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Nomifensine in Parkinsonism J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.39.12.1219 on 1 December 1976. Downloaded from Journal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1976, 39, 1219-1221 Nomifensine in Parkinsonism P. F. TEYCHENNE', D. M. PARK, L. J. FINDLEY, F. CLIFFORD ROSE, AND D. B. CALNE From the Departments ofNeurology, Charing Cross Hospital, the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, USA SYNOPSIS Nomifensine, a tetrahydroisoquinoline antidepressant which facilitates dopaminergic and noradrenergic transmission, was studied in 28 Parkinsonism patients most of whom were also receiving conventional medications. Double-blind evaluations revealed a moderate therapeutic action at a mean dose level of 150 mg daily. Adverse reactions were encountered, similar to those induced by levodopa. by guest. Protected copyright. Nomifensine (8-amino-2-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4- taking carbidopa and five receiving anticholinergic tetrahydroisoquinoline) is a drug currently being agents); two patients were on anticholinergics alone, evaluated as an antidepressant. It inhibits the re- and two were not taking any drugs. uptake of noradrenaline in the same way as tricyclic antidepressants, but unlike tricyclics it also decreases DESIGN the reuptake of dopamine and has a direct agonist The study was performed in three consecutive stages. effect on dopaminergic receptors (Hoffmann, 1973; (1) Nomifensine was gradually introduced, building Gerhards et al., 1974; Schacht and Heptner, 1974; up to maximum tolerated dosage over a period of two Costall et al., 1975; Costall and Naylor, 1975). Nomi- weeks; (2) when optimum dose levels were obtained, fensine should therefore potentiate both noradren- treatment was continued for between six and 15 ergic and dopaminergic synaptic transmission. There weeks; (3) a placebo was substituted for nomifensine is evidence, deriving from animal studies, which over the final six weeks. suggests that optimal anti-Parkinsonism therapy The initial dose of nomifensine varied between 25 should augment both noradrenergic and dopamin- and 50 mg daily. No patient received more than an ergic transmission (Hornykiewicz, 1973); for this arbitrarily set upper limit, 200 mg. In five subjects, reason, we have studied the action of nomifensine in because of transient unwanted effects, the dose of Parkinsonism. nomifensine was reduced by 25 % of their maximum level. METHODS The major adverse effect was dyskinesia. In four patients this was controlled by a reduction in levodopa http://jnnp.bmj.com/ PATIENTS from a mean of3.63 g (range 4.5 to 3) to a mean of2.5 g Twenty-eight patients (14 male, 14 female) with (range 3.5 to 1.5) and in two subjects by a reduction of idiopathic Parkinsonism and one patient with post- Sinemet (250 mg levodopa combined with 25 mg encephalitic Parkinsonism were studied. Informed carbidopa) from an average of 3.75 tablets (range 5 to consent was obtained from all subjects, who were 2.5) to an average of two (range 3 to 1). Other con- warned that they might experience a temporary comitant therapy was maintained without alteration deterioration at some stage during the trial. Twenty throughout the study. patients (13 men, seven women) of mean age 68 years on September 26, 2021 (range 55 to 83) completed the study. Of these, 16 EVALUATIONS were on maximum tolerated doses of levodopa (eight The method for evaluation of physical signs and functional disability was that used previously (Calne 'Address for reprints: P. F. Teychenne, Bldg. 10, Rm. 6D-20 National et al., 1974), scores ranging from 0 (representing Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014, USA. normality) to 4 (maximum deficit). Timed tests were (Accepted 19 August 1976.) employed for walking, writing, repetitively opposing 1219 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.39.12.1219 on 1 December 1976. Downloaded from 1220 P. F. Teychenne, D. M. Park, L. J. Findley, F. Clifford Rose, and D. B. Calne thumb to fingers in each hand, and alternate full 37.5- finger extension and flexion in each hand. These assessments were made on outpatients, every two weeks, by the same evaluator. The patient's weight . was measured at each visit, an electrocardiogram was F recorded before and during the phase of treatment with active drug, and routine haematological and bio- 30.0 ~- I chemical tests were performed every two weeks, with- S out detection of any significant abnormality. 0 0 RESULTS Nineteen of the 20 patients completed three placebo evaluations. One patient sustained a Colles fracture 0 after only one placebo assessment; administration of 22.5 - I placebo was not continued in this patient. The mean I 0 ULJ S maximum tolerated dose of nomifensine was 150 mg C) 0 daily (range 75-200). C- S The results of the last three evaluations on nomi- z 0 fensine were compared with the three evaluations on C-) . placebo. When placebo was substituted for active S 0 by guest. Protected copyright. drug, deterioration of physical signs and functional 15.0 - disability were significant (Fig. 1) at the 0.1 % level (paired t test). Of the physical signs, tremor and facial S expression improved most during treatment with 0 nomifensine, but there was also some amelioration of S rigidity, speech disorder, balance, finger dexterity, S gait, posture, and drooling ofsaliva. Ofthe functional 7.5 F disabilities, dressing, washing, eating, and writing all 0 improved. All timed tests showed a beneficial trend during treatment with nomifensine, for finger flexion (Fig. 2) the improvement was significant at the 1 % level (paired t test). No statistical difference was found in either clinical scoring or timed tests between the patients receiving O L nomifensine for six, eight, 10, 12, 14 or 15 weeks. NOMIFENSINE PLACEBO Although all clinical features which were evaluated FIG. 1 Total clinical deficit in each patient during displayed some improvement during the phase of clinical nomifensine therapy, gains were moderate and nomifensine and placebo therapy (arbitrary dramatic individual improvements were not seen. scorefor tremor, rigidity, dysarthria,facial expression, The frequency of unwanted effects, in the 19 rising from chair, balance, finger dexterity, drooling, patients who completed the study, is shown in the sweating, gait, posture, dressing, washing, eating, writing -0=normal; 4=maximaldisability). Average http://jnnp.bmj.com/ Table. All adverse reactions were dose dependent and intervals. the drug was well tolerated once optimum mainten- ofthree separate evaluations atfortnightly ance levels of intake were established. Of the nine patients omitted from the analysis, one failed to attend regularly and another had a con- DISCUSSION tinuing depressive illness, resistant to nomifensine. The other seven patients were withdrawn because of Tricyclic antidepressants, theoretically feasible agents the development of involuntary movements; three of to treat Parkinsonism, have not achieved a prominent these were not receiving levodopa. Additional adverse place in therapy. They act predominantly on noradre- on September 26, 2021 effects in the excluded group included insomnia nergic and serotonergic terminals by inhibiting the (two), confusion (two) and akathisia, headache, reuptake ofnoradrenaline and serotonin respectively. vertigo, faintness, emesis or constipation (one patient Nomifensine, a tetrahydroisoquinoline with anti- each). Some patients experienced more than one depressant properties, is of interest in Parkinsonism unwanted effect, but all the adverse reactions were because it also inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and abolished by stopping nomifensine. activates dopaminergic receptors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.39.12.1219 on 1 December 1976. Downloaded from Nomifensine in Parkinsonism 1221 TABLE 20 r 0 DOSE DEPENDENT ADVERSE REACTIONS ENCOUNTERED IN THE 19 PATIENTS WHO COMPLETED THE STUDY Number of Adverse reactions patients affected 0 Dyskinesia 10 '5 H Emesis 4 I Insomnia 4 S Sedation 3 0 0 Constipation 3 0 Dry mouth 1 Light-headedness I 0 S Hallucinations I Nightmares I 0 Paraesthesiae 1 'On-off' phenomena I 10 F 0 0 0 toxicity of nomifensine as a therapeutic agent for 0 S Parkinsonism. by guest. Protected copyright. We are grateful to Dr Moghaddasi, Miss A. Bryant, 0 5 Miss E. Albutt, and Miss E. Mitchell for their help in the organisation of the trial. We wish to thank Mrs P. Barnicoat for her assistance in preparing the manu- script. Nomifensine was kindly supplied by Hoechst Pharmaceuticals. This work was supported by the Medical Research Council. 0 L REFERENCES NOMIFENSINE PLACEBO Calne, D. B., Teychenne, P. F., Claveria, L. E., Eastman, FIG. 2 Mean of the number of complete R., Greenacre, J. K., and Petrie, A. (1974). Bromo- flexion- criptine in parkinsonism. British Medical Journal, 4, extension movements offingers performed with both 442-444. hands in 10 seconds. Average ofthree separate evalua- Costall, B., Kelly, D. M., and Naylor, R. J. (1975). Nomi- tions at fortnightly intervals. fensine: a potent dopaminergic agonist ofantiparkinson potential. Psychopharmacologia, 41, 153-164. Costall, B., and Naylor, R. J. (1975). Actions of dopa- Our results suggest that nomifensine is effective in minergic agonists on motor function. In Advances in the treatment of Parkinsonism. Neurology, vol. 9, pp. 285-297. Edited by D. B. Calne, The frequency of adverse effects is similar to those T. N. Chase,
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