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Integrated Management of Groundwater and Dependent Ecosystems in a Finnish Esker

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Integrated Management of Groundwater and Dependent Ecosystems in a Finnish Esker C491etukansi.kesken.fm Page 1 Tuesday, May 6, 2014 11:54 AM C 491 OULU 2014 C 491 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O.BR[ 00 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATISUNIVERSITATIS OULUENSISOULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTAACTA SERIES EDITORS TECHNICATECHNICACC Pekka M. Rossi ASCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM Pekka M.Rossi Professor Esa Hohtola INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT BHUMANIORA OF GROUNDWATER AND University Lecturer Santeri Palviainen CTECHNICA DEPENDENT ECOSYSTEMS Postdoctoral research fellow Sanna Taskila IN A FINNISH ESKER DMEDICA Professor Olli Vuolteenaho ESCIENTIAE RERUM SOCIALIUM University Lecturer Veli-Matti Ulvinen FSCRIPTA ACADEMICA Director Sinikka Eskelinen GOECONOMICA Professor Jari Juga EDITOR IN CHIEF Professor Olli Vuolteenaho PUBLICATIONS EDITOR Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala UNIVERSITY OF OULU GRADUATE SCHOOL; UNIVERSITY OF OULU, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY; WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH GROUP; ISBN 978-952-62-0477-2 (Paperback) VALUE DOCTORAL PROGRAMME ISBN 978-952-62-0478-9 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3213 (Print) ISSN 1796-2226 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS C Technica 491 PEKKA M. ROSSI INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER AND DEPENDENT ECOSYSTEMS IN A FINNISH ESKER Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Technology and Natural Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in the OP-Pohjola auditorium (L6), Linnanmaa, on 6 June 2014, at 12 noon UNIVERSITY OF OULU, OULU 2014 Copyright © 2014 Acta Univ. Oul. C 491, 2014 Supervised by Professor Bjørn Kløve Docent Timo P. Karjalainen Reviewed by Professor Marie Larocque Doctor Helen K. French Opponent Professor Harri Koivusalo ISBN 978-952-62-0477-2 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-0478-9 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3213 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2226 (Online) Cover Design Raimo Ahonen JUVENES PRINT TAMPERE 2014 Rossi, Pekka M., Integrated management of groundwater and dependent ecosystems in a Finnish esker. University of Oulu Graduate School; University of Oulu, Faculty of Technology; Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Research group; VALUE Doctoral Programme Acta Univ. Oul. C 491, 2014 University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Abstract Groundwater, a key part of the hydrological cycle, is under increasing pressure from different land uses and changing climate. However, less attention has been paid to integrated groundwater management than surface waters. This thesis combined hydrological and socio-economic research for the case study of the Rokua esker aquifer in order to update current concepts of groundwater management. The Rokua area contains groundwater-dependent lakes and a periodic water level decline has raised concerns about the future of these lakes. Peatland drainage in the vicinity of the aquifer has been accused of changing the aquifer conditions. Groundwater discharge from the esker aquifer to drained peatland was studied to identify relevant hydrological processes for groundwater-surface water interactions. The results revealed a connection between the aquifer and the peatland whereby groundwater can enter the ditches through seepage or preferential flow. Modeling was used to determine critical factors in the management of the esker aquifer- peatland system. The results showed that climate and land use can affect esker groundwater, while peatland drainage in the vicinity can have similar impacts to groundwater abstraction and drought. Peatland restoration by filling in drainage ditches could possibly restore the aquifer groundwater levels. However, for the Rokua aquifer, which will possibly experience less severe dry periods in the future, extensive drainage restoration is currently too major, uncertain, and expensive a measure relative to the expected benefits. Multi-criteria decision analysis was used to identify ways of facilitating stakeholder involvement and learning in groundwater management. The results obtained with this participatory process confirmed that it can foster learning on complicated groundwater issues and collaboration in a process encompassing disputes and diverse interests. The decision analysis process led to the initiation of dialogue on more integrated management, where the preferences of all stakeholders were discussed and taken into account. Overall, this thesis shows how different aspects of aquifer management, such as land use, climate, ecological and economic values, and stakeholder preferences, can all be taken into account using a combined method which reduces the mistrust between opposing interests through research and information, resulting in more robust future planning. Keywords: aquifer discharge area, drainage, groundwater management, groundwater modelling, multi-criteria decision analysis, peat, preferential flow, uncertainty Rossi, Pekka M., Pohjavesien ja pohjavedestä riippuvien ekosysteemien kokonais- valtainen hallinta. Oulun yliopiston tutkijakoulu; Oulun yliopisto, Teknillinen tiedekunta; Vesi- ja ympäristö- tekniikan tutkimusryhmä; VALUE tohtoriohjelma Acta Univ. Oul. C 491, 2014 Oulun yliopisto, PL 8000, 90014 Oulun yliopisto Tiivistelmä Pohjaveteen, hydrologisen kierron avainosaan, kohdistuu kasvavia paineita eri maankäytön muodoista ja ilmastonmuutoksesta. Pohjaveden hallintaan ei kuitenkaan ole kiinnitetty tarvitta- vaa huomiota. Tässä väitöstyössä yhdistettiin hydrologista ja sosioekonomista tutkimusta Roku- an harjualueella pohjaveden hallintakonseptin päivittämiseksi. Rokuan alueella on useita pohja- vedestä riippuvaisia järviä, joiden vedenpinta on kausittain laskenut voimakkaasti. Pintojen las- ku on kasvattanut paikallisten huolta järvien tilasta. Harjua ympäröivät metsäojitetut turvemaat, ja ojituksia on syytetty pohjaveden tilan ja sitä kautta myös järvien tilan heikkenemisestä. Työn ensimmäisessä osassa tutkittiin pohjaveden hydrologisia purkautumisprosesseja harjun pohjavesiesiintymästä ojitetulle suoalueelle. Tulokset osoittivat hydraulisen yhteyden akviferin ja turvemaan välillä: pohjavesi pääsi purkautumaan metsäojiin joko suotautumalla tai turpeen kaksoishuokoisuusrakenteiden kautta. Seuraavassa vaiheessa työtä pohjavesimallinnusta käytettiin määrittämään kriittisiä pohjave- den tilaan vaikuttavia tekijöitä pohjavesi-turvemaa-systeemissä. Mallinnustulosten perusteella niin ilmasto kuin maankäyttökin vaikuttavat kumpikin suoraan pohjaveden pinnankorkeuden tilaan. Turvemaiden ojituksilla pohjavesialueella voi olla samoja vaikutuksia pohjaveden pin- nankorkeuden tasoihin kuin pohjaveden otolla tai kuivilla kausilla. Turvemaiden ennallistaminen ojia täyttämällä voi osittain palauttaa vedenpinnan tasoja pohjavesialueella. Rokuan harjualueen tapauksessa suuren mittakaavan oja-alueiden ennallistaminen todettiin kuitenkin liian epävar- maksi ja kalliiksi toimenpiteeksi hyötyihin nähden, varsinkin jos kuivien kausien vaikutus suu- rilla harjualueilla heikkenee tulevaisuudessa sademäärien kasvun myötä. Työn kolmannessa osassa käytettiin monitavoitearviointia eri sidosryhmien osallistamiseen ja oppimiseen pohjavesien hallinnassa. Osallistavasta prosessista saadut tulokset vahvistivat, että menetelmää voidaan käyttää oppimisen edesauttamiseen vaikeissa pohjavesiasioissa sekä yhteis- työn muodostamiseen ristiriitaisessa ja monimutkaisessa tapauksessa. Monitavoitearvioinnin prosessi johti keskustelun avaukseen yhtenäisemmän suunnittelun puolesta, joka ottaa huomi- oon eri sidosryhmien näkökulmat ja tuo ne osaksi keskustelua. Tämä väitöstyö osoitti miten eri pohjavesialueen hallintaan tarvittavat näkökulmat, kuten maankäyttö, ilmasto, ekologiset ja ekonomiset arvot, sekä sidosryhmien mielipiteet voidaan kaikki ottaa huomioon yhdistämällä eri metodeja. Näin tutkimuksella ja informoinnilla vähenne- tään epäluottamusta eri intressitahojen välillä ja luodaan pohja vakaammalle pohjavesialueiden tulevaisuuden suunnittelulle. Asiasanat: epävarmuusanalyysi, kaksoishuokoisuus, mallinnus, monitavoitearviointi, ojitus, pohjavesien hallinta, pohjavesien purkautumisalue, turve To aunt Leena Matinheikki 8 Acknowledgements This study was financed by the doctoral programme VALUE, EU Seventh framework programme GENESIS (contract number 226536) and the Academy of Finland project AQVI (project number 128377). Support was also provided by Maa- ja vesitekniikan tuki r.y., Thule doctoral programme, Finnish Foundation for Technology (TES), Sven Hall Foundation, Tauno Tönning Research Foundation and Olvi Foundation. My highest gratitude and acknowledgements for the financial support of my thesis go for all the above. I give my most sincere recognitions to my main supervisor, Prof. Bjørn Kløve. This work has been the once-in-a-lifetime learning experience for me. The amount of information I have received on groundwater and hydrology is beyond humbling. Thank you for the possibility to work on interesting subjects and thank you for the advices either when I was a student, diploma thesis worker or doing my PhD work. I also give my gratitude to my second supervisor Timo P. Karjalainen from Thule institute. Thank you for teaching a guy with a more technical background to see from a broader perspective. I also would like to thank my pre-examiners Prof. Marie Larocque and Dr. Helen K. French for valuable comments. I’d also like to thank Dr. Mary McAfee for language check of my thesis. My big hand goes to all you people in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Research Group. Coffee break and lunch discussions have been the essence of this work! Especially thank you for Pertti of all the great cooperation, the
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