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The Integrated Travel-Happiness (T-H) Model of Cognitive Appraisal Theory and Self-Determination Theory

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The Integrated Travel-Happiness (T-H) Model of Cognitive Appraisal Theory and Self-Determination Theory How Travel Makes Us Happy: The Integrated Travel-Happiness (T-H) Model of Cognitive Appraisal Theory and Self-Determination Theory by You Jia Lee A Thesis presented to University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Tourism and Hospitality Guelph, Ontario, Canada © You Jia Lee, April, 2018 ABSTRACT HOW TRAVEL MAKES US HAPPY: THE INTEGRATED TRAVEL-HAPPINESS (T-H) MODEL OF COGNITIVE APPRAISAL THEORY AND SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY You Jia Lee Advisor: University of Guelph, 2018 Dr. Hwan-Suk Chris Choi Previous studies have shown that tourism brings happiness or well-being to tourists. However, how travel leads to tourist well-being is still not fully understood. This research addresses that gap by integrating Cognitive Appraisal Theory (CAT) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to predict tourist well-being. This study used a quantitative approach with a sample population of tourists who have travelled abroad for at least 3 days in the past 12 months. Data was collected from an online panel owned by the Centre of Tourism Research in Prince Edward Island (PEI). A final sample of 396 was subjected to data analysis. Two-step analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), was performed. The findings support the predictions of CAT and SDT and establish connections between the theories. SDT’s psychological needs of autonomy and relatedness mediate between the positive emotions elicited by the trip and tourist psychological well-being. Keywords: Subjective well-being; Cognitive appraisal theory; Self-determination theory; Happiness; Tourism experience ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my utmost and sincerest gratitude to my advisor, Professor Chris Choi for all your tremendous support, encouragement and guidance throughout my undergraduate and graduate studies. You were such a marvelous mentor from my first year in undergraduate to the completion of graduate study. Other than helping me to discover my interest in research and pushing me to be better, you have taken your time in supporting and guiding me so that I can complete the master program within the timeline set. You have been a great support as an advisor and a family member in Canada. This study would not be possible without your expertise and genuine feedback. Next, I would like to thank my committee members, Professor WooMi Jo and Professor Joan Flaherty. Thank you very much for taking your time reading my thesis and giving me constructive feedback. You helped me to think outside of the box and suggested ways to address challenges encountered. Other than providing academic support, you also took time in giving me general guidance and advice in many aspects of life. Many thanks to Professor Statia Elliot for chairing my thesis defence and Professor Mark Holmes for being my external examiner. I am very grateful to learn from your research knowledge and professional experiences. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to the faculty and staff members from various departments, namely Marion Joppe, Stephen Smith, Anne Wilcock, Michael von Massow, Barb Piccoli, Amy Tyszka, Melinda Heijl, and Cori Wells for all the support. Thank you to the School of Hospitality, Food and Tourism Management (HFTM) for the funding, teaching opportunities, and scholarships given to make it possible to complete my master’s degree successfully. Special thanks for Dr. Dongkoo Yun from the Centre for Tourism Research in Prince Edward Island. Dr. Yun was generous in assisting me with the data collection process through the online panel. Thank you to all online panels who took your time in completing the survey. The study would not be possible without your sincere participation. My truthful gratitude goes to my co-workers and peers from the Office of Intercultural Affairs (OIA), namely Megan, Yassin, Pugaleni, and Cameron, and all the peer helpers for your encouragement during these two years. Working at the OIA was a wonderful experience. Other than guiding me to grow professionally, you also provided emotional support when I needed it the most. Thank you to Student Financial Services for the opportunities to enrol in the Work Study program and other scholarship opportunities available. Pursuing a master’s degree would not be possible without the financial resources available. Special thanks to my counselor, Kathy Waltner-Toews, for your kindness and services offered. I would like to extend my sincere thank you to my cohort in HFTM and graduate students, namely Katya Van Embden, Jiayin Liu, and Melody Nastegar, Lena Liang, Sandy Shen, Michael Lever, Yi Wen, Zhijun Wan, Brittany Lutes, Songzhe Xuepeng, Yiting Zhao and Tian Yue. I treasure all the memories we made together. Last but not least, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents (Chong Yu Lee and Sok Ching Tan), sisters (You Zhuan Lee & You Ning Lee), and brother (Chang Xiu Lee) for all your unconditional love and support. Thank you very much for your trust in my ability and autonomy given to start my adventure in Canada. Thank you to my friends (Shannon, Pallak, Michelle, Parm, Sam, Sabrina, Sarah, Jacqueline) who have shared my joy and tears in completing the master’s degree. You are my family here in Canada. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 4 2.1 Cognitive Appraisal Theory .................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Positive emotions .................................................................................................................. 8 2.3 Self-Determination Theory ................................................................................................. 10 2.4 Subjective well-being.......................................................................................................... 13 2.5 Hypotheses development .................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 20 3.1 Study population and sample .............................................................................................. 20 3.2 Sample size ......................................................................................................................... 20 3.3 Data collection .................................................................................................................... 21 3.4 Measurement scales ............................................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 24 4.1 Profile of the sample ........................................................................................................... 24 4.2 Confirmatory factor analysis............................................................................................... 28 4.3 Structural model analysis .................................................................................................... 36 4.4 Direct and indirect effect of the model ............................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 39 5.1 CAT: Appraisals in eliciting positive emotions .................................................................. 39 5.2 SDT: Impact of psychological needs fulfilment on psychological well-being ................... 41 5.3 Connecting CAT and SDT .................................................................................................. 42 CHAPTER 6: IMPLICATIONS ................................................................................................... 44 6.1 Theoretical implications...................................................................................................... 44 6.2 Practical implications .......................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 7: LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE STUDIES .......................................................... 48 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 50 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 51 iv APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................
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