DOCSLIB.ORG

Reboxetine: Its Effects As Measured by the Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reboxetine: Its Effects As Measured by the Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101 (Suppl. 402): 45±51 Copyright # Munksgaard 2000 Printed in UK. All rights reserved ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA ISSN 0902-4441 Reboxetine: its effects as measured by the Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale Healy D. Reboxetine: its effects as measured by the Social Adaptation David Healy Self-evaluation Scale. North Wales Department of Psychological Medicine, Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101 (Suppl. 402): 45±51. # Munksgaard Hergest Unit, Bangor, UK 2000. The determination of the outcome of treatment for depression is important both for the symptoms of depression and social functioning. The aim of this review is to evaluate the outcome of two clinical trials comparing reboxetine and ¯uoxetine on depressive symptoms and social functioning. These studies used both conventional measures of outcome such as the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and the Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale (SASS), a patient-centred, disease non-speci®c scale of social functioning, which was developed for measuring social functioning in depressed people. These ®ndings, set against a background of all studies in which antidepressants have been compared using quality of life instruments, suggest that while some Key words: reboxetine; ¯uoxetine; social functioning; patients may appear to the clinician to have recovered, they may remain quality of life; emotional blunting less than fully well and differences in selectivity for neurotransmitter Dr David Healy, North Wales Department of systems may play a part in the degree of wellbeing that recovered patients Psychological Medicine, Hergest Unit, Bangor LL57 might expect. 2PW, Wales, UK Introduction the sort outlined by Kielholz (3), Carlsson (4) A number of critics of the current psychotropic suggested that the drive-enhancing agents were more arena (1) have argued that, given the diversity in the active on catecholamine systems while those that preclinical pharmacology of agents conventionally had another, as yet less clearly characterized action, labelled antidepressant, it is dif®cult to believe that had an effect on the serotonin (5-hydroxytryp- these agents are equally bene®cial in clinical tamine; 5-HT) system (2, 4). settings. It has been suggested that the pharmaceu- However, two developments supervened to create tical industry, and perhaps clinical researchers, may the impression that all antidepressants did essen- have minimized the differences between agents in tially the same thing, regardless of the system on order to secure a large market share (1). which they acted. One was the development of the Furthermore, it has been implied that clinical monoamine hypotheses, which suggested a de®- trials methods have not been designed to reveal ciency of central monoamines. More sophisticated differences that may exist between antidepressants. versions of this posited a ®nal common pathway or Such critiques have a certain face validity. This is receptor lesion, in either catecholamine or seroto- particularly the case with the selective serotonin nergic systems, to explain antidepressant ef®cacy (5, reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which were developed 6). These versions of the hypothesis were able, for a because it was recognized that there were signi®cant time, to accommodate the fact that there appeared differences between the available tricyclic anti- to be antidepressants that were relatively selective depressants (2). On the basis of global clinical either for the noradrenergic system or the seroto- impressions, Kielholz (3) characterized the available nergic system. antidepressants as being variously drive-enhancing, In recent years this framework has been chal- variously sedative and having differential effects on lenged for a number of reasons. First, the develop- something else, which seemed useful in terms of the ment of antidepressants such as bupropion and treatment of mood disorders. Faced with schemas of nomifensine, preferentially active on the dopamine 45 Healy system, have been identi®ed. Secondly, there is differential effects between antidepressants have not evidence that other agents such as isoniazid, which been reported. Until the use of the SASS in the have no effects on dopamine, noradrenaline or recent reboxetine±¯uoxetine studies, agents selec- serotonin, are antidepressant (7). Thirdly, there is tive for the noradrenergic system have not been evidence that reserpine, which depletes cerebral tested with such instruments. An emergence of monoamines, has antidepressant properties (8). differences between agents selective for the nora- Finally, the SSRIs have demonstrated a clinical drenergic and serotonergic systems on alternative ef®cacy in a range of conditions such as obsessive± psychometric instruments such as the SASS would compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder and lend credence to the suggestion that the current social phobia, when there is no depressive compo- range of antidepressants are not equivalent. nent. This suggests that these agents have a non- To illustrate some of these issues, this paper will sedative anxiolytic or serenic action, which they do review evidence from two clinical trials conducted not share with other `antidepressants'. This is an using the SASS, along with all other studies that action that could conceivably account for their have used QoL instruments in which different antidepressant properties (9). Furthermore, there antidepressants have been compared. has been an ongoing failure to ®nd a lesion in any monoamine system. The second development that led to the impres- Material and method sion that all antidepressants were equivalent was the Patients aged 18±65 years, with a diagnosis of development of clinical trial methods that exclu- Major Depressive Episode (DSM-IIIR) (19), with a sively utilized disease-speci®c observer-based rating current episode present for 1±4 months and with a scales, such as the Hamilton Rating Scale for pretreatment total score on the 21-item HAM-D Depression (HAM-D) (10). On instruments such as (10) of o22 were enrolled into two studies. In the these, all antidepressants show equivalent ef®cacy in ®rst study, 381 patients were admitted in 33 centres; mild to moderate depressive disorders. This appears 126, 127 and 128 were randomized to receive to have led to a presumption that they were, reboxetine, ¯uoxetine or placebo, respectively, for therefore, all the same, despite earlier preclinical 8 weeks (20). In the second study, 168 patients were and clinical impressions. The ef®cacy of agents with randomised to receive either ¯uoxetine or rebo- actions on the serotonin system across a wide range xetine in a 16-centre study (21). of nervous conditions did not lead to this view being Observer rating scales included the HAM-D (10), challenged, but more recent evidence that agents the Clinical Global Impression Scale (22) and the with an action on catecholamine systems appear to Montgomery±AÊ sberg Depression Rating Scale be more useful in severe depressive disorders may (MADRS) (23), while self-rating assessments do so (9). included the patient Global Impression Scale (22) A second area of measurement is the domain of and the SASS (14). The SASS has 21 questions, Clinical Global Impression instruments. These are exploring patient behaviour in four broad areas of observer-based instruments that are disease non- social functioning: work, spare time, family and speci®c. There are two other domains of measure- ability to cope with resources/®nances. The SASS ment, subject-based disease-speci®c measures and also assesses motivation, self-perception and satis- subject-based measures that are disease non- faction with a role. Each answer is scored from 0 to speci®c. Within the disease-speci®c domain, the 3 giving a total range of 0±60. Normal scores fall best-known instruments are the Beck Depression within a band from 35 to 52 (14). Inventory (BDI) (11) and the Zung self-rating scale for depression (12). With these instruments, agents selective for the noradrenergic system have Results appeared to have advantages over agents selective Of the 381 patients enrolled into the ®rst study, 302 for the serotonergic system (13). However, these (103, 100 and 99 randomized to receive reboxetine, results had little impact, in part because these ¯uoxetine or placebo, respectively) provided SASS instruments are used less frequently than the self-evaluation data at baseline and at last assess- HAM-D in clinical trials. ment. The mean values of the SASS total scores in The Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale the three treatment groups across the treatment (SASS) (14) measures aspects of the disease non- period are shown in Fig. 1 (20). speci®c domain from a subject-based perspective. At baseline there was no difference between the Other instruments in this area are Quality of Life three groups. At the last assessment the three (QoL) instruments (15±18), which have been used in groups were signi®cantly different (ANOVA; trials of antidepressants but on which, to date, P<0.0001) with mean SASS total scores of 35.3 46 Reboxetine and social functioning P<0.05 Reboxetine vs. placebo Fluoxetine vs. placebo Reboxetine vs. fluoxetine Fig. 1. Mean SASS total scores over time in patients in the reboxetine, ¯uoxetine and placebo groups. (reboxetine), 31.9 (¯uoxetine) and 27.2 (placebo), signi®cant differences between ¯uoxetine and corresponding to an average improvement with placebo were detected. respect to baseline of 41% in the reboxetine group, The results of the point±biserial correlation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub
    US 20130289061A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2013/0289061 A1 Bhide et al. (43) Pub. Date: Oct. 31, 2013 (54) METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS TO Publication Classi?cation PREVENT ADDICTION (51) Int. Cl. (71) Applicant: The General Hospital Corporation, A61K 31/485 (2006-01) Boston’ MA (Us) A61K 31/4458 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (72) Inventors: Pradeep G. Bhide; Peabody, MA (US); CPC """"" " A61K31/485 (201301); ‘4161223011? Jmm‘“ Zhu’ Ansm’ MA. (Us); USPC ......... .. 514/282; 514/317; 514/654; 514/618; Thomas J. Spencer; Carhsle; MA (US); 514/279 Joseph Biederman; Brookline; MA (Us) (57) ABSTRACT Disclosed herein is a method of reducing or preventing the development of aversion to a CNS stimulant in a subject (21) App1_ NO_; 13/924,815 comprising; administering a therapeutic amount of the neu rological stimulant and administering an antagonist of the kappa opioid receptor; to thereby reduce or prevent the devel - . opment of aversion to the CNS stimulant in the subject. Also (22) Flled' Jun‘ 24’ 2013 disclosed is a method of reducing or preventing the develop ment of addiction to a CNS stimulant in a subj ect; comprising; _ _ administering the CNS stimulant and administering a mu Related U‘s‘ Apphcatlon Data opioid receptor antagonist to thereby reduce or prevent the (63) Continuation of application NO 13/389,959, ?led on development of addiction to the CNS stimulant in the subject. Apt 27’ 2012’ ?led as application NO_ PCT/US2010/ Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising 045486 on Aug' 13 2010' a central nervous system stimulant and an opioid receptor ’ antagonist.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacological Characterizations of H05, a Novel Potent Serotonin And
    JPET/2018/248351 Title: Pharmacological characterization of (3-(benzo[d][1,3] dioxol-4-yloxy) -3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N, N-dimethylpropan-1-amine (H05), a novel serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor with moderate 5-HT2A antagonist activity for the treatment of depression Authors: Xiangqing Xu, Yaqin Wei, Qiang Guo, Song Zhao, Zhiqiang Liu, Ting Xiao, Yani Liu, Yinli Qiu, Yuanyuan Hou, Guisen Zhang and KeWei Wang Affiliations: Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China (X.X., T.X., K.W.W.); School of pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China (Y.W.); Institute of pharmaceutical research, Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China (Q.G., S.Z., Z.L., Y.Q., Y.H., G.Z.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (Y.L., K.W.W.) 1 Running title page Running title: A novel SNRI with 5-HT2A antagonist activity for treatment of depression Corresponding author: KeWei Wang Address: No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China. Tel: 86•10•82805605; E•mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Number of text pages: 57 Number of tables: 3 Number of figures: 7 Number of references: 71 Words in Abstract: 248 Words in Introduction: 712 Words in Discussion:1357 Abbreviations: ADs: antidepressants; SSRIs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; NRIs: norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; SNRIs: serotonin and norepinephrine
    [Show full text]
  • Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
    Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences Series Editors Mark A. Geyer, La Jolla, CA, USA Bart A. Ellenbroek, Wellington, New Zealand Charles A. Marsden, Nottingham, UK For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7854 About this Series Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences provides critical and comprehensive discussions of the most significant areas of behavioral neuroscience research, written by leading international authorities. Each volume offers an informative and contemporary account of its subject, making it an unrivalled reference source. Titles in this series are available in both print and electronic formats. With the development of new methodologies for brain imaging, genetic and genomic analyses, molecular engineering of mutant animals, novel routes for drug delivery, and sophisticated cross-species behavioral assessments, it is now possible to study behavior relevant to psychiatric and neurological diseases and disorders on the physiological level. The Behavioral Neurosciences series focuses on ‘‘translational medicine’’ and cutting-edge technologies. Preclinical and clinical trials for the development of new diagostics and therapeutics as well as prevention efforts are covered whenever possible. Cameron S. Carter • Jeffrey W. Dalley Editors Brain Imaging in Behavioral Neuroscience 123 Editors Cameron S. Carter Jeffrey W. Dalley Imaging Research Center Department of Experimental Psychology Center for Neuroscience University of Cambridge University of California at Davis Downing Site Sacramento, CA 95817 Cambridge CB2 3EB USA UK ISSN 1866-3370 ISSN 1866-3389 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-642-28710-7 ISBN 978-3-642-28711-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-28711-4 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012938202 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development
    Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development Neal G . Simon , Ph . D. Professor Department of Biological Sciences Disclaimer “Those wh o h ave k nowl ed ge, d on’t predi ct . Those who predict, don’t have knowledge.” Lao Tzu, 6th Century BC Chinese Poet Discovery and Preclinical Development I. Background II. The R&D Landscape III. ItidTftiInnovation and Transformation IV. The Preclinical Development Process V. Case Study: Stress-related Affective Disorders Serendipity or Good Science: Building Opportunity Hoffman Osterhof I. Background Drug Development Process Biopharmaceutical Drug Development: Attrition Drug FDA Large Scale Discovery Pre-Clinical Clinical Trials Review Manufacturing / Phase IV Phase I Phase III 20-100 1000-5000 Volunteers Volunteers 10,000 bmitted 1 FDA Com- bmitted 250 Compounds 5 Compounds uu pound uu AdApproved s Drug NDA S NDA IND S Phase II 100-500 Volunteers 5 years 1.5 years 6 years 2 years 2 years Quelle: Burrell Report Biotechnology Industry 2006 Capitalized Cost Estimates per New Molecule *All R&D costs (basic research and preclinical development) prior to initiation of clinical testing ** Based on a 5-year shift and prior growth rates for the preclinical and clinical periods. DiMasi and Grabowski (2007) II. The Research & Developppment Landscape R&D Expenditures and Return on Investment: A Declining Function Phrma (2005); Tufts CSDD (2005) R&D Expenditures 1992-2004 and FDA Approvals Hu et al (2007) NIH Budget by Area Pharmaceutical Industry: Diminishing Returns “That is why the business model is under threat: the ability to devise new molecules through R&D and bring them to market is not keeping up with what ’s being lost to generic manufacturers on the other end.
    [Show full text]
  • (1) Jan–Mar 2018
    HIPPOCRATIC JOURNAL OF UNANI MEDICINE Volume 13, Number 1, January – March 2018 Hippocratic J. Unani Med. 13(1): 1 - 74, 2018 CENTRAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH IN UNANI MEDICINE Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) Government of India Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Prof. Asim Ali Khan Director General, CCRUM Editor Mohammad Niyaz Ahmad Research Officer (Publication), CCRUM Associate Editors Dr. Naheed Parveen Assistant Director (Unani), CCRUM Dr. Ghazala Javed Research Officer (Unani) Scientist – IV, CCRUM Dr. T. Mathiyazhagan Senior Consultant (Scientific Writing), CCRUM Advisory Board - International Dr. Fabrizio Speziale, Paris, FRANCE Dr. Suraiya H. Hussein, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA Mrs. Sadia Rashid, Karachi, PAKISTAN Prof. Ikhlas A. Khan, USA Dr. Maarten Bode, Amsterdam, THE NETHERLANDS Prof. Abdul Hannan, Karachi, PAKISTAN Prof. Usmanghani Khan, Karachi, PAKISTAN Prof. Rashid Bhikha, Industria, SOUTH AFRICA Advisory Board - National Prof. Allauddin Ahmad, Patna Prof. G.N. Qazi, New Delhi Prof. Talat Ahmad, New Delhi Prof. Ranjit Roy Chaudhury, New Delhi Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah, Chennai Prof. Wazahat Husain, Aligarh Dr. Nandini Kumar, New Delhi Prof. K.M.Y. Amin, Aligarh Dr. O.P. Agarawal, New Delhi Dr. A.B. Khan, Aligarh Prof. Y.K. Gupta, New Delhi Dr. Neena Khanna, New Delhi Prof. A. Ray, New Delhi Dr. Mohammad Khalid Siddiqui, Faridabad Prof. S. Shakir Jamil, New Dlehi Prof. Ghufran Ahmed, Aligarh Prof. Mansoor Ahmad Siddiqui, Bengaluru Dr. M.A. Waheed,
    [Show full text]
  • GPCR/G Protein
    Inhibitors, Agonists, Screening Libraries www.MedChemExpress.com GPCR/G Protein G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) perceive many extracellular signals and transduce them to heterotrimeric G proteins, which further transduce these signals intracellular to appropriate downstream effectors and thereby play an important role in various signaling pathways. G proteins are specialized proteins with the ability to bind the nucleotides guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP). In unstimulated cells, the state of G alpha is defined by its interaction with GDP, G beta-gamma, and a GPCR. Upon receptor stimulation by a ligand, G alpha dissociates from the receptor and G beta-gamma, and GTP is exchanged for the bound GDP, which leads to G alpha activation. G alpha then goes on to activate other molecules in the cell. These effects include activating the MAPK and PI3K pathways, as well as inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger in the plasma membrane, and the lowering of intracellular Ca2+ levels. Most human GPCRs can be grouped into five main families named; Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled/Taste2, and Secretin, forming the GRAFS classification system. A series of studies showed that aberrant GPCR Signaling including those for GPCR-PCa, PSGR2, CaSR, GPR30, and GPR39 are associated with tumorigenesis or metastasis, thus interfering with these receptors and their downstream targets might provide an opportunity for the development of new strategies for cancer diagnosis, prevention and treatment. At present, modulators of GPCRs form a key area for the pharmaceutical industry, representing approximately 27% of all FDA-approved drugs. References: [1] Moreira IS. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Jan;1840(1):16-33.
    [Show full text]
  • Lactose Intolerance and Health: Evidence Report/Technology Assessment, No
    Evidence Report/Technology Assessment Number 192 Lactose Intolerance and Health Prepared for: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 540 Gaither Road Rockville, MD 20850 www.ahrq.gov Contract No. HHSA 290-2007-10064-I Prepared by: Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center, Minneapolis, MN Investigators Timothy J. Wilt, M.D., M.P.H. Aasma Shaukat, M.D., M.P.H. Tatyana Shamliyan, M.D., M.S. Brent C. Taylor, Ph.D., M.P.H. Roderick MacDonald, M.S. James Tacklind, B.S. Indulis Rutks, B.S. Sarah Jane Schwarzenberg, M.D. Robert L. Kane, M.D. Michael Levitt, M.D. AHRQ Publication No. 10-E004 February 2010 This report is based on research conducted by the Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) under contract to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Rockville, MD (Contract No. HHSA 290-2007-10064-I). The findings and conclusions in this document are those of the authors, who are responsible for its content, and do not necessarily represent the views of AHRQ. No statement in this report should be construed as an official position of AHRQ or of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The information in this report is intended to help clinicians, employers, policymakers, and others make informed decisions about the provision of health care services. This report is intended as a reference and not as a substitute for clinical judgment. This report may be used, in whole or in part, as the basis for the development of clinical practice guidelines and other quality enhancement tools, or as a basis for reimbursement and coverage policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating a Stepped Care Model of Screening and Treatment for Depression Into Malawi's National HIV Care Delivery Platform
    1 Integrating a Stepped Care Model of Screening and Treatment for Depression into Malawi's National HIV Care Delivery Platform 23 February, 2021 - v1 (ID: R01MH117760) 2 Stepped Care for Depression at Integrated Chronic Care Centers (IC3D) in Malawi: Study Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial INTRODUCTION In low- and middle-income countries (LAMICs), mental disorders like major depression often account for a larger burden of disease than HIV and malaria combined;1 yet, three- quarters of affected individuals receive no treatment.2 The funding landscape accounts for much of this discrepancy: In 2017, international funding for HIV was $US9.5 billion, compared to $US130M for mental disorders—roughly a 70-fold difference.3 The economic impact of this under-investment, in terms of lost human capital, is expected to reach $30 trillion worldwide over a 20-year period.4 Malawi represents a paradigm case: despite being the second poorest country in the world5 and having one of the ten highest HIV incidences,6 international efforts have successfully built a system of care to address the HIV epidemic. Nevertheless, over 90% of those requiring treatment for depression have yet to receive care,7 even though depression is one of the leading causes of disability in Malawi.8 One recent study estimated the point prevalence of depression in Malawi at 19%.9 Underlying the paucity of depression care is a perception that, relative to treatments for infectious disease, treatments for mental disorders are more time-intensive and less cost- effective.10 However, research to-date has two major shortcomings: First, evaluations often study the cost of stand-alone programs, rather than leveraging existing infrastructure to integrate care, which would reduce costs.11 The HIV care platform in Malawi, comprising a network of 708 facilities, represents one such example.
    [Show full text]
  • European Journal of Pharmacology 753 (2015) 2–18
    European Journal of Pharmacology 753 (2015) 2–18 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect European Journal of Pharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejphar Review Serotonin: A never-ending story Berend Olivier a,b,n a Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences & Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands b Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA article info abstract Article history: The neurotransmitter serotonin is an evolutionary ancient molecule that has remarkable modulatory Accepted 16 October 2014 effects in almost all central nervous system integrative functions, such as mood, anxiety, stress, aggression, Available online 7 November 2014 feeding, cognition and sexual behavior. After giving a short outline of the serotonergic system (anatomy, Keywords: receptors, transporter) the author's contributions over the last 40 years in the role of serotonin in Serotonin depression, aggression, anxiety, stress and sexual behavior is outlined. Each area delineates the work Depression performed on animal model development, drug discovery and development. Most of the research work Anxiety described has started from an industrial perspective, aimed at developing animals models for psychiatric Aggression diseases and leading to putative new innovative psychotropic drugs, like in the cases of the SSRI SSRI fluvoxamine, the serenic eltoprazine and the anxiolytic flesinoxan. Later this research work mainly focused Fluvoxamine on developing translational animal models for psychiatric diseases and implicating them in the search for mechanisms involved in normal and diseased brains and finding new concepts for appropriate drugs. & 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Serotonin, history, drugs .
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease
    Review Article Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors in Parkinson’s Disease Philippe Huot,1,2,3 Susan H. Fox,1,2 and Jonathan M. Brotchie1 1 Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8 2Division of Neurology, Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399BathurstStreet,Toronto,ON,CanadaM5T2S8 3Department of Pharmacology and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, UniversitedeMontr´ eal´ and Centre Hospitalier de l’UniversitedeMontr´ eal,´ Montreal,´ QC, Canada Correspondence should be addressed to Jonathan M. Brotchie; [email protected] Received 19 September 2014; Accepted 26 December 2014 Academic Editor: Maral M. Mouradian Copyright © 2015 Philippe Huot et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The motor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are secondary to a dopamine deficiency in the striatum. However, the degenerative process in PD is not limited to the dopaminergic system and also affects serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons. Because they can increase monoamine levels throughout the brain, monoamine reuptake inhibitors (MAUIs) represent potential therapeutic agents in PD. However, they are seldom used in clinical practice other than as antidepressants and wake-promoting agents. This review
    [Show full text]
  • Methamphetamine-Induced Degeneration of Dopaminergic Neurons Involves Autophagy and Upregulation of Dopamine Synthesis
    The Journal of Neuroscience, October 15, 2002, 22(20):8951–8960 Methamphetamine-Induced Degeneration of Dopaminergic Neurons Involves Autophagy and Upregulation of Dopamine Synthesis Kristin E. Larsen,1 Edward A. Fon,2 Teresa G. Hastings,3 Robert H. Edwards,4 and David Sulzer1 1Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Columbia University, and Department of Neuroscience, New York Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, 2Centre for Neuronal Survival, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada, 3Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, and 4Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 Methamphetamine (METH) selectively injures the neurites of pression. METH administration also promoted the synthesis of dopamine (DA) neurons, generally without inducing cell death. It DA via upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity, resulting in has been proposed that METH-induced redistribution of DA an elevation of cytosolic DA even in the absence of vesicular from the vesicular storage pool to the cytoplasm, where DA can sequestration. Electron microscopy and fluorescent labeling oxidize to produce quinones and additional reactive oxygen confirmed that METH promoted the formation of autophagic species, may account for this selective neurotoxicity. To test granules, particularly in neuronal varicosities and, ultimately, this hypothesis, we used mice heterozygous (ϩ/Ϫ) or homozy- within cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, we pro- gous (Ϫ/Ϫ) for the brain vesicular monoamine uptake trans- pose that METH neurotoxicity results from the induction of a porter VMAT2, which mediates the accumulation of cytosolic specific cellular pathway that is activated when DA cannot be DA into synaptic vesicles.
    [Show full text]
  • Concerted but Segregated Actions of Oxytocin and Vasopressin Within the Ventral and 2 Dorsal Lateral Septum Determine Female Aggression
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.28.224873; this version posted July 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Concerted but segregated actions of oxytocin and vasopressin within the ventral and 2 dorsal lateral septum determine female aggression 3 4 Vinícius Elias de Moura Oliveira1, Michael Lukas3, Hannah Nora Wolf1, Elisa Durante1, 5 Alexandra Lorenz1, Anna-Lena Mayer1, Anna Bludau1, Oliver J. Bosch1, Valery Grinevich4, 6 Veronica Egger3, Trynke R. de Jong1,2, Inga D. Neumann1* 7 8 1Department of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Behavioural and Molecular 9 Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 10 2Medische Biobank Noord-Nederland B.V. Groningen, Netherlands 11 3Department of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Neurophysiology, University of 12 Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 13 4Department of Neuropeptide Research in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, 14 Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany 15 *Corresponding author [email protected] 16 17 18 ABSTRACT: 19 In contrast to males, aggression in females has been rarely studied. Here, we established a rat 20 model of enhanced female aggression using a combination of social isolation and aggression- 21 training to specifically investigate the involvement of the oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin 22 (AVP) systems within the lateral septum (LS). Using neuropharmacological, optogenetic, 23 chemogenetic as well as microdialyses approaches, we revealed that enhanced OXT release 24 within the ventral LS (vLS), combined with reduced AVP release within the dorsal LS (dLS), 25 are required for female aggression.
    [Show full text]