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MarchPIONEER 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011Issue 11 Vol 002 5 SDG 2 USD South Sudan’s bright economic prospects- World Bank

Otieno Ogeda

ith less than four months to indepen- dence of SouthW Sudan, analysts fore- see speedy economic growth of a region that has been coupled with confl ict for many years. World Bank reveals that the region’s economic growth would surprise many people by the massive ex- pectations coated with hard work and willingness to set stronger institutions. “South Sudan is start- ing on a new page with enormous experiences from other States which if well placed would catalyse both socio-economic and political growth,” asserts Shantayan- an Devarajan, World Bank’s African Chief Economist. On his three day visit to South Sudan, Shantayanan says that the commitment the citizens have shown towards the Government of Southern Sudan should be turned into a reality following the tremendous referendum vote that saw Southerners vote a world referendum record of over 98 percent. South Sudan celebrates its fi rst independence on July 9 after voting over- Full story on page 2

Leading woman SPLM economic An interview with the The role of Southern Sudan journalist dies in blueprint ahead of Minister of Higher Human Rights Commission accident page 3 independence page 4 Education page 6 explained page 15 2 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 National News South Sudan’s bright economic prospects- World Bank Continued from page 1 izens had always anticipated. would stimulate their econom- He singled out that oil ic power at a steady rate thus whelmingly for separation from funds are temporary and that later broaden their tax revenue the North. the GoSS should be keen on al- to the government basket,” he He told Pioneer Weekly ternative long term investment explained. that GoSS leaders should seize approaches like agriculture, He added that the oil rev- this rare opportunity to tackle transport and communication enue should not be set for challenges facing citizenry by that would prevent future gaps consumption but for enhanc- inventing in sectors that would in the economy after the wells ing other economies that are bolster the country’s economy will have dried up. bound to sustain for a long like the agriculture. “It is in records that oil time. “It is common knowledge revenue base sustain beyond Shantayanan further added that Southerners’ level of ex- eight years and it would be that South Sudan will be a pectation is higher as evident prudent for the leadership to member of World Bank and in the recent referendum vote come up with new economic other international fi nancial and it is very critical for the avenues to counter such prede- institutions like International leadership to mutually engage termined short term gains from Monetary Fund IMF once the all in planning for their des- the oil wells,” he added. declaration of independence is tiny,” added Shantayanan. Shantayanan Shantayanan opted for promulgated in July but the He thanked the commit- Devarajan key propeller to development of a state of affairs where the procedure will start with the ment he experienced while a “brand new” country emerging oil revenues are given to the admission of the State to the paying courtesy calls to the being from confl ict. citizens to create markets IMF and before the subsequent GoSS leadership and urged for interviewed that would stimulate the local membership with the World establishment of institutions Oil revenue economies before any tangible Bank. that would help fuel effective by Otieno taxation can be instilled to South Sudan will become use of resources for their in- The World Bank Africa’s Chief the general population in such the 53rd sovereign State in tended purpose. Ogeda-Photo Economist regretted that oil pro- non-existent economies. the African continent after By so doing that, Shan- by Albino Olak ducing countries in Africa have “Let the poor citizens get the declaration of its indepen- tayanan pointed out as the never enjoyed the resource as cit- access to the oil revenues that dence.

Aerial view of Juba town

These and more... find it in The Pioneer The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 3 National News Leading woman journalist dies in road accident By Joseph Oduha Malakiya Road as it happened of knowledge in media. at the narrow bridge between “She was honest with her Juba Haya Cinema and Malakiya. staff and always motivating us The son later explained even during hard times,” said he Executive Direc- that the lorry driver had lost Stella, adding that Apollonia tor of Association control of his vehicle before has left a big gap in her heart. for Media Women hitting the pair from behind at Late Apollonia was born in Tin Southern Sudan the bridge. 1950s and she was once the Amwiss, Mrs Apollonia Matia “We were going to the Min- Information Manager at the is dead. istry with my mother before we Catholic Church in Juba before Appolonia met her death were sandwiched by the truck she joined the Ministry of Fi- while riding on a motorcycle that was ferrying the water,” nance as a secretary in 1978. from her offi ce located at the Gabriel explained while sup- She quit the public sector Association for Media Devel- pressing pain and sorrow after and joined the media where opment in Southern Sudan, learning of his mother’s death. she became Managing Editor Amdiss Haya Malakiya heading She was rushed to the Juba with Juba Post. towards the Ministry of Legal Teaching Hospital a few metres Until her death, Apollonia Affairs and Constitutional De- away from the scene of the was an Assistant Consultant velopment. accident where the doctor con- with World Bank in Juba. According to an eye wit- fi rmed her dead. Later she worked with the ness, the prominent journalist Shock, sorrow and dismay Juba Post newspaper as the was being taken on a bodaboda engulfed the Amdiss offi ce af- managing editor. by her son Peter Gabriel before ter her colleagues learnt of her She was at the time of her a water truck lost control and tragic death. death founder and Executive hit the motorcycle from be- Stella Moriku, Administra- Director of Amwiss. hind, killing her instantly. tive Secretary at the Amwiss Apollonia was one of the The accident caused heavy described Apollonia as great senior female journalists in traffi c along Haya Cinema and Mrs Apollonia Matia teacher with enormous amount Southern Sudan. Want to protect your car from being stolen? VIN etching It has been proven that by having your vehicles identifi cation etched on your vehicle drastically reduces the chances of VIN# is applied having it stolen. Also, cars to windshield, actually stolen that have side glass and rear window, VIN etching are recovered front and rear 60% - 85% more often and lights. returned to the owners than non VIN Etched cars. Call us now on tel: +249 903 837482, +249 955 579 884. email: [email protected], www.newcush.com or visit us at our etching points in Juba town, car number plate centre, after Mountains Trade and Development Bank Juba, Southern Sudan and Secure your car 4 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 National News Oyay Deng on relocation of Capital City he Chair of Committee for the relocation Tof the Capital of the South Sudan, Gen Oyay Deng Ajak recently briefed the press on the steps being taken by the Government of Southern Sudan regarding the proposed relocation of the capital city of Southern Sudan. Gen Oyay Deng Ajak has been travelling to some Gen Oyay Deng Ajak, Minister of Investment of the proposed tral Equatoria State to decide city of South Sudan. The third option is that that Juba shall remain the in- sites to acquaint the location. Option two is for the com- the government and the lo- terim capital city of Southern That committee has done a munity and the government cal community here to allot a Sudan. Now the problem that himself with the lot of work and has conducted of CES to identify a suitable place east of the Nile. The area is arising is that the constitu- situation on the numerous discussions but location within the vicinity which I proposed but with the tion of CES legitimizes that without reaching an agree- of Juba for the capital city of decree from the President is Juba shall remain the capital spot. Below is ment. When they submitted South Sudan. that the portion might be ear- City of CES. the extract from their reports to the Council of marked for the Capital city for Here in Juba, We have two Ministers no agreement had Here in Juba, We have South Sudan. governments and Juba will his statement to been reached between the two governments and The last option is to take become unmanageable. It is Government of Southern Sudan the Capital city to Ramciel and becoming smaller. It is based journalists in Juba. and the Government of Central Juba will become of course if you would want me on this that the Government Two weeks ago the Presi- Equatoria. unmanageable. It is to shed more on Ramciel then of Southern Sudan under the dent of the GoSS, Gen Salva So recently in my capacity becoming smaller. It I will. President and with the resolu- Kiir formed a High Level Min- as Minister of Investment came When we were still in the tions made by Council of Min- isterial Committee composed up with the proposal for Juba is based on this that struggle, the leadership of the isters, decided that we must of nine ministers under my to remain as the capital of city the Government of SPLM under the chairmanship, have a national capital city chairmanship. This commit- of CES and GoSS could relocate the late President Dr John Ga- that is a territory that will be tee has the task fi rst to talk to another place .Of course Southern Sudan under rang De Mabior sat down in Yei managed by the Government of to the communities and to the I proposed a site east of the the President and and passed a resolution that Southern Sudan. governors in some locations Nile. This was discussed in the with the resolutions the future capital of South Su- The government will ap- in Southern Sudan to identify Council of Ministers and the dan would be in Ramciel. point a mayor to manage the a suitable place to be capital recommendation that came out made by Council of Ramciel, is an area that is town or city but the idea is to city of the Republic of South by then was that the President Ministers, decided carved from part of Greater be separate the capital from Sudan. was to form a committee. The Bahr El Ghazal, part of Lakes the capital city of CES. Maybe I will take you back one I am now heading is the that we must have a State, part of Greater Upper, You have seen the conges- a little bit. In 2006, a com- committee. national capital city Nile Jonglei and part of Greater tion in Juba. There are many mittee was formed under the The committee was tasked that is a territory that Equatoria and then you will roads and the city cannot be chairmanship of Hon John with four options, one of have a bigger area that will properly planned. It is an old Luk Jok, the current Minister which is for the government will be managed by make a capital of South Sudan. colonial plan and we cannot for Legal Affairs and Constitu- of Central Equatoria State to the Government of After the signing of the cope with the way the city is tional Development to discuss relocate to another location CPA, in the Constitution of expanding. with the Government of Cen- and Juba to remain the capital Southern Sudan Southern Sudan, it was agreed The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 5 SeenorHeard

Fortress Seat of Government also business district Juba uba is acquiring the distinctive reputation for being the ollowing the tragic death only capital city of a region soon to become a sovereign To advertise last month of the Minis- State that accommodates shopping centres and other ter of Cooperatives and Jbusiness premises that should be located in the city busi- Regional Development, ness district. It appears that neither the authorities of the host, the F Central Equatoria State nor the Government of Southern Sudan see Jimmy Lemy Milla, through the gun shots fi red by a relative of the anything wrong with this blend: serious matters of State being de- on this space late politician, security has been cided next door to a market place. stepped up in all the government buildings, mostly ministries where rifl e totting policemen/women are visible at the gates and inside please contact reception precincts of ministers’ Power struggle among offi ces. The heaviest contingent of armed bodyguards is stationed at the leadership of the Ministry of Finance and Eco- our Sales and nomic Planning. This step is under- standable: someone following pay- Muslims rumoured ment for a very long time may bend his publication has received impeccable reports that their anger on the offi cials who there is a serious rift within the leadership of the Muslim process payment by taking law into community of Southern Sudan. It is alleged that when Marketing their own hands. Who will bear the some Muslim leaders decided that the community should responsibility for such eventuality? T vote for secession of the South from the dominant Muslim North, The Ministry of Internal Affairs. A some members who prefer the country to remain one could not source close to the Ministry of the stomach the move. Other sources indicate that the difference had Internal Affairs in a discussion with little or nothing to do with the way eligible Muslims in the South team on this publication has assured the should vote in the referendum. According to these sources which public that there was no cause for did not want to be named were a result of personal differences be- alarm. “Everywhere in the world, tween some senior leaders especially regarding management style even in the US, protection of VIP is +249 955 552 164 of the affairs of the Muslims in the South in general and Juba in the responsibility of security ma- particular. chinery.” 6 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Interview Ministry of Higher Education Grappling with Issues of Change

ith Southern Sudan to become an independent Asantewaa: What country in is the position of the July this year, Ministry of Higher Education and the preparations for transfer of Southern universities from the statehood are North back to the North after Southern taking place in nearly in all the ministries Sudan has voted for Win the region. The Ministry of Higher independence? Minister Ukel: Education, science and Technology in the The Ministry of Higher Education was Government of Southern Sudan has more established in June than its share of problems. These include 2010, to bring back Southern universi- the transfer of students, staff and assets ties to their original places. The priority of the Southern universities that were was to transfer the relocated to the North during the war. three Southern uni- Q: What challenges and Joseph Ukel Abango versities; Upper Nile is the Ministry of in the Government of Northern teaching staff who constituted 80 University, Bahr el Southern Sudan [in Juba] per cent are not coming the South while Ghazal University and Higher Education condemned the act. It was University of Juba, to facing with wrong for the authorities assets in transit to the region have been Southern Sudan. to take over private assets During the war relocating the of the university. impounded at Kosti river port in the North. the three Southern universities to the This can be resolved universities were op- South? together with other re- As if these were not difficult enough for the erating in Khartoum. maining post-referendum The University of The challenge the ministry issues being discussed be- Ministry of Higher Education in Juba, there Juba had four facul- faces with transferring the uni- tween the South and the ties, while Bahr el is mushroom of private universities that versities and students is vast. North. We are seeking a Ghazal University and The assets of the University solution from our leaders. Upper Nile University are believed do not meet internationally of Juba were impounded by The Federal Govern- had two faculties authorities in Kosti in transit ment is also planning to recognised academic standards. To close each in Khartoum. to Juba. The pre-text was that take over the university Currently the these centres of learning, the students these assets were going to be premises in Kaduro. All ministry is focusing used by the new university the buildings were built on the following: complain that they are being denied the that was going to replace the by the University of Juba. transportation of University of Juba. The new They cannot be turned opportunity to receive higher education. Southern Sudanese institution is called Peace into other universities students, university University. This university was without approval from the To shed light on what the ministry is doing employees and their to accommodate Northern stu- University of Juba. families from the to solve the problems The Pioneer’s senior dents studying in the Southern Bringing back the uni- North. This process universities in the North. versities will mean that reporter ASANTEWAA lo LIYONG this also includes the It was just a ploy to prevent we will need more lecture transportation of all the assets of the South from halls, laboratories, staff week held a conversation with the Minister Southern university reaching their original places. accommodation and hos- assets from the North of Higher Education in the Government The items from Kosti were tels for the students. to the South. So far returned to Khartoum. Both Recently the ministry 80 percent of these of Southern Sudan, MR JOSEPH UKEL ministers of Higher Education, held a workshop where we tasks have been ac- Peter Adwok in the Federal invited all the vice chan- ABANGO. Excepts appear below. complished. Government in Khartoum] cellors of the Southern The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 7 Interview universities, to give their sta- They are functioning and there istry of the qualifi cations New policy of tistics of available resources on is no way the ministry can and number of staff they the ground and what resources close them down, nor freeze will be employing, the are required. them, because the opinion of number of colleges which We requested fi nancial sup- communities that we have uni- will be opened, the intake Housing Ministry port from the Government of versities closing them would be and admission require- Southern Sudan to assist with a challenge. ments of the students. By Joseph Oduha the transfers. The Ministry of We are willing to assist vice [These requirements will Finance released some money chancellors who are appointed also include] the tuition which will be utilised for with a small number of staff fees that the institution maintenance and completion and budgets. The government will charge. These condi- of lecture halls. By the time will give budget for operations tions were stipulated by the university is open on May and water. Generally the Min- the ministry and vice 15 there will be minimum ac- istry of Higher Education with chancellors were given a commodation [for staff and the vice chancellors will un- period to submit to the students] for the university to dertake the ownership of the Ministry of Higher Educa- operate. institutions. tion their compliance with Staffi ng is another ma- these conditions. jor issue with relocating the Q: Numerous private However, no private universities. The majority of universities have institution has approached Southern university staff in the ministry with the re- Khartoum is from Northern opened in Southern quired information. Some Sudan; 80 percent to be exact Sudan. Some of them of the private institutions and 20 percent are from the are operating illegally, and South. If the lecturers from are believed not be have already started teach- Northern Sudan do not come to up to [satisfactory ing. The fees charged are Southern Sudan we will have a academic] higher than the stipulated large vacuum to fi ll. charges by the Ministry We have to identify areas standards. What of Higher Education. Ad- where local and foreign staff measures is the mission requirements are can be engaged. We have to below standards; some he Government of South- appeal to people who can en- Minister of Higher institutions take in stu- gage in part-time teaching to Education taking dents that have no school ern Sudan Ministry of assist with the low number to ensure that these certifi cates. Lecture halls Housing and Physical Plan- of lecturers. Southern Suda- or laboratories are either nese teaching in the diaspora universities adhere borrowed from schools or ning has adapted a national should return to Southern Su- to government communities, with make- housingT policy .This was disclosed to dan to lecture at our universi- shift buildings. ties. Request for foreign staff regulations? The ministry has ad- The Pioneer by the Undersecretary to assist with some teaching A: Currently there are 16 vised the owners of the staff especially in areas of sci- of the Ministry of Housing and Physi- private universities in South- institutions adhere to the ence will also be put forward. ern Sudan. Almost the major- conditions of the govern- cal Planning, Dobuol Lualweng Wuol The ministry is aware that ity of the universities have no ment. However local com- in order to have good universi- in an interview in his office this week. proper facilities. munities send delegations ties we need to operate in our When the universities were questioning the minis- own premises. We are seeking The Undersecretary said that the open there were no objections try why they are being funding to build universities from the Ministry of Higher stopped from learning. policy is part of developmental strat- that will be of world standards. Education except that they The Ministry of Higher Four universities were egies being adopted by the Govern- had to adhere with government Education is not against opened by President Omar regulations. the promotion of educa- ment. Bashir last April. One in West- A university should have an tion. If you are qualifi ed, He said the ministry looks towards providing services to the ern Equatoria in Yambio, the acquisition of land, buildings, you have to graduate from people of Southern Sudan, stating that the policy aims at con- University of Torit for Eastern and report to the Ministry of reputable and accredited structing houses for rent to government offi cials and other will- Equatoria the University of Higher Education authorities. university. Without that ing individuals with affordable price. Northern Bahr el Ghazal, and They should inform the min- you will have a qualifi ca- The policy will be passing to the Council of Ministers, the Unity University in Bentiu. tion that is not recognised Ministry of Legal Affairs and Constitutional Development and to by the government and Parliament for fi nal approval particularly this year, he said. you will not be employed. He stated that the process will be carried out either in the The ministry is The Ministry of Higher proposed city, which is on hold on or in Juba. According to him, Education will review cer- the plan to relocate the city has not yet been approved as the tifi cates to see if they are state [Central Equatoria] authority is still in the process to sub- equivalent or higher than mit their document. aware that in order Sudan standards. Should He said the ministerial committee responsible for relocation certifi cates be below the plan has made three proposals, options which include Juba to required standard it will remain as the capital, or eastern bank or Ramchiel, north-west of to have good not be recognised in Juba. Southern Sudan. Mr Wuol said that the committee has visited all the three ar- Many people try to take eas, pointing out that the plan of the ministry for the proposed universities we opportunities and advan- site will be physical planning or master plan, adding that the tage of our situation, but ministry was waiting for the result of the relocation to be ap- its time for us to start with proved. need to operate in high standards. He went on to say that it was the right of all the citizens to A new country recogn- have affordable shelters. His ministry was working hard to realise ises the need for avoiding the plan, he concluded. our own premises opportunities to start right not to deceive people. 8 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Comment The PIONEER This senseless war must stop

few weeks ago had all along used various means negotiations that involved UN attained that objective yet. It has and other parties in the pub- what appeared to including media war by pro-NCP representatives. Athor, being not a also to be admitted that our sys- lic interest should be pursued be a modern mir- publications and State owned ra- free agent spurned the peace over- tem of governance leaves a lot to with vigour and sincerity. The A acle happened in dio and TV stations, intimidation ture from the GoSS. During the be desired. Corruption and other inclusion of the other parties in Sudan. On January 9 this year and procrastination in the imple- talks the cunning character used forms of abuse of offi ce exist. The the Constitution Review Com- the people of Southern Sudan at mentation of the remaining issues the ceasefi re to restock his mili- leader of the Government and the mittee is a welcomed move by home and in the diaspora voted contained in the CPA to be ironed tary store. With suffi cient weap- ruling party, SPLM has on several the SPLM. For their turn, the in a referendum as contained out before the interim period ends ons and ammunition his forces occasions stated publicly that we opposition parties must behave in the 2005 peace agreement on mid-night of July 8, 2011. turned against innocent civilians suffer from these vices and that rationally: there is no room for between the then warring par- At the time the two partners in Pan-gak County in north-west- they have to be fought and re- hatred and irresponsible ver- ties, the NCP led Government of were busy working out modalities ern Jonglei State. More than 200 moved from public life. bal onslaught that borders on Sudan and the SPLM represent- for the creation of two indepen- civilians were killed while over a Such a change for the bet- ethnic incitement and blanket ing the South. The exercise was dent States that will have to live 1000 people were unaccounted ter should be done in a peaceful condemnation of and generali- characterised by being peaceful in peace, stability and fruitful co- for. The renegade offi cer is not for means through our institutions sation about certain linguistic as voters showed exceptional operation for the benefi t of their peace as that will be a violation although they are still weak. communities. degree of discipline, patience respective citizens, armed rebel- of his agreement with those who Nurturing effective and function- Building of a solid and sus- and commitment. International lion was taking place in the Great- back, guide and supply him with ing institutions is the task of the tainable system of good gover- observers were impressed and er Upper Nile. Former SPLA offi cer lethal weapons to kill and infl ict hour. It is a mission that cannot nance that allows transparency happy with the way most voters George Athor and his like minded fear among peace-love and law- be left to the SPLM alone. The and accountability for leaders conducted themselves. Of course militias were attacking and killing abiding citizens. ruling party, for its part should requires the contributions of all: there were scattered and isolat- both members of the SPLA and This is a foolish and dangerous become tough in supervising and opposition parties, civil soci- ed incidents of violence. Overall, innocent civilians. Khartoum gave game. The North should remember disciplining its offi cials especially ety, media and so on. Resort to the referendum was a history the militias inappropriate media that a stable South will contribute those in government and senior armed means for change is not making event. A foreign diplo- coverage while denying any role enormously to the North by way State posts. Corrupt ministers the answer as violence begets vi- mat confessed that six months it had in the renewed violence, of trade and other forms of coop- must be either rebuked to mend olence. Why should we, the elite, earlier he and fellow diplomats claiming it to be Southerners on eration. Whether weak or appar- their ways or sacked as lesson to sentence our people to perpetual had doubted that the voting Southerners. Few believed the ently disunited or seen as inept, others that corruption and nepo- state of war simply because would take place on schedule. NCP/SAF denials. the South has a potential to cause tism are evil that should have no some of us have not obtained There were also uncertainties Whatever causes these ren- nasty trouble for the conventional within the ranks of the people positions of power and infl uence about the possibility of the pro- egades claim they are advancing North if it- the South- chose to do who fought precisely to end these in the system of rule? cess being marred by violence. there is no denying that their so in a retaliatory move. Darfur, aberrations. This is time for refl ection on Things went well, contrary to supplies of military logistics Southern Kordofan and Southern The assumption within the what we can give to the public, the worst feared that had domi- come from Khartoum unless one Blue Nile are tinder boxes that SPLM that it has the support of not what we will take away nating the thinking of many believes that it is the same SPLA anyone bent on destructive mea- all the members in the rural areas as a reward or for destruction people. Then well deserved cel- they are fi ghting that is their sures could exploit. The question should be reviewed. How can one to punish our enemies, real or ebrations and joy followed. quartermaster. Although the SPLA is: who will benefi t from these be a member of a party without imagined for past or current Another piece of good news has in its possession a helicopter destructive games whose outcome having been registered? It has disagreement. It is time when was the announcement from belonging to Khartoum authorities will be more suffering for both been observed that most SPLM the job of institution building Khartoum that the NCP leader- that was used to ferry war mate- the ordinary peoples from the two ministers spend more time in gov- such as fashioning out a good ship had accepted the choice riel to the renegades as proof, no regions now on the way to becom- ernment offi ces and not even an constitution is being carried out of the people of the South to person has ever come up with evi- ing two separate and independent hour at the party’s headquarters the quality that should guide opt for a nation of their own. dence implicating any foreign gov- countries? during their free times such as the leaders is statesmanship. Be- Khartoum told the world that ernment or organisation as back- As for the masterminds behind weekend. Members pay subscrip- ing a statesman/woman means, it would be the fi rst capital of ers of the mutineers. From that Athor and his company the mes- tion fees only when seeking to among other things, for a poli- an independent country to rec- premise, it is logical to point an sage for them is that the people of contest elections. If this mindset tician to have a huge amount ognise the emerging Republic accusing fi nger at the NCP leader- Southern Sudan did not fi ght to is not changed, it is not incon- of patience (for a loser to wait of South Sudan. It sounded too ship and SAF, using Southern Su- become independent for the sake ceivable that it will not be long for another chance and time to good to be true; some sceptics danese militias to destabilise the of independence: that status has before the SPLM will be an opposi- try again) and self-denial that among Southern Sudanese who region ahead of the declaration of to and must be a means towards tion party. And opposition mem- includes making decisions such are familiar with the NCP tac- independence in July. a greater and noble goal: the cre- bers of parliament do not become as retirement from public life as tics and strategies expressed The SPLM led Government of ation of a truly democratic society ministers except under special dictated by age or rejection by reservations about the change Southern Sudan pardoned Athor of equality where the rule of law circumstances. the public through fair and free of heart from the NCP who and his group and entered into will replace impunity. We have not Cooperation between the SPLM elections. P A word from the Editor

hile we were of Friday this week, Apollonia On behalf of the entire and forums, late Apollonia, a a habit that has plagued our preparing this Matia, the head of Association staff of The Pioneer I express soft spoken journalist, was a media fraternity. edition we of Women in Media who was our sincere condolences to the level headed human being who May her memory and Wreceived the being taken by her son on mo- grief-stricken family, friends talked to make a valid point, contribution to our inchoate news that one of our col- torbike died on the spot after and colleagues of late Apol- not for the sake of being heard media institutions live on leagues had died in a motor their machine was hit at the lonia. Having interacted with as is the case with a handful and be a consolation for her accident. In the afternoon back by a lorry. her on many media functions of some journalists among us, loved ones

Editorial Staff Editor: Atem Yaak Atem Editorial Assistant: Otieno Ogeda Hospitality and Fashion Editor: Asantewaa lo Liyong Contributing Editor: Atok John Sub Editor: Patricia Hughes Reporters: Joseph Oduha, Atong Atem Production: Dut Atem, Oduor Nicholas Amanya, Anyang Wei Ayuen Marketing and Circulation: Catherine Baatiyo, Rebecca Apajook Garang The Pioneer is published by Professional Publishers Company Our offi ces are at Bakhita FM Radio Station Complex near St Joseph Basic School and adjacent to Juba Teaching Hospital, Juba, Southern Sudan The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 9 Opinion Many of them are what one might call, briefcase par- ties, with nothing to show for the party except, per- haps, dishing out ill-gotten resources in order to buy support. The editorial team In 1987, when I was general secretary of the Sudan Council of Churches, I brought together seven political parties and chal- welcomes humours and lenged them to produce their manifestoes so that, they could go and argue with SPLM/A why they existed as separate political parties. To my surprise hardly did any cartoons or caricatures of them possess a political manifesto. Yet they existed or ran around claiming they were different political par- ties. Practically many of from readers them were sponsored by the same Northern political party. Their differences were in the names they had given themselves, but not in sub- stance. It took us several days of working together in my For the record offi ce that they managed to By Canon Clement Janda develop a common manifesto which they took to Addis [email protected] Ababa, Ethiopia, to meet with the SPLM/A. That gath- ering later was what led to the formation of USAP or the Union of Sudan African Parties. We must revisit the need What constitutes a to develop and register po- litical parties in the new Republic of South Sudan. The party law must require that certain conditions must obtain. There must be a clear political vision; it must be different from any other political party? existing party, and it must have gained support from all regions of the country. ed in the 18th century in Europe capital. Thus in the United King- want laws that protect them and Short of that briefcase politi- they started on the basis of in- dom the main political parties their families against exploita- cal parties that preach hate terests of groups. One group was are Labour Party which draws its tion by the employers. On the against individuals or certain the workers in factories, farms, support from trade unions, and other hand employers want to ethnic communities must be and any large investment that the Conservative Party whose protect their investments and denied registration. attracted labour, such as mining. membership and support come their profi ts from the workers. Workers organised themselves from the wealthy class. Later the What, now can we say of the into trade unions in order to en- Liberal Party developed, claiming many among us who claim to be Short of that hance their working conditions to be a middle-way party that leaders of political parties? Many and improve their earning capac- targeted disgruntled cadres from cannot even say what their par- briefcase ity from their employers. On the either Labour or the Conserva- ties stood for, except to say, political other hand, when the employers tive Party. they are against that party or saw themselves threatened by Similarly only two parties that leader. In short they tend parties that the power of the workers they dominate in the United States of to become “hate parties.” too organised themselves into America, namely the Democrats preach hate cartels to jointly protect their which draws support from the Many cannot even investments from the workers. workers or trade unions, and the against As a result of these movements Republicans which is the party say what their any people are political parties developed with of the rich. Each party tries to parties stood for, individuals or moving around a bid to gain political power get political power to protect its except to say, they claiming to for the protection of the group interests. certain ethnic have political rights. Political parties are not foot- are against that ball clubs which can only draw communities parties. Some One political party repre- party or that leader. haveM even baptised themselves sented the workers, hence the players from the neighbourhood. must be as “opposition parties”. It is im- development of Labour Party, in The clubs all subscribe to the In short they tend portant to revisit the history of Britain for example. On the oth- same ethos or rules. But political to become “hate denied political parties, so we can have er hand, another party from the parties must sell different views or vision of how society must be parties”. a context to some of the claims. employers or investors emerged registration. When political parties start- to gain power to protect their managed or governed. Workers 10 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Opinion Rule of law, human rights: backbone of the Republic of South Sudan Dr Hakim D. Moi, tread this path in earnest amid little or nothing if not given and conventions. There is the current sporadic violence teeth to bite in policy or in no room anymore for arbi- would like to bor- and deaths by the gun in our law, and leaves us with noth- trary rule and governance of row a leaf from the house? The answer is best left ing to show for it but substitu- our people, or their public commonly used to SPLM to articulate what its tions with hollow rhetoric and resources and country, by jargon of the rule current priorities are in gov- pretentions of claims to demo- either SPLM or any political ernment. cratic principles and values. party in government with- of lawI as entry point to this discussion, and what it means The SPLM in particular, How would SPLM govern out accountability and the to a new country and nation being the dominant political under obligations of a State rule of law. The constitu- that is just months away and party in government of the without effort and traction to tion and law of the country about to make appearance on new State, must be acutely begin to realise fundamental (interim or permanent) the world stage as the 193rd aware of the increased obli- rights of citizens to good gov- must therefore set out clear, newest State of the United Na- gations, responsibilities and ernance and accountability for legitimate and well-defi ned tions. There is ample reason demands upon the government corruption and abuse of their expectations of the conduct to celebrate and welcome the of RoSS to live up to legitimate public resources. If such failure of the future government newest State to the community international, regional and is not deliberate, is not a reci- of South Sudan as well as of democratic countries and public expectations in the new pe for anarchy and public dis- that of those governed, in nation-states in recognition of State to uphold human rights, quiet, I do not know what else order for the law to apply South Sudan people’s struggle give effect to rights in our it is. The claims to democratic equally to the government of for freedom, dignity and in- sion, I was acutely aware constitution, and contribute to transformation in so far as the South Sudan and its citizens, dependent existence at last. that my vote and that of peace building, confl ict resolu- creation of a legal environment and to its diverse ethnic I use the phrase “democratic millions of other fellow tion challenges within its own supportive of the development groups. This is all feasible country”, drawing on the CPA’s South Sudanese was my borders, and promote good of independent media and and achievable if the current heritage and presumption of passport to freedom and democratic governance of the public service broadcasting in leadership in South Sudan, democratic transformation deliverance at last into a new State. Southern Sudan over the last both government and the op- policy which SPLM advocated new entity in which my The road to that starts more than fi ve years, have not position to it (what ever it throughout the interim period, children, family and people here with the current ongoing to date materialised in the is, shape or form), prioritise and make the assumption that will have their full dignity review of the interim consti- passage of the long overdue the rule of law and realisa- this same policy will continue restored, in which they tution of South Sudan, and media legislation. This, in tion of human rights in the in the new State of RoSS with will have full enjoyment of subsequently some ways, nascent RoSS as a basis for vitality and determination to human rights, and all such the permanent The key is instruc- peace building and political succeed where others have rights as the economic, constitution. tive of the stability of the new state, failed. social and cultural rights, Drawing upon principle of the urgency we and without which we would The outcome of the referen- right to equality before the the heritage place to give be our own worst enemy as dum on secession of South Su- law and the right to life, from the CPA rule of law in effect in law the predictions seem to sug- dan, mandated by the CPA, had security and freedom of in the Interim and policy to gest. laid to rest for good, any lin- expression that is funda- Constitution the new state, well defi ned As the declarations of gering doubt about the desire, mental to the enjoyment of of Southern which I hope and legiti- independence July 9 is now aspirations and the people’s all other rights. Sudan, there mate rights upon, we are entirely re- longing for independent, and Come July 9, 2011, the is just enough SPLM must that are sponsible for choosing how sovereign existence in their declaration of South Sudan for a good start enshrined in we govern ourselves and lay own State. The rule of inter- independence as the new- to the interim be acutely our interim down the foundation of the national law as enshrined in est State in Africa comes constitution of constitu- new country, with the rule of the provisions of the CPA, and with greater obligations on our new State aware of, is tions. law being upper most in our the interim constitutions, gave the new nation to foster that is essential The key list of priorities for the new legal effect and legitimacy to and promote legally bind- for good gover- that the new principle of state, or some rule of law, or the outcome of the referendum ing rights and the rule of nance. There government of the rule of lack of it. It’s your decision, vote as exercised in a free, fair law which it cannot ignore is also just law in the no one else’s. and peaceful democratic envi- to be a viable democratic enough benefi t independent new state, Internally and with the ronment. State. The challenge before of the doubt which I hope outside world, and adopt The key test, to the ac- the government of the new left for SPLM, and sovereign SPLM must best practice international knowledgement of the world RoSS, including the vari- the current be acutely standards specially if such around us, was “free and fair” ous political formations of government and South Sudan aware of, communication is electronic democratic vote to choose the new country, would be its leadership is that the and using the Internet. And between unity and secession. to prioritise realisation of to emerge from must govern new gov- so that we abandon and And this constitutes the basis human rights and the rule the debilitating in accordance ernment of move away from the infa- for the declaration of South of law stipulations in the grip of cor- independent mous [email protected] Sudan independence in July nation’s constitution, and ruption that with and sover- If anyone in GoSS is in- 2011, which is protected by under international trea- is holding the eign South terested in this article, and internationally recognised and ties or regional conven- GoSS to ransom. established Sudan must needs guidance on policy, universally accepted standards tions to which it accedes Rights such as govern in and strategy for short and of application of the rule of or becomes a party to. Is enshrined in laws and accordance long term solutions, please law. So when I cast my vote on there evidence that we the ICSS Bill of with estab- let me know on: January 11 to choose seces- are indeed embarking to Rights mean conventions lished laws [email protected] The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 11 Opinion Lifting the lift Why investigative journalism is impossible in our society By Atem Yaak Atem

few weeks ago I newspapers and maga- Thalidomide, the medi- zines. cine that was supposed visited an important Some members of to mitigate morning sick- State office in the public believe that ness in pregnant women. Juba. I had gone journalists arrogate to It was later revealed that themselves the role of a the drug had dangerous to that institution watchdog. The three logi- side effects which caused to interview a cal questions that arise deformities in foetuses. out of such a claim have As a result of the revela- senior government always been: why do tion, Thalidomide was appointee on the progress of one of journalists think they are not only stopped from Akey social service projects. The head more virtuous than the use but also lawsuits that rest of people to “preach” resulted in the victims of the office was away on duty. This to others? Second, what being compensated fol- was my second visit to that office. The is the basis of their as- lowed. sumed holier-than-thou Also on the positive junior personnel were very polite and vantage point? Third, side of investigative jour- cooperative. I was led into one of the who watches over the nalism, some commenta- offices where I was seated. On the first watch dogs? tors think that the expo- These are truly diffi - sure of the massacre of visit I had noted something out of the cult questions. However, the entire Vietnamese My ordinary with the building. Signs of most media practitioners Lai village by the orders will state that although of a junior American of- decay were visible almost in all parts they do not have the fi cer during the Vietnam of the structure. The ceiling had many monopoly of rectitude or War in the 1960s to some cracks, and it was obvious that if it public. Traditionally, the Solomonic wisdom extent helped in shaping mass media until recent nor are they above the the American anti-war rained the roof would be leaking. times consisted of print- law. Their code of ethics public opinion at home. newspapers, magazines, and regulations become The anti-war protests reasons why many people newsletters. The begin- their guidelines, they will contributed in some ways are afraid of saying ev- ning of the last century argue in defence. There the US Government to of money.” “Thousands erything confi dential to witnessed the birth of ra- is also the self censor- seek peace talks with While being taken or millions in Sudanese journalists they hardly dio. A couple of decades ship factor or what one the Government of North around inside the offi ce pounds or dollars?” was know or trust. after that television could consider as mak- Vietnam that backed the building, my escort was my question. The offi cial followed suit. The last ing of sound judgements Viet Kong fi ghters. complaining about what would not accept to be Self-appointed two media have revo- based on they believe is Of course the his- I was seeing. The second dragged into releasing good doers lutionised the world in acceptable or otherwise tory of journalism has visit revealed a full pic- specifi c details because some ways. Although the even when there were no recorded commendable ture of what appeared he did not know the ex- Unlike law mak- two are often too expen- slightest chances of a law outcomes of investigative to be a disaster waiting act amount involved in ers, journalists are not sive for poor societies, being breached or in the journalism as well as its to happen. There were the construction. More elected by the people. they have the advantage presence of a Big Brother shameful forgeries. One gaping craters in several importantly, he had no But in theory, like leg- of being suitable where breathing over their of these was the false parts of the huge edifi ce; authority to talk about islators and other public many people do not read shoulders.. story of an eight year old a corner of one of the matters that had nothing servants media workers or write. Radio and tele- drug addict, Jimmy. It doors was almost falling to do with his assign- are accountable to the vision overcome natural Positive versus was all a hoax invented apart. Since I am not ment. I conjecture, too, people. Their place in barriers such as impass- irresponsible by an American reporter prepared to disclose the the persons who might the running of the af- able roads or mountains. working in the 1970s identity of the object un- have been involved in fairs of a modern society In recent years informa- journalism for the Washington der description, I better the construction, cost- comes fourth after the tion technology or IT Post who wanted to win Ask any serious jour- stop here. ing, payment and so executive and legislative has made it possible for a prize at a foul cost. nalist to name a positive One of my hosts told forth might put him branches, and judiciary, nearly everyone who is There have been false contribution a newspaper me that what I was wit- and possibly his supe- hence the old name the literate to participate in heroes who for a time or a television station nessing was a result of rior staffers, in trouble. Fourth Estate. an interactive manner, were believed to have has done in the service a shoddy architectural Finally, he was not sure Any medium that with little intervention uncovered wrong doings of humanity in particu- piece of work. The build- that I would not release can claim to serve many of editors, previously and by public fi gures only to lar, the chances are that ing was very new (time the bits of information, people, from where the even now, the bane of be discredited for lack one of the most cited of its construction will especially the identity phrase mass medium is poorer folks whose views of veracity. Investigative cases will be the Britain’s not be revealed here.) of the structure, to the derived, provides infor- hardly reached the public journalism is not a child The Sunday Times ex- The cost was described public. This last point mation, education and through the conventional play even for seasoned posure in the late 1960s in generalities: “a lot is important. I will later entertainment to the media, especially the reporters. on provide some of the of the defects caused by 12 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Opinion Problems of rule in Khartoum whose breeze wafted through investigative the South made it impos- Kenya Luol Deng journalism in sible for even the bold- On our approaches independence helps Bulls Southern Sudan est journalist to expose to beat wrong doings by the pub- uncertain in the footsteps elections Miami Heat This subtitle can be lic servants. of Sudan, Angola? 87-86 a book in its own right. Paradoxically, the Page 8 Page 13 Page 42 But for lack of space I political environment will just list, with little in the South was more elaboration, some of the democratic than what The reasons why this branch obtained in the North. of media activity is an Elections were open to uphill struggle. anyone person seeking to One of these prob- enter parliament where lems is the public per- government ministers March 12, 2011 - March 18, 2011Issue 10 Vol 002 5 SDG 2 USD and presidents were PIONEER ception of the role of journalist in society. In not spared scathing the past most Southern criticisms, often without Sudanese who entered retribution to the crit- into this fi eld ended ics. The seat of the chief Juba celebrates up getting involved in executive was openly politics. Almost all the contested without can- educated Southern Su- didates running risks of danese in several fi elds being jailed. In fact an International Women Day of life found themselves incumbent president was participating directly or defeated in parliament in Asantewaa lo Liyong indirectly in the affairs 1978 through a free and of the day: the Southern fair vote. In the North Question. Whether done on the other hand, such Great at the behest of a politi- a democratic move was strides in cal organisation or not, a pipe dream. But for political education, a eu- most journalists from the women phemism for propaganda South that window of took precedence over opportunity was not uti- participa- issues such as good gov- lised: preoccupation re- tion in ernance. Moreover these mained with failure with journalists did not feel failure of Khartoum not public in they had a State and how develop the region and its affairs had to be man- its frequent interference Southern aged. Finding fault with in local politics. Sudan politicians or how their nternational institutions functioned From the CPA to Women’s Day on or omissions was not a March 8 is an oc- the Republic of casion marked by priority. In that climate, women’s groups South Sudan acrossI the world. Today the South has no history of media campaigners marks 100 years of Inter- The two signatories national Women’s Day. In- for issues of good gover- ternational Women’s Day is of the Comprehensive the story of ordinary women nance, respect for human Agreement, CPA, were as makers of history; it has rights. Since the region been a guide in the century not known for being old struggle of women to is set to become an in- democratic organisations, participate in society on an dependent entity in four equal footing with men. The the SPLM and the NCP in month time. But before the views of adherents of Full story on page 2 Minister of Gender, Child and Social Welfare, Agnes Lasuba Kwaje we precede we have look Western style democratic Acute shortage of Opposition parties withdraw Governance, empowerment, into the near past Human rights are values and practices al- supply of bottled from Constitutional Review universal page 6 institutions and poverty though the former was water hits Juba page 3 Committee page 4 eradication page 26 The Addis Ababa trying to shake off its Agreement and previous image of being mini-Southern perceived as intolerant of dissent within its ranks State and fi le. The media- tors and sponsors of the After the Addis Ababa peace talks who funded For views and comments Agreement of 1972 that the process pressurised set up self rule for the the Sudanese parties to South all the media were change their ways and government owned. Jour- please contact the editorial move towards democratic nalists like this writer transformation. The CPA were State employees. itself is very explicit A journalist investigat- about the needs for the ing their employer was a team on post confl ict Sudan to contradiction in terms. undergo a democratic Even if there were free change. and independent media at the time the stifl ing +249 955 552 164 political climate of one- to be continued in the party rule-cum-military coming edition The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 13 Opinion Maximum impact from UK’s aid Andrew Mitchell

dum which was a peaceful, there are people in the whole hen the United Kingdom’s well-run, and credible pro- of England; we will save the cess, with a clear outcome lives of 50,000 women in preg- that has refl ected the will nancy and childbirth; we will Coalition Government of Southern Sudanese. It stop 250,000 newborn babies will now be important to from dying needlessly; we will came to power last year we press ahead with resolution secure schooling for 11 million of outstanding Comprehen- children – more than we edu- sive Peace Agreement (CPA) cate in the UK but at 2.5 per knew that tough economic issues as the implementa- cent of the cost and we will tion period comes to an end provide access to safe drinking timesW would call for tough choices. But we in July 2011. water and improved sanitation Looking beyond the to more people than there are CPA, the results the United in Scotland, Wales and North- will not balance our books on the backs Kingdom aims to achieve ern Ireland. across Sudan by working As part of this global re- of the poor – whether in Britain or around with governments and other view of aid, we have also taken partners include: helping 1 a hard look at the value for million people escape from money offered by international the world. poverty; getting 240,000 organisations such as the That is why we have children through pri- World Bank and the United made a commitment to mary school; reaching over Nations. No-one doubts the im- provide 0.7 per cent of the 750,000 people with ma- portance of such organisations United Kingdom’s Gross Na- laria prevention and treat- to the effort to fi ght poverty. tional Income as aid. As a ment; giving over 500,000 But we know that they are not result of that decision, we people access to clean water all equally effective. The Unit- have faced criticism from and sanitation; and provid- ed Kingdom will no longer pro- some who think that aid ing life-saving health and vide funding to organisations should be cut. nutrition support to up which do not deliver – instead But I believe that the to 10 million people. To directing more of our aid to next four years represent an achieve these results the those which do, and pushing opportunity to change lives UK government will provide them to deliver even more. and transform communities North and Southern Sudan Above all, we will be re- across the developing world. with a development assis- lentless in providing value for Yet if the world is to make tance programme in total money and achieving results. real progress in the fi ght worth £560 million over the That matters because we need against poverty in these next four years. to be able to show our tax- four years that remain to Around the world, we payers that we are delivering reach the Millennium Devel- will work with fewer coun- with their money, and because opment Goals, we need to tries, where we believe our we need to ensure that every ensure that our collective assistance can have the pound of our aid has the maxi- efforts have the greatest greatest impact. mum impact for the people possible impact. We will do more to pro- we are trying to help. That is That is why my fi rst act vide the building blocks why I have introduced a new as the United Kingdom’s of a better life: suffi cient Aid Transparency Guarantee, Secretary of State for Inter- food, clean drinking water, and set up an independent aid national Development was basic healthcare and educa- watchdog. I believe that the to instigate a review of all tion. We will do more to United Kingdom is leading the our aid around the world. create economic growth way on aid transparency, and I That review has looked at and jobs, working with the am encouraging others to join where we spend our money, private sector to create op- us in this effort. how aid is delivered, and portunity. Aid spent well has the pow- the results we achieve. We will tackle poverty er to improve millions of lives. I congratulate the Gov- and insecurity in some of I am proud of what British aid ernment of National Unity the world’s most unstable is achieving, and I sincerely and the Government of places. Development can believe that working together, Southern Sudan as well as help tackle the root causes we have an opportunity to the people of North and of global problems such transform the life chances of Andrew Mitchell South Sudan on the referen- as disease, drugs, migra- millions of people around the tion, terrorism, and climate world. I congratulate the Government of National Unity and change, which matter to all of us. Andrew Mitchell the Government of Southern Sudan as well as the Over the next four years people of North and South Sudan on the referendum British aid will make a is UK’s Secretary real difference to millions of State for which was a peaceful, well-run, and credible process, more lives. We will vacci- nate more children against International with a clear outcome that has reflected the will of preventable diseases than Development. Southern Sudanese 14 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Special Report

ntended to assist own with pride, taking people in coun- their proper place on tries with major the world stage”, stated needs, the new Mitchell. strategyI will aim at the He added: following: “The British public • stopping 250,000 UK Aid programme must be able to hold us newborn babies to account for our work. dying needlessly This is why we have set • saving the lives of up an independent aid 50,000 women in A major review of Britain’s aid programme watchdog, to provide pregnancy and tough scrutiny of our childbirth which took place recently is designed “to spending, why we have • help 10 million introduced a new Aid more women get provide 50 million people with the means to Transparency Guarantee, access to modern and why we have can- family planning help work their way out of poverty” said the celled £100m of low per- • securing school- forming programmes. ing for 11 million U K’s International Development Secretary “This Coalition Gov- children ernment is taking a • supporting coun- tougher, more hard-head- tries to hold freer Andrew Mitchell. ed approach on getting and fairer elec- value for money in aid.” tions confl ict. The new aid pro- UK Aid to other Britain will end bilat- Notes to Editors gramme will concentrate countries eral programmes in coun- its efforts on countries By 2016 DFID will tries such as Vietnam and where it is believed the It was stated in the have bilateral pro- Serbia, which are now no aid will be well utilised report that the UK will grammes in the following longer in need of Brit- to achieve the best re- continue to respond to countries only – Afghani- ish aid. It will withdraw sults in fi ghting pov- humanitarian disasters stan, Bangladesh, Burma, from other countries erty and building a safer as is needed – it has po- Democratic Republic of where the UK is not the world. sitioned technical teams Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, best-placed aid provider. It is planned in this at both the Tunisian India, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, This review follows UK programme to aid and Egyptian borders. Liberia, Malawi, Mozam- two other reviews of the people in Sudan to have Ethiopia will become bique, Nepal, Nigeria, Oc- department – the Bilat- access to basic services Britain’s biggest bilateral Britain’s cupied Palestinian Terri- eral Aid Review and the such as healthcare, clean programme over the next tories, Pakistan, Rwanda, Prime Multilateral Aid Review, water, education and two years. Bangladesh Sierra Leone, Somalia, all designed to ensure UK security. It is considered will also see a big boost, Minister, South Africa, Sudan, taxpayers’ money is being essential that these with aid doubling in the Tajikistan, Tanzania, David spent effectively. needs are dealt with if next four years. Uganda, Yemen, Zambia Cameron The Secretary of the majority are to move Mr Mitchell has made and Zimbabwe. State said “We are set- from dependency on hu- clear that some increased Our bilateral pro- ting out plans which will manitarian aid to leading help is linked to key in- providing poor value for heart of pro- grammes in the following show how Britain will be independent and produc- country reforms. Paki- money, including the grammes countries will come to an helping to change the tive lives. stan could, by 2015, be- United Nations Industrial • helping people end – Angola, Bosnia and lives of the world’s poor- The UK aid for Sudan come the UK’s biggest aid Development Organisa- adapt to the ef- Herzegovina, Burundi, est people. This govern- will is planned to cover: recipient, but increased tion, Unido); increase fects of climate Cameroon, Cambodia, ment is taking a radically • Long-term access support will be linked support for the most ef- change China, Gambia, Indone- different approach to aid. to clean drinking to the Government of fective agencies, such as It is planned that sia, Iraq, Kosovo, Leso- These results we are aim- water for 800 000 Pakistan’s own progress Unicef; and put four poor Britain will, in future, tho, Moldova, Niger, Rus- ing for will transform the people in North on reform. This includes performers, including have bilateral aid pro- sia, Serbia and Vietnam. lives of millions of people Sudan. taking tangible steps to the Food and Agriculture grammes in a maximum Following the Multi- across the world, and • Primary education build a more dynamic Organisation, FAO, on of 27 countries which, lateral Aid Review, the should make everyone for 180,000 girls economy and tackle cor- “special measures”, in- between them, amount following four organisa- in Britain proud. They in South Sudan ruption. sisting they take urgent for 75 per cent of global tions have been rated refl ect our values as a • Nutritional sup- Britain has made measures to improve deaths during pregnancy as providing poor value nation - generosity, com- port for 10 mil- clear that it stands ready their effectiveness. and childbirth, and for money and DFID core passion and humanity. lion people across to offer more help to Key priorities for nearly three 75 per cent funding will be stopped “But it should be re- North and South Zimbabwe if the Inclu- Britain’s aid will be: of deaths from malaria – the International La- membered these hoped Sudan. sive Government can see • dramatically in- worldwide. bour Organisation (ILO), for results are not only • Food security and through crucial reforms creasing the focus Nearly two thirds of the UN International from the British people; freedom from promised in its political on tackling ill the programmes – and Strategy for Disaster they are also for the hunger for 1 mil- agreement. health and killer 30 per cent of Britain’s Reduction, UN-HABITAT British people because lion people in The Secretary of diseases overall aid budget – will and the UN Industrial De- helping others to help South Sudan. State also announced • tackling malnutri- be devoted “confl ict” and velopment Organisation themselves contributes • Access to jus- plans to re-allocate the tion and getting “fragile” countries. Two (UNIDO). to building a safer, more tice for 250 000 Department for Inter- children, espe- thirds of the countries The following organi- stable and prosperous women in North national Development’s cially girls, into furthest from reach- sations will be placed in world for everyone. Sudan. funding to international school ing the internationally ‘special measures’ – the “The ultimate aim • Malaria prevention organisations to get max- • dealing with the agreed poverty targets International Organisa- of this government’s aid or treatment for imum value for taxpay- root causes of – the Millennium Devel- tion for Migration (IOM), policy is to end the need 750 000 people in ers’ money. He will end confl ict opment Goals, MDGs, are the Food and Agriculture for aid, enabling coun- South Sudan. funding to four agencies • putting wealth- in the midst of, or are Organisation (FAO), the which were rated as creation at the emerging from, violent tries to stand on their development program The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 15 Special Report The role of Southern Sudan Human Rights Commission explained

he Chairperson of Southern Sudan Human Rights Commission , SSHRC, Lawrence Korbandy held a press briefing this week in TJuba to explain the role of the body heads and the status of human rights in Southern Sudan in general. Our reporter Joseph Oduha was present at the presentation and has compiled the following report. SSHRC Chairperson Lawrence Korbandy Mr Lawrence Korbandy said cluding the government, the National Action Plan for hu- the Southern Sudan Human media and SSHRC to recognise man rights and human rights against the government. Ac- included appreciation of their Rights Commission was estab- the Bill of Rights and educate forum. cording to him, human rights rights and obligation as citi- lished under Article 149 (1) of all citizens of Southern Sudan “To consolidate and imple- violations are either being zens to monitor compliance of the Interim Constitution of the about these bills of rights. He ment constitutional mandates, committed by individuals or all levels of Government of Southern Sudan, ICSS, 2005. urged the government and pri- the commission will establish people who are against the Southern Sudan with inter- The SSHRC derives its man- vate institutions to be realistic human rights monitoring, re- government of southern Su- national and regional human date from Article 150 (1) of about what he described as porting, investigation systems dan. rights treaties and conven- the 2005 and 2009 SSHRC Act, the inclusion human litera- and mechanisms, including He said in Jonglei alone tions. which states that the functions ture. complaints handling and vic- last year to August his com- The human rights boss of the commission, Korbandy The referendum was one of tim protection among other mission received a document said the core values of the explained. the human rights events and things” he said. about human rights viola- commission are impartiality, He added that role of the it was monitored by the com- “The commission will also tions. Although Korbandy did operational effi ciency, gender commissionwas to monitor the mission, adding that the body visit each of the ten states to not mention the fi gure of the sensitivity, accountability, application and enforcement has adapted new plan called provide legal support for the human rights violations in transparency, independence of the rights and freedoms the National Agenda of Human state offi ces and visiting the Jonglei, he said the level of and accessibility. enshrined in the ICSS and to Rights that will come at the counties in the ten states, as murdered persons had reduced The commission like the investigate on its own initia- end of July this year. well as carrying out human compared to the fi gure for other government institutions tive or on complaints made by He said the plan was the rights monitoring” said the 2009. has also provided its plans to any person or group of persons inclusion human rights litera- chairperson. He said the commission the Ministry of Finance and against any violations of hu- tures in educational syllabus The chairperson further would formulate, implement Economic Planning for the man rights in Southern Sudan in Southern Sudan and to pointed out that the situation and oversee programmes 2011-13 Southern Sudan De- said the rights chairperson. work very closely with public of human rights violations intended to introduce civic velopment Plan, he stated. He asserted that human and private education institu- in Southern Sudan is similar awareness and the responsibili- Mr Korbandy made these rights were important issues in tions and human rights de- to that of Mozambique when ties of the citizens of Southern remarks at the Ministry of In- both regional and international fenders to operationalise the that country was preparing Sudan responsibilities. He formation, GOSS during weekly environment. He further said national agenda for Human to attain its independence; also said that this awareness media forum. that it was the duty of all in- Rights Commission through the army commander rebelled 16 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011

ne of my hap- “Why are these lunatics piest moments killing our people?” asked in recent times one old woman. was when I “It’s the Jallaba again, cast my vote they are angry with the ref- during the erendum results,” one old referendum.O I felt lighter like man interjected. a feather because the burden “It’s not the Jallaba,” of ages was lifted at Calvary. I corrected one shop owner. even showed off by posing for “It’s our own people who are a photo with my right index killing. We have become like fi nger raised to show the indel- fi sh eating each other.” ible blackberry ink. “But where do they get But after the photo op the the guns, bullets, money, smile on my face faded owing if it is not the Jallaba sup- to what the future had in store plying the wretched of the for me. I saw stars in the near earth through the back future, the light in the horizon door?” insisted the old man. having dimmed. I was angry The shopkeeper regarded for my short-lived happiness. the old man, almost dismiss- Did it even last for fi ve hours? ing him as an ignoramus Where! before telling him what he It was like going through a thought. beautiful dream of sleeping on Was it all for “These people want pow- a bag of gold, only to wake up er, nothing else but power. in a shack with one’s head ach- They want to be generals ing because it was resting on a with shining copper stars on bag of charcoal. their wicked shoulders. They The referendum ended on justice or power? are hungry for power. They a sweet note. The results were want to own big cars like very good indeed. We slaugh- those in Juba. They want tered bulls, ducks, and swine to sleep in twenty-roomed and drank soda and beer and houses like Gaddafi . They smoked shisha. That stage also want to eat well, and which is over was far better “These people want power, nothing marry a battalion of wives, than stage two which we are these truculent men.” acting. Campaigning for sepa- “These people want pow- ration was a lot easier because else but power. They want to be er, nothing else but power. money made us shout like mar- They want to be generals ket preachers. with shining cropper stars We cracked our heads over generals with shining cropper stars on their wicked shoulders. the name of the new repub- They are hungry for power. lic. Some suggested this and They want own big cars like others that. There was no on their wicked shoulders. They are those in Juba. They want agreement because that is our to sleep in twenty-roomed nature. If you give our people houses like Gaddafi . They the freedom to talk they will hungry for power. They want own also want to eat well, and pull in all directions until the marry a battalion of wives, centre cannot hold, and things big cars like those in Juba. They these truculent men.” will fall apart. The old woman who has One engineer who under- been running for dear life stands human beings better want to sleep in twenty-roomed walked to a tree shed to than machines, wires and rest. She was thirsty, hungry spanners, maintains that trau- and sweating. She had run matised people must be given houses like Gaddafi. They also want for many kilometres without the space and time to cry, stopping. She could not stop curse, and pelt terrorists with running because bullets were bricks. In so doing they are en- to eat well, and marry a battalion of fl ying in the air like fi refl ies. ergised to recover psychologi- She sat under the tree cally. What a brilliant thought! and gazed into space, into It took some people who wives, these truculent men.” nothingness. The future have the guts to reason that held nothing for her and her instead of minting new names doms to shoot petty thieves ing the seeds of democracy and fi sh for the Shilluk and Padang grandchildren. She spat on that are unpronounceable like in the legs, lock up pedestrian democrazy, some of the seeds people, and Malakal started the grass with disgust. Kush, why don’t we simply journalists and paparazzo who fell upon the rock, others fell burning. Bare-chested and “Crazy world, crazy name the old-new country the follow politicians deep into by the roadside, but even those trigger-happy fi endish maniacs people,” she cursed. A young Republic of South Sudan? The their dens with their bleached that fell on fertile ground were in faded fatigues ran amok, man who was also running name was accepted only at the girlfriends, and give women scattered by chickens, squir- shooting every living thing away from Malakal town risk of courting an age-old jinx only fi ve percent of jobs in rels, and jungle monkeys, these in their sight – people, cows, stopped and asked the old that refuses to go away. the civil service so that others saboteurs who always have evil goats, dogs, sheep, cockroach- woman. “Why are you curs- While we were at this, the can have time to take care of designs against the efforts of es, ticks, fl ies, trees. ing?” Constitutional Review was babies, crochet table clothes progressive people. People who heard of the “I’m cursing because the beckoning. This one was easy and knit socks for their lazy While we were waiting with wrath of the maniacs left their man who is responsible for because we could pack every- husbands who spend their time bated breath for the day we homes and ran away to save displacing us is my son-in- thing into a suitcase so that smoking and playing cards in would lower the tattered fl ag their lives. But they could not law who has turned out to we can cling to power for ever. the casino. of the old Sudan and hoist run too far without wondering be an outlaw!” What else? We need basic free- And while we were plant- ours, the River Nile ran out of aloud. The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Advertisement 17 18 Advertisement The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Advertisement 19 20 Advertisement The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Special Report 21 22 Special Report The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Special Report 23

Continued in the next issue 24 Special Report The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Business 25 BUSINESS & ECONOMICS

banks are not able to match other banks due to lack of ability to offer loans to its SPLM economic clients. He said this in reference to the four local banks that are fi nding it diffi cult to compete with the foreign banking institutions. blueprint ahead of The SPLM Economic Af- fairs Secretary also disclosed that the workshop urged for creation of an environment that is conducive for invest- independence ment. He said that there was a great concern to prepare Otieno Ogeda a good ground to lure the investors to come and do business in the country. he Southern Sudan ruling party SPLM “The workshop stressed the need to have a tax regime that would attract has come out with effective economic investors to do business in Southern Sudan that would blueprint that would be used as a road soon become South Sudan after the declaration of In- dependence,” he added. map towards developing the country’s Garang said that tourism and agriculture were some of the sectors that needed future economy. vigorous marketing and southern region of Sudan. support to attract tourists Southern Sudan will and earn foreign exchange T be sovereign in July 9 this that would build the Gross year. Domestic Product. Mr Alaak Garang said “Tourism would be one that the key areas iden- of the greatest economic tifi ed in the workshop avenues that would uplift would be presented to the our economy as the rest of Government of Southern the world would want to Sudan, GoSS, as direction come and experience the at- towards building a new tractive natural scenes, rare nation. fauna and fl ora, climate and “The workshop was a the museums that would great opportunity for the defi nitely store all the country that is emerg- records of the confl icts be- ing from the protracted tween the North and South confl ict in identifying the among other things about economic potential and our rich culture,” asserted demand of Southern Suda- Garang who holds a degree nese,” disclosed Garang. in Business Administration. He said that the work- There was also need for shop that was offi cially proper tax management opened by the SPLM secre- stating that any country’s tary General, Pagan Amum growth entirely depends on Okiech identifi ed several proper tax collection and points that need to be utilization. tackled immediately for The fi ve day workshop the benefi t of country’s brought participants from economy. the 10 states mainly from The SPLM offi cial said the states’ Ministries of Fi- that local banks and in- nance offi cials and secretar- Gabriel Alaak Garang-SPLM National Secretary of Finance and surance fi rms were some ies of fi nance and economic of the institutions that experts within and from Economic Affairs needed concrete support outside. to enable them compete It came at a time when The party’s National Secre- Speaking to The Pio- fairs, Gabriel Alaak Garang said with other banking and the South is preparing for tariat of Finance and Economic neer on the fi nal day of that the future of Southern insurance institutions. its independence in July af- Affairs has been deliberating the fi ve day workshop on Sudan is promising and there “A bank cannot operate ter the January referendum on several key points that Economic Reforms in Juba, was need to put all the mecha- or compete with the rest if vote that saw the southern- would help the country attain the National Secretary of nisms in place ahead of the it cannot lend money to its ers voting 98 per cent for strong economic growth. Finance and Economic Af- independence of the current clients,” Garang wondered, separation. adding that our local 26 Advertisement The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011

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1ST ANNIVERSARY

Mr Mayom Mayor announces the Memorial service to mark the 1st Anniversary of the passing away of his father Gabriel Mayor Makuei.

Memorial services will be held at Yirol his home town, Lakes States on Saturday, March 19. All friends, colleagues and relatives of the Mayor family are kindly invited to attend the Church and traditional service

In God’s hands you rest, in our hearts you live forever 28 Special Supplement The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Self determination of Southern Sudan Continued from last issue Sudan, the Nuba Mountains and the Ingessena Hills (south- ern Blue Nile districts). The Dr David Nailo Mayo other state shall comprise the remaining parts of the Sudan. seeing in the government’s Each confederal state shall be federal formula, a move not to sovereign with its own consti- redress national imbalance tution and laws. but to perpetuate it by creat- The Confederation shall be ing structures which will only based on close cooperation and appear to recognise regional coordination between the two diversity while maintaining the confederal states in the fi elds existing inequalities of nation- of joint defence, foreign af- al life. Hence the SPLA’s call fairs, mutual economic activi- to tackle the problems of cen- ties and technical cooperation tral government and only then (ibid). The proposed Northern introduce measures of a State includes the provinces possibly federal character for of Darfur, Kordofan, northern, the regions (Woodward 1994, eastern and central and parts p.100). of Blue Nile province. While Indeed, the NIF attitude in the Southern State includes: Abuja 1 round of peace talks in the provinces of Equatoria, the spring of 1992 mediated by Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile, the General Ibrahim Babanginda, Nuba Mountains and South- the former Nigerian President ern Blue Nile. The SPLA also was so condescending that it strengthened this two-state further alienated the SPLA. confederal proposal by includ- Nuba Mountains, Nuba Mountains During that time the SPLA was ing capacities for the proposed seriously weakened fratricide confedral States to enter into sphere to subject regions or of peace talks but what exactly owing to the August 28, 1991 international agreements in- peoples has been historically a did the confederation entail? of East Timor and split. The main stream SPLA dependent of each other. For source of internal resentment. In the following section, I will Kosovo remained under the control of instance Article 1.9 declares Indeed, it was instrumental attempt to defi ne a confederal The collapse of the So- its founding leader, Dr John that: in the break-up of the former system of government, as that viet Union in 1989 brought Garang. While the Nasil faction A state of the Confedera- Czechoslovakia. Despite the was the idea the SPLA offi cials a plethora of new states in under the adage of “peace from tion shall have the power to 1989 federal constitution that may have intended. Europe and the former Soviet within”. This strategy sapped enter into International met almost all the necessary Union – mostly through Uni- the SPLA strength exceedingly Agreements with foreign gov- conditions for a federal po- Characteristics lateral Declaration of Indepen- that it was already perceived ernments and international litical system, yet the Slovak dence (UDI). Indeed, Estonia, as a dying movement in which organisations for social and nationalists demanded for of federal and Latvia, Poland, the breakup of there was no need to negotiate economic development and “sovereignty”. The nationalists confederal Yugoslavia and Soviet republics with it in good faith. mutual cooperation. insisted that a “greater inter- was such examples. Recently, This strategy proved to be The SPLA’s First National national visibility of Slovakia” government declaration of independence in a terrible error by the NIF be- Convention held in Chukudum should be guaranteed so that A confederation may be East Timor and Kosovo raised cause it forced the SPLA sym- in April 1994 and subsequent they could “participate fully in defi ned as a type of political more interesting cases which pathisers around the world to round of peace talks veritably foreign affairs”. In the Suda- arrangement where the general I believe were quite relevant support Dr Garang both politi- reaffi rmed this confederal nese case, as witnessed in the government is subordinate for Sudan which is currently cally and materially. In conse- proposal. And this remained Nairobi round of peace talks in to the states (Wheare 1963, struggling to run a referendum quence, a dejected SPLA could the SPLA’s position until the October –November 1997, the pp.13-14). This is in contrast and face the attendant conse- cease hostilities against the Machakos Protocol of July SPLA insistence on with a federation where the quences that East Timor and NIF regime. Thus, in the Abuja 20th 2002 modifi ed it slightly. However, the nature of the general government predomi- Kosovo experienced. Here, we 11 round peace talks in May Surely, there is nowhere other SPLA’s intent to become in- nates over its component units will explore these two cases to 1993, the SPLA articulated its than such a statement that volved in external affairs did or states. In other words, sov- make comparative scenarios alternative solutions that the the NIF regime’s despotism is indicate that the SPLA wanted ereignty is unifi ed in a federal and, perhaps prepare Sudanese state power in the centre must openly revealed. Where one re- “visibility” and an active role arrangement than a lose as- heart and souls for the eventu- be restructured and shared gion of the country is kept out in the international sphere, sociation of states in a confed- ality that the referendum may through a two state co federal. of infl uencing foreign affairs, the duties which, hitherto, had eration. bring in 20111. The republic of Sudan shall where employment therein is a been monopolised by the Khar- remain united during the reserve of birth right of select- toum elites. But this demand Unilateral declaration interim period, and shall be ed few, it can only be a serious equally met resentment from The cases of East ruled as a Confederation of question mark in the affairs of the centre. of independence Timor two confederal states i.e. one the state. Nonetheless, denial A two – state confederation state shall consist of Southern of visibility in international was central to the breakdown The Recent Cases EAST Timor was originally The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Special Supplement 29

a Portuguese colony until 1975 to hold a referendum in East many republics therein, includ- dence. Intermittent riots broke their main sovereign functions; when Salazar’s dictatorship Timor on 30th August 199. ing Kosovo, sought indepen- out sporadically against the A confederal government ended in Portugal. As the grip The referenda put forward in dence. Moreover even during KFOR and Serbs. In 2006, ne- can unite states whose popula- on the colonies loosened, the referendum were to choose the 1980s Albania and Kosovo gotiations ensued to determine tions are too heterogeneous East Timor proclaimed inde- independence of East Timor or wanted to secede and create the status of Kosovo. to form viable federal – type pendence on 28th November to have autonomy within In- a greater Albania. Serbian na- The UN Secretary General unions. Heterogeneity is a 1975 under the emblem of donesia known as Special Au- tionalism reacted with violence appointed the former Finn- combination of many cleav- Democratic Republic of East tonomous Region in East Timor where Serb against Albanian ish President Martti Ahtisaari ages, such as; ethnic, religious, Timor led by Franscisco Xavier (SARET). In the referendum Wars broke out intermittently to lead the resolution to the linguistic, social, cultural, do Amaral of the Frente Revo- 78.5 per cent of East Timorese especially when President Slo- crisis. The negotiations contin- ideological and government. lucionaria de Timore – Leste voted for independence. This bodan Milosevic took power ued towards a Comprehensive A confederal governance Independente (FRETILIN). But over whelming support for in- in Serbia. On July 2, 1990, Proposal which was rejected requires a written basic law in on 7th December, 1975 (barely dependence angered Indonesia the Legislative Assembly in by both parties. The Troika the form of treaty- constitu- nine days after declaration and it immediately retaliated Pristaina voted and declared group (EU, U.S and Russia) tion that is binding legally of independence), Indonesia by dispatching militias and sol- the independence of Kosovo. mediation shuttling between upon the various confederal launched ground and air inva- diers to carry out a campaign But there was no nation that Pristina and Belgrade were also partners, which inter alia, stip- sion and annexed East Timor of terror and intimidation in was able to recognise this dec- deadlocked over the status of ulates the functions that will as its 27th province. A brutal East Timor. In less than one laration except Albania. Serbia Kosovo. An EU Summit on 14th be exercised in common; regime of occupation ensued month at least 2,000 people could only unleash violence December 2007 concluded with A confederal governance upon the native Timorese. In- were killed, hundreds of wom- which only served to heighten a resolution for a “supervised is facilitated by a challenge of deed, between 1975 and 1999, en raped, the entire infrastruc- anti-Slavic sentiments and independence “of Kosovo. This overriding importance, such as more than 102,800 people lost ture of the state was destroyed hatred. In the meantime, a de, was perhaps the beginning the need of the confederating their lives in war or war relat- and over 300,000 people forced a de facto two-state situation of de facto recognition of Ko- states for protection against ed deaths hunger and diseases. into refugee camps. arose. sovo’s quest for independence. a great power that threatens However, owing to Portu- The UN Security Council In 1996, the Kosovo Lib- Serbia vehemently continued them all or a deep-seated eco- gal’s infl uence, the Vedo-Aus- Resolution 1264 authorised the eration Army (KLA) backed by to oppose independence of nomic threat to their material traloid or Melanesian ethnic creation of International Force Albania, launched a civil war Kosovo. But it could do noth- well-being; Timorese were converted into of East Timor (INTERFET) to be against Serbia and Yugoslav ing practically to stop the Confederal governance pro- Roman Catholicism brought by deployed and rescue the situa- forces. Two years later, the war match towards independence vides for a minimalist mandate Dominican fathers in the sev- tion. On 20th September 1999 escalated beyond control. On as Milosevic was already in the that leaves most governmental enteenth century. This was un- INTERFET peacekeeping forces, 24th March 199, NATO carried International Criminal Court powers to be exercised inde- like Indonesia which has been led by Australia, intervened out intensive air bombardment in The Hague facing war crime pendently by each partner predominantly Muslim. and brought the violence to campaigns against Serbia, Mon- charges. On February 17, 2008, state. Whereas in a federation Moreover, in reaction to the an end. Jakarta withdrew its tenegro and parts of Kosovo Kosovo declared Unilateral wider powers are generally occupation, the East Timorese forces and a two-year interim that were under Serbian forces. Declaration of Independence vested in the central govern- solidarity movement started period under the UN Transi- On 10th June 1999, President (UDI). EU was quick to recogn- ment: the partners in confed- to wage gallant resistance tional Administration in East Milosovic capitulated and hu- ise it and that was the end of eral unions usually allocate against the occupying Indo- Timor (UNTAET) began on miliatingly handed over Kosovo history. few powers in their central nesia. But the latter launched October 25, 1999. On May 20, to the NATO- led Kosovo Force The more the, states are authority; brutal counter insurgency 2002, East Timor was formally (KFOR). Although Serbian sov- powerful and dominate power, Confederal governance pro- campaign-recruiting militias to an independent state. Xanana ereignty over Kosovo was still the more the arrangement is vides for two quite different terrorise and kill the Timorese Gusmao was sworn in as its recognised, the UN Security confederal in nature. And the mandates one involving col- population. The drudgery was fi rst President. Council Resolution 1244(1999) more the centre is dominant lective security and the other made to continue owing to in- authorised KFOR to protect upon the states the more the economic integration etc. ternational acquiescence. The The case of Kosovo the UN Mission in Kosovo federation is solidifi ed. Lister As Forsyth (1981) and List- United States got a lot of sup- (UNMIK) interim administra- established some of the key. er (2001) show, some examples port from Indonesia as it was On February 17, 2008, Ko- tion. In 2001, elections for of confederal governments in- embroiled in the Vietnam War. sovo declared independence self-government were held in Characteristics of a clude: the North –German Con- Australia saw East Timorese from Serbia. The Serbian reac- Kosovo which enabled UNMIK federation (1815-1866) ; the rebels as Marxist agents and tion was quick and vehemently to progressively transfer power Confederation are as American Confederation (1777- whatever Indonesia was doing condemned the declaration of to Kosovo. Like any UN mission follows: 1864) ;The Union of Utretcht was part of containment of independence as illegal. With with undefi ned role, UNMIK (1579-1790s);the Swiss Con- Communist encroachment in anger Serbian nationalists protectorate and misbehaviour A confederation unites federation (1291-1790s; and the archipelago. But with the vowed never to let Kosovo go of KFOR (engaging in women [sovereign] states without 1815-1847). withering away of the Soviet away. But the Kosovars who and sex industry traffi cking), depriving them of their state- Theoretically, a “confed- Empire in 1989, events started are mainly ethnic Albanians Kosovo nationalists pressed hood and sovereign powers, eration” and “federation” lie to take shape. On November celebrated. In the capital city for progress towards indepen- and to exercise jointly a few of along the same continuum. 12, 1991, the world was awak- Pristine, the mobs waved black ened to witness a grotesque and red fl ags and cracking massacre in the capital city fi reworks. How did all this hap- Dili. Surharto regime was con- pen? A brief history might be demned for the fi rst time, by more informative herein. the international community. Kosovo was annexed by This massacre had a profound Serbia during the Balkan wars impact where a public opinion of 1912 between the Ottoman increasingly shifted towards Empire and the Balkan League the oppressed. Thanks to (Montenegro, Serbia, Greece Bishop Carlos Belo and Jose and Bulgaria). But after World Ramos Horta, the activists who War 1 it was annexed to Alba- were recognised for their advo- nia (then an Italian colony). cacy work and won Nobel Peace But the founding of Yugoslavia Prizes in the 1990s. in 1992, Kosovo was made Meanwhile upon the resig- an autonomous province of nation of President Suharto in Serbia. Gradually it became a 1998, the new regime of Presi- full member of the federation dent Habibie, with mounting of Yugoslavia. The collapse of Kosovo was annexed by Serbia during the Balkan wars of 1912 between the international pressure decided Yugoslavia federation in 1990s Ottoman Empire and the Balkan League 30 Special Supplement The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011

This is because they are rooted the Interim National Consti- and guided by: (1) the division tution of Southern Sudan. of powers principle; (2) the Second, the actual writing of form of administration or in- the referendum law is funda- stitutionalisation of a “foedus” mental. Here, key politicians principle and arrangements and experts including political in the political process; (3) leadership must be seriously the association of states, involved because the refer- principalities, dukedoms, endum law would eventually and mini-monarchies into a stipulate the rules of running large single union. Indeed, the referendum in the south; it the main distinction between will set down voter eligibility federation and confederation and the conduct of the refer- is that a federation as a single endum. Third, it is important authority while Confedera- to form a strong Referendum tion implies many authorities Commission to administer and loosely united by a common interpret the referendum law. interest. But in usage, as has The Commission will raise suf- been witnessed in the Anglo fi cient funds, set the date for American Literature, federation the referendum, employee the and confederation has been staff to register voters, invite used interchangeably without international observers, and distinctions. This is because conduct the referendum itself. the concepts originate from At this juncture, the SPLM one over-arching principle of political leadership must can- divided sovereignty. Moreover, vass for support and appeal to some confederations (Switzer- the international opinion for When the Panel was land after the 1847 civil strife support of the exercise and its constituted in October between Catholics and Protes- eventual outcome. tants the United States after 2009, at the conclusion the civil war, Canada after Why is it important of our work as the AU 1900, Germany after the defeat to understand Panel on Darfur, the of Austria in 1866 and to some Peace and Security extent Australia after 1900) the process of Council said our developed into full fl edged fed- referendum? erations without serious altera- mandate was to work tions to their original constitu- Dr John Garang spoke with the Government tions. lengthy about the “polisariori- and people of Sudan sation” of the referendum pro- (i) to pursue policies The Sudanese cess. He was referring to the it had adopted focused case of Western Sahara where referendum, 2011 dum law must defi ne clearly (a) Option 1: unity on the resolution of the Polisario movement gained “who is a southern Sudanese” The Machakos Protocol’s According to the Macha- self –determination that was by stating his/her ethnic com- the confl ict in Darfur, equal attention to the union of kos Protocol, Southern Sudan well recognised by the UN Se- munity, county, payam, and (ii) to assist in the the Sudan was predicated on will exercise the long demand curity Council and Internation- boma a person originates from. implementation of the the premises that the old Su- “right of self-determination al community. But Polisario Origin of parentage other dan under the Arabo- Islamic Comprehensive Peace through a referendum” in 2011 lost its own self-determination than mere domicile must be hegemony will now open up to Agreement, and (iii) to to either confi rm the unity without a referendum because underlined. Religion is not an embrace all nationalities in the of the Sudan within the CPA king Hassan of Morocco had important factor but race or support the process of governing process. Historical principles or to secede to form countered the referendum African-ness of Southern Su- the democratisation of inequities before the law were a new state. In the Machakos through a policy of mass im- dan must be emphasised. Sudan. to be deposited in the muse- Protocol these two options are migration of the Moroccans to ums of history. Furthermore, given equal weight. But prac- Western Sahara. In due course, The unity versus the maintenance of a union tically one must lose out in the population of Western Sa- have been realised as stipu- was also predicated on inten- favour of the other. This all de- hara was reduced to one third secession dilemmas lated in the Interim Constitu- sifi cation of development in tion of Sudan. But there are pends on the political process against two thirds Moroccans. Now the voter in Southern many parts of Southern Sudan many serious and contentious itself which includes political Under such circumstances, it Sudan will determine between during the six year interim pe- issues that should have been persuasion, gerrymandering of was a foregone case that the two options and its attendant riod. In consequence, citizens addressed to make unity at- voter rules or disruption in the people demanding self-rule dilemmas. Although one must would have come to see them- tractive. polling booths, bribery, and/or would have forfeited it in the not misunderstand Dr John Ga- selves better off in the union First, as much as the na- offi cial ridging of the results. ballot box. This was a fait ac- rang, warning on polisariorisa- than breaking away. Now, have tional government’s desire for Thus the southern Sudanese compli for Western Sahara and tion of Southern Sudan yet it socio-economic development a union could be understood, people should understand that it stopped the exercise of the is important to appreciate that been intensifi ed in the south yet it has not been prepared the process of referendum is as referendum. The polisariorisa- the hero was interested in free by the national government? to pay for it. Indeed, in the important as the end results tion problem arose from the and fair choice of the people Is there any genuine national last four years of the interim expected by either the union- nationality question: who was of Southern Sudan. If they, on campaign to encourage citizens period national capital projects ists or secessionists. a Western Saharan was not well their own, confi rm unity, then of the south to feel comfort- that were supposed to have defi ned. Dr John Garang went the outcome must be recogn- able in a united Sudan? To invested or undertaken in the on to warn that “the process ised and accepted. Should they The process of answer these questions we South were neither planned of self-determination must be insist on a separate state, then referendum may deduce much from the nor implemented since 2005. carefully crafted so that we do that too should be recognised not make fools of our selves. four years of implementation President Omar Hassan Bashir First, the process of ref- and accepted. That was the “Indeed, the SPLM and GoSS of the Comprehensive Peace has been to Juba at least three erendum begins with the law view of Dr John Garang. He must guard against polisari- Agreement. Indeed, most of times during that period. In guaranteeing the exercise of was interested in democratic orisation in Southern Sudan the protocols in the CPA have every visit he pledged proj- the referendum itself. There process than disrupting the by defi ning the nationality of been implemented, respect of ects such as: the University are various guarantees in the process of the referendum al- Southern Sudan. The referen- freedoms, and human rights of Rumbek, the tarmac of 20 Machakos protocol in the CPA, together. The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Special Supplement 31

kilometre road in Juba city, are not shared. The refusal to militia. The NCP sends money and instead militate against had completed writing the including the renovation of demarcate the boundaries as to their allies in the JIU and the very ideals of maintaining Interim National Constitution Juba International Airport; they stood at independence in the State Government in Torit the union. of Sudan, the road was paved the construction of Fulla and January 1956 means the North to facilitate their activities. for the formation of govern- Beden Hydro –power stations insists on exploiting oil wells The same case implies to seri- (b) Option 2: ment of National Unity and few kilometres south of Juba in areas that are traditional ous confl icts between Nuer and leaders were called upon to be city to look similar to Merowe Southern Sudan but denying Murle and Dinka in Jonglei, secession sworn in. John Garang fl ew Dam in Northern Sudan; the equal sharing of this wealth. Mundari/Bari and Dinka in The Machakos Protocol has into Khartoum on 8th July renovation of River Transport The border delimitation issues Central Equatoria, Agar and been equally clear about the 2005 to a mammoth gathering and the initiation of national do not make unity attractive. Pakam...... in Lakes, North- impossibility of maintaining a at Sahat al – Khadara Square agricultural projects in South- Fourth, the National ern Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile union in the Sudan. His is be- where nearly a million people ern Sudan. At the time of Population Census results are and Western Upper Nile. The cause Southern Sudanese have had poured to receive the writing, none of these pledges contested –due to the North’s recent arrest warrant issued by historically insisted (through Chairman. The following morn- have ever been delivered and attempt to underestimate the the ICC against President Omar intermittent armed – insur- ing at the lawn of National remain empty promises. So, population of Southern Sudan Hassan al-Bashir proved disas- rections) to have their own Palace in Khartoum, both has the national government and infl ate that of the North. trous to the Southern states’ separate state in the South. President Bashir and Dr John given up on long awaited “in- The aim of underestimating administration. Without the option to seceded, Garang were sworn in on the tensifi cation” of development the Southern population is In this thwarting process, there would have been no 9th July 2005 through a new in Southern Sudan? If so, how to gerrymander the Southern the SS have attempted to make breakthrough in the in the Interim National Constitution then could unity be made an Representation in the National the ten states in the South peace talks at Machakos. But of Sudan (INC). To me it was a attractive option in the refer- Assembly, to make it minimal weak and ungovernable. They before I discuss the morality of new dawn in Sudan, a history endum without all these prom- and ineffective in blocking hope that the affected ethnic secession herein, I would like in the making. Sadly we lost ises being fulfi lled? or altering any legislation. In groups –feeling insecure in to state a personal disappoint- our chairman, Dr John Garang Second, another embarrass- addition, the election law has their own counties- might start ment with the NCP in the last de Mabior, in a mysterious he- ing issue is the Abyei Protocol. been fraught with unnecessary to seek succour from the very four years of CPA implementa- licopter crash barely 21 days It is one of the most conten- delays, making democratisa- enemy causing destabilisation. tion. As a Southern Sudanese in offi ce as the First Vice Presi- tious issue and which could tion process expected of the Six, the SPLA-NCP rela- scholar, having participated in dent of the Republic and the metamorphous into the Khas- interim period completely tions are characterised as the negotiations in Naivasha President of the semi- autono- mir of Africa. The Ngok Dinka meaningless. This too does not “antagonistic operation”, not now a government offi cial, and mous Government of South- areas which have been admin- augur well for a union. the real partnership expected attempting to review progress ern Sudan. The lost of many istratively annexed to southern Fifth, the intermittent in the Naivasha Peace Accord. in the implementation of the innocent lives and property Kodorfan province in 1905 confl icts in fl ashpoints since While consultations are go- Machakos Protocol I think one when the news of Dr Garanga’s desired to be part of Bahr el 2005 have been attributed to ing on, yet sometimes this is has to be realistic. I fi nd it death broke out were shocking Ghazal –province predominant- the Sudan Security organs who the “talks” to “keep talking”, very diffi cult to cover things and disturbing. At new Site ly inhabited by fellow Dinka continue to sap the security Dr Riek Machar Teny, the Vice within the veneer of political on Sunday July 31, 2005, the groups. The Abyei Protocol in of Southern Sudan through President of the Government of expediency. Indeed, I am per- SPLM leadership demonstrated the CPA was agreed in Naivasha its former militia warlords. Southern Sudan has been lead- sonally disappointed that the its maturity and mourned its that the Ngok Dinka would For instance, General Gabriel ing the SPLM executive com- national government has failed leader and made smooth suc- have to run a referendum Tanginya has been released mittee shuttling between Juba to show remorse and commit cession uninterrupted. to secede to become part of from time to time to wreck and Khartoum to meet with itself to national reconcilia- Second, upon the formative Southern Sudan -whether the havoc upon the city of Malakal NCP executive committee in tion, democratic liberalisation months of implementing the union is maintained or not. (November 2006 and February attempts to build and maintain and intensifi cation of develop- CPA we were further dismayed Unfortunately, the Abyei Bor- 2009). The SS also provoked a trust. But these are sometimes ment in the Southern states as that the NCP started with der Commission report, which brief but deadly war in Abyei frustrated or delayed without was pledged in Naivasha. “monopoly of power game”. demarcated traditional land of in May 2008. The SS have due explanation. At most, “the First, it started early on When we distributed offi ces the Ngok Dinka was rejected perused a policy of destabilisa- antagonistic cooperation” is when we were in Europhobic in the government of National by Khartoum. The Hague based tion including fuelling inter- permitted to stagnate or “keep mood to share power and work Unity, the Ministry of Finance arbitration over the boundaries ethnic relations in Southern talking” for the “sake of talk- together in the Government of and the Ministry of Energy around Abyei is on-going. The Sudan through its apparatuses. ing”. These are defi nitely de- National Union (GoNU). After (petroleum) were to be shared brief but deadly war of May Often money is given to its velopments that do not make the National Constitutional between the SPLM and the 2008 between the SPLA and former militia –many of whom unity attractive in the Sudan, Review Commission (NCRC) NCP. But the latter took both the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) penetrated SPLM to senior po- demonstrated the dexterity of sitions in the guise that they the Abyei problem. It is now too adhere to SPLM philoso- one of the fl ash –points for re- phy. These new comers do not igniting North-South confl ict. respect the SPLM institutions One of the complicating and but use them for direct patron- obvious factors is the mas- age an maintaining linkages sive oil-wealth in Abyei which with SS agents and the NCP makes it impossible for the masters. Those who become North to relinquish this terri- counter commissioners open tory according to the CPA stip- their counties to this infi ltra- ulations. Perhaps, this leaves tion mechanism to receive a military opinion where men money and ammunitions. The can try it in the fi eld in fu- latter are used for cattle raids ture, and a defeated party may against the neighbouring vil- have to forsake its claims on lages or communities. Indeed, the battle fi eld. Indeed, Abyei ethnic confl icts are escalating issue does not make unity at- in many states of Southern tractive. Sudan precisely through this Thirdly, the border demar- medium. For example Eastern cation between the North and Equatoria, ethnic confl icts the South remains contentious between Lutuho speakers, the issue. Like the Abyei problem, Toposa and Didinga speakers oil wells in Southern Sudan are have been fuelled by political shared equally with the North. differences emanating from But oil wells in Northern Sudan the former pro-government Continued in the next issue 32 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 The difference between popula Patricia Hughes Scott

Family amily ing the number of children per family Planning, Plan- affecting the population growth are ning, - advancing the age of marriage, espe- when when cially among women, and the advent viewed in of formal education and job availability viewedF in compar- for girls and women – yet these factors comparison, ison, is entirely are not included under the heading of is entirely different from family planning. different Population Con- The misunderstanding about family from trol. These two, planning and population control has so often linked, endangered many of the family plan- Population are quite differ- ning programmes in the Third World, Control. ent issues and, because the hopes of the donor agen- These two, so in the context of cies - that the population growth would A trainer often linked, human wellbeing, be curtailed by these programmes - has development and often not been fulfi lled. However, that are quite progress, it is nec- said, it has to be recognised that family educating different essary to consider planning, although it does not control issues and, in them separately. the rate of growth of the population, young Various bodies still remains necessary for the physical, the context from the devel- mental and social well-being of families of human oped nations have in the Third World. It is imperative, mothers wellbeing, tried to popular- however, that the difference between ise the idea that family planning and population control on issues development population control be clearly understood. and is imperative if to do with progress, it people in the is necessary world’s developing DEFINITION - Family family countries really to consider want to progress. Planning them They have encour- Family planning means voluntary planning separately. aged the idea that control over the timing of pregnan- if family planning cies. It is not synonymous with birth pest physically and even eliminate it poorer nations. Most intelligent people is accepted by control which really implies that even altogether. The population of man, on feel that the most important problem governments in if conception does take place, the birth the other hand, can never be reduced facing mankind is controlling the popu- the Third World of a living child could be prevented by from what it is today in any acceptable lation growth to eliminate hunger and as an offi cial na- abortion. An unwanted and unplanned manner (natural disasters excluded). starvation (statistics tell us that more tional programme, pregnancy is a major factor in maternal All that can happen is that the rate of than half of mankind in the world is it will control mortality and morbidity. It is neces- growth of the population may be con- starving right at this moment) But their population sary that guidance and assistance in trolled and this basically comes down there is enough food produced with the and open the contraception should be made available to education. improvements in agriculture – realistic doors to develop- to couples who are not really ready for problem is the equal distribution of the ment. They have a pregnancy. It must also mean that resources. also stated that the medical profession and the State Family Planning - family planning should be equally obliged to assist a MOTIVATION and population childless couple to beget a child, or to Family Planning – FUTURE control are inter- have the number of children that they The primary motive of the fam- PROSPECTS dependent and, if want. This is a basic human right. ily planning programmes is not only family planning Impositions lead to suffering (e.g. if to avoid the ill effects of unplanned, There is an inherent desire in man is practiced, the a family is only allowed one or two unwanted and unlimited numbers of to provide his children with a better population will be children by the state, and it is a coun- pregnancies on the physical, mental living than he has had himself. This controlled. try where males are valued more than and social well-being of the mother desire cannot assert itself in societ- Bracketing the females, this can only lead to female as well as the family as a whole, but ies where people exist below subsis- two is fallacious, infanticide). also to help infertile couples to have a tence level. But, wherever man has and this confusion child. To enable fertile couples to only risen above that level, the demand for has done a lot of have the number of children that they guidance in controlling an unlimited damage to the DEFINITION - Population want can save the possible break-up of number of pregnancies has become ap- cause of family Control a home because of the strain too many parent. Social changes brought about planning because pregnancies places on the people in- by independence, education, urbanisa- it has incited op- Strictly speaking, man can only volved. tion and industrialisation have directly position from the control the rate of growth of the popu- infl uenced public opinion towards ap- intelligentia, the lation. It is not correct to say that the proval of family planning regardless of politicians and population of the human race should Population Control the attitudes of state, society, law or the religious lead- be controlled in the same sense that religion. ers of Third World MOTIVATION we have learned to control diseases Unplanned pregnancies affect the countries. etc. When we say, for example, that Population control is being proposed health of, and kill, more women be- Two principal pest control is effective, we mean that as a solution to the problems of the tween the ages of 16 and 45 in the factors in reduc- we can cut down the volume of the destitution and the deprivation of the world than any disease known to man- The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 33 tion control & family planning

their fathers and grandfathers. They life improves, people manage to fi nd need to be aware of, and learn to take some way of limiting the size of their advantage of, all that is available these families. And there is no reason to days to enrich their lives – and that assume that the same thing will not includes control of their sex lives and happen in developing countries – even creating the best kind of family. allowing for differences in the Euro- pean patters of life before and after the Industrial Revolution compared to Population Control - Third World countries. Some who have already had this chance have followed FUTURE PROSPECTS suit, and there is no reason to suppose In every developing country today that given the chance of better wages, there are some people who are edu- education, and the taste of the good cated and whose standard of living has things of life, the same would not hap- improved over the past few decades. pen in Africa. Their children are going to school, get- At present, progress in medicine in ting proper nutrition and health care, Africa has caused the death rate to fall, and these people will never have the but the birthrate has not yet fallen – number of children that their forefa- but it is becoming apparent that this is thers did 50 or more years ago. going to change. There is already more In the 19th century Europe passed food available today than there was 50 through a similar phase, i.e. there was years ago, thanks to modern methods no controlled family planning. . After of agriculture; many more children are the Industrial Revolution of the late attending school, particularly girls, so 18th century with its need for factory the opportunities of education are im- workers, people started earning money, proving all the time. As some wise man the standard of nutrition improved, and once said ‘educate a boy and you edu- the government involved itself in chil- cate an individual; educate a girl and dren’s health care. It was the lowering you educate a family’. An educated girl of the death rate of the children which will learn to manage her life and her actually laid the foundation for smaller family and not allow herself to be used families. People no longer feared their as a sex tool. kind. It is actually a health hazard geared to their community will increase children would die; they realised that Education and overall progress and as much as, for example, alcoholism. those in need. And the value of the they did not have to have many chil- development in standards of living are Reduction and prevention of disastrous service would spread, as the best way dren so that a few could survive. So the key factors in bringing down the unplanned pregnancies through fam- of advertising is still word-of-mouth as the death rate of children fell, the size of the human family. Once the ily planning should become part and recommendation. birth rate of the population also fell. quality of life of people has improved parcel of public health services in the There should be educational pro- This started to happen before to a certain stage, children can only developing countries within the fore- grammes in the last school year, not modern methods of contraception had meet an emotional need, they are no seeable future, and there is hope that focusing on just handing out condoms, been widely made available, and before longer a necessity for survival – and the important and responsible function but education on a better way of life, propaganda for family planning had this is the way to control the growth of of procreation will become a voluntary an introduction into how to live in the really taken off Therefore it is ap- the population worldwide. and planned act, and man will learn to world of today – not the yesterday of parent therefore that if the quality of disassociate it from gratifi cations of his natural appetites, namely sex. There is still, in spite of heroic ef- forts by some organisations working in this fi eld, a big un-met demand for guidance in and availability of family planning (you can walk into any com- munity in Africa and be guaranteed that you will be told of a woman or A woman girl who has just died in childbirth or from a botched abortion). Awareness, displays education, and availability of clinical services could save many lives, and a placard many homes from the anguish of losing a loved one. Unfortunately, in our present-day advocating world, money is spent on conferences, seminars and surveys – unnecessary in ways to these days of modern communication when reports, comparisons, achieve- control ments and problems can easily be exchanged without leaving the offi ce. That money should be spent on cost-ef- world fective, properly equipped and manned clinics providing acceptable services population 34 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 SOCIETY The Age mong the remarkable advances made in the 20th century, high on the list of ones that changed our world as we know it must be what computers and the Internet have done to enhance communication to a degree never reached before. It has been truly said that if you are not Afully conversant with a computer, and you do not know how to access the Web, then you cannot be successful in business today. Staff writer PATRICIA HUGHES SCOTT looks back at the beginnings of and the radical changes that information technology has introduced into our daily lives.

How the modern vented a system of strings and 1896 and, in 1924, the compa- computer came moving beads called the abacus ny changed its name to Inter- around 500 BC to help them national Business Machines or into being perform calculations. IBM, churning out punch-card Much later, in the 17th offi ce systems until the late The history of our Elec- century, a French scientist and 1960s. tronic Age is one of the mar- philosopher called Blaise Pascal vels of the 20th century yet, came up with a device using not very long ago, the only Post- Second World a system of moveable dials to computers that existed were add or subtract sums of up to War development big enough to fi ll a barn and eight fi gures. A computer pro- roughly equivalent in price Warfare has contributed gramming language was named to buying an island in some signifi cantly to the develop- after him in 1971. beautiful part of the world. ment of digital technology. However, it is a little In the fi rst part of the The machines of post-war known fact that the fi rst real 20th century, the idea of a years were huge. The 30 ton programmer was a woman. personal computer had not Electronic Numerical Integra- Augusta Ada King, Countess even registered with the tor and Calculator, completed of Lovelace, daughter of the technological industry. Who in 1946 and housed at the English poet Byron, was largely One of the fi rst computers being serviced would have guessed that, University of Pennsylvania, responsible for and played a within 25 years or so, many was 18 feet high, 80 feet long, large part in the design of the Have you ever imagined how big was the fi rst computer children would be learning and contained 17,468 vacuum fi rst automated, general pur- invented. Now take a look at the hard disk of the computer their lessons, chatting to tubes linked by 500 miles of pose computer in 1833. in 1956 shown below. their friends, playing games wiring. It performed 100,000 Punching holes into bits – on a computer? That a operations per second and was of wood proved vital to the business traveller would be used, among other things, to growing computer industry. able to check in to his fl ight, determine the feasibility of the The American inventor Her- using a hand held device, on hydrogen bomb. man Hollerith’s Tabulator – a the way to the airport? That In 1947, engineers William machine that counted, collated you can virtually conduct Shockley, Walter Brattain and and sorted data stored on your business without mov- John Bardeen came up with a pock-marked cards – was used ing from your desk? tiny device called a transistor to process information in the that would revolutionise micro- 1890 US census. Instead of When did it all electronics, contribute to lower taking over six years to tabu- costs of computers and lead to start? late the results by hand, that the development of mainframe year it was counted in a mere and mini-computers. It earned The fi rst great pioneers six weeks. its inventors a Nobel Prize, and were the mathematicians of Hollerith founded the Tabu- Shockley turned the invention Babylonia. These people in- lating Machine Company in into a business The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Society 35

The real breakthrough in The corporate battles sive amount of information computer miniaturisation came waged between the technologi- anyway). So the US govern- in 1958 when American engi- cal giants have subsequently ment set up a research pro- neers Jack Kilby and Robert brought the world to where we gramme to develop technology Noyce independently designed are today. IBM introduced its that would allow computers to the fi rst integrated circuits by personal computer, PC, in 1981 communicate directly with one cramming numerous electronic but, as a result of competition another. components on a single silicon from the makers of clones, the During the 1980s, this chip. The integration made it price of PCs fell dramatically, networking technology was possible to bundle millions of and it has been the same story adopted by more government components on a chip the size ever since. The ENIAC, which agencies, and it was also used of a pinhead, gradually reduc- had less power than a mod- by universities to communicate ing tank-sized machines to lap ern calculator, cost $500,000 and share their information. size. to build, whereas the cheap Eventually it was taken up by In 1971 Intel came out laptops of today are almost the private sector and spread to furniture, from groceries Hardware: this is the with the fi rst micro-processor, 20,000 times faster than when to other countries. to a house – you look at the name for tangible equipment the Intel 4004, combining the the fi rst processor came out in Then, around a couple of property on the screen and such as the computer, moni- basic elements of a computer 1971. decades ago, Tim Berners-Lee, you are led from room to room tor, keyboard, mouse and on one tiny silicon chip. However, the Internet has a British engineer working in so you see it all without leav- printer. The fi rst personal computer undoubtedly had the greatest Geneva, proposed a plan to ing your seat in front of the Browsing/surfi ng: this to appear on the scene was Mi- impact on sales of personal make the Internet accessible computer. You can fi nd a reci- means moving around or cro Instrumentation Telemetry computers in recent years. to people without any techni- pe - if, for example, you have scanning what is available on Systems’ Altair 8800 in 1974, What was originally formed in cal background in computing only got a few ingredients and the Web. designed for hardcore electron- 1970 as an exclusive network – and the World Wide Web was do not know what to make Downloading: this term ics rather than the uninitiated for the military has boomed born. Now an estimated more with them, just type that in is used for copying fi les from user. The earliest personal into an international com- than 100 million people use it and up comes an answer. If the Internet so you can read, computer, PC, did not have a munications and commerce and Berners-Lee became the you have a hobby, you can fi nd and/or transfer them to your keyboard, a screen or a mouse. system. According to a study director of the World Wide Web out on the Internet all there is computer. It came in kit form and you by the Angus Reid Group (a consortium, which continues to know about your particular Browser: a browser is a had to programme it yourself global market social research to make improvements by interest, and other like-minded piece of Internet software – and it did not come loaded company), more than 300 mil- developing new software and people you can communicate that lets you download and with Microsoft Windows. lion people around the world maintaining standards. But, as with on your subject. You can view web pages. are currently online. he is the fi rst to say “It’s only book a holiday, order fl owers E-mail: this is electronic Computers now recognise just started; this is just the or send a message to someone mail that lets you send text Enter Bill Gates speech and can monitor pat- beginning.” on the other side of the world messages from one computer terns in medical procedures much quicker than by any to another. You can attach Bill Gates, a student who with human accuracy. If devel- other method. pictures, spreadsheets and so decided to drop out of college opment continues at the rate How does it work? Improvements are being forth. and go into business, wrote it has done so far, how soon made all the time – soon, for Home-page: this is the an operating system for the and how close will they be to Think of the Web as a huge example, people will be able fi rst or contents page of a machine using an early pro- taking over the role of a hu- encyclopaedia with informa- to connect to the Internet via web site. gramming language called BA- man being? tion on absolutely anything, digital television. Most major Information: this is a SIC. He founded the Microsoft no matter how obscure. To businesses throughout the term that likens the Internet Company and became the rich- search for information, you world have a web site, and new to information packed road est man in the world before The Internet can either browse (also known addresses are added daily. A network superhighway. he was 30 years of age, taking as surfi ng) to fi nd sites or, if slight snag is when you are Online: when you are over from the Sultan of Bru- The Internet was actu- you know the address of the on line it engages your phone online, you are connected to nei, Hassanal Bulkia – whose ally set up less than 30 years web site you want to look at so you cannot take incoming the web pages that let you wealth was inherited (Bill ago – and you can consider its (typical web site addresses be- calls. If you are going to use search for a subject by enter- came from an ordinary Ameri- infl uence on our lives now. It gin with http/ www), you just the Internet a lot, a second ing key words or send an e- can working class family). all started in the 1950s when type in your question. phone is an advantage. Or go mail letter. Around that time, in the the US Defence Department If, however, you want to to a Cyber Café, and this has Search engine – this is area which has come to be decided it needed to develop a fi nd something specifi c but the advantage of qualifi ed per- the term for a web site with known as Silicon Valley, two secure way of communicating have not a clue where to start, sonnel to help you, and is an an index of web pages that other young entrepreneurs sensitive information within you can use a search machine inexpensive way of using the lets you search for a subject called Steve Jobs and Steve the organisation (until then it called an engine. Rather like web. by entering key words. Wozniak invented a superior had been using magnetic tapes an electronic “Yellow Pages” To connect your computer Secure Site – This is a machine and founded Apple that got damaged or stolen in a telephone directory, to to the Internet, you need a web site that will encrypt Computer Corporation in 1976. and they did not store a mas- use the search engine you just dial up account with an In- or code ‘at risk’ data such as type in the subject you want ternet service provider. This credit card details to keep information on, and it will fi nd allows you to get on the World them safe from ‘hackers’ - all the web site addresses that Wide Web, send e-mails and people who ‘hack in’ (enter) mention your subject words. advertise yourself and/or your illegally to obtain informa- business. You pay a monthly tion while it is being send subscription or pay on a fi xed down a phone line. What does the time basis. World Wide Web – often shortened to w.w.w., this is Internet have to the public area of the Inter- offer? Technical terms you net. need to know Web Page/Site – a page Well, you can fi nd out just is a single document with about anything – from the Software: this is a pro- text and pictures found on latest research on cancer to gramme on a compact disc, the World Wide Web what any particular president CD, or fl oppy disk that enables A Blog – This is a per- has said or done in that week. your computer to carry out sonal diary on the Net that You can watch the news; buy certain tasks. anyone can access and read. Bill Gates Center almost anything – from clothes 36 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011

What would you like to drink? Patricia Hughes Scott from vitreous china • remove rust spots from What’s your tipple? beer? soda? or water? Are you chrome car bumpers drinking the amount of water you should every day? pains, particularly osteopathic • lean corrosion from car (bones.) battery terminals – it Probably not. Make sure you take enough bubbles it away water every day, and keep a • loosens rusted bolts, Washing- bottle by your bed. just rub them a cloth ton, USA soaked in Coca Cola for survey a few minutes showed Soda • Coca Cola people use it that 75 to clean the engines of per cent of Lay off the bottled sodas, their trucks peopleA are chronically dehy- experts say. Why? Just take • remove grease stains drated – which almost certain- Coca Cola for example – sweet, from clothes (just mix ly will apply to other coun- sugary, comforting – but did a bottle of Coke with tries, and particularly those in you know it is also a powerful your detergent and the tropics. It was established cleanser which can - wash) that in nearly 40 per cent of • clean blood stains off • clean your car wind- people the thirst mechanism roads (Highway Patrols screen beautifully (or is so weak and misunderstood in many US states carry your house windows). it is often mistaken for hun- two gallons of Coke in The active ingredient in ger, so people eat rather than their trucks to do this) coke is phosphoric acid. Its pH take a glass of water. Just one • dissolve a steak if left is 2.8. Phosphoric acid leaches glass of water staved off late in a bowl of Coke in calcium from bones and is a night hunger pangs for almost two days major contributor to osteopo- 100 per cent of the people who • dissolve a nail in for rosis. And what do you think tried it. triggers daytime fatigue. A screen or a printed page. days it does to your inside if it can Effects of not drinking mere 2 per cent drop in body Drinking fi ve glasses of • clean a toilet if you dissolve a nail? enough water are bad - even water can trigger fuzzy, short water daily decreases the risk pour a bottle of Coca mild dehydration will slow term memory, trouble with of many cancers, especially Cola in and leave for an Now – would you like a down one’s metabolism by 3 basic mathematics, and diffi - colon and bladder cancer, and hour then fl ush . glass of water or a glass of per cent; and lack of water culty focusing on the computer can alleviate various aches and • clean stubborn stains Coke?

A chat with the doctor Dangers of alcoholism

Dr Thuou Loi Cingoth much needed for the well-being ture and along with that, the loss normally). chronic complications, which we of a person. These functions are of its normal functions. The ulti- In the stomach, too much shall look at in this paper in a fu- n alcoholic is a per- negatively affected by heavy mate treatment for liver cirrhosis drinking of alcohol leads to acute ture edition. son with constant drinking of alcohol. The effect is liver transplantation (meaning infl ammation in the inner layer As explained above, excessive drinking habit leads may be acute (within very short that the patient has to be given of the stomach, leading to gastric consumption of alcohol could have to harmful conse- time) or chronic (over long time). new liver). In case, the patient is A erosion or ulcer. Gastric erosion disastrous consequences on our quences in their work or social Too much drinking of alcohol may lucky to get a donated liver then may result in severe fatal bleeding general well-being. It is therefore life. An excessive consumption of lead to immediate loss of func- this has to be done in specialised that requires surgical intervention important that we either abstain alcohol is not only damaging to tions of liver cells (known as acute centre by specialists. in specialised medical unit. from alcohol or minimise intake of one own social or work life, but it liver cell failure). In Acute liver In heart, the high consump- One of the organs which is alcohol to the lowest amount pos- also has grave health hazards on cell failure, the person may go tion of alcohol affects the normal affected by alcohol is pancreas. sible to avoid subjecting ourselves human bodies. into coma (loss of consciousness) function of that important organ Pancreas is an important organ in to the above-complicated medi- Large amounts of alcohol in- and may die especially in places which pumps blood into blood human body. It produces enzymes cal consequences. Some of these take could affect any part of the where health services are lacking vessels (arteries and veins) for ei- and other substances needed for effects some of these conditions body. Here we will look in this or very poor. ther delivery of oxygen and other normal function of our bodies. One may be extremely diffi cult if not article at how that habit affects In long term, the high con- nutrients into the tissues or blood of the long-term complications of impossible to deal with especially the most important organs such as sumption of alcohol leads to dam- to the lungs where it gets oxygen- excessive alcohol consumption is in setting where health services liver, heart, stomach and pancreas age of liver cells resulting in a ated. The long-term consequences that it affects certain cells which are still very poor. in human body. grave medical condition known as of that is heart failure (a condi- are responsible for production of The liver is an important or- liver cirrhosis. In this condition, tion where the heart is no longer insulin in pancreas resulting in gan with many functions that are the liver loses its normal architec- able to carry out its functions diabetes. Diabetes has acute and The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Hospitality 37 Eating out in Juba

y Local opened its doors in April 2008, serving local Sudanese food. The menu

Asantewaa lo Liyong differs each day and is written on a blackboard. The menu ranges from The restaurant local favourites such as swala, dried fish is made from bamboo fence, andM peanut butter or boiled goat’s meat, accompanied corrugated iron either with sweet potato, rice, sorghum asida or white sheets with flour asida. One of my favourite items from the menu plastic chairs is the fresh juices, such as avocado, lemon, mango and and tables. Pot plants have so forth, served in large beer mugs for only SDG 5. No been placed for alcohol is sold before 5pm during the week but that decoration. does not stop discerning customers from visiting My The propri- Local every day. etor Kenyi Ta- ban Ndipa said he looks for creative and in- Q & A with Local, your Local”. On the April a no go area for foreigners to at the moment. Proprietor Kenyi 1 this year My Local will be give it the true local taste. The Q: Lastly, how long will My novative ways four years old. waiting staff can be from any- Local be in Juba? Taban Ndipa How do you ensure that where in the world but not in A: We are here to stay. service is always up to stan- the kitchen. Food: local Sudanese food to prepare local What brought the idea of dard at My Local? Q: What are the challenges Beverages: fresh juices, My Local? Taban: First I always eat you face doing business in alcohol and tea food and keep Owner: I wanted to cook lunch at My Local; I come Juba? Service: fair local food and create employ- every morning to check the A: Setting business in Juba Ambience: friendly his customers ment for local people. Also kitchen. I am hands on to en- is not easy. Regulations are not Cuisine: African to promote local food like happy. sure everything is done to my clear on setting business in royoroyo, basiko and swala. Ev- satisfaction. I listen to feed- Juba. There is no place to get Main course: SDG 5 – 10 erywhere you go in the world, The clientele back from my customers about advice you struggle as you go, Seating: 50 like Ethiopia, Uganda or Kenya the quality of food and service. you learn as you go. Getting they cook their local foods, vary from Suda- How do you ensure that fi nance or investors for your Physical address: Road to what’s wrong with us cooking your food stays true to its business is not easy. There are Bilpam, on the left side after our own food. My Local is not nese and expa- name? no takeaway foods. Lack of the Bangladesh Bridge possessive and neither generic, A: The staff in the kitchen skills is also a major issue such Opening times: 08:00 to it belongs to you and me. “My triates. are Southern Sudanese, it is that we don’t have a manager 22:00 38 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Past Notes and Records Rumbek and the Zaribas of Southern Sudan ditch or trench dug around it, called “Noor” – It was located as Zubair Pasha, was thus initi- personality of the famous (or an earth embankment thrown at a spot called “Noor”- palm ated by European traders, and notorious) Agar Dinka leader up above the trench, and tree- by Nuer, from the palm assisted by local Southern Suda- Wol Athiang [Athiaan.] sometimes a wooden palisade trees planted there. To the rest nese allies. Wol had dealings with the fi xed on top of the surrounding of the world it became known The zaribas varied in size, Egyptian garrison, as his sister embankment. It was this type after the man who founded it- according to whether they were was the wife of the Egyptian of zariba that the ivory- and Nasir. Present-day Nasir town temporary way-stations along a commander there. According slave-traders constructed when is now located across the river caravan route, or small outpost, to the Nuer, it was the Egyp- they established themselves from the original zariba. or long-term permanent settle- tians who made Wol a chief throughout Southern Sudan in Both Ayod and Nasir were ment. The smallest contained of the Agar. He therefore had the nineteenth century. From small compared to Pendit no more than about twenty inside knowledge of the zariba’s Douglas H. Johnson the outside these earthworks (Dinka for “Big Town”) located huts, but by the late 1860s the strengths, weaknesses, and and palisades looked like a near present-day Rumbek. This average sized zariba had about activities. As the successes of fence. But inside, where the was the very fi rst camp in what 250 armed men, plus their the Mahdi elsewhere in Sudan When visiting Juba traders and their sailors, sol- became an extended commer- women, children and slaves. grew throughout 1882 and 1883 recently I met a diers and slaves lived, was a cial ivory- and slave-trading In 1870 the Austrian ex- he enlisted the Agar’s erstwhile small town, with winding paths network that exploited the plorer Georg Schweinfurth esti- enemies, the Nyuong, Dok and young woman named between huts of mud, and Southern Sudan throughout mated that the total immigrant Jagei Nuer. Prior to launching Nyarek – “Daughter sometimes – especially in the the middle of the nineteenth population in the zaribas of the the assault on the zariba, how- zaribas the Egyptian army later century. Alphonse de Malzac, a twelve great Khartoum trading ever, he gave separate instruc- of the Town” in Nuer, occupied – buildings of brick. French diplomat turned hunter companies in the Bahr el Ghazal tions to the Agar warriors: they so named because So, the fence contained a town, and trader, was the fi rst to amounted to about 10,000 men: were to wear a strip of white and became a town. break out of the restrictions the soldiers, merchants, clerks, holy cloth around their arm or body she was born in Many of the towns in Egyptian government had im- men, and other adventurers. In to distinguish them from their Khartoum, though Southern Sudan today were posed on ivory traders working addition to this the camps in- Nuer allies. Then, he said, “As her parents came from fi rst founded as zaribas or have along the Bahr el Jebel. cluded a total of 5-11,000 slave you spear the Turuk [Dinka been rebuilt near zaribas sites. From a base at the river soldiers, 40-60,000 personal and Nuer name for outsiders Pan-gak. But “rek” Kodok (the old Fashoda) was port of Shambe, he created a slaves, and about 190,000 sub- coming from the north, mainly in Nuer also means formerly a zariba, as were Nasir network of strategic alliances ject population settled around the Turks, Arabs or Europeans] and Bor, Rumbek and Shambe, with the Cic and Agar Dinka the camps and along the cara- to your right, spear the Nuer “fence”. So how did Wau and Deim Zubeir, Rajaf and in 1854-6, founding his fi rst van routes, who were neither to your left”. The assault was the word for “fence” Amadi. There are many other zariba among the Agar Dinka. slave nor fully free, and were successful, the Egyptian gar- abandoned zariba sites through- De Malzac exploited tribal feuds employed as porters, labour- rison was wiped out, but either become the word for out Sudan, often recognisable and inter-tribal wars to pen- ers, and agricultural workers. during or after the battle (the “town”? The answer by their ditches, and often etrate the interior and expand Towns, indeed. Nuer say after) the Agar turned marked on the Sudan Survey his trading network. Using Rumbek became a govern- on the Nuer, trying to rid them- lies in the old zaribas maps with the name “Khandak” musket-armed Arab Sudanese ment station in the 1870s when selves of two enemies at once. of the nineteenth – trench or moat. retainers as the backbone of his the Italian soldier of fortune The resulting feud was to dis- century. The fi rst zariba site I ever military force, he allied with and ex-Garibaldini, Romolo turb Nuer-Dinka relations well saw was at Ayod. Ayod is on a specifi c groups of Dinka against Gessi, used it as his base to into the twentieth century. zariba in Arabic is sandy, tree-shaded ridge, with a their local enemies. Cattle tak- defeat the revolt of the jallaba When the Anglo-Egyptian an enclosure. In good supply of clear water from en in these raids were used to in Bahr elGhazal, led by Zubair forces arrived in Bahr el Ghazal its simplest form, numerous wells. In the 1860s feed his own troops, reward his Pasha’s son, Sulaiman Zubair. at the beginning of the twen- as used in many A various trading companies allies, and trade for ivory. Cap- Rumbek became one of Egypt’s tieth century they reoccupied parts of the Eastern and North- established river ports on the tives taken in these raids were main commercial and military the Rumbek area and estab- ern Sudan, it is no more than Bahr el Zeraf with a series of given to his retainers as slaves. outposts in the South. At the lished the current town at some circle of thorn bushes to keep inland camps up to Ayod, where Thus the connection between beginning of the Mahdiyya the distance from the old zariba livestock penned for the night. they traded in ivory, cattle, ivory-trading and slave-raiding Egyptian garrison at Rumbek site. Wol Athiang continued an The zariba was frequently made slaves. The Ayod zariba was a was forged. was slaughtered in July 1883 ambivalent relationship with by armies as temporary or rectangular trench dug into the De Malzac established the by a combined force of Dinka both the new government and semi-permanent camps. The sandy ridge. Between Ayod and fi rst set of rules for the inter- and Nuer. The offi cial version his Nuer neighbours, alternately Egyptian and British armies the river, connecting it to the nal administration of zaribas. of this defeat (reported by collaborating and fi ghting with regularly made zaribas of cut main river port, was another These were adopted by later Emin Pasha) was that the gar- them both. The government thorn bushes surrounding their zariba, which today still goes commercial companies for run- rison was caught outside the temporarily exiled him to Wau camps during their nineteenth by the name “Khandak”. ning their zaribas and became zariba when on an unauthorised in 1921 and allowed him to re- century campaigns of conquest These zaribas were in opera- known in Arabic as the “kanun” raid against the Agar Dinka. turn to the vicinity of Rumbek in Northern Sudan. In the two tion for only about a decade. or “gawaniin” (singular “gan- Another government offi cial in 1922. He died in 1948, his biggest battles of the Anglo- In 1875, when Gordon was act- uun”) Malzac” (Malzac’s laws). claimed that the Dinka attack death marked, so local people Egyptian Reconquest of 1898 ing as governor-general of Equa- He did not live long to enjoy on Rumbek was led “by a great say, by a meteorite shower. the Mahdist army at Atbara de- toria, he close down the camps his commercial success, dying sorcerer” chanting “the deadly The events of the nine- fended itself within a large oval and evacuated the traders who in 1860 after a long illness in invocation of the Arab” then teenth century are still remem- zariba made from thorn bushes, manned them. Ironically, he Khartoum, “fortifi ed by the being heard throughout Sudan bered. A village has grown up and the Anglo-Egyptian army at decided to employ one of these Sacraments of the Latin Church” as the Mahdist revolt grew in around the zariba site of Pendit, Omdurman similarly protected traders- a Dungolawi- a man of (so it was later reported). The strength. In fact the assault on but the site itself remains main- its fi ring line with a long line of Dungola origin- named Nasir zariba system he established, Rumbek had nothing to do with ly unoccupied. In 2006 I asked cut bushes. Ali- and sent him up the Sobat which has since been associ- the inspiration of Mahdism. some young men of the village A zariba can also be a more to establish a new government ated with such famous Northern The Dinka and Nuer versions why this was so, and they re- permanent fortifi cation, with a station. It was located at a spot Sudanese Arab slave-merchants of the raid revolve around the plied, “We are still angry”. The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 39 Jungle Chronicle Yasir Jaafar: fi ghting to change Sudan Atem Yaak Atem

where he spent a year receiv- ing training and later as an country. We discussed together instructor. Later he went to what should be done about Bonga training centre where [the deteriorating situation.” When I asked he spent eight months as an Continued last issue Finally, in the absence of instructor. He became a cadet a better alternative, the son Brigadier Yasir Jaafar in Shield Five (batch of cadets) Yasir Jaafar and some of his informed his father that he after which he was commis- colleagues in the Sudan Com- had decided to join the rebel sioned fi rst lieutenant. He was munist Party were unhappy movement in the South, the how their family and deployed with the Bright Star that a left wing organisation SPLM/A. It appears that the Campaign, a force that cleared was indifferent to the welfare old man was not very enthu- members are viewed the whole of Eastern Equatoria of the rural Sudan where the siastic with the decision. Yasir and almost the entire Jonglei majority of the population says his father told him that of presence of Government live. After failing to receive he did not know much about by their neighbours. of Sudan garrisons. 1st Lt satisfactory answers about that the situation in Southern Su- Yasir Jafaar took part in the nagging question and the par- dan nor about the insurgents “Very difficult operations that resulted in ty’s unclear position towards and their agenda. But all the the capture of Torit. He and a the SPLM/A and its programme same “he was one of the peo- situation, sometimes” smaller force, Agustinho Neto for the whole country, he re- ple who encouraged me to join Task Forces commanded by late signed from the party in 1986. the SPLM/A.” Alternate Commander Dhieu The young lawyer was also not “He is an old man now liv- was his reply Warabek. The victorious force convinced that any meaningful ing in Wad Medani” in central political change in the sys- later advanced to take from Sudan. “He is proud of me and “There is no person or tem of rule would be effected Attitudes of the government the Parajwok had special admiration for Dr a clan that can claim the through mass action such as and Magwi outposts and fi nally John Garang”, he reveals, add- neighbours towards ownership of Medani. People popular uprising because in to Nimule where he was one of ing that his father believes the family came from the west, south, his opinion that was impos- the fi rst offi cers to enter the that the former SPLM leader north and even Khartoum sible and if ever it succeeded it border town that was heavily had changed the whole coun- When I asked Brigadier to look for jobs there where could be stolen by the sectar- defended by the SAF. try and that the old man that Yasir Jaafar how their family they settled permanently”, ian parties. He cited the fate Yasir Jaafar was on the thinks Sudan would never have and members are viewed by he explains. “Nobody in Me- of the October 1964 intifada mission that moved to clear someone like Garang again. On their neighbours. “Very diffi - dani can ask the question which the traditional parties the whole Western Equatoria learning of Garang’s death his cult situation, sometimes” was ‘what is your tribe’” because stole after the interim period of the Government presence. father “was disappointed.” Ac- his reply. Neighbours insult he thinks many inhabitants in early 1965. In all the operations 1st Lt cording to Yasir his father had them each time they appear in of Medani have lost their Although Yasir was criti- Jaafar took part in combat. wanted to hold discussion with public, he says. Yasir narrates ethnic roots and in the pro- cal of the SCP he has glowing All who knew him at war front him before his death. a story about his father. “When cess become simply Suda- words for the Sudan Workers’ talk of his bravery, quick wits, Yasir’s father sent four of he used to attend prayers in a nese. Trade Union. The organisation humanity and love of people his younger brothers to the local mosque the imam would Because of this ethnic was an important component especially those who junior to Eastern Front while he, Yasir, begin talking about things mixture, Yasir says the town of SCP. He recalls the role him. was serving there as a junior like ‘stooges’, ‘Israel’ or ‘John is a very solid stronghold of played by the Workers’ Trade SPLA offi cer there. The young Garang’”. And that was done the SPLM. Yasir says it was Union in 1948. Under the NIF coup changed men were going for military out of context but those crude this fact that led the Nation- leadership of Gassim Amin, training for battles against the allusions were directed at the al Congress Party “to destroy deployment the Union pressed for equal Sudan Armed Forces. One of family and their involvement the Gezira Scheme.” pay for the same work done Yasir Jaafar was with the the brothers was escorted to with the SPLM. “If we [the SPLM] did not by all Sudanese workers. Yasir SPLA C-in-C Cmdr John Garang. the rebels’ base at the Eritrean However, Yasir says not withdraw from contesting says workers in and from the Present also was Cmdr Abdel Sudanese border. At the mili- only does the family not care elections in the North last South benefi tted from the Aziz Adam el Hilu. The loca- tary base at the border Yasir’s about such remarks but also year we would have won the scheme that had addressed the tion was near the Ethiopian mother was able to meet her that Medani is such a cosmo- seat of the governor”, he said inequality in wages received by border. The movement was seasoned guerrilla fi ghter son, politan city that discriminato- while exuding confi dence, labourers who were citizens of planning to deployment a force Yasir. ry attitudes and prejudice are adding that the party boasts one country. in Eastern Sudan. Before the After the end of the war almost non-existent. He attri- of 100,000 SPLM card hold- Yasir says his father and plan was executed, a coup that the two brothers who had not butes that liberal spirit of Me- ers. mother (who was a school completed studies went back dani, the main town that was brought Omar Bashir to power forced that SPLA to change its teacher} were active members to fi nish their formal educa- the hub of agricultural produc- Military of the SCP. “My father was a tion. One brother is now an tion of the whole Sudan, to military strategies. The mis- member of the [Sudan] Com- SPLA captain with the Joint the backgrounds of most of its experience sion to the Eastern front where munist Party. He was well con- Integrated Unit, JIU, stationed dwellers. Farm workers espe- Yasir Jaafar was to be part was Yasir trained as soldier nected with the leaders of the at Ramciel in Lakes State, cially in cotton industry were put on hold for a time. at the SPLA camp at Bil- party. He was conversant with Southern Sudan. attracted from all corners of pam from December 1988 the political situation in the the country. To be continued in the next issue. 40 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 Kreative Korna Saluting the national fl ag Top the fi elds and submits shining high. Go and fl y atop a mosque, atop a church and on all sacred shrines My Flag of freedom, the symbol of our pride We paint you blue for unity, too many we are but one in all, Oh, here is the pearl of all skies. We are united to the end and from the start shining high.

Black is you it’s me; a gem blessed by the Almighty, To the world, we are the star, Shining high, here, there, beyond and far. Glorious and shining high on mountain tops, Shining high here, there, beyond and far, Peace for all is symbolised in white, From ancient times we have been a star of guidance. Our pride. Precious we cherish and we shall all guard The land of creation, Eden to east, In your sentry we shall put up a relentless fi ght The immortal Nile to the west, To preserve peace with justice and dignity. We Shine in all skies, siblings from one womb of one Motherland Shining high, here, there, beyond and far. We paint red in memory of our martyrs. They have written heroism with their blood all times. My fl ag, the pride of our people and envy of our foes, Martyrdom for freedom and glory for all is noble desire, In your sentry we shall put up a fi ght to preserve freedom for us. Precious blood, limbs and soul the souvenirs of our fi ght Hurrah for just peace; pardon for all we paint you white.

Oh sweet Motherland, you are for all creeds and all tongues. Acuil Malith Banggol, an agriculturist by training and a well known In green we paint you Oh my eternal Motherland, sportsman, he was a freedom fi ghter during the 1983-2005 war for the rights of the people of Southern Sudan. Flourishing with gems, water, all fl ora and fauna, Praise every culture; faith and not just a single clan.

A man has to go to work Part 2 A man has to go to work John is wakened by his alarm clock Part 1 In his soft sprung bed in his spacious well constructed house (It’s 7.30 a.m. the radio says). John wakes on his wooden slatted bed in a mud hut with a tin roof He takes a refreshing shower, (It’s fi rst light). Drinks coffee (hot), orange juice (cold) He shakes his shoes before he puts them on, And eats eggs and toast And his trousers, too While he reads the news from the paper delivered to the door - (Insects could crawl in them during the night). (More problems in the Third World He carefully buttons up his shirt (Tut-tut! Will it never end?) (He only has two – one to wash and one to wear). He kisses his wife, waves to the kids If he’s lucky he’ll have a cup of tea before he sets off And drives to the Metro station. (Breakfast is a luxury he can’t afford). (Damn this traffi c, it’s hard to fi nd parking). He trudges a mile on a dirt road to the bus. He rides the elevator to his air-conditioned offi ce, On bad days he has fi ve miles to walk to work Sits at his desk and phones and faxes (No money for bus fare) And works on his computer But he must be at work by eight . . . (Oh, lunchtime! – it’s a snack from the deli today, It’s very hot, it’s boring, Tomorrow a business lunch in a big hotel). The hours are long, the work is hard – Then it’s meetings all afternoon - But he doesn’t mind Discussions, decisions, papers signed (He has a job, he’s lucky, many do not). (That’s a good job done) … He shares a loaf of bread with a colleague for lunch The train is crowded in the evening (It’s a long day and his stomach is grumbling) . . . (Godamn, he’ll have to stand). He’s tired when he reaches home in the evening; He collects the car, The road is now slippery, sucking mud Drives down shady, tree-lined roads And his only shoes are fi lthy and stained to his pretty white-painted home. (It’s the rainy season). (Pour me a drink, Hon, it’s been a hard day). (Boiled maize meal and cabbage) What’s for supper? And chats with his neighbours: Chicken on the barbecue, potato salad, icecream There’s too much noise in the house (Let’s eat on the back porch, the weather’s so nice). (The baby’s sick and won’t stop crying The kids have their friends over playing in the yard And his wife is asking for money to take it to the hospital, (Will you quit that noise!) And the boys are trying to do homework by the light of a candle). T.V. on – he watches the ball game Soon he’s tired, he has to sleep Then his wife wants to see a video Because tomorrow (a new release, excellent fi lm). John has to go to work. Bed at midnight. He’s tired, he has to sleep – Because tomorrow John has to go to work The Pioneer /,/ March 19, 2011 - March 25, , 2011 41

Usian Bolt (12)Siberia (13)Barack Obama (14) Golda Meir (15) General Mao Tune to Bakhita Radio Quiz 2 1. What was the nationality of Adolf Hitler? Bakhita FM airs broadcast over 40 programs on weekly basis in 2. By what Military rank is the African president Libya known? English, Arabic and local languages. Some of our programs are: 3. How many times has the host nation won the World Cup?

4. Give another name for the shell of a tortoise or turtle. 1. Nation building a civic education program that engages 5. Who won the 1995 Rugby World Cup? community, individuals, leaders, intellectuals and decision makers 6. Where do locusts lay their eggs? on issues of governance and nation building (Tuesday, Thursday 7. Who was the only Bryan to have a record at number 1 for 16weeks? and Saturday from 7:00 pm-8:30 pm). 8. What is measured on a Richter scale?

9. Into what does the butterfl y egg hatch? 2. Women on the shade of Peace Live program that includes topics 10. Who was the Desert Fox? such as women’s rights, citizenship, traditions, women’s role in 11. Which fi lm provided a bestselling album for Whitney Houston? society and at home in Southern Sudan (Sat 1:00-3:00 pm). 12. Paul Kagame is the President of this African Country.

13. The current president of Gabon 3. Juba Sunrise A forum for people to voice their opinions and views 14. The highest mountain in Africa is found in this country. on current issues and events (Monday to Friday 8-10 am). 15. The fi rst meeting of the United Nations Organisation in 25 April 1945. What

organization did it replace? 4. Bits & Pieces A platform for people to analyze and comment on news and current affairs affecting the population in Juba. (English Answers: 1) Austria (2) Colonel (Gadaffi ) (3) six (4) Carapace (5)South Africa (6) & Arabic) Monday, Wednesday, Friday (5:15 pm-7:00 pm). In sand (7) Bryan Adams (8) Earthquakes (9) Caterpillar (10) Field Marshall Rom-

mel (11)The Bodyguard (12) Rwanda (13)El Hadj Omar Bongo (14) Tanzania (15) 5. Wanasa Taqafya: Discussion forums and educational programs League of Nations in local languages (Monday- Dinka; Tuesday-Bari; Wednesday- Madi; Thursday-Acholi; and Friday-Bari from 4:00- 5:00 pm and Quiz 3 Saturday Lokoya from 3:30 pm -5:00 pm). 1. The body of an insect is divided into how many sections?

2. Both the Hindenburg and the R101 ended in fl ames. What were they? 6. Healthwise provides information on health issues and prevention 3. Which president of the Soviet Union died in 1953, at the age of 73? measures (Monday, Wednesday and Saturday 10:30 am); and 4. What are scientists who study volcanoes called? many more. 5. In 1924 at the age of 49 who became the oldest player to appear in the FA

Cup Final? Listen to 91 FM Bakhita Radio every day from 6:00 am to 12:00 pm. 6. AIDS has become a world known phenomena. What do the initials stand for?

7. The highest mountain in the world. Bakhita Radio: for a reconciled and peaceful society. 8. Which part of the world was once known as the “Dark Continent”? 9. Which German city suffered the worst bombing of the war in February 1945? Remain blessed, 10. Number of countries in the African continent. 11. What happens to the garden snail in winter? Sr Cecilia Sierra Salcido 12. What was given the name the “New World”? Directress 13. How many states are there in Sudan? Bakhita Radio 14. The number of offi cial languages in South Africa. +0915732284 15. Which American president ordered the dropping of the fi rst Atomic bomb? +0955327280 www.bakhitaradio.org Answers: (1)Three (2) Airships(3) Joseph Stalin (4)Volcanologist (5) Billy Mer- edith (6) Acquired Immune Defi ciency Syndrome (7) Mount Everest (8) Africa Bakhita Radio was established in 2006 to serve as a platform to promote communication for peace and good governance, as well as the general public’s (9) Dresden (10)Fifty three (11) It hibernates (12)The newly discovered American participation in the political process. Bakhita Radio is based in Juba, where it is a part continent(13)Twenty six(14) Eleven (15)Harry.S.Turman of the Sudan Catholic Radio Network, a group of community-based radio stations that operate across southern Sudan. Quiz 4 1. Who became the oldest player in 1982 to win the World Cup? 2. Which Iraqi leader ordered the invasion of Kuwait? Brain fi tness 3. Which African leader emerged from prison after 27 years to lead his party? Quiz 1 4. When a snake has its tongue out. What is it likely to be doing? 1. Which year did Sudan receive its independence? 5. What is the name given to those who study and predict earthquakes? 2. How many years did Nelson Mandela spend in prison? 6. Hosts of 2002 Fifa World Cup? 3. Nationality of Billionaire Mo Ibrahim? 7. The longest river in the world? 4. Which African country has the same name as its capital city? 8. Which Third world leader was assassinated by members of her bodyguard in 5. The largest country in Asia. 1984? 6. The Yoruba’s come from this country. 9. Name of Italian dictator who had been in power since 1922? 7. Which country hosted the 2006 FIFA World Cup? 10. Which year did Pop King Michael Jackson die? 8. The fi rst man on the moon. 11. What was the former name of Sri Lanka? 9. The country with largest world population 12. The fi rst Brazilian female President? 10. When did Hitler rise to power? 13. The year did World War I begin? 11. The current Olympic 100metre title holder? 14. Sirleaf Johnson is the president of which state? 12. Where would you fi nd a Siberian Tiger? 15. The other name for Eggplant (Aswid)? 13. Name the 44th president of the United states of America 14. Who was the fi rst female Prime minister of Israel? Answers: (1)Dino Zoff (Italy) (2)Saddam Hussein (3) Nelson Mandela (4)tasting 15. Who wrote his thoughts on a little red book? the air, to smell out other animals (5)Seismologist (6)Korea/Japan (7) the River Nile (8) Ms Indira Gandhi (9) Benito Mussolini (10) 2009 (11) Ceylon (12) Dilma Answers:(1) 1956.(2)Twenty seven years(3)Sudan (4)Djibouti (5)China (6)Ni- Rousseff (13) nineteen fourteen (14) Sierra Leone (15) Brinjal geria (7)Germany(8)Neil Armstrong (9)India (10) Nineteen thirty three (11) 42 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011

The PIONEER

PIONEERThe

Sports Desk Is this the last season for Wenger at

Otieno Ogeda Arsenal?

ast fortnight can be described as the It is confirmed that worst days for the LRed Devils in the title race in the treble race Sir Alex Ferguson (English Premier League, Eu- ropean Champions League and the less signifi cant silverware, will be watching FA Cup that saw Manchester’s solid defence deny the Gunners his squad play a chance to move to the quar- ter fi nals. It is confi rmed that Sir Alex somewhere seated Ferguson will be watching his squad play somewhere seated with the fans. Why? His scoff with the fans at Atkinson the match of- fi cial during the long awaited do or die for Professor Wenger helped gunners lift their ever as injuries are concerned. His sey come August this year. match at Stamford Bridge that after six years without cel- last trophy FA Cup in 2005 is center back Thomas Vermaelen Wherever they will be head- opened the lid to two pain- ebrating even silverware. coming back to save his former will not feature for the rest of ed is left for rumour mongers ful 2-1 and 3-1 losses at the Let us all agree that Arse- club from goalkeeping crisis the season following the Sep- at this moment. Bridge and Anfi eld respectively nal play quality soccer or may that has hit gunners three tember injury and his regular But, let’s look at Torres did not go well with the FA of- be football in English Premier goalkeepers; Wojciech Szczesny sub Djourou Johan has been who was a darling to Liverpool fi cials. League but what is the es- and Lucasz Fabianski and the ruled out for six weeks while fans and a foe until January Well, the FA tie between sence of playing without a little known Vito Mannone striker Theo Walcott is still transfer window to Serbian Manchester and Arsenal left reward? This can be equated leaving Manuel Almunia with doubtful. and Manchester defender, Vidic a bad taste with the Gunners with a fi sherman who goes to the challenge until the season Chelsea or call it the Blues since he changed his allegiance fans in Juba and of course the river everyday and returns ends. are ever full of surprises. In to Ancheloti. across the globe after the without a single rech (fi sh) for The 41 year old German is the midterm transfer, Abraha- How many times has he midweek dismal performance over a week. coming when Arsenal are fi ght- movic shook the Stocks when seen the net since he left be- against FC Barcelona that left Well, it is common knowl- ing to clinch their fi rst silver- he bagged the Reds’ central hind Steve Gerald and Papa them vulnerable for the rest edge that Arsenal’s fi nancial ware since 2005. Lehmann has fi gure, Fernando Torres amid Reina who is rumoured to be of the season besides the long strength is unrivalled to other not signed the contract yet but fears that the club’s top class heading to Old Trafford in the wait for trophy since 2005. top class clubs like Man U or the agreement has been made. striking and mid fi elders, Ivo- coming season and without The hopes were high until even the Blues that are strug- This has turned a chance for rian captain, Didier Drogba and forgetting the Dutch striker, the destruction by the rather gling to join the top four clubs Yaba to slip on the gloves once Nikolas Anelka were not per- Kuyt at Anfi eld? That is a topic sneaky Lionel Messi messed the this season besides their recent more however he is expected to forming worth their payslips. for another day. Gunners’ entire armoury with- extravagant shopping trip to be on the bench with Almunia Of course there are rumours Last week was another out any substantial revenge. Anfi eld. considered the best choices. going round that they (Drogba, terrifi c week for Southern Su- The game will be remem- Fascinatingly, the Stuttgart Wenger cannot celebrate Malouda, Anelkaand Bosingwa danese particularly the basket- bered by many across the as a goalkeeper Jens Lehmann who the woes of Fergie in as far are likely to change their jer- ball lovers in the Diaspora and The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 43

The PIONEER

back at home as well. Why? Our own Luol Deng Arsenal are did it again. His striking pow- er helped Chicago Bulls edge out the Miami Heat. Luol Deng planning to call is a testimony that sports can lift one to unimaginable levels. former goalkeeper Coming from a pastoral community where cattle are Jens Lehmann out everything and rising to the stardom in the top class bas- ketball, the NBA in the USA is of retirement to a clear point that everything is possible under the sun. solve their crisis To shift the gear back home in Juba. I must admit that our ladies are posing a great between the posts challenge in this game called basketball. Who could imagine with the German that our own ladies could be position three in the Eastern custodian himself Africa Basket Ball Tournament that was held in Kigali, capital of Rwanda by beating Rwanda opening himself up the host, Tanzania, and Bu- rundi? for a move Even though this happened before the referendum vote monwealth, Olympics and lets up our collars and say ku- other global tournaments? dos for their combined effort. It may sound so ambitious Would I be wrong to say that but the truth of the matter things may improve to better is Southern Sudan is a den after independence when the of sports and games ranging Republic of South Sudan will from football to wrestling as be upsetting several countries recently evidenced at Juba sta- Barclays Premier League Standings in different games like Com- dium when Central Equatoria State emerged victorious in the TEAM PLD W D L GF GA GD PTS Wrestling competition that saw 1. Manchester Utd 29 17 9 3 63 30 33 60 this State wrestle out Jonglei and Lakes. 2. Arsenal 28 17 6 5 57 27 30 57 My friend Peter Bech Makuach from Lakes has never 3. Manchester City 29 15 8 6 45 25 20 53 believed this till yesterday when I had to make him un- 4. Chelsea 28 15 6 7 51 24 27 51 derstand that game is about 5. Tottenham 28 13 9 6 41 34 7 48 winning and losing or may be tying. 6. Liverpool 29 12 6 11 39 36 3 42 As the country prepares for the momentous day in July, 7. Bolton 29 10 10 9 42 40 2 40 let us look into what sporting 8. Sunderland 29 9 11 9 33 35 -2 38 activities can be used to bring forth the unity of all Southern 9. Everton 29 8 13 8 38 38 0 37 Sudanese as a one nation. Otherwise, I would sign 10. Newcastle 29 9 9 11 44 41 3 36 out by selfi shly drawing you 11. Fulham 29 7 14 8 32 31 1 35 a table of the English Premier league Standings as I promise 12. Stoke 29 10 4 15 32 38 -6 34 to bring you the Primera Liga standings in the coming issue. 13. Aston Villa 29 8 9 12 37 50 -13 33 But before I pen off, it is re- 14. Blackburn 29 9 5 15 37 49 -12 32 ported that Christiano Ronaldo Arsenal’s goalkeeper has admitted that he would 15. Blackpool 29 9 5 15 43 58 -15 32 Wojciech Szczesny rather meet Manchester United grimaces before being than facing it again with Bar- 16. West Bromwich 29 8 8 13 39 54 -15 32 substituted due to an celona. 17. Birmingham 28 6 13 9 27 39 -12 31 injury during their Does something ring in Champions League soccer your mind about such fear? 18. West Ham 29 7 10 12 36 49 -13 31 match against Barcelona I wish you another sunny at Nou Camp stadium in day even though the clouds 19. Wolves 29 8 5 16 34 49 -15 29 Barcelona March 8, 2011 are building up across the Nile River. 20. Wigan 29 5 12 12 27 50 -23 27 44 The Pioneer / March 19, 2011 - March 25, 2011 National News The young script writer and fi lm director has never been to a fi lm or media college to pursue his A South Sudanese movie dream but his zeal speaks aloud about his position in this competi- tive industry. “I left Sudan at the age of star in the making? four, we were told SPLM/A had just been established and that was Otieno Ogeda the peak of fi erce battle between trative system of Southern Sudan. the Southern army and the Khar- After spending over two de- toum administration,” narrates cades in “wilderness” Gatwech’s Gatwech as he works on a new dream of becoming a military script for a movie that he plans to personnel is long gone and he has produce sometime early next year. shifted his synergy and interest He says that life has never in the yet to be established en- been smooth as many may think tertainment business in Southern adding that he spent several Sudan, the movie industry. nights in the bush on his way to Chief-Gatwech Koak Talking of movie industry, the Ethiopia before later fi nding him- tall with dark complexion stands self in Kenya about 10 years after Nyuon (Director & tall among his colleagues who still being in Gambella region in the Producer) cannot understand what this in- western Ethiopia. dustry is all about. Gatwech’s dream of being in engjok Payam may Gatwech is an actor who aims the movie industry was boosted by sound familiar for to compete with the likes of Will his arrival in Nairobi when he had few individuals and Smith in the Hollywood arena. gone to research on a book he was humanitarian organi- He is talking big and walks it working on called Youth Life. D It is this book that later sations that have been to this vast at the same time as he is not let- dry and remote area of the famous ting it go just like that. changed his life completely when Akobo East County in Jonglei “Acting is part of me and I it was done into a movie called State. can’t just believe it because I have Brownstone. Walking for miles in the plains never been to any school to learn “Upon arrival in Nairobi in of the Upper Nile region to access drama or any form of acting in my 2006, I met a guy who motivated water, need for food and safety is life,” he explains while showing a Gatwech (right) with his fellow chiefs in me into the movie industry and the order of the day. script he is currently working on Akobo County that was the turning point in my This never deterred “Chief” about the long struggle to inde- life,” he admits. Gatwech Koak Koang’s desire to pendence of the South. Gatwech certainly changed the join the celebrity club in the glob- Acting is not the only work book into a movie that was later al entertainment industry domi- Gatwech is engaged in, while showing at one of Nairobi’s movie nated by the elites and educated not doing his scripts and direct- outlets for a period of time. class in the developed world. ing young talents in this up and Brownstone derived from these Unlike his peers who still coming industry, he works for words: Black’s Right Organisa- wield guns as a way of living, his community as a programmes tion for Will of the Nation System Chief Gatwech’s life changed im- offi cer with a community based Technology Objective for New Edu- mediately he left Southern Sudan organisation, Nuer Peace Council, “The Brown cation was produced by the child to seek refuge in Ethiopia when NPC. Stone” soldier that highlights on chal- the last civil confl ict was at its He is also running several proj- lenges like early marriage, child peak. ects in Akobo County as a way of Movie soldier, cattle rustling, facing most “I deeply feel for my brothers uplifting the community he hails produced youth in Southern Sudan and sisters who never got a chance from. “Inspiration to produce Brown- to get out of the village where ba- “Since I returned home I have by Chief stone movie came after realising sic services are pipe dream,” nar- been engaged in raising awareness that my people needed to be en- rates Gatwech as tears roll down on how to combat HIV/Aids, pov- Gatwech lightened about the practises that his cheeks. erty and confl ict resolution as my Koak have rendered the development in So many young people in the area is prone to cattle raids and Akobo area redundant,” explains area never got a chance to access counter-raids with the neighbour- Chief Gatwech. interview with Gatwech, a message education and basic health as ing community,” he explains. to empower and convince these He concludes that there is that fi ve soldiers had been shot war ravaged the entire Southern Akobo County like any other youth to turn to other construc- much in store for his fans who dead by youth certainly inter- Sudan. County in Southern Sudan has tive engagement rather than guns love his movie. rupted the talk at hand. Chief as he is known by his been in the headlines for some which have so far let down the de- “This is not the end but just “That is the culture here, ranks and age sets, Gatwech is for time now due to the perennial velopment of this area,” Gatwech the beginning of more things to youth are idle and gun trotting real a “chief” but without a port- cattle rustling. explains with unconcealed sorrow come,” concludes Gatwech. is the order of the day and that folio in the current local adminis- While we were conducting this and anger on his face. is why we are trying our best NICOTED TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED

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