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The Manual for True Basic Free Is Here Introduction Your True BASIC Free is identical to our powerful full-featured Language System and will run programs of any size. It only has two major limitations: • New or modified programs are limited to 250 lines. • The utilities used to create free-standing, double-click applications are not included. Otherwise, your True BASIC Free is identical to our other Lan- guage System versions. You are able to run programs of any size, use libraries and modules, and invoke DO programs. All the True BASIC statements and functions are included for your use. The current True BASIC Language System series consists of: True BASIC Free - MacOS and DOS versions with line limit True BASIC Student - MacOS and DOS with no line limits True BASIC Standard - MacOS & DOS with developer tools True BASIC BRONZE - MacOS, OS/2 and Windows versions True BASIC SILVER - MacOS, OS/2 and Windows versions The www.truebasic.com website lists features, specifications, and prices of each of these editions. First release - January 1999. © True BASIC Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Many of the concepts and operations described in this guide will be new to you. To make it easier for you to understand, we use the following style conventions to make clear the many new concepts you will encounter: Important new terms: words in bold type Variable names: words in italic True BASIC keywords: ALL CAPS Program listings: Code font Items to be typed by user: Code font Important concepts: x Bold type within lines Menus & menu commands: MENU font Names of programs: ALL CAPS Names of built-in functions: ALL CAPS This guide frequently refers to the True BASIC Bible. This is an unabridged listing of all statements and functions found in True BASIC. It is available in two formats: CD version: Item 75-001-True BASIC Bible CD Book version: Item 70-BK31-True BASIC Bible Both can be ordered from True BASIC Inc., via our website http:// www.truebasic.com or by phone at 603 298-8517. True BASIC Free – User Guide 2 Contents 1. An Introduction to Programming 2. Why True BASIC? 3. The Parts of True BASIC Free 4. Running Demo Programs 5. Writing and Running Your First Program 6. Modifying and Saving Programs 7. Constants, Variables, and Expressions 8. More on INPUT and OUTPUT 9. Loop Structures 10. Decision Structures 11. Formatting and Printing Your Program 12. Editing Hints and Shortcuts 13. Using and Storing Data 14. Arrays and Matrices 15. Functions and Subroutines 16. Creating and Using Libraries 17. Graphics 18. Sound and Music 19. Correcting Errors and Debugging Your Program Appendix A: ASCII Character Set Appendix B: List of True BASIC Statements Appendix C: List of True BASIC Built-in Functions True BASIC Free – User Guide 3 1 • An Introduction to Programming What is a computer program? What is a programming language? Why should you want to learn to write programs? A computer program contains the instructions that tell the computer to do a certain task, such as play a game of football, for- mat and print a letter, or predict the survival of lemmings over several generations. People who used the earliest computers had to know how to write their own programs. There were no stores down the block where they could buy a ready-to-use package that would track cash flow for their company. Today, most people who use computers are not programmers. Instead, they use application packages such as word proces- sors, spreadsheets, address organizers, or flight simulators. You can become a very sophisticated computer user and know nothing about writing programs. Yet even if you have no intention of becoming a software devel- oper or writing complex applications packages, you can still learn to program and enjoy solving your own problems in your own way. Why should people learn to program and why would you want to write your own programs? There are several personal and practical reasons for learning to program: • Acquire training and practice in logical thinking. Many busi- ness schools continued to teach programming to their students even after spreadsheets and database packages became widely available. • Get a better understanding of how computers work. Everything a computer does boils down to programmed instructions. • Create your own solutions to those little tasks that aren’t easily handled by general-purpose applications. Calculate the results of a multi-race sailing regatta. Or combine judges’ scores and dis- tances for a ski jumping meet. • Explore a new career field. Computer specialists have to start somewhere. And the computer industry needs “new blood” if we are to avoid becoming “hostage” again to those few who know how to program. • Just have fun! Write a program to simulate a baseball game, or analyze a bridge hand, or solve a puzzle. True BASIC Free – User Guide 4 The True BASIC Free package introduces you to programming format and structures common to today’s structured program- ming languages. The best way to learn is to sit down at a com- puter and do all the examples as you go through this book. This book does not cover all features in-depth, but it will give you a good start and hint at some of the additional power available with the True BASIC language. As the next step in your programming adventure you might want DiscoveryPak to consider purchasing a copy of the True BASIC DiscoveryPak 52 Ready-to-Run which contains more than fifty ready-to-run programs, covering True BASIC Programs for subject areas from art to vocabulary. Fun and Learning The DiscoveryPak programs were designed to teach coding con- cepts as you use them in interesting programs. Creative changes are suggested for each program. True BASIC DiscoveryPak, True BASIC, Inc., 406 pp. (ISBN 0- 939553-06-6) Item: 25-DOS&L or 25-MAC&L Other books available include: Personal Math and Computing, Frank Wattenberg, MIT Press, 556 pp. (ISBN 0-262-23157-3) Item: 70-BK11 True BASIC by Problem Solving, Brian D. Hahn, VCH Pub- lishers, 337 pp. (ISBN 3-527-26863-4) Item: 70-BK15 Programming in True BASIC: Problem Solving with Structure and Style, Stewart M. Venit & Sandra Schleiffers, West Pub- lishing, 498 pp. (ISBN 0-314-78410-1) Item: 70-BK32 The above books are available directly from True BASIC, where all the listed titles are carried in stock. Our complete book list with descriptions and current prices is also found at www.truebasic.com/books. True BASIC Free – User Guide 5 2. Why True BASIC? True BASIC is the ideal language for the beginning student and for the sophisticated programmer who wants to solve complex problems on several different computers. Two key phrases sum up the benefits of True BASIC over other languages: powerful simplicity and portability. Simply Powerful! • True BASIC is simple enough to let the beginning student write useful and interesting programs right from the start. True BASIC’s screen editor makes it easy to read, write, and modify programs. New programmers can use the simpler features without knowing anything about the full complexity of the language. • The same True BASIC language contains a full range of modern programming structures. The advanced programmer has access to such tools as graphics, sound, external libraries, modules, and full matrix algebra. • You will never have to unlearn the logic and structures you learn in True BASIC. Because of its power, True BASIC may be the only language you ever need, but the skills learned here will also apply to object oriented or other modern languages. Portable and Compatible • True BASIC programs run on any of today’s major computer systems. (There are versions for IBM and compatible personal computers, Apple Macintosh, OS/2, Linux, and computers using the UNIX™ operating system.) You can easily move your programs from one computer to another. The only differences you’ll see are in the editing features (and possibly in graphics and sound depending on the limitations of the computers.) • True BASIC conforms to American and international programming standards. BASIC is the most widely used programming language in the world and is not limited by national boundaries. There is even a Japanese version of True BASIC that is designed to fully exploit the personal computers used in Japan. As a structured language, True BASIC promotes good programming skills. True BASIC programs are easy to read. From the beginning, you’ll learn modern looping and decision structures. You’ll learn about using blank lines, comments, and indenting to make your programs easy to follow and modify later in the process. True BASIC Free – User Guide 6 You’ll also learn how to use functions and subroutines to break your programs into small, manageable units. These units simplify your programming task. They let you concentrate on one problem at a time. They also let you create programs that are easy for humans to read and understand! (Users of other versions of BASIC may notice this book uses no line numbers or potentially confusing GOTO statements. True BASIC allows these holdovers from an older style of programming, but we do not recommend them.) Dartmouth College Professors John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz invented BASIC in the 1960s. The modern True BASIC language maintains their original philosophy. They designed a language that was easy for beginners, but provided power for advanced programmers. In the 1970s, graphics devices appeared and the concept of structured programming was widely accepted. At Dartmouth, BASIC continued to grow with these developments. Unfortunately, some of the earlier versions on the first personal computers were limited and did not benefit from new developments. Since 1985, True BASIC has provided an easy-to-use yet powerful, fully structured language for users of personal computers.
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