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'From These Youth Has Gone': Population

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'From These Youth Has Gone': Population LPS Autumn 2015 Text:LPS 03/12/2015 12:02 Page 50 ‘From These Youth Has Gone’: Population Decline in the Lachlan Region of New South Wales, 1920–1947 Robert Tierney and Kevin Parton Abstract This article analyses major events during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s affecting the Lachlan region, in New South Wales, in order to assess their relative impact on population change. The analysis juxtaposes the demographic changes taking place against the economic context of the time. The Lachlan region is compared with the four other wheat- sheep regions of New South Wales and with the State generally. The paper demonstrates that population decline in the Lachlan region in the 1930s and 1940s was substantially greater than that of other wheat-sheep regions and of the State of New South Wales generally, and sets out to explain this anomaly. The Depression, the Second World War, drought over a sequence of years, and changing technology are shown, in combination, to be the underlying causes of substantial change that heralded the long-term drift of population from regional and rural NSW; especially so in the Lachlan region. In November 1941, the Sydney Morning Herald published a lengthy article entitled, ‘Deserted country towns’, addressing what it regarded as a disturbing depopulation trend in the Lachlan region of New South Wales (NSW). The article was particularly concerned about the exodus of youth from the region’s towns and villages, using somewhat emotionally- charged language, such as: ‘From these youth has gone’. 1 The motivation for our study was to obtain a clearer understanding of this trend, which elsewhere had already caused substantial social disruption. 2 The central questions underpinning the research were as follows: Was the decline in population more severe in the Lachlan than other regions, as suggested by the above article? When did the decline in population commence? What were the principal causes? Were young people particularly affected? The intent was to use the Lachlan as a case study to illuminate symptoms and events that were common throughout much of rural Australia. Moreover, because these events were concentrated over a shorter period of time in the Lachlan than elsewhere, the effects and their causes could be discerned more readily. 1 ‘Deserted Country Towns: Exodus to Industrial Centres; Ghost Villages in the West’, Sydney Morning Herald 14 November 1941, p. 6. 2 A. Laoire, ‘Matter of Life and Death? Men, Masculinities and Staying “Behind” in Rural Ireland’, Sociologica Ruralis , 41 (2001), pp. 220–36; C.L. Beale, ‘Rural Depopulation in the United States: Some Demographic Consequences of Agricultural Adjustments’, Demography , 1 (1964), pp. 264–272; W. Zelinsky, ‘Changes in the Geographical Patterns in the Rural Population of the United States’, Geographical Review , 52 (1962), pp. 492–524; J. Saville, Rural Depopulation in England and Wales, 1851–1951 (London, 1957); S.A. Cudmore, ‘Rural Depopulation in Southern Ontario’, Transactions of the Canadian Institute , 9 (1912), pp. 261–67. 50 LPS Autumn 2015 Text:LPS 03/12/2015 12:02 Page 51 Population Decline in the Lachlan Region of New South Wales, 1920 –1947 A NSW government deputation, whose principal objective was to gauge the extent of economic devastation in and beyond the lower Lachlan, caused by the long drought, further illustrates the unique plight of the Lachlan in the NSW wheat growing sector. In March 1941, senior public service figures, led by the Minister for Lands, William Yeo, were dispatched to the region known in the Lands portfolio as the States’ ‘south-west’. This region comprised the lower Lachlan region, as well as the town of Hay and surrounds in the north-western reaches of the Murrumbidgee region. In the town of West Wyalong, Yeo met the wheat farmers who occupied properties located within a radius of 100 miles from the town. There, he discovered that up to 2,000 farmers were in danger of losing their acreages. Yeo lamented that the region covering the lower Lachlan was never suited to wheat and that over the past two decades and more, governments in NSW had made a ‘“tremendous mistake” in splitting up marginal areas into small holdings’. 3 Yeo’s bleak summation of the plight of wheat farmers in and beyond the lower Lachlan was the only time that a Lands Minister, or any other Minister of government in NSW, had confessed to policy incompetence, or at least to serious error in closer settlement, throughout the 80-year period since the emergence of free selection before survey in 1861, under which land in unsurveyed NSW was first opened up for wheat growing on a massive scale. The years prior to and following the Second World War witnessed the commencement of a long population decline in the Lachlan region. This had been observed several decades earlier in Europe, and at least 15 years earlier in the United States and in other Australian regions such as large swathes of regional Victoria, but it seemed to have arrived somewhat as a surprise to people in the Lachlan region. Although there were common causes across Europe, North America and Australia, four influences had their own idiosyncratic outcomes. These influences were the Great Depression, the Second World War, drought and technical change in agriculture. 4 In addition, a particular Australian backdrop and catalyst was the formidable remoteness of rural settlement (the population of the Lachlan in 1947 was 107,364 with a population density of 1.27 persons/km 2). This article attempts to illuminate the economic history of the Lachlan region by reconciling our previous knowledge of events during the period with an analysis of the demographic changes that took place between the censuses of 1921 and 1947. These years brought economic boom as well as bust. The 1920s drew many workers into a range of jobs in the Lachlan, from small-scale manufacturing devoted to maintaining agricultural equipment, to building and construction industries, and to farm labouring. 3 ‘Hardships of farmers: Minister’s tour’, Sydney Morning Herald 1 March 1941, p. 15. 4 The rapid spread of motorised transport was also significant, but in Australia as elsewhere, the mass consumption of the private motor vehicle was not as significant in the 1940s as in the following decade. For a study of the mass production and mass consumption of motor cars, and its impact on the post- Second World War economy of Australia, see P. Stubbs, The Australian Motor Industry: A Study in Protection and Growth (Melbourne, 1972). 51 LPS Autumn 2015 Text:LPS 03/12/2015 12:02 Page 52 Robert Tierney and Kevin Parton Prosperity, however, did not endure. The economic tide turned in the ensuing decade and the migratory flow from urban to rural environments slowed down, and subsequently reversed. The downturn was so severe that in various locations within the Lachlan region the population in 1947 was far below that of 1921. The section below addresses the geographical context of the Lachlan Valley, an area of 84,700 km 2, within the NSW wheat-sheep belt. This is followed by one section devoted to each of the four main questions. These sections indicate that (a) population decline in the Lachlan was more severe than in other comparable agricultural regions; (b) the decline commenced in the late 1930s and was concentrated into the following decade; (c) the principal causes were a delayed response to the Depression, the effect of the Second World War in widening the perspective of the young, technical change in agriculture and the drought; and (d) young workers were the main group of migrants. The concluding section then summarises and draws these issues together. Geographical context of the Lachlan We contrast the Lachlan region of NSW with four other rural regions of the State, and with the State generally. Our analysis shows the Lachlan to be similar to the other four regions to 1933, but with more extreme depopulation after that. The five rural regions that comprise the wheat-sheep zone, from north to south, are: the North West (Border Rivers, Gwydir, Namoi, Castlereagh), the Macquarie-Bogan, the Lachlan, the Murrumbidgee and the Murray (see Figure 1). These regions are defined by river systems that flow in a general east-west direction, with the eastern end at higher altitudes and generally in more temperate climate zones, experiencing lower temperatures and higher rainfall than the western reaches. Together, they constitute a major component of the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia’s most important farming region; in contemporary times, the Basin accounts for 40 per cent (some $15 billion) of the total gross value of Australia’s agricultural production. 5 Since the early years of the twentieth century, these five regions have produced sufficient wheat, generally, to enable the State to be in surplus, generating significant export revenues. 6 The exceptions were drought years, which sometimes resulted in massive declines in output, requiring NSW to import from elsewhere in the country, despite transport difficulties emanating, for example, from war conditions. 7 In exceptionally desperate years, NSW also imported wheat from the world market (chiefly from the United States and Canada). Between 1920 and 1950, wheat yields increased 5 Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Managing the Murray-Darling Basin’ in Completing the Picture— Environmental Accounting in Practice [2012] www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Latestproducts/ 4628.0.55.0001Main%202012?opendocument&e=Summary&prodno=4628.0.55.001&issue= May%202012& num=&view [accessed 15 May 2013]. 6 Government of New South Wales, Railway Commissioners of New South Wales (Annual Reports) (various years). 7 Department of Commerce and Agriculture, ‘The food front’, News Bulletin of the War Agricultural Committees of Australia , 2(2) (1945), p.
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