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Commodore 64 Users Guide
INTRODUCTION Now that you've become more intimately involved with your Commo- dore 64, we want you to know that our customer support does not stop here. You may not know it, but Commodore has been in business for over 23 years. In the 1970's we introduced the first self-contained per- sonal computer (the PET). We have since become the leading computer company in many countries of the world. Our ability to design and manufacture our own computer chips allows us to bring you new and better personal computers at prices way below what you'd expect for this level of technical excellence. Commodore is committed to supporting not only you, the end user, but also the dealer you bought your computer from, magazines which publish how-to articles showing you new applications or techniques, and . importantly . software developers who produce programs on cartridge, disk and tape for use with your computer. We encourage you to establish or join a Commodore "user club" where you can learn new techniques, exchange ideas and share discoveries. We publish two separate magazines which contain programming tips, information on new products and ideas for computer applications. (See Appendix N). In North America, Commodore provides a "Commodore Information Network" on the CompuServe Information Service . to access this network, all you need is your Commodore 64 computer and our low cost VICMODEMtelephone interface cartridge (or other compatible modem). The following APPENDICEScontain charts, tables, and other informa- tion which help you program your Commodore 64 faster and more efficiently. They also include important information on the wide variety of Commodore products you may be interested in, and a bibliography listing of over 20 books and magazines which can help you develop your programming skills and keep you current on the latest information con- cerning your computer and peripherals. -
Scanned Document
OJ )> Vl () 0 ,0 ,m' I 1-V II&JS mm&Radio4 I nederlandse ornroep stichting I THE CHIP SHOP BASICODE2 mmmRadio4 - Broadcasting Support Services CONTENTS ©NOS nederlandse omroep stichting, Hilversum, Netherland 1. INTRODUCTION 5 ISBN 0-906965-14-4 2. HOW TO USE BASICODE-2 7 This edition first published by Broadcasting Support Services January 1984 3. BASICODE- THE SPECIFICATIONS 9 THE CHIP SHOP BBC Radio4 4. BASICODE-2 PROTOCOL 12 British Broadcasting Corporation Portland Place 5. APPLE II & lie 26 London W1A 1AA 6. BBC (A& B) 29 All rights reserved. This handbook and the accompanying computer programs are copyright. No part of this handbook or 7. COMMODORE COMPUTERS 31 the accompanying computer programs may be reproduced, 8. SHARP MZSOA 36 translated, copied or transmitted by any means whatsoever without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. 9. SINCLAIR ZX81 37 The publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, nor liability 10. TANDY TRS-80 & VIDEOGENIE 41 for loss or damage, however caused, arising from the use of the Basicode 2 kit. 11. THE FUTURE 47 The BASICODE-2 kit is available for £3.95 frorr:: Broadcasting Support Services P.O. Box? London W3 6XJ Please make cheques or postal orders payable to Broadcasting Support Services. Published for The Chip Shop, Radio 4, by Broadcasting Support Services- an independent educational charity providing follow up services for viewers and listeners. Introduction Chapter One BASICODE-2 INTRODUCTION BASICODE has been developed by the radio programme Hobbyscoop This book and the accompanying cassette contain the details of NOS which is broadcast weekly by Nederlanse Omroep Stichting (NOS), BASICODE. -
Hamurabi Wikipedia Article
Hamurabi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1/17/12 3:18 PM Hamurabi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hamurabi is a text-based game of land and resource management and is one of the earliest computer games. Its name is a shortening of Hammurabi, reduced to fit an eight-character limit. Contents 1 History 2 Gameplay 3 Influence 4 References 5 External links History Doug Dyment wrote The Sumer Game in 1968 as a demonstration program for the FOCAL programming language, programming it on a DEC PDP-8. The game has often been inaccurately attributed to Richard Merrill, the designer of FOCAL. Once a version of BASIC was released for the PDP-8, David H. Ahl ported it to BASIC. The game spread beyond mainframes when Ahl published an expanded version of it in BASIC Computer Games, the first best-selling computer book.[1] The expanded version was renamed Hamurabi [sic] and added an end-of-game performance appraisal.[2] This version was then ported to many different microcomputers. Gameplay Like many BASIC games of the time, Hamurabi was mainly a game of numeric input. As the ruler, the player could buy and sell land, purchase grain and decide how much grain to release to his kingdom. Scott Rosenberg, in Dreaming in Code, wrote of his encounter with the game:[3] I was fifteen years old and in love with a game called Sumer, which put me in charge of an ancient city-state in the Fertile Crescent. Today's computer gamers might snicker at its crudity: its progress consisted of all-capital type pecked out line by line on a paper scroll. -
Exploring Student Perceptions About the Use of Visual Programming
Exploring student perceptions about the use of visual programming environments, their relation to student learning styles and their impact on student motivation in undergraduate introductory programming modules Maira Kotsovoulou (BSc, MSc) July 2019 This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Educational Research, Lancaster University, UK. Exploring student perceptions about the use of visual programming environments, their relation to student learning styles and their impact on student motivation in undergraduate introductory programming modules Maira Kotsovoulou (BSc, MSc) This thesis results entirely from my own work and has not been offered previously for any other degree or diploma. The word count is 57,743 excluding references. Signature ........................................................ Maira Kotsovoulou (BSc, MSc) Exploring student perceptions about the use of visual programming environments, their relation to student learning styles and their impact on student motivation in undergraduate introductory programming modules Doctor of Philosophy, July 2019 Abstract My research aims to explore how students perceive the usability and enjoyment of visual/block-based programming environments (VPEs), to what extent their learning styles relate to these perceptions and finally to what extent these tools facilitate student understanding of basic programming constructs and impact their motivation to learn programming. My overall methodological approach is a case study that explores the nature of potential benefits to using a VPE in an introductory programming module, within the specific context of an English-speaking institution of higher learning in Southern Europe. Part 1 of this research is a pilot study, which uses participatory action research as a methodological practice to identify which visual programming environment will be selected for the main study. -
Programmierung Unter GNU/Linux Für Einsteiger
Programmierung unter GNU/Linux fur¨ Einsteiger Edgar 'Fast Edi' Hoffmann Community FreieSoftwareOG [email protected] 7. September 2016 Programmierung (von griechisch pr´ogramma Vorschrift\) bezeichnet die T¨atigkeit, " Computerprogramme zu erstellen. Dies umfasst vor Allem die Umsetzung (Implementierung) des Softwareentwurfs in Quellcode sowie { je nach Programmiersprache { das Ubersetzen¨ des Quellcodes in die Maschinensprache, meist unter Verwendung eines Compilers. Programmierung Begriffserkl¨arung 2 / 35 Dies umfasst vor Allem die Umsetzung (Implementierung) des Softwareentwurfs in Quellcode sowie { je nach Programmiersprache { das Ubersetzen¨ des Quellcodes in die Maschinensprache, meist unter Verwendung eines Compilers. Programmierung Begriffserkl¨arung Programmierung (von griechisch pr´ogramma Vorschrift\) bezeichnet die T¨atigkeit, " Computerprogramme zu erstellen. 2 / 35 Programmierung Begriffserkl¨arung Programmierung (von griechisch pr´ogramma Vorschrift\) bezeichnet die T¨atigkeit, " Computerprogramme zu erstellen. Dies umfasst vor Allem die Umsetzung (Implementierung) des Softwareentwurfs in Quellcode sowie { je nach Programmiersprache { das Ubersetzen¨ des Quellcodes in die Maschinensprache, meist unter Verwendung eines Compilers. 2 / 35 Programme werden unter Verwendung von Programmiersprachen formuliert ( kodiert\). " In eine solche Sprache ubersetzt\¨ der Programmierer die (z. B. im Pflichtenheft) " vorgegebenen Anforderungen und Algorithmen. Zunehmend wird er dabei durch Codegeneratoren unterstutzt,¨ die zumindest -
The MSX Red Book (Revised Version 1997/08/06) Notes from The
The MSX Red Book (revised version 1997/08/06) Notes from the editor: - The book was scanned and converted (via O.C.R.) by one person and edited by another (using an IBM PC compatible), independently. - All pages have a fix size of 64 lines. The width was not justified to make future modifications easier, though no line is longer than 80 columns. - This book only covers standard MSX. The BIOS entry points from 0000H to 01B5H should be used instead of the called entries described in the book, because other machines (MSX2, MSX2+, MSX turbo R and customized ones) have different positions for the routines. The use of internal BIOS routine addresses are responsible for many programs only running in MSX. - Some errors present in the original book were fixed, though it was tried to keep it as unaltered as possible. All page numbers match the originals, except undetected errors already present in the original. - Most figures were modificated due to the text-only nature of this file. The character set used during edition was the International IBM PC's one. The following special characters were used and should be changed to the corresponding ones of other character sets: Frame ÚÄÂÄ¿ Pound: œ characters: ³ ³ ³ Micro: æ ÃÄÅÄ´ ³ ³ ³ ÀÄÁÄÙ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CONTENTS Introduction .............................. 1 1. Programmable Peripheral Interface ...... 3 2. Video Display Processor ................ 8 3. Programmable Sound Generator ........... 21 4. ROM BIOS ............................... 26 5. ROM BASIC Interpreter .................. 89 6. Memory Map ............................. 208 7. Machine Code Programs .................. 240 Contents Copyright 1985 Avalon Software Iver Lane, Cowley, Middx, UB8 2JD MSX is a trademark of Microsoft Corp. -
4. the BBC BASIC Assembler
ARM Assembly Language Programming - Chapter 4 - The BBC BASIC Assembler 4. The BBC BASIC Assembler There are two main ways of writing ARM assembly language programs. One is to use a dedicated assembler. Such a program takes a text file containing ARM assembly language instructions, assembles it, and produces another file containing the equivalent machine code. These two files are called the source files and object files respectively. An alternative approach is to use the assembler built-in to BBC BASIC. The ability to mix assembler with BASIC is a very useful feature of the language, and one that is relatively straightforward to use. For this reason, and because of the widespread availability of BBC BASIC, we describe how to use its built-in assembler. The examples of the next two chapters are also in the format expected by the BASIC assembler. 4.1 First principles Two special 'statements' are used to enter and exit from the assembler. The open square bracket character, [, marks the start of assembly language source. Whenever this character is encountered where BASIC expects to see a statement like PRINT or an assignment, BASIC stops executing the program and starts to assemble ARM instructions into machine code. The end of the source is marked by the close square bracket, ]. If this is read where BASIC is expecting to see an instruction to be assembled, it leaves assembler mode and starts executing the (BASIC) program again. To see the effect of entering and leaving the assembler, type in this short program: 10 PRINT "Outside the assembler" 20 [ ;In the assembler 30 ] 40 PRINT "Outside the assembler" If you RUN this, you should see something like the following: Outside the assembler 00000000 ;In the assembler Outside the assembler Between the two lines produced by the PRINT statements is one which the assembler printed. -
BASIC Session
BASIC Session Chairman: Thomas Cheatham Speaker: Thomas E. Kurtz PAPER: BASIC Thomas E. Kurtz Darthmouth College 1. Background 1.1. Dartmouth College Dartmouth College is a small university dating from 1769, and dedicated "for the educa- tion and instruction of Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land in reading, writing and all parts of learning . and also of English Youth and any others" (Wheelock, 1769). The undergraduate student body (now nearly 4000) outnumbers all graduate students by more than 5 to 1, and majors predominantly in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (over 75%). In 1940 a milestone event, not well remembered until recently (Loveday, 1977), took place at Dartmouth. Dr. George Stibitz of the Bell Telephone Laboratories demonstrated publicly for the first time, at the annual meeting of the American Mathematical Society, the remote use of a computer over a communications line. The computer was a relay cal- culator designed to carry out arithmetic on complex numbers. The terminal was a Model 26 Teletype. Another milestone event occurred in the summer of 1956 when John McCarthy orga- nized at Dartmouth a summer research project on "artificial intelligence" (the first known use of this phrase). The computer scientists attending decided a new language was needed; thus was born LISP. [See the paper by McCarthy, pp. 173-185 in this volume. Ed.] 1.2. Dartmouth Comes to Computing After several brief encounters, Dartmouth's liaison with computing became permanent and continuing in 1956 through the New England Regional Computer Center at MIT, HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 515 Copyright © 1981 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. -
Learning to Code
PART ILEARNING TO CODE How Important is Programming? “To understand computers is to know about programming. The world is divided… into people who have written a program and people who have not.” Ted Nelson, Computer Lib/Dream Machines (1974) How important is it for you to learn to program a computer? Since the introduction of the first digital electronic computers in the 1940s, people have answered this question in surprisingly different ways. During the first wave of commercial computing—in the 1950s and 1960s, when 1large and expensive mainframe computers filled entire rooms—the standard advice was that only a limited number of specialists would be needed to program com- puters using simple input devices like switches, punched cards, and paper tape. Even during the so-called “golden age” of corporate computing in America—the mid- to late 1960s—it was still unclear how many programming technicians would be needed to support the rapid computerization of the nation’s business, military, and commercial operations. For a while, some experts thought that well-designed computer systems might eventually program themselves, requiring only a handful of attentive managers to keep an eye on the machines. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, the rapid emergence of personal computers (PCs), and continuing shortages of computer professionals, shifted popular thinking on the issue. When consumers began to adopt low-priced PCs like the Apple II (1977), the IBM PC (1981), and the Commodore 64 (1982) by the millions, it seemed obvious that ground-breaking changes were afoot. The “PC Revolution” opened up new frontiers, employed tens of thousands of people, and (according to some enthusiasts) demanded new approaches to computer literacy. -
Full Form of Basic in Computer Language
Full Form Of Basic In Computer Language Arrased and intransitive Obadiah resit: which Rockwell is soused enough? Prentiss safeguards her nitromethane yesternight, she posed it drastically. How rustling is Morley when comelier and canescent Ned depolarize some banana? Learning pascal are usually, the extern modifier is defined in basic computer full language of sense 3 Popular Types of Computer Language eduCBA. Instead of using machine code it uses a programming language. Programming in one natural language say taken full scope set the English language. BASIC was to early programming language that is still despise the simplest and most popular of programming languages BASIC stands for Beginner's. It is practically impossible to teach good programming to students that have had one prior exposure to BASIC In its classic form BASIC also. Computer Related Full Form PDF For BoardCompetitive Examination BAL Basic Assembly Language BER Bit less Rate BFD Binary File. Included in computer language of computers can be covered in. All Full Forms for Computer Subjectpdf Domain Name. The basics of BASIC the programming language of the 190s. Learn then to program drawings animations and games using JavaScript ProcessingJS or learn how these create webpages with HTML CSS You implement share. Basic Computer Terms. Important Full Forms Related to Programming Languages. BASIC Commands Dartmouth College. An html tags that time and that you are defined rules, compilers convert the habit to create a language of in basic form computer full control. What both RAM & ROM Mean their Business Chroncom. PHP Full Form GeeksforGeeks. What is C The Basics of C Programming HowStuffWorks. -
ALTAIR 8800 CLONE COMPUTER OPERATOR's MANUAL Version
ALTAIR 8800 CLONE COMPUTER OPERATOR’S MANUAL Version 2.3, April 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1 PART 1 – ALTAIR 8800 CLONE HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS ......................... 2 PART 2 – CONFIGURATION MONITOR ............................................. 4 A. Floppy Disk Menu ....................................................... 4 B. PROM Menu .............................................................. 6 C. Serial Port Menu ....................................................... 7 D. Load .BIN or .HEX File ................................................. 9 E. Administration Menu .................................................... 9 PART 3 – TERMINAL EMULATOR ................................................ 14 A. Overview .............................................................. 14 B. TeraTerm Terminal Emulator ............................................ 14 C. Installing TeraTerm ................................................... 14 D. Configuring TeraTerm .................................................. 14 E. Using TeraTerm ........................................................ 15 PART 4 – ALTAIR 8800 DEMONSTRATIONS ....................................... 16 A. Kill-the-Bit Front Panel Game ......................................... 16 B. Loading and Using 4K BASIC from Paper Tape ............................ 18 C. Loading and Using 8K BASIC from Cassette .............................. 21 D. Loading and Using Disk BASIC from Floppy Disk ........................ -
Development of Time Shared Basic System Processor for Hewlett Packard 2100 Series Computers by John Sidney Shema a Thesis Submit
Development of time shared basic system processor for Hewlett Packard 2100 series computers by John Sidney Shema A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Electrical Engineering Montana State University © Copyright by John Sidney Shema (1974) Abstract: The subject of this thesis is the development of a low cost time share BASIC system which is capable of providing useful computer services for both commercial and educational users. The content of this thesis is summarized as follows:First, a review of the historical work leading to the development of time share principles is presented. Second, software design considerations and related restrictions imposed by hardware capabilities and their impact on system performance are discussed. Third, 1000D BASIC operating system specifications are described by detailing user software capabilities and system operator capabilities. Fourth, TSB system organization is explained in detail. This involves presenting TSB system modules and describing communication between modules. A detailed study is made of the TSB system tables and organization of the system and user discs. Fifth, unique features of 1000D BASIC are described from a functional point of view. Sixth, a summary of the material presented in the thesis is made. Seventh, the recommendation is made that error detection and recovery techniques be pursued in order to improve system reliability. In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements, for an advanced degree at Montana State University, I agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by my major professor, or, in his absence, by the Director of Libraries.