Index

Note: Page numbers in italic type refer to illustrations; those in bold type refer to tables.

Aberchalder block 121, 124, 127, 132 Altaids 167 section 129 Altyn Tagh Fault 282 Acasta gneiss 289 Amadeus Basin 139 accessory minerals amphibolite facies 197 in geochronology 289 basal units 197 reaction textures 295 deformation 142, 353 recystallization 297 divergence 183 accretion, multiple 105 granites 202 accretion model gravity anomalies 214 orogenic surges 102-103, 106 sedimentation 140, 145 Tso Morari dome 102 shortening 158 actinolite schists 304 strength 171 Adelaide Fold Belt 172, 189 subsidence 186, 197 Adirondacks 358, 376 transpression 186 advection amphibole, analysis 336 by igneous intrusions 47 amphibolite facies by uplift and subsidence 166 Amadeus Basin 197 Aegean Alps, crustal roots 93 Chewings Range 239 Aegean crust Great Glen 121, 127 deformation 91 Harts Range 239, 352 extension 103-104 Mount Isa 221 metamorphism 104 retrogression to 42 roll-back 97 reworking under 297 Aegean Sea Reynolds Range 244, 247, 250, 253, 361 collapsed lithosphere 77, 86 anatexis extension 94 Dronning Maud Land 346 Africa Karakoram 92, 93 drift rate 91, 93 and orogenic collapse 99 rift system 91 andalusite Aileron Shear Zone 252, 361,372 Anmatjira Range 253 Alboran Sea 29-31, 30, 34 Lander Rock Beds 241 collapsed lithosphere 77, 86 Mutare-Manica Greenstone Belt 304 extension 94 Reynolds Range 247, 359, 376 Algeria, heat flow 63 Warimbi Schist 243 Alice Springs Orogeny 167-168, 197, 238, 262 Andes causes 144 stress state 93 deformation 183, 212, 214 subduction 96 duration 157 Anmatjira event 139 fluid flow 370-373 Anmatjira Orthogneiss 243, 255, 256 geodynamics 139-164 Anmatjira Range 240 geological constraints 157 peak metamorphism 248 intracratonic deformation 165 structure and metamorphism 244, 245, 255 metamorphism 262, 281 Anna Reservoir 361, 370 Moho temperatures 161 Annandagstoppane 319 onset 240 Annapurna Range 95 overprinting 352 annealing 133 peak 186, 188 anorthite-marble 243 Reynolds Range 254 anorthosites, Dronning Maud Land 346, 349, 351 shear zones 252-253, 257 Antarctica strain rate 186 in Gondwanaland 143 allanite 290, 297 Mozambique Belt 319 allanite-monazite equilibria 299 (see also Droning Maud Land) Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt 90 apatite 290, 299 Alps, European 41 Apennines 31 accretion event 92 crustal shortening 93 crustal stripping 48 Appalachian/Mauretanide front 143 extension 103 Appalachians 297 metamorphism 104 Ar/Ar ages model geotherms 43 Kalahari Mozambique 310, 312, 316, 317-318 Rb-Sr dating 299 North China Craton 329 tectonic modes 103-105 resetting 320 thermal regime 64 Reynolds-Anmatjira Ranges 252 UHP metamorphism 93 Vietnam 93 396 INDEX

Arabian-Nubian Shield 64 Betic Cordillera 29 Arcadia 376 Big Toby Batholith 221,226, 229 Archaean cratons, proximity to 63 Bigie Formation 221 Archaean shields 3 Bindian Orogeny 167 Argand number 146 biotite 271 Argilke thermal event 139 analysis 332, 334, 336 argon release spectra 290 Black Point 265 Arltunga Nappe Complex 142 Bleechmore Granulite 263, 281,283 Arunta Block block rotation, and crustal thickening 155-157, 156, 162 deformation 144 Blockade 224 divergence 183 blueschist facies 41, 46, 92, 105 emergence 186 Bohai Bay 324 reactivation 166 bolide impact 91 shape 140 Bonaparte Gulf Basin 167, 171, 183, 186, 188 shortening 142, 158 Bottletree Formation 221 tectonic events 139 boudins, mafic 39, 52, 294 weakness 171, 186 Bouguer anomalies, Australia 165 Arunta Inlier 197 boundary conditions Alice Springs Orogeny 253 Australian margin 174, 175 granites 202 thin viscous sheet model 146-147, 173-175 maps 238, 262 boundary stresses 144 Reynolds-Anmatjira Ranges 237-260 Bowen Basin 168 section 283 box folds 124 shear zones 254 Brace-Goetze rheology 209, 214 Arylla Formation 223 Brazil, plate boundary forces 160 Asian blocks, rotation 144 breccias 124 asthenosphere Brevard zone 297 in delamination process 15, 144 British Columbia, structures 293 in rift zones 14 brittle failure 59 N Atlantic, opening 69 brittle faulting, Sesia Lanzo 93 Australia brittle faults 118 extension 165 brittle folds 124 map 140 brittle-ductile transition, see frictionalwiscous transition Ordovician extension 166-167 Broken Hill Block, shear wave speed structure 9 reactivation and reworking 4-6 Bruna Detachment Zone 282 tectonic evolution 166-168 Bu Khang gneiss dome 93 Australia-Siberia convergence 167 buoyancy Australian margin compositional 14 boundary conditions 174 crustal 16 Phillipines collision 94 and crustal thickness 183 available buoyancy 20, 21 and eclogite facies 41-44 avalanche model 106 exhumation mechanism 98 and retrogression 39 back-arc basins stress 146 high-pressure rocks 102 and subduction 45, 48 Pacific 94 back-arc environments, high-pressure terranes 3 Cackleberry Metamorphics 265 back-arc extension 86, 166 calc-alkaline volcanism 93 back-thrusting 93 Caledonian orogeny 41, 51, 58 Bangweulu Block 63 Great Glen Fault 121 Barramundi Igneous Association 223, 225, 229, 230 Caledonides, North Atlantic Barramundi Orogeny 221,233 map 67, 69-70 Barrovian facies thinning 70 Alps 93 Camooweal 224 Cyclades 94 Canning Basin Karakoram 91 crustal thinning 161, 184 basement reheating 292 extension 148, 166, 183 basin formation map 142 and crustal stretching 206, 207, 210, 233 marine corridor 240 intraplate 262 tectonics 14~143, 144 and thermal history 203-205, 233 weakness 171, 183 Basin and Range Province Cape Smith Belt 296 collapsed lithosphere 77, 86 carbon isotopes extension 94 Dronning Maud Land 389 thermal history 14 Reynolds Range 367 basin subsidence 206 Carpathian Basin, collapsed lithosphere 77 Benambran Orogeny 167 Carters Bore Rhyolite 223 Bergen Arcs 48 cataclasis 119, 132 INDEX 397 cataclasites, Great Glen 124, 131 continental crust, structural history 115 cataclastic rocks 118 continental deformation 116-117 cathodoluminescence 310 continental fault zones, reactivated 115-137 central Australia continental lithosphere crustal thickening 161 layered model 16 intraplate deformation 195-198 stability 33 maps 5, 141, 196 strength 10 orogenies 14 stress guide 165 strength distribution 17I continental orogeny, and lithospheric rejuvenation Central Australian mega-element 145 13-37 Central Indian Ocean Ridge 92 continental reworking 2-3 Centralian Superbasin 197, 238, 262 continental ribbons 105 deformation and sediment thickness 198-199 continental rifting, active 85 isopachs 199 continental subduction 44, 46, 48-49, 51 sediments 202 convective boundary layer 16 charnockites 253, 255, 319, 346, 349 convective instability, lithospheric layers 20 see also Possum Creek Charnockite convective thinning 15, 16-26 Chewings Orogeny 245-252 and crustal buoyancy 22-26 date 139 and external stress fields 21-22 kink folds 250 and orogenic collapse 96 metamorphism 243, 253, 255, 257 thermal boundary layer 85 Reynolds range 254, 359 Tibet 33 thrusting 239 convergence, and lithospheric thickening 83 Chicamba quartzite 311 convergent zone, downwelling 23 Chilimanzi Granite Suite 311 copper porphyry, Andes 93 Chimoio Granodioritic Gneiss 305, 309, 312, 318, cordierite 241,243, 245, 247, 270, 271 319 Coulomb failure 59 China, tectonic map 324 Craton Boundary domain 308 chlorite 125 cratonic stability 26 Chuquicamata orebody 93 cratonization, central Australia 197, 233 clay gouges 121 cratons, definition 170 clinopyroxene, analysis 332, 335 creep parameters 169 closure temperatures 290, 291 crenulation cleavage, Wagga-Omeo Metamorphic Belt Coast orogen, Alaska 92 186 Coen Inlier 167 crenulation fabrics 124, 251,252 coesite 39 Crete, phyllite-quartzite nappe 94 formation conditions 44, 48 criticality, self-organized 106 stability field 46 crust coherent eclogite facies terranes 40-47 differentiation 208, 229, 233 exhumation 45 geochemical structuring 214 formation 44-47 granodioritic 42 collisional orogens, maps 40 mid-lower 201 collisions mid-upper 201 202 Aegean collisions 92 overthickening 59 Africa-Europe collision 90 thermal evolution 3 Africa-Laurentia collision 143 thermal rejuvenation 9 Australian margin-Philippines collision 94 thermal structure 195 Baltica-Laurasia collision 69 three-layered 201 Baltica-Laurentia collision 41 tonalitic composition 48, 49 Gondwana-Laurasia collision 41 two-layer 64 Greenland-Baltica collision 46 uppermost 202 India-Asia collision 91, 93, 102 see also lithosphere Laurentia-Gondwana collision 144 crust mantle boundary, offsets 165 compression, oblique 188 crustal buoyancy Conical Hill 364, 365, 375 and convective thinning 22-26 section 369 and downwelling 26, 33, 34 Coniston Schist 243, 250, 361,365 crustal delamination 49 51 conjugate shear zones 15 thermal model 50 Conradgebirge 349 crustal density section 350 lateral variation 214 contact metamorphism and metamorphism 51 fluid flow 362-365, 376 crustal extension, and basin formation 2, 232 regional 241 crustal fragments, accretion 105 continental blocks, absolute strength 171 crustal levels, exhumation 199 continental collisions crustal melting, Himalaya 94 and deep basement 39-55 crustal overthrusting 44 heating 47 crustal roots 39 and mountain building 14 Aegean Alps 93 398 INDEX crustal shortening density stratification 14 Alice Springs Orogeny 197 density and velocity fields, numerical model 23 Alps 103 denudation Apennines 93 accumulated 183 central Australia 142, 158, 165 African rift system 91 model 158 Alice Springs 202 overriding plates 107 and heat production 2 Petermann Orogeny 197 Himalaya 94 Pyrenees 94 detachment faults Reynolds-Anmatjira Ranges 254 Himalaya 94 Tibet 94 Tyrrhenian-Apennine system 99 Tien Shah 31 devolatization 358, 365 crustal strengthening 6 Devonian, Great Glen 121 crustal stretching, and basin formation 206, 207, Diahot terrane 92 210 diffusional creep 116, 132, 133 crustal thickening 2, 4, 22 diffusive mass transfer 125, 132 and block rotation 155 157, 156 dilatancy mechanisms 119, 132 central Australia 161 dislocation climb 131 and erosion 232 dislocation creep 15 and instability 98 displacement and lithospheric density 42 accumulation 119 model systems 151, 154, 155 mantle layers 19 and Moho temperature 160 divergent collapse 77, 84, 85 and plate convergence 26 Dochannasie 124, 127, 131 crustal thickness Dora Maira massif 90, 93, 103, 104, 105 Australia 190 downwelling 2, 23, 24 and buoyancy 183 and convective instability 219 contour plots 178 multiple 25 and subduction 48 and plate convergence 26, 34 Urals 71 Southern Alps 29 crustal thinning Transverse Ranges 26 Canning Basin 161 Dras arc 92 mechanisms 66 69 Dronning Maud Land crustal weakening events 346, 347 thermal 6, 233 fluid-rock interaction 381 394 and volcanism 33 geochronology 348 crystal plasticity 116, 125 geography 343-346 Cyclades geology 346-347, 382 383 exhumation 104 history and structure 347-352 magmatism 94 maps 344, 345, 382 tectonic slices 105 and Mozambique Belt 303, 319 overprinting 392 393 Dabie Shan 49, 51 oxygen isotopes 385-389,386, 387, 388, 389, 390 Dabie-Qinling-Su Lu orogen 41, 49 Pan-African reactivation 343 355 Dallmannberge 347 petrography 383-385 Dalmation Granite 319 retrogression 385 Dalradian Supergroup 121 veins 384, 384-385, 387 388 Damara Belt 64 Drummond Basin 167, 168 decarbonation 390 ductile deformation, Great Glen 127 Deccan traps 9l ductile shear, lithospheric mantle 116 deep basement ductile shear zones 95 in Cenozoic orogens 48 Alps 93, 103 and continental collision 39-55 see also shear zones Deep Bore Metamorphics 265 Dugald River 224 deformation duplex systems, accommodation 197 intraplate 165-193 dykes and lithospheric strength 170 mafic 305, 320 localization 183 and Rodinia breakup 319 deformation fabrics, Harts Range 265, 267, 268 deformation indicators, time dependence 149, 152 deformation and sediment thickness, Centralian East Africa, rifting 63 Superbasin 198 199 East African Orogen 352 dehydration reactions 248, 252, 358, 361 East Antarctic mobile belt 343, 352, 381,383 Delny-Mt Sainthill Shear Zone 265, 267, 270, 275, 281, Eastern Creek Volcanics 221 283 Eastern European platform 70 density, eclogite facies transition 41 Eastern Fold Belt 221,223,224 density anomaly, New Zealand 29 Eckh6rner anorthosite 349, 351 density profile, modelling 81 eclogite-blueschist facies, New Caledonia 92, 93 INDEX 399

eclogite-facies strength profiles 133 Aegean 104 thermal history 117-119 Africa-Europe convergence 91 vertical structure 118 in collisional systems 3, 39-41 see also shear zones medium temperature 44, 47 faults, stick-slip behaviour 4 orogenic roots 70 feldspar, loss of 42 eclogite-granulite transition 42, 51 felsic granulites 64, 65 eclogites Fiery Creek Volcanics 221 Alps 92, 96, 104 finite element methods 146 Caledonides 69 finite element models, assumptions 46 New Caledonia 92 fission track dating 290 North Pakistan 92 Fitzroy Trough 143, 165, 167 Norwegian Caledonides 294 deformation 183 NW Scotland 295 extension 186 in subduction complexes 40 radiogenic heat production 172 Edwards Creek 278, 279, 282 weakness 171 Eilrig shear zone 127 flexural isostasy 173 Eldora 290 Flinders range 142 enthalpy changes 47 flood basalts 91 Entia Dome 263 Florence-Muller Shear Zone 263, 282 Entia Gneiss Complex 263, 279, 282 fluid flow Entire Point Shear Zone 265, 274, 279, 283 Alice Springs Orogeny 370-373 epidotization 369, 375 channelling 375 episodic movements 90, 107 contact metamorphism 362-365 mechanisms 105 pathways 375-376 erosion and reactivation 4, 7, 132 and crustal thinning 65, 66, 69, 80 regional metamorphism 365-370 and deformation 232 fluid fluxes, Reynolds range 371,373 Urals 71 fluid penetration, and seismic activity 48 erosion-sedimentation modelling 172-173 fluid pressure 121, 132 Eu anomalies, granites 49 fluid sources, Reynolds Range 373-375 Europe-Africa convergence 29 fluid-rock interactions European margin, accretion 91 Dronning Maud Land 381 394 Ewen Batholith 221,229 Maud Orogeny 390-391 excess argon 314 Reynolds Range 357-379 exhumation 64 fluids Alboran Sea 29 in eclogite terranes 47-48 Alps 93, 96 in metamorphism 357-358 Cyclades 104 foliation eclogite-facies rocks 3, 40, 52 Dronning Maud Land 351 fault rocks 117 fault rocks 125 heat production 205 Reynolds-Anmatjira Ranges 250, 251,255 and high-pressure metamorphism 100 forearc basin, New England orogen 168 Kanandra Granulite 281 Fort Augustus 122 and retrogression 42 Fort William 124, 127 Tso Morari dome 98 fracture networks 124 extension framework collapse 127, 131 Karakoram 91 Franciscan m61ange 41 late-orogenic 68 free-slip conditions 25 Mediterranean 94 frictional behaviour, and fluids 119 and rifting 77 frictional flow 116 extensional basins 94 frictional heating 47 extensional detachments frictional-viscous transition 4, 116, 119, 132 Caledonides 69 Frontier Formation 304, 308, 309, 318 Himalaya 97 age 311 extensional shear zones 96, 105 Fuglefjellet Formation 383, 386, 390, 392, 393 Himalaya 94

Falkland Islands 303 Galilee Basin 168, 188 fault rocks garnet 271 assemblages 116 analyses 329-331,330-331 controls 119-120, 120 Gawler Block 172 hydrated 130 Gawler Craton 202 microstructure 117 geochronology, Kanandra Granulite 275, 278 superimposed l 18 (see also SHRIMP geochronology fault zones K-Ar ages crustal scale 117 119 fission track dating interconnections 120 Rb-Sr ages 400 INDEX

geochronology, Kanandra Granulite (continued) Tien Shan 31 Sm-Nd analysis Urals 71 U-Pb ages) gravity-driven flow 80 geodynamic models 96-99 Great Glen Fault Zone 116, 120-132 geophysical overprinting 189 maps 122, 126, 128 Georgetown 167 regional geology 121 Georgina Basin 140, 197, 265 sections 123 geosynclinal models 339 seismic activity 121 geothermal gradients 44, 46, 47, 59 shears 125 calculation 61-62 sinistral shearing 121 delamination effect 144 Greenland, NE 41 Germany, heat flow 63 eclogite terranes 46 Gfohl Nappe 51 greenschist facies glaucophane 103 Alps 93, 103, 104 Glenelg inlier 295 Amadeus basin 197 global orogenic episodes 90, 95-96 Great Glen 121 gneisses, granulite facies 265-267 Reynolds Range 245, 253, 359 Gondwana Grenvillian breakup 7, 51, 167 Dronning Maud Land 7, 343, 347-349, 352 drift 142 eclogites 41,295 East and West 303, 319, 352 Kalahari-M ozambique 312, 318 fragment 102 growth rate function 17 grain size, and closure temperature 299 Grubergebirge 346, 347, 349, 351 grain size reduction 133 Grunehogna Craton 382 Grampian block 121, 124, 132 Gulf of Lion 94 granites A-type 319 Haag Nunatacks 303 Amadeus Basin 202 Halfway Dam 267 Anmatjira Range 253 Hallgrenskarvet 385, 388 Arunta Inlier 202 Halls Creek Orogen 58 geochemistry and heat production 225 Halls Creek Province 172 I-type 221,223 Harts Range 167, 261 incompatible elements in 216 intraplate event 262 leucocratic 304 Metamorphic Complex 239 Mount Isa 223 metamorphic grade 263 Reynolds Range 362 retrogression 281 granitoid magmas, in fault zones 119 reworking and reactivation 352 granitoids, Dronning Maud Land 346, 351 thermobarometry 273-274 granulite facies Harts Range Group 263, 268, 282 Arunta Inlier 238 evolution 280 dehydration 64 Harverson Granite 240, 241,255 Mount Isa 221 Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain 92 North China Craton 324, 339 heat flow and orogenic roots 41 Alice Springs 202 Reynolds-Anmatjira Ranges 239, 244, 247, 250, 253, anomalous 63 255 Caledonides 70 granulite-eclogite transition 48 data 223 granulites Moho 58, 71 Arunta Inlier 198 Mount Isa 224 retrogression 296 297 Urals 71 reworking 7, 261-287 heat production see also felsic, mafic granulites burial 202-205, 231,257 gravitational battery 42 central Australia 199 202, 200, 201 gravitational collapse 77, 82 crustal levels 202 gravitational force, modelling 81-82, 84 distribution 64, 205, 228 gravitational instabilities 2, 16, 20 granites 202, 225 growth of 24, 25 Mount Isa granites 227, 233 lithospheric 166 radiogenic 64, l 16, 166 gravitational potential energy Reynolds-Anmatjira Ranges 256 causes 14 and thermal response 208 contrast 85 heat refraction 224 conversion to heat 107 heat sources and mantle plumes 63 burial 203 and mantle thinning 68, 77, 96 distribution 195, 202 205, 220, 226-229, 228, gravitational spreading 80, 82 230 gravity anomalies mechanical responses 208-210 central Australia 6, 165, 198, 214, 265 and temperature fields 206 INDEX 401

heating events, duration 290, 292 Jinka province 263, 265 Heimefrontfjella 385 Hellenic slab 94 K-Ar ages Hercynian front 143 Dronning Maud Land 346 high pressure metamorphism 40 resetting 290 Aegean Alps 92 Kaghan eclogites 92 episodic 100, 107, 108 Kalahari Craton see also ultra high pressure lithologies 304-305 Himalaya thermal reactivation 318 accretion event 91 Kalahari Craton-Mozambique Belt 7, 303-321 collision 90 ages 310-312 episodic events 94 Ar/Ar ages 310, 312, 316, 317-318 extensional detachments 97 maps 304, 305 Himalayan front, deformation 160 petrography 308-310 Hoelfjella 344, 351 sample localities 308 hornblende 271 U-Pb ages 313, 314, 315 analysis 332, 334 Kalkadoon Batholith 221,229 and oxygen fugacity 383 Kalkadoon-Leichhardt Fold Belt 221,223, 224 stability 297 Kamchatka Arc 91 Huckitta 263 Kanandra Granulite 263, 265, 267 maps 264, 266 geochronology 275, 278 Humboldt Complex 346, 347 high temperature 281 Humboldtgebirge 344, 349 P-T evolution 278-281,279 hydrothermal alteration petrology 268 271 Andes 93 photomicrographs 269 Dronning Maud Land 392 reworking 279, 283, 284 Great Glen Fault 131 Sm-Nd analysis 277 278, 278, 278 hydrothermal fluids thermobarometry 273 in fault zones 119 Kanimblan Orogeny 168 Great Glen Fault Zone 124 Karakoram anatexis 92, 93 Barrovian facies 91 Iapetus Ocean, closure 69 plutonism 94 ice sheet, Australia 140 Karakoram Fault 282 ignimbrites Kazakhstan continent 70, 71 California 93 Kenya, rift margin 91 Mount Isa 221 khondalite 326, 339 incompatible elements Khrebet Shcherbakova 351 concentration of 216 Kidson Sub-basin 143, 166 differentiation 228 Kimberley Block 172, 183 India kink bands, conjugate 251 accretion 91 kink folds, Chewings Orogeny 250 in Gondwanaland 143 Kirwanveggen 319, 383, 384, 386, 389, 391 India-Eurasia convergence Kohlistan arc 92 and Tibetan Plateau 42 Kvervelnatten Granodiorite Gneiss 319 and Tien Shan 31 kyanite 253, 304, 361,372 Indian margin, subduction 92 Indochina Block 143, 167 Lachlan Fold Belt Indonesia, bimodal magmatism 94 anisotropy 189 Insel Complex 346, 347 Carboniferous deformation 188 intraplate compression, central Australia 282 compression 184 intraplate convergence 14 Kanimblan Orogeny 168 intraplate deformation Tabberabban Orogeny 183 central Australia 195-198 turbidites 167 rates 211 213 Lachlan orogen 90, 143, 144 Irindina Supracrustal Assemblage 263 Ladakh Himalaya 91 Isan Orogeny 223, 233 lamprophyres 349 island arcs Lander Rock Beds accretion to Kalahari Craton 319 contact metamorphism 241 and orogenic strength 64 deformation 242, 253, 254 Urals 71 geochronology 359 isostasy, Airy 146 intrusions 358 isotope retention 290, 296, 297 oxygen isotopes 362 isotope systematics, and metamorphism 292 299 petrology 361 isotopic response, minerals 290 sediments 240 Ivrea Zone 319 Larapinta Event 167 Iwupataka Complex 202 Larapintine Seaway 240 402 INDEX

Lasseter shear zone 171, 172, 186 Loch Oich 124, 127 extension 188 Love waves 33 overprinting 189 Lower Calcsilicate Unit 358, 361,364-365, 369, 375 Laurasia, breakup 69 lower crust, shear zones 9 Laurentia 143 Lawn Hill Platform 221,223, 224 Macdonnell Range 202 Leichhardt Rift Event 221,223, 233 McNamara Group 221 Leichhardt River Fault Trough 221,223, 225 Madagascar 382 Lena Quartzite 221 mafic granulites 64, 65, 199, 211,270 Lepontine culmination 93 North China Craton 323-342, 325, 326 leucogranites, emplacement 94 parameters 328 leucosomes textural features 327 Harts Range 265, 268, 278 types 329 Mozambique Belt 305 Maghrebides 94 Reynolds Range 248, 252 magmas Lewisian, NW Scotland 292, 295 asthenospheric origin 29 Liaohe Group 326 differentiation 229-231 listric faults, basin extension 167 magmatic arcs lithosphere Strangways Orogeny 238 convective removal 83 Trans-North China Orogen 326 delamination 144 magmatism domains 58 bimodal 93, 221, 349 drop-off 96 heat source 255, 257 flexural response 184 subduction-related 219 melting 29 syn-tectonic 9 recycling 223 Magna Lynn Metabasalt 223 thermal regimes 220 Magnitogorsk Arc 70, 71 thermal structure 26 Main Central Thrust, Himalaya 97 thick 224 Main Uralian Fault 70 weak 144 Maksyotov Complex 70 lithospheric density 42 Mallee Bore 282 lithospheric extension 14 Mann Fault 197 lithospheric geometry Mann Range 353 evolution 78, 82, 83, 84 mantle processes 79 ages 14 lithospheric keels 172 Archaean 63 lithospheric mantle asthenospheric 68 convective thinning 66, 68 mantle convection, and oceanic lithosphere 13 ductile shear 116 mantle delamination 15, 26, 166 removal 84 mantle healing, post-extensional 184, 186 seismic velocities 202 mantle lithosphere 2, 26 thickened 65-66 detached 33 thinning 78 removal 30 Urals 72 thickening 14 lithospheric models mantle plumes 63 parameters 60, 61, 81, 169 Arunta Block 144 rheology 62 and rifting 72, 77 lithospheric rejuvenation 13-37 mantle renewal, mechanisms 15 lithospheric strength mantle subduction 15 central Australia 162, 169 mantle thickness, and instability 21 constants 60 marbles and deformation 170, 214 North China Craton 326 horizontal extension 59-61 Reynolds Range 366, 368, 375, 376 and Moho temperature 211 Marianas 96 parameters 60 Marraba Volcanics 223 Queensland 186 Mary Kathleen Group 223 reduction 219 Massif Centrale 44, 51 reference 63 Maud belt 381,382 and thermal changes 209 Maud Orogeny 389, 393 Urals 72 Maud Province 303 variations in 144 May Downs Gneiss 221 lithospheric thickening 2, 77-88 Mediterranean, tectonics 93 and convergence 83 megaplume, and flood basalts 91 lithospheric thinning 26 Melbourne zone 186 lithospheric viscosity, San Andreas Fault 27 melt volumes, and delamination 51 Lizzies Basin 358 Mendip Metamorphics 281 Loch Linnhe 122, 124, 127, 131 Messica Granite Gneiss Loch Lochy 127 age 310, 314, 318 INDEX 403

Ar/Ar analysis 312 Mount Guide Quartzite 221 description 304 Mount Hay 201 fabric 306, 308, 309 Mount Isa Rb/Sr data 311, 311 cratonization 6, 220 metamorphic basement, Great Glen 124 geochemistry 226 metamorphic core complexes granites 227 Himalaya 92 heat flow 202 Naxos 94 magmatism 231 metamorphic episodes 95 map 220 metamorphic grade, transition 245, 247, 253 seismic section 224 metamorphism tectonism 142, 219-236 dehydration 3, 58, 64-65 tectono-stratigraphy 220-223, 222 high-pressure 70 Mount Isa Group 221 and isotope systematics 292-299 Mount Isa Rift Event 221,229, 233 static 105 Mount Lofty Ranges 358, 376 and thermal events 96 Mount Painter Inlier 202 metasomatism Mount Sainthill 268 Dronning Maud Land 387, 392 Mount Stafford and fluid flow 371 maps 241,242 and muscovite 297, 299 metamorphism 359 reactions 375 tectonic event 253, 254 Reynolds Range 366 Mount Stafford Beds 240, 253 mica-rich protoliths, hydration 131 Mount Stafford Granite 240 microcontinents, in North China Craton 325 Mount Thomas Quartzite 240 migmatites Mozambique Belt Cyclades 94 and Dronning Maud Land 352 Dronning Maud Land 346 extent 303 Grampian Block 121 lithologies 305-306 Harts Range 268 reworking 343 Mozambique Belt 305, 306, 318 structural domain 308 Reynolds Range 245 Mozambique Ocean 319 mineral armouring 292 Murray Basin 171, 172 mineral assemblages, mafic granulites 328 muscovite, Rb-Sr ages 298 mineral chemistry, Harts Range 271 muscovite dehydration models 49 mineral chronometers, responses 289-301 Musgrave Block 139, 144, 186 mineral cooling 290 reworking 262 mineral growth, and tectonic mode 95 Musgrave Inlier 197, 201 mineral lineation, Alps 103 Mutare Manica Greenstone Belt 304, 306, 308 mineral phase changes 39 age 310 mineralization 133 Myally Rift Event 223, 229, 233 Mitakoodi Quartzite 223 Myally Subgroup 221 mobile belts 2, 69 mylonites modelling, thin viscous sheets 145-147, 168-175 Dronning Maud Land 381,389 Moho Harts Range 263, 265, 267, 270, 274, 282 displacement 207 mylonitization 279 eclogites 51 myrmekite 309 heat flow 58, 61, 63 offset 198 Namaqualand 65, 303, 319 shallowing 208 Napperby Gneiss Moho depth, Australia 189, 190, 210 fluids in 364 Moho temperature heat production 256 contour plots 179 intrusion 255 cooling 204 oxygen isotopes 369 Devonian 186 precursors 243 and lithospheric strength 211 and Reynolds Group sediments 361 modelling 159, 160, 161 veins in 375 and sediment thickness 145 Napperby Thrust 198 variability 183, 209 nappes, ultramafic 102 Moine Supergroup 121 Naraku Batholith 223, 226, 229 Monashee Complex 292 Natal 303, 319 U-Pb concordia 294 Naxos 358 monazite, U-Pb ages 275, 290, 292, 299 metamorphic core complex 94 Mongolia, Inner 324 necking instability 85 Moray Firth basin 133 neoblasts, growth of 292 Mount Boothby 372 Nepal 95 Mount Chapple 201 New Caledonia Mount Dore 224 eclogites 92 Mount Freeling Shear Zone 361 ophiolites 92, 93 404 INDEX

New England (Australia) orogen 143, 144, 168, 188 orogenies New South Wales 144 collisional 94 New Zealand, P-wave anomaly 28 cyclic 51 Ngalia Basin 139, 140, 186, 197, 214 intraplate 1, 140, 142, 195-198 Nhansipfe Megacrystic Granitic Gneiss orogens age 312, 318, 319 distribution 59 migmatization 305, 311 longevity 68, 198 petrography 309 orthoyroxene, analysis 332, 334 shear sense indicators 308 Orvinfjella 344, 351 North American Cordillera 94 Otago Schist 95 North China Craton 143, 167 Ouachita front 143 granulites 323-342 overprinting relationships 95 maps 325 oxygen depletion, Sistenup lavas 391-392, 393 P T paths 338 oxygen fugacity, and hornblende 383 polymetamorphism 328-329 oxygen isotopes reworking 323 calc-silicate rocks 386-387 tectonics 338-339 Dronning Maud Land 385-389, 386, 387, 388, 389, 391 Northern Australian Craton 172, 183, 239 Kirwanveggen 390 Northwest Highland block 121, 124 Lander Rock Beds 362, 372 Norway, eclogite terranes 46 Reynolds Range 363, 366, 367, 369, 373 Norwegian Caledonides 70 Sandy Creek 371 metamorphism 294, 295 Woodford river 372 numerical modelling layer stability 22 P-T conditions lithospheric thinning 78-80 Kanandra Granulites 271,272, 278-281,279 thin viscous sheet 173 North China granulites 334-338, 337 Nunataks Metamorphic Complex 347 P-T diagram 65 P-T time paths 290, 338 obduction P-wave anomalies Papua New Guinea 90 Alboran Sea 31 Spontang Ophiolite 91 New Zealand 28, 29 ocean closures Tien Shan 31 and continental shortening 14 SW Pacific, accretion 99-103, 100 and orogenic strength 64 Pacific and Australian plates, convergence 29 oceanic lithosphere, and mantle convection 13 Pacific plate 92 oceanic subduction 15 Pacific rim 94 oceans, cyclic re-opening 39, 51 N Pakistan 92 Officer Basin 139, 140, 197 palaeomagnetic poles, Australia 142, 158 Old Red Sandstone, Great Glen 121, 122, 127 Pan-African magmatism 347 olivine Pan-African metamorphism 351 352 crystal orientation 189 Pan-African orogeny dislocation creep 15 eclogites 41 rheology 20, 160 events 349 stability 85 magmatism 349 Olympic Dam deposit 202 overprinting 303, 318, 319, 320, 383 Omeo Zone 358, 376 Pan-African reactivation, Dronning Maud Land omphacite-jadeite 104 343 355 ophiolites Pan-African tectonism 351 Arabia 352 Pangaea, breakup 58 emplacement 108 Papua New Guinea, obduction 90 New Caledonia 92, 93 partial melting obduction 90, 91 and exsolution 365 Urals 70 and radioactive elements 64 Combin 104 and water 373 Mon Viso 105 passive margins Spontang 91 rifting 58 Solund-Stavfjord 69 sediments 69 Ordovician extension, Australia 166-167 peak metamorphism 39 Ormiston Thrust 212 Peaked Hill 373 orogenesis Peel Fault 168 episodicity 89-113 pegmatites 248, 304, 365, 368, 373, 375 factors 63 Pelite Unit 358, 361 362, 365 and Moho temperature 160, 161 pelites 124, 373 orogenic belts, weak 63 penetrative fabrics 95, 103, 297 orogenic collapse 68, 96, 97 Peradriatic/Insubric Line 282 orogenic roots 14, 39 peridotite nappe, Turkey 102 orogenic surges 97-99, 99, 102 peridotites, mantle 46, 116, 189 orogenic wedges, thickening 44 Pertnjara Movement 167 INDEX 405

Petermann Ranges 139 Red River fault 93 Orogeny 145, 197, 202, 238, 262, 353 Redbank Hill 201 Petermannkette 346 Redbank Shear Zone Petrel Sub-basin 167 displacement 212 phase transformations, eclogites 47, 52 kinematic model 213, 214 Phillipines microplate 94 Redbank Thrust Zone 142, 144, 166, 198, 202 phyllonites 125, 127, 131 regional metamorphism, fluid flow 365-370, 376 phyllosilicates retro-shear 282 fault rocks 125, 132 retrogression growth of 124 Alps 104 Pillara Extension 143 Dronning Maud Land 385, 388-389 plagioclase 271 granulites 296-297 analysis 332, 333 Great Glen 121, 124 plate boundaries, far-field 188 hydrous 267 plate boundary forces 23, 159-161, 160, 165, 190 Reynolds Range 365, 366, 373 plate boundary orogenies 14 reworking plate boundary stress 15, 158 definition 1 plate convergence 2, 21 lower temperature 297-299 and crustal thickening 26 North China Craton 323 and downwelling 26 prograde 294-296 Transverse Ranges 26 Reynolds Range plate margins, thermal regimes 212 fluid flow episodes 360 platform sedimentation 166 fluid flow history 374 polymetamorphism fluid-rock interactions 357-379 North China Craton 328 329 geology 358-361 thermal controls 255 granites 362 porphyroblasts, and static metamorphism 105 oxygen isotopes 363 Possum Creek Charnockite 243, 245, 255 petrology 361-362 pressure solution 119, 131 shear zones 370 pressure-temperature plots, eclogites 44 Reynolds Range Group Prices Creek movement 184 contact metamorphism 243, 247 Proterozoic-Phanerozoic boundary 41 deposition 253 protomylonites 127 lithologies 240, 358 Prydz-Leeuwin orogenic system 2 petrology 361 psammites 124, 125 Reynolds-Anmatjira Range 6, 7 punctuated equilibrium 106 granite emplacement ages 240 Pyrenees, crustal shortening 94 maps 239, 246, 247, 359 metamorphic zones 252 Qaidam Block 143 radiometric ages 252 Queensland, lithospheric strengthening 186 sections 249 Quidongan Orogeny 167 structural superposition 253-255 Quilalar Formation 221 tectonic evolution 237-260 tectonothermal events 253 radioactive basement, denudation 209 rheological profiles 62, 66, 72 radioactive elements Rif Mountains 29, 31 distribution 58 rifting enrichment 64 active 77-88 radiogenic daughter isotopes 290 East Africa 63 radiogenic heat production, Fitzroy Trough 172 and mantle plumes 72, 77 rapakivi textures 319 North China Craton 326 rare earth elements, magmatic origins 29 Pangaea 59 Rauer Group 390 passive margins 58 Rayleigh numbers 16, 19 River Spean 124 Rayleigh waves 33 Rodingan movement 186 Rayleigh-Taylor instability 14, 15, 18, 21 Rodinia Supercontinent 303, 319 growth rate 17 roll-back numerical models 22 Aegean 97, 103 Rb Sr ages East Pacific 93 Kalahari-Mozambique 310 rotation, blocks 147 muscovite 298 rutile 290, 295, 296 resetting 320 Reynolds-Anmatjira Range 252 S-waves, central Asia 32 reaction textures, accessory minerals 295 Salknappen 319 reactivation Samphire Marsh Movement 166 definition 1 San Andreas Fault 26 fault systems 4 comparison with Australia 168 shear zones 4 lithospheric viscosity 27 reactivation and reworking, characterization 8 Sandh6 351 406 INDEX

Sandy Creek Sm-Nd analysis geochemistry 370 Kanandra Granulite 277-278, 278, 278 oxygen isotopes 371 Scotland 295 Sanfront-Pinerolo Unit 105 Sm-Nd resetting 320 Scandian Phase 69, 70 solution creep 131 Scandinavian Event 58 solution seams 125 scapolite 243, 362 S6re Petermannfjella 351 Schirmacher Oasis 347 South China Block 143 Schwabenland Expedition 344 South Tibetan Detachment 94, 98 Sea of Japan, rifting 94 Southern Alps, New Zealand 29, 34 sea levels, and orogenies 94, 94-95 spinel 247, 268, 271 sedimentary cover, removal of 204 spreading strain rate 78 sedimentary depocentres 198 Sr isotopic ratios, Tibet 33 sedimentation-erosion, contour plots 181 Sr-depletion 223 seismic activity, and fluid penetration 48, 372 stable isotope studies 357, 381 seismic anisotropy 116, 189 Stafford Tectonic Event 240-242, 253, 254, 257 seismic Moho 39 Stairway Formation 166 seismic reflectors, Urals 71 staurolite 253, 270, 372 seismic wave anomalies, Australia 172 strain Selkirk Allochthon 292 accommodation 132 semi-brittle fabrics 131 accumulated 189 sericitisation 125, 127 strain hardening 119, 131 serpentinites strain localization 6, 119, 120 Kalahari Craton 304 Alice Springs Orogen 9 Urals 70 Australian blocks 183 Sesia zone 41, 91 strain partitioning Sesia-Lanzo zone 90 contact aureoles 376 brittle faulting 93 lithological 124 shear heating 29, 219 strain rate shear sense indicators 251 Alice Springs Orogeny 186 shear strain, partitioning 119 contour plots 175, 176, 177, 184, 187, I88 shear wave speed structure, Broken Hill Block 9 and viscosity 18, 151 shear zones strain softening 99, 119 Alice Springs Orogen 7, 252-253, 256 Strangways Metamorphic Complex 238, 239, 263, Arunta Inlier 254, 265 282 evolution 90 evolution 278, 280 interconnected 120 Strangways Orogeny 139, 238, 242-245 lower crust 9 Anmatjira Range 244-245 mylonitic 118 Reynolds Range 243-244, 247, 253, 254 Reynolds-Anmatjira Ranges 251, 361,370, 376 strength distribution Tabberaban orogeny 183 central Australia 170, 171 upper mantle 10 thin viscous sheets 147 see also ductile shear zones; fault zones strength envelopes 209, 210 shearing, fault-related 131 strength profile, modelling 82 SHRIMP geochronology strength v. depth 117 Dronning Maud Land 343, 347 stress amplification 219 Entire Point shear zone 277, 279 strike-slip deformation Kalahari-Mozambique 310 and downwelling 29 Kanandra Granulite 276 post-coUisional 46 Lander Rock Beds 359 and viscosity 21 methodology 275 278 strike-slip zones 282 SIGHT seismic line 29 structural domains, Kalahari-Mozambique 306-308, 307 sillimanite Stuart Shelf 202 Kalahari Craton 304 subduction Kanandra Granulite 265, 267, 268, 281 Andean-type 96 Karakoram 92 Australian margin 166 Reynolds Range 247, 248,253 continental collisions 219 sills, granitic 254 Indian margin 92 Sino-Korea Platform 324 southern continents 143 Sino-Korean craton 41 Trans-North China Orogen 326 Sistefjell 392 subduction complexes, eclogites in 40 Sistenup lavas 383, 385, 391 392 subduction zones, roll-back 96-97, 99 Skaly 347 Superior Province 63, 296 skarns 366, 368, 375 surface heat flux 172 Skarsnuten 383, 386, 390 surface topography slab detachment 14, 16 contour plots 180, 185 slab retreat 94, 100 evolution 183 slab tear 96, 97 Surprise Creek Formation 221 INDEX 407

Sverdrupfjella 319, 320, 381 tonalite-trondhjemite 304 Sverdrupfjella Group 382, 383, 390, 392, 393 tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite gneisses 324, 326 SWEAT hypothesis 352 Torcastle block 121, 124, 127, 131 Sybella Batholith 223, 225, 231 torque balance 107 Sydney Basin 171, 188 Trans Mojave-Sierran shear zone 94 syenites, Dronning Maud Land 346, 392 Trans-North China Orogen 7, 324, 326, 339 symplectites 326, 327, 328 Trans-Uralian Zone 71 transpression T-XCO2 diagram 364 Amadeus Basin 186 Tabberaban Orogeny 167, 183 Kalahari Craton 319 Tagil-Magnitogorsk zone 70, 71 New England orogen 168, 188 Tanzania, rift margin 91 Reynolds-Anmatjira Range 252 Tanzania Craton 63 transpressional wrench, episodic 90 Tarim Block 143, 167 Transverse Ranges Tchinhadzandze Granodiorite Gneiss 304, 308, 311 California 26 Teapot event 139 downwelling 34 Teapot Granite Complex 202 teleseismic tomography 26, 27 tectonic elements, Australia 188-189, 189 Trois Seigneurs 358 tectonic feedback 6, 195~18, 215, 233 Tso Morari dome 91, 92 tectonic modes, switching 95, 97, 106 exhumation 98 tectonic processes, thermal responses 208 UHP rocks 101 tectonic slices 103, 105 Turkey, peridotite nappe 102 tectonic thickening 79 Tverregga 385, 388 teleseismic tomography 34 Tverregga Banded Gneiss 383 Transverse Ranges 26, 27 Tverreggtelen 383, 385, 388 temperature gradients, lateral 256 Tyrrhenian Sea 99 temperature profile, modelling 80 crustal extension 31, 34 temperature stratification 17 Tyson Creek Granulite 255 Tennant Creek Inlier 202 Tertiary, orogenesis 90 U-Pb ages Tewinga Group 221 Kalahari Craton-Mozambique Belt 313, 314, thermal boundary layer 315 convective thinning 85 Reynolds Range 246 removal 83-85, 98 U-Pb concordia stability 83 British Columbia 298 thermal conduction 166 Monashee Complex 294 thermal conductivity 204, 224 U-Pb discordance 292 thermal diffusion 14, 17, 18 U-Pb geochronology 289, 310 thermal equilibria 337 U/Pb isotope systematics 7, 297 thermal evolution, Centralian Superbasin 204, 212 Ubende Belt 63 thermal history, British Columbia 290, 291 ultra-high pressure metamorphism 39, 90 thermal modelling 170, 210-211 Alps 92, 93 thermal relaxation 80 Himalaya 91, 92 Tibetan plateau 42 Western Gneiss region 46 thermal structure modelling 210 ultramylonites 297 thermal subsidence 167 underplating thermo-mechanical modelling 166 and delamination 51 thermobarometry, Harts Range 273 Karakoram 93 thick-skinned tectonics 144, 262 subduction-related 44 thin viscous sheets thinned lithosphere 26 boundary conditions 145 Ungava peninsula 296 modelling 145-147, 148, 149, 150, 153, 168-175 Upper Calcsilicate Unit 358, 362, 366, 373, 375 thin-plate models 5, 165-193 upper mantle tholeiites 221 Alboran Sea 31 thorite 299 anisotropy 10 thrust belts, Alboran Sea 30 reflectivity 51 thrust events, India 91 upwelling, convective 14 thrust sheets, Caledonides 69 Ural Ocean, closure 71 thrust-detachment coupling 99 Uralian zones 70 Tibet, crustal shortening 94 Urals 59, 64 Tibetan Plateau map 68 deformation 160 orogenic belt 70-72 lithospheric structure 33, 34 section 71 thermal relaxation 42 uranium mineralization 202 Tien Shan 1, 14, 34 and India-Eurasia convergence 31 Valhalla Complex, thermal history 291 tilt blocks, Africa 91 Van Emmerick extension 143 titanite 290, 292, 295, 297 Vandusi Migmatite Gneiss 305, 311 408 INDEX

Vanoise 103 Weberra Granite 223 Variscan Orogeny 41, 43, 143 Wegene~Inlandeis 344 and delamination 51 Western Australian Craton 172 reworking 299 Western Fold Belt 221,223, 224, 229 veins Western Gneiss region, Norway 41, 46, 69 Dronning Maud Land 384, 384 385, 387-388, 391 Willara Sub-basin 166 Reynolds Range 368, 370, 276 Williams Batholith 223, 226, 231 velocity vectors, plots 182 Willyama Inlier 202 vertical forces 165 Wilson Cycle 51, 58, 65 vertical stretch 44 Wiso Basin 197 finite element mesh 45 Wohlhatmassiv 344, 351 vertical thickening 44 wollastonite 366, 375, 390 Victoria 144, 186 Woodford River 366 Vietnam, Ar/Ar ages 93 map 368 viscosity Woodroffe Thrust 197, 199 Newtonian 147, 148-151 non-Newtonian 14, 15, 17, 18, 26, 151-155 xenoliths, age of 14 variations 145 xenotime 290 viscous flow 116 shallowing 132 Yangtze craton 41, 51 viscous stress 26 Yaningidjara Hills 371,373 volatiles, loss of 33 Yaringa Metamorphics 221 volcanic arc, New England orogen 168 Yarrol-Great Moreton Fault 168 volcanism, and crustal weakening 33 Yellow Sea 324 Vumba Granite Gneiss 304, 306, 308, 312 age 310, 319 Zambia Block 63 Zermatt-Saas zone 92, 104 Wagga-Omeo Metamorphic Belt 167, 171, 184 zircon Warimbi Schist 243, 247, 250, 361,365 cathodoluminescence images 312 water crystallization 289 Entire Point Shear Zone 274 metamorphic 295 in regional metamorphism 358 reworked 296 in retrogression 329 U-Pb systematics 292 in reworking 296 xenocrystic 290