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GROUNDWATER-SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS in ESKER AQUIFERS from Field Measurements to Fully Integrated Numerical Modelling

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GROUNDWATER-SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS in ESKER AQUIFERS from Field Measurements to Fully Integrated Numerical Modelling C510etukansi.kesken.fm Page 1 Thursday, October 30, 2014 3:11 PM C 510 OULU 2014 C 510 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O.BR[ 00 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATISUNIVERSITATIS OULUENSISOULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTAACTA SERIES EDITORS TECHNICATECHNICACC Pertti Ala-aho ASCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM Pertti Ala-aho Professor Esa Hohtola GROUNDWATER-SURFACE BHUMANIORA WATER INTERACTIONS IN University Lecturer Santeri Palviainen CTECHNICA ESKER AQUIFERS Postdoctoral research fellow Sanna Taskila FROM FIELD MEASUREMENTS TO FULLY DMEDICA INTEGRATED NUMERICAL MODELLING Professor Olli Vuolteenaho ESCIENTIAE RERUM SOCIALIUM University Lecturer Veli-Matti Ulvinen FSCRIPTA ACADEMICA Director Sinikka Eskelinen GOECONOMICA Professor Jari Juga EDITOR IN CHIEF Professor Olli Vuolteenaho PUBLICATIONS EDITOR Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala UNIVERSITY OF OULU GRADUATE SCHOOL; UNIVERSITY OF OULU, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY ISBN 978-952-62-0657-8 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-0658-5 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3213 (Print) ISSN 1796-2226 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS C Technica 510 PERTTI ALA-AHO GROUNDWATER-SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS IN ESKER AQUIFERS From field measurements to fully integrated numerical modelling Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Technology and Natural Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in Auditorium GO101, Linnanmaa, on 9 December 2014, at 12 noon UNIVERSITY OF OULU, OULU 2014 Copyright © 2014 Acta Univ. Oul. C 510, 2014 Supervised by Professor Bjørn Kløve Reviewed by Professor Peter Engesgaard Doctor Jon Paul Jones Opponent Professor Philip Brunner ISBN 978-952-62-0657-8 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-0658-5 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3213 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2226 (Online) Cover Design Raimo Ahonen JUVENES PRINT TAMPERE 2014 Ala-aho, Pertti, Groundwater-surface water interactions in esker aquifers. From field measurements to fully integrated numerical modelling University of Oulu Graduate School; University of Oulu, Faculty of Technology Acta Univ. Oul. C 510, 2014 University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Abstract Water resources management calls for methods to simultaneously manage groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) systems. These have traditionally been considered separate units of the hydrological cycle, which has led to oversimplification of exchange processes at the GW-SW interface. This thesis studied GW hydrology and the previously unrecognised connection of the Rokua esker aquifer with lakes and streams in the area, with the aim of identifying reasons for lake water level variability and eutrophication in the Rokua esker. GW-SW interactions in the aquifer were first studied with field methods. Seepage meter measurements showed substantial spatial variability in GW-lake interaction, whereas transient variability was more modest, although present and related to the surrounding aquifer. Environmental tracers suggested that water exchange occurs in all lakes in the area, but is of varying magnitude in different lakes. Finally, GW-SW interaction was studied in peatland catchments, where drainage channels in the peat soil presumably increased groundwater outflow from the aquifer. Amount and rate of GW recharge were then estimated with a simulation approach developed explicitly to account for the physical characteristics of the Rokua esker aquifer. This produced a spatially and temporally distributed recharge estimate, which was validated by independent field techniques. The results highlighted the impact of canopy characteristics, and thereby forestry management, on GW recharge. The data collected and the new understanding of site hydrology obtained were refined into a fully integrated surface-subsurface flow model of the Rokua aquifer. Simulation results compared favourably to field observations of GW, lake levels and stream discharge. A major finding was of good agreement between simulated and observed GW inflow to lakes in terms of discharge locations and total influx. This thesis demonstrates the importance of using multiple methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of esker aquifer hydrology with interconnected lakes and streams. Importantly, site- specific information on the reasons for water table variability and the trophic status of Rokua lakes, which is causing local concern, is provided. As the main outcome, various field and modelling methods were tested, refined and shown to be suitable for integrated GW and SW resource management in esker aquifers. Keywords: environmental tracers, esker aquifers, groundwater, groundwater-surface water interaction, hydrological modelling Ala-aho, Pertti, Pinta- ja pohjaveden vuorovaikutus harjuakvifereissa. Kenttämit- tauksista integroituun numeeriseen mallinnukseen Oulun yliopiston tutkijakoulu; Oulun yliopisto, Teknillinen tiedekunta Acta Univ. Oul. C 510, 2014 Oulun yliopisto, PL 8000, 90014 Oulun yliopisto Tiivistelmä Vesivarojen hallinnassa tarvitaan menetelmiä pohja- ja pintaveden kokonaisvaltaiseen huomioi- miseen. Pohja- ja pintavesiä tarkastellaan usein erillisinä osina hydrologista kiertoa, mikä on johtanut niiden välisten virtausprosessien yksinkertaistamiseen. Tässä työssä selvitettiin Rokuan pohjavesiesiintymän hydrologiaa ja hydraulista yhteyttä alueella oleviin järviin ja puroihin. Tut- kimuksessa pyrittiin osaltaan selvittämään syitä harjualueen järvien pinnanvaihteluun ja veden laatuongelmiin. Kenttätutkimuksissa todettiin voimakasta alueellista vaihtelua järven ja pohjaveden vuoro- vaikutuksessa. Pohjaveden suotautumisen ajallinen vaihtelu puolestaan oli vähäisempää, mutta havaittavissa, ja kytköksissä järveä ympäröivän pohjavesipinnan vaihteluihin. Merkkiaineet vesinäytteistä viittasivat vastaavan vuorovaikutuksen olevan läsnä myös muissa alueen järvissä, mutta suotautuvan pohjaveden määrän vaihtelevan järvittäin. Turvemailla tehdyt mittaukset osoittivat pohjaveden purkautuvan ojaverkostoon ja ojituksen mahdollisesti lisäävän ulosvirtaa- maa pohjavesiesiintymästä. Pohjaveden muodostumismäärää ja -nopeutta tutkittiin numeerisella mallinnuksella, joka kehitettiin huomioimaan harjualueelle ominaiset fysikaaliset tekijät. Mallinnus tuotti arvion ajal- lisesti ja alueellisesti vaihtelevasta pohjaveden muodostumisesta, joka varmennettiin kenttämit- tauksilla. Tuloksissa korostui kasvillisuuden, ja sitä kautta metsähakkuiden, vaikutus pohjave- den muodostumismääriin. Hydrologiasta kerätyn aineiston ja kehittyneen prosessiymmärryksen avulla Rokuan harju- alueesta muodostettiin täysin integroitu numeerinen pohjavesi-pintavesi virtausmalli. Mallinnus- tulokset vastasivat mittauksia pohjaveden ja järvien pinnantasoista sekä purovirtaamista. Työn merkittävin tulos oli, että mallinnetut pohjaveden purkautumiskohdat ja purkautumismäärät alu- een järviin vastasivat kenttähavaintoja. Tämä työ havainnollisti, että ymmärtääkseen pohjaveden ja siitä riippuvaisten järvien ja purojen vuorovaikutusta harjualueella on käytettävä monipuolisia tutkimusmenetelmiä. Työ toi lisätietoa Rokuan harjualueen vesiongelmien syihin selittäen järvien vedenpinnan vaihtelua ja vedenlaatua pohjavesihydrologialla. Väitöstyön tärkein anti oli erilaisten kenttä- ja mallinnus- menetelmien soveltaminen, kehittäminen ja hyödylliseksi havaitseminen harjualueiden koko- naisvaltaisessa pinta- ja pohjavesien hallinnassa. Asiasanat: harjut, hydrologinen mallinnus, pinta- ja pohjaveden vuorovaikutus, pohjavesi, ympäristömerkkiaineet To my Mother 8 Acknowledgements This thesis was made possible by funding from the EU Seventh Framework Programme GENESIS (no. 226536) and the Academy of Finland project AQVI (no. 128377). In addition, VALUE doctoral programme, Thule doctoral programme and University of Oulu Graduate School offered high level education, scientific workshops and travel grants, which gave me the knowhow required for the thesis. In addition, travel and personal grants from Maa- ja Vesitekniikan Tuki r.y., Renlund Foundation, Tauno Tönning Foundation and Sven Hallin Foundation were vital in completing the thesis and giving me the opportunity to attend several international scientific courses, conferences and an exchange visit. My supervisor, Prof. Bjørn Kløve, gets my sincerest gratitude for guiding me through the PhD process and creating unique opportunities during that time. I especially appreciate the open-mindedness and encouraging attitude of Prof. Kløve, which gave me great support in becoming a scientist. Another person who single- handedly made a tremendous contribution to this thesis was my dear friend and colleague Pekka Rossi. Innumerable shared moments and experiences made these years what they were, cheers mate! I thank pre-examiners Dr. John Paul Jones and Prof. Peter Engesgaard for their valuable contribution in completing the thesis and Dr. Mary McAfee for her expertise and helpfulness in language revision of all the manuscripts. My day-to-day work at the university was always coloured by the Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Research Group - thank you all for the shared laughs and help I could always rely on. I want to thank Anna-Kaisa, Elina, Hannu, Riku, Virve K., Tuomo R., and Tuomo P. for their important contributions to the thesis, and (going from south to north along our corridor) Virve M, Ali, Pirkko, Katharina, Jarmo, Anne, Kauko, Simo, Paavo, Shähram, Tuomas, Masoud, Tapio, Ehsan, Meseret, Justice, Elisangela, Heini, and all the trainees and students over the years for their smiles and kind words. I had the privilege to spend fall semester 2012
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