who's job it was to keep me off crutches): Chester, Cosmo, Matthew Dupee, Michelle Fiscus, Greg Gerbi, Pam Gerbi, Ben Hooks, Erwin Melis , Ethan Perry, Doug Reusch, and Jon Riley. In addition to fieldwork, several field trips brought pivotal insights. Among those attending and sharing their experience and ideas: Jean BCdard, Sebastien Castonguay, Jean-Michel Schroetter, Cees van Staal, Johan Lissenberg, Ron Vernon, Tracy Rushmer, Paul Karabinos, Mike Brown, Spike Berry, and Bob Marvinney. It was on one of these trips that I finally grasped the anatectic nature of the Chain lakes massif. The studies related on the following pages are at heart collaborations. Each of the four main chapters will or do appear as a coauthored journal article. Although the coauthorship does not appear here, I want to acknowledge the advice and assistance of those involved. Besides Scott, the bulk of the debt goes to John Aleinikoff whose interest, thoroughness, patience, and expertise made the SHRIMP parts of this work possible and presentable. Ezra Yacob generously assisted with sample preparation. Joe Wooden, who was in the SHRIMP lab as I worked, kept me from making too many analytical mistakes. Greg Dunning and Jean BCdard helped add pieces of the puzzle as I assembled the whole picture. Reviews of parts of the manuscripts by Walt Trzcienski, Basil Tikoff, Keith Klepeis, Brett Davis, and Doug Reusch improved the writing significantly. I would not have been able to concentrate on research as I did without the generous stipend support of a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, an NSF-supported Research Assistantship, a University Graduate Research Assistantship, and a University of Maine-NSF GK-12 Program Fellowship. Scientific support was from NSF grants EAR-0126004 and EAR-0087661, a U.S.G.S. EDMAP grant, a grant from Sigma Xi, a University of Maine Association of Graduate Students grant, and two grants from the Geological Society of America. The people make the project, and I hope this work shows the support and involvement of the faculty and graduate students in the Department of Earth Sciences. In particular, I would like to thank Dan Belknap for his leadership, making the Department a wonderful place to be, and Dan Lux for his advice on all things igneous, geochronological, and unrepeatable. And as always, nothing would have gotten done without Dianne Perro behind the desk. Phaedra Upton, Erwin Melis, Heather Short, Wes Groome, Matt Dupee, Ben Hooks, and Julia Daly kept me thinking and gave me hope. The members of my advisory committee shaped my scientific experience, and for the progress I like to think I have made, I have them to thank. Help and encouragement ranged from locating a map or a reference, to looking down a microscope together, to collaborating on the electron probe, to alerting me to the history of the Appalachians outside of western Maine, to shaping my understanding of the physical principles of orogenesis, to making sure what I was saying actually made sense let alone was right. Thank you Marty Yates, Charlie Guidotti, Peter Koons, and Cees van Staal. Of all the people at the University who have mentored me, none has had as profound an effect as Scott Johnson. As is probably too obvious, I have taken to emulating so many of his approaches to science, research, and education. For better or worse, I even use his writing syntax on occasion. Besides the successful and reasoned guidance in all things scientific, Scott has tirelessly championed my interests to the community and in doing so provided me with opportunities I would not otherwise have had. The best thanks I can give him is to make his efforts worthwhile as I begin the next stage of my career. Just in case that doesn't happen, I want to make sure he knows how much I appreciate his guidance. Even if all the people I have mentioned did what they had done to help me, I wouldn't be where I am today without the giving, support, and encouragement of my wife, Aimke. There aren't enough lobsters and blueberries in Maine to show her how much she means to me. Thank you, AimCe. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................. 11 LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xi ... LIST
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