Severan Culture Edited by Simon Swain, Stephen Harrison and Jas´ Elsner Frontmatter More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85982-0 - Severan culture Edited by Simon Swain, Stephen Harrison and Jas´ Elsner Frontmatter More information

Severan culture

The Roman empire during the reigns of Septimius Severus and his successors (ad 193–225) enjoyed a remarkably rich and dynamic cultural life. It saw the consolidation of the movement known as the Second Sophistic, which had flourished during the second century and promoted the investigation and reassessment of classical Greek culture. It also witnessed the emergence of Christianity on its own terms, in Greek and in Latin, as a major force extending its influ- ence across literature, philosophy, theology, art and even architecture. This volume offers the first wide-ranging and authoritative survey of the culture of this fascinating period when the background of Rome’s rulers was for the first time non-Italian. Leading scholars discuss general trends and specific instances, together producing a vibrant picture of an extraordinary period of cultural innovation rooted in ancient tradition.

simon swain is Professor of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Warwick. His recent publications include Bilingualism in Ancient Society (2002) (with J. N. Adams and M. Janse), Approaching Late Antiquity (2004) (with M. Edwards) and Seeing the Face, Seeing the Soul: Polemon’s Physiognomy from Classical Antiquity to Medieval Islam (2007).

stephen harrison is Professor of Classical Languages and Lit- erature at the University of Oxford and Fellow and Tutor in Classics at Corpus Christi College. His numerous publications include A Com- mentary on Vergil, Aeneid 10 (1991), Apuleius: A Latin Sophist (2000), Generic Enrichment in Vergil and Horace (2007) and, as editor, The Cambridge Companion to Horace (2007).

jas´ elsner is Humfry Payne Senior Research Fellow in Classical Archaeology at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He has edited and co-edited numerous volumes and is the author of Art and the Roman Viewer (1995), Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: The Art of the Roman Empire (1998) and Roman Eyes: Visuality and Subjectivity in Art and Text (2007).

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85982-0 - Severan culture Edited by Simon Swain, Stephen Harrison and Jas´ Elsner Frontmatter More information

Severan culture

Edited by simon swain, stephen harrison, jas´ elsner

University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

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Contents

List of illustrations [page viii] List of contributors [xvii] Letter of Philostratus to Longus [xix] donald russell

Preface and Bibliography of Ewen Bowie [xxi] stephen harrison and simon swain

Introduction [1] simon swain

part i literature and culture

1 Prose literature and the Severan dynasty [29] tim whitmarsh

2 Severan historiography: evidence, patterns, and arguments [52] harry sidebottom

3 The worlds of Nestor the poet [83] john ma

4 Sex lives of the sophists: epigrams by Philostratus and Fronto [114] gideon nisbet

5TheCynegetica attributed to Oppian [125] mary whitby

6 Greek athletics in the Severan period: literary views [135] jason konig¨

7 Heracles, Prometheus, and the play of genres in [Lucian]’s Amores [146] judith mossman

vi Contents

8 Allegory and narrative in Heliodorus [160] glenn most

9 Polyphony or Babel? Hosidius Geta’s Medea and the poetics of the cento [168] philip hardie

10 Unfair to Caecilius? Ciceronian dialogue techniques in Minucius Felix [177] jonathan powell

11 Cyprian’s Ad Donatum [190] michael winterbottom

part ii art and architecture

12 Art at the crossroads? Themes and styles in Severan art [201] zahra newby

13 Landscape, transformation, and divine epiphany [250] alexia petsalis-diomidis

14 Urban development in the Severan empire [290] andrew wilson

15 Metaphor and identity in Severan architecture: the Septizodium at Rome between ‘reality’ and ‘fantasy’ [327] edmund thomas

16 Visibility and viewing on the Severan Marble Plan [368] jennifer trimble

17 Septimius Severus: the Augustan emperor [385] alison cooley

part iii religion and philosophy

18 Severan Christianity [401] mark edwards

19 Almsgiving for the pure of heart: continuity and change in early Christian teaching [419] richard finn

20 Tertullian on ﬂesh, spirit, and wives [430] catherine conybeare

Contents vii

21 Sophists and Rabbis: Jews and their past in the Severan age [440] joseph geiger

22 Trouble in Snake-Town: interpreting an oracle from Hierapolis-Pamukkale [449] ian rutherford

23 Magic in the Severan period [458] daniel ogden

24 Philosophy, scholarship, and the world of learning in the Severan period [470] michael trapp

25 Human autonomy and divine revelation in Origen [489] george boys-stones

26 Socrates under the Severans [500] christopher taylor

Bibliography [512] Index [561]

Illustrations

12.1 Arch of Septimius Severus, Roman Forum. Photo: Z. Newby [page 202] 12.2 Denarius of Septimius Severus showing the Arch of Septimius Severus. British Museum. Photo: C Copyright The Trustees of the British Museum [203] 12.3 Arch of Septimius Severus, Roman Forum. Detail of northwestern panel. Photo: Z. Newby [205] 12.4 Severan Arch at Lepcis Magna. Part of the attic frieze showing the triumphal procession of Septimius Severus. Tripoli Museum. Photo: DAIR 61.1695 [208] 12.5 Severan Arch at Lepcis Magna. Attic panel showing concordia Augustorum (the faces of Caracalla and Geta are restored). Tripoli Museum. Photo: DAIR 61.1701 [210] 12.6 Severan Arch at Lepcis Magna. Pier relief showing siege of a city. Tripoli Museum. Photo: DAIR 61.1710 [212] 12.7 Painted tondo showing the Severan family, with the face of Geta later erased. Berlin, Staatliche Museen, Antikensammlung 31.329. Photo: DAIR 69.159 [213] 12.8 Theatre at Hierapolis, scaenae frons. Relief showing Septimius Severus presiding over the local Pythian festival. Photo: Z. Newby [214] 12.9 Theatre at Sabratha. Relief showing the figures of Roma and Sabratha accompanied by soldiers and flanked by two scenes of sacrifice. Photo: DAIR 58.459 [216] 12.10 Detail of fig. 12.9 showing Septimius Severus sacrificing. Photo: DAIR 61.2125 [217] 12.11 Rome, Gate of the Argentarii. Photo: Z. Newby [219] 12.12 Rome, Gate of the Argentarii. Internal panel showing Septimius Severus and Julia Domna. Photo: DAIR 70.993 [220] 12.13 Detail of Gate of the Argentarii, internal panel showing Caracalla. Photo: DAIR 70.1000 [221] 12.14 Detail of Gate of the Argentarii, praetorian standard with bust of Geta removed. Photo: Z. Newby [223]

List of illustrations ix

12.15 Detail of the head of Marcus Aurelius, from the sacriﬁce relief in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. Photo: DAIR 38.377 [225] 12.16 Marble portrait head of Septimius Severus (with restorations). Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek cat. 721, inv. 802. Photo: DAIR 63.1756 [226] 12.17 Marble portrait head of Caracalla. Berlin, Staatlichen Museen, Antikensammlung R96. Photo: DAIR 62.1494 [227] 12.18 Marble portrait head of Alexander Severus. Vatican Museums, Sala dei Busti 361; inv. 632. Photo: DAIR 33.1767 [228] 12.19 Marble portrait head of Gallienus. Berlin, Staatlichen Museen, Antikensammlung SK 423. Photo: C Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin [229] 12.20 Marble portrait head of Gallienus. Rome, Museo Nazionale Romano 644. Photo: DAIR 67.500 [230] 12.21 Marble portrait of a woman. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen cat. 738, inv. 792. Photo: Museum [231] 12.22 Marble portrait of the Empress Tranquillina. London, British Museum Sc 1923. Photo: C Copyright The Trustees of the British Museum [232] 12.23 Achilles and Penthesilea Sarcophagus. Vatican Cortile Belvedere. Photo: DAIR 72.571 [235] 12.24 Medea Sarcophagus. Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig, inv. BS 203. Photo: Museum, Claire Niggli [236] 12.25 Hunt sarcophagus. Via delle Croce, Rome. Photo: DAIR 60.28 [238] 12.26 Vita privata/hunt sarcophagus. Berlin Staatlichen Museen, Antikensammlung. Photo: C Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin [239] 12.27 Pelops Sarcophagus. Villa Albani Rome. Photo: DAIR 31.16 [241] 12.28 Rome, San Callisto Catacomb. Painted ceiling of a cubiculum showing in the centre the Good Shepherd. Photo: Pontiﬁcia Commissione di Archeologia Sacra [243] 12.29 Adonis Sarcophagus. Vatican, Museo Gregoriano Profano inv. 10409. Photo: DAIR 71.1762 [244] 12.30 Persephone Sarcophagus. Rome, Museo Capitolino. Photo: DAIR 72.688 [246] 12.31 Farnese Hercules statue found in the Baths of Caracalla, Rome. Naples, Museo Nazionale. Photo: DAIR 80.2908 [248]

x List of illustrations

13.1 Fragments of the Severan Marble Plan depicting the Septizodium and the eastern end of the Circus Maximus. Image by David Koller after Carettoni et al. (1960), fragment photos courtesy of Stanford Digital Forma Urbis Romae Project [256] 13.2 Marble relief from Lake Fucino depicting city and countryside. Villa Torlonia, Avezzano. Schwanke, Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1979.2757 [257] 13.3 Fragments of the Severan Marble Plan depicting an aqueduct in elevation (Aqua Alsietina). Image by David Koller after Carettoni et al. (1960), Tav. XLII, fr. 223, fragment photos courtesy of Stanford Digital Forma Urbis Romae Project [258] 13.4 Great panel from northwest side of the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Forum in Rome (panel iii). Image courtesy of the American Academy in Rome [260] 13.5 Mosaic of circus scene from Carthage. Musee´ du Bardo, Tunis. Koppermann, Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1961.0543 [262] 13.6 Fragmentary mosaic of amphitheatre scene with ostriches, deer, and hunting dogs from Le Kef (Sicca Veneria). Musee´ du Bardo, Tunis. Image courtesy of Musee´ du Bardo, Tunis [263] 13.7 Detail of Parthia seated in the centre of the triumphal register, northwest side of the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Forum in Rome. Image courtesy of the American Academy in Rome [263] 13.8 Old river god from the left spandrel, northwest arch of the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Forum in Rome. Image courtesy of the American Academy in Rome [264] 13.9 Detail of Rome seated at the right end of the triumphal register, northwest side of the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Forum in Rome. Image courtesy of the American Academy in Rome [265] 13.10 Victory and season (summer) from the left spandrel, central bay, west fac¸ade of the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Forum in Rome. Neg. D-DAI-Rom 04325 [266] 13.11 Front panel from a marble sarcophagus depicting a port scene. Vatican Museums, Museo Pio Clementino, Cortile del Belvedere. Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1931.1138 [267] 13.12 Engraving of the remains of the Septizodium by Etienne´ du Perac,´ 1581. Ashby (1916) f.23, (102) pl.xxii [270] 13.13 Calendar mosaic from the House of the Months at El Djem. Sousse Museum. Koppermann, Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1964.0292 [271]

List of illustrations xi

13.14 Detail of the months of October and November from the Calendar mosaic from the House of the Months at El Djem. Sousse Museum. Koppermann, Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1964.0298 [272] 13.15 Plan of the floor mosaic from the mithraeum of the Sette Sfere at Ostia. Image courtesy of Archivio Fotografico della Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici di Ostia [274] 13.16 The mithraeum of the Sette Sfere at Ostia, view towards north. Image courtesy of Archivio Fotografico della Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici di Ostia [275] 13.17 Mosaic of Diana-Luna in an arch from the left podium of the mithraeum of the Sette Sfere at Ostia. Image courtesy of Archivio Fotografico della Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici di Ostia [276] 13.18 Wall-paintings from the Hypogaeum of the Aurelii (Room C), Viale Manzoni, Rome. On lower level the Apostles, on the upper level from left to right the Shepherd with his flock, and the scene of the rider approaching the city. Image courtesy Alinari Archives-Florence [278] 13.19 Wall-painting from the Hypogaeum of the Aurelii (Room C), Viale Manzoni, Rome. The Shepherd with his flock. Singer, Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1973.0180 [279] 13.20 Wall-painting from the Hypogaeum of the Aurelii (Room C), Viale Manzoni, Rome. Rider approaching the city. Wilpert (1923) pl. xx [280] 13.21 Wall-painting from the Hypogaeum of the Aurelii (Room C), Viale Manzoni, Rome. ‘Heavenly Jerusalem’. Wilpert (1923) pl. xxii [282] 13.22 Wall-painting from the Hypogaeum of the Aurelii (Room C), Viale Manzoni, Rome. ‘The return of Odysseus’. Wilpert (1923) pl. xvi [284] 13.23 Floor mosaic of the arrival of Asklepios on Kos, from the House of Asklepios, Kos. Archaeological Museum of Kos. Image courtesy 22nd Ephorate of Prehistorical and Classical Antiquities [285] 13.24 Bronze head of Septimius Severus (Serapis-Severus portrait type). Vatican Museums, Museo Gregoriano Profano. Felbermeyer, Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1969.0812 [288] 14.1 Plan of Lepcis Magna, showing the Severan building programme (arch, nymphaeum, forum, basilica, colonnaded street, and harbour) and other buildings mentioned in the text. MacKendrick (1980) 144 [296]

xii List of illustrations

14.2 Lepcis Magna. Severan arch. Photo: A. Wilson [296] 14.3 Lepcis Magna. Severan nymphaeum. Photo: A. Wilson [298] 14.4 Lepcis Magna. Severan forum and basilica from the nymphaeum. Photo: A. Wilson [298] 14.5 Lepcis Magna. Severan basilica. Photo: A. Wilson [299] 14.6 Lepcis Magna. Hercules pilaster flanking one of the apses in the Severan basilica. Photo: A. Wilson [300] 14.7 Lepcis Magna. Severan forum partly finished and unfinished carving of the arcade. Photo: A. Wilson [301] 14.8 Cuicul. Aerial view of Severan forum, Arch of Caracalla, and the temple to the Gens Septimiana, winter 1962. Photo: E. Stawksi; Phototheque` du Centre Camille Jullian. Neg. 43424 [308] 14.9 Cuicul. Severan temple and forum. Photo: A. Wilson [309] 14.10a & b Denarius of ad 203 or 204, showing Dea Caelestis riding a lion, running along the waters of a spring. Legend: 10a Obverse: Severus Pius Aug. 10b Reverse: indulgentia Augg(ustorum) in Carth(aginem). [310] 14.11 Cirta (Constantine). Arches of the aqueduct bridge. Photo: A. Wilson [312] 14.12 Timgad. Severan arch and new quarter beyond. Photo: A. Wilson [314] 14.13 Timgad. Library. Photo: A. Wilson [316] 14.14 Timgad. Library dedicatory inscription. Photo: A. Wilson [317] 14.15 Cyrene. Severan-period relief from the market–theatre complex. Photo: A. Wilson [319] 14.16a & b Coin of Pergamum, ad 214, showing Temples of Augustus, Trajan, and Caracalla. Bronze, 43 mm, 36.10 g. Photo: Ashmolean Museum [321] 15.1 Reconstruction of the area around the Septizodium in Rome. From Model of Ancient Rome by Paul Bigot, Musees´ Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels. Photo: C Musees´ Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels [330] 15.2 Forma Urbis Romae, frs. 7a, 7b, 8a, and 8b, showing part of the Septizodium. C The Stanford Digital Forma Urbis Romae Project, with permission of the Sovrintendenza Archeologica di Roma [331] 15.3 Plan of the area around the Porta Capena in antiquity showing fragments of the Forma Urbis, superimposed on the modern street plan. The Via Appia at this point, marked by the dashed line, may

List of illustrations xiii

have taken the name Via Nova. From Gorrie (2001), reproduced with permission of Latomus [332] 15.4 Detail of pilaster with relief decoration depicting Hercules, from the south apse of the Severan basilica at Lepcis Magna, ad c. 209–16. Photo: C Andrew Wilson [335] 15.5 Detail of pilaster with relief decoration depicting Dionysus, from the north apse of the Severan basilica at Lepcis Magna. Photo: C Andrew Wilson [336] 15.6 ‘The Septizonium and Domus Severiana at Rome’. View of the ruins from the south. Drawing, pen and wash, by Maarten van Heemskerck, n.d., 19.8 cm × 14.8 cm. Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 79D2a,fol.85recto.Photo: Jorg¨ P. Anders. C Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin [338] 15.7 ‘The Septizodium at Rome’. View from the south. Drawing by Francisco d’Ollanda, ‘Libro de las Antigualhas’, fol. 23r, 1539–40. Biblioteca del Escorial, inv. no. 28-l-20. C Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid [340] 15.8 Publicity leaflet for the Karl E. Maison Gallery in Berlin, showing a drawing of Septizodium, now lost, attributed to Baldassare Peruzzi. Photo: C the Rubenianum, Antwerp. Publicity leaflet for the Karl E. Maison Gallery in Berlin, showing a drawing of Septizodium, now lost, attributed to Baldassare Peruzzi. Photo: C the Rubenianum, Antwerp [341] 15.9 Reconstructed plan of the Septizodium in Rome. Hulsen¨ (1886) [342] 15.10 Reconstructed elevation of the Septizodium in Rome. Hulsen¨ (1886) [342] 15.11 Reconstructed plan and elevation of the Septizodium in Rome. Dombart (1922) [343] 15.12 Stage-building of the Roman theatre at Sabratha, ad c. 190. Photo: C Andrew Wilson [344] 15.13 ‘The Septizonium of Severus on the Via Appia’. Reconstructed front elevation in an engraving by Giacomo Lauro, Splendor Urbis Antiquae (1612). Reproduced by permission of Durham University Library, Routh Collection 65 cupboard 17 [345] 15.14a, b, Reconstructions of the Septizodium at Rome: 14a and b front and c elevation and 14c view from the south side. Luigi Canina, Gli edifizii di Roma antica. Reproduced with permission of the Bodleian Library, Oxford [346]

xiv List of illustrations

15.15 Bronze medallion of Septimius Severus from Hadrianopolis (Thrace), ad 193–211: reverse face depicting a fountain building with sculptural decoration. By permission of the Departement´ des Monnaies, Medailles´ et Antiques, Bibliotheque` Nationale de France, Paris [349] 15.16 Restored view of the ruins of the Septizodium from the southeast. Drawing by Andrea Palladio (1508–80), n.d. The British Architectural Library, RIBA, London. Drawings of Andrea Palladio, vol. i, fol. 2, verso. Photo: C RIBA, London [350] 15.17 Ruins of the Septizodium from the east. Drawing by Martin van Heemskerck. Istituto Nazionale della Grafica, Rome [351] 15.18 Ruins of the Septizodium from the east. Drawing by Martin van Heemskerck. Istituto Nazionale della Grafica, Rome [352] 15.19 Restored plan of the lower storey of the Septizodium at Rome. Drawing by Andrea Palladio. The British Architectural Library, RIBA, London, Drawings of Andrea Palladio, vol. ix, fol. 17, verso. Photo: C RIBA, London [353] 15.20 Restored plan of the Septizodium, Codex Coner, n.d., Sir John Soane’s Museum, London. C Sir John Soane’s Museum [354] 15.21 Hypothetical reconstruction of the Septizodium as seen on the Forma Urbis Romae. From Settis (1973) pl. 21. Reproduced with permission of Salvatore Settis [355] 15.22 Detail of plan of Rome for the area around the Septizodium. From Rodolfo Lanciani, Forma Urbis Romae (Milan, 1901), pl. 35. Reproduced by permission of Durham University Library, Special Collections, shelfmark X++ 912.37 LAN [356] 15.23 Provisional plan of the Septizonium at Henschir Tounga (ancient Cincari), early third century ad After Picard (1962a) 80 fig. 1. Reproduced with permission of the Fondation Eugene` Piot, Academie´ des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris [359] 15.24 Reconstructed plan and elevation of the Septizonium at Lambaesis, ad 226. Drawing by M. Borely, from Janon (1973) 236 fig. 17. Reproduced with permission of the Centre Camille Jullian – MMSH [360] 15.25 Fragment of sculpture probably representing a reclining river deity and a feline creature, found in 1986 in excavations of an exedra of the Septizodium at Rome. Palatine Museum, Rome. Photo: C Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma [361] 15.26 Bronze medallion of Antoninus Pius, ad 160: reverse face, showing a personified statue of Africa. By permission of the Departement´

List of illustrations xv

des Monnaies, Medailles´ et Antiques, Bibliotheque` Nationale de France, Paris [362] 15.27 Reconstruction of the Porta Capena, situated within the ‘Servian Wall’ and straddled by the Aqua Appia. Drawing by John Henry Parker, 1868, based on his excavations of 1867–8. From Stenuit´ (2003) 33 ﬁg. 3. Reproduced with permission of Minerva, International Review of Ancient Art & Archaeology [364] 15.28 Design for the decoration of ‘Porta Capena’ (actually Porta S. Paolo), Rome, with ornamental dressing for the triumph of Emperor Charles V in 1535. Drawing by circle of Peruzzi. Siena, Biblioteca Comunale, Codice S IV 7, fol. 38r [365] 15.29 Designs by Antonio da Sangallo the younger for the triumph of Emperor Charles V in 1535 in Rome: (left) a project for the decoration of Porta S. Sebastiano, and (right) a project for a temporary triumphal arch near the Septizodium, situated at the crossroads between Via di Porta S. Sebastiano and Via di S. Gregorio, Rome. Gabinetto dei Disegni degli Ufﬁzi, Florence, inv. no. 1014 A [366] 16.1 Fragments of the Severan Marble Plan depicting part of the Subura. Nos. 10Aab on slab viii-2 at upper left, fragments 10a–i and 10l–v on slab viii-3 at upper centre, fragments 11a–d on slab vii-7 at lower centre, and fragment 12 on slab vii-8 at lower right. Image by David Koller after Carettoni et al. (1960), fragment photos courtesy of Stanford Digital Forma Urbis Project [369] 16.2 Reconstruction of the Severan Marble Plan. Image: C Phaeton Group by David West Reynolds, used with permission [370] 16.3 Reconstruction plan of the imperial Fora in light of the new excavations. Reproduced by permission of the Sovraintendenza Comunale di Roma [371] 16.4 Fragments of the Severan Marble Plan depicting the Septizodium below the southeast corner of the Palatine hill. Nos. 7a–d on slab ix-6 at upper right, and fragments 8abde on slab viii-5 below. Image by David Koller after Carettoni et al. (1960), fragment photos courtesy of Stanford Digital Forma Urbis Project [372] 16.5 Column of Trajan, the lowest three spirals of the frieze from the southwest. Reproduced by permission of The Art Archive/Dagli Orti, image AA385210 [374] 16.6 Line drawing of the marble plan fragment found in the Via Anicia Reproduced by permission of the Ministero per i Beni e le Attivita` Culturali – Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma [379]

xvi List of illustrations

17.1 Rome, Column of Marcus Aurelius, ‘rain miracle’ scene (xvi/xvii). Schlechter, Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1989.0206 [388] 17.2 Bacchus and Hercules, RIC IV no. 765a, reverse. By courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, with thanks to Chris Howgego and Alessia Bolis [392]

Contributors

GeorgeBoys-Stones Senior Lecturer in Classics at the University of Durham Catherine Conybeare Associate Professor of Greek, Roman, and Classical Studies at Bryn Mawr College Alison Cooley Lecturer in Classics at the University of Warwick Mark Edwards Student of Christ Church and University Lecturer in Patris- tics, University of Oxford Jas´ Elsner Senior Research Fellow in Classical Archaeology at Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford Richard Finn Fellow of Blackfriars, University of Oxford Joseph Geiger Professor of Classics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Philip Hardie Senior Research Fellow, Trinity College, University of Cambridge StephenHarrison Professor of Classical Languages and Literature at Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford Jason Konig¨ Lecturer in Classics at the University of St Andrews John Ma Fellow of Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford Judith Mossman Professor of Classics at the University of Nottingham Glenn Most Professor of Classics at the Universities of Pisa and Chicago Zahra Newby Senior Lecturer in Classics at the University of Warwick Gideon Nisbet Lecturer in Classics at the University of Birmingham Daniel Ogden Professor of Classics at the University of Exeter Alexia Petsalis-Diomidis Lecturer in Classical Archaelogy, Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford

xviii Contributors

Jonathan Powell Professor of Latin at Royal Holloway College, University of London

Donald Russell Emeritus Professor of Classical Languages and Literature, St John’s College, University of Oxford Ian Rutherford Professor of Classics at the University of Reading

Harry Sidebottom Member of Lincoln College, University of Oxford Simon Swain Professor of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Warwick Christopher Taylor Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy, Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford Edmund Thomas Lecturer in Ancient Visual and Material Culture at the University of Durham Michael Trapp Professor of Greek Literature and Thought at King’s College, UniversityofLondon Jennifer Trimble Assistant Professor of Classics at Stanford University Mary Whitby Member of the Corpus Christi College Centre for the Study of Greek and Roman Antiquity, University of Oxford Tim Whitmarsh E. P.Warren Praelector in Classics, Corpus Christi College, Oxford Andrew Wilson Professor of Roman Archaeology at All Souls College, University of Oxford Michael Winterbottom Emeritus Corpus Christi Professor of Latin, University of Oxford

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Preface stephen harrison and simon swain

Ewen Bowie and Corpus Christi College Ewen Bowie is the third holder of the E. P. Warren Praelectorship in Greek at Corpus, established under the will of Edward Perry Warren who died in 1928; legal complications surrounding Warren’s bequest meant that the post was not occupied until 1954 (by Sir Hugh Lloyd-Jones), and in 1965 Ewen succeeded Gerald Toomer who had become Praelector in 1960 when Sir Hugh was appointed Regius Professor of Greek at Oxford. Warren’s will trust placed a number of restrictions on the Praelector intended to make sure that he had a close relationship to his students; the Praelector was to live in College, or, if married, he had to live in a College house and be available to students day and night via a tunnel under Merton Street; he was also forbidden to teach women (a clear indication of Warren’s own gender preferences: see Sox (1987)). All these restrictions were gradually removed by negotiation with the Privy Council; Ewen was the ﬁrst Praelector to teach women and was obliged to retain formal living quarters in College until 1989 (see Symonds (2002) 89–96). Though perhaps not quite in the way that Warren intended, Ewen has maintained an especially close relationship with his students, and there can be few who have not appreciated his generous hospitality and cuisine, capac- ity for useful social and academic introduction, and general interest in their well-being as well as his dedicated teaching and instruction. His colleagues can also testify to a wonderfully detailed master-plan for organising teaching and the most harmonious and supportive of working relationships. In forty-two years of teaching at Corpus, Ewen has had some level of direct contact with about ﬁve hundred classical students at undergraduate and graduate level at the College (catalogued below), and also with many more from other Colleges for whom complete records do not exist, especially his many graduate students from outside Corpus. Of the 506 classical students at Corpus from Ewen’s time listed below, 147 (nearly a third) have either taught classics at school or university or published classical research work. This is an extraordinary contribution to the profession of classics, not only in this country but worldwide. Of these 147, at least 90 were directly taught by Ewen himself as undergraduates: these include many distinguished teachers

xxii Preface

at school level as well as current faculty members at Oxford and Cambridge, Birmingham, Bristol, Durham, Exeter, Glasgow, KCL, Lampeter, Leeds, Liverpool, Newcastle, Nottingham, Reading, Royal Holloway, St Andrews and Warwick in the UK; Bryn Mawr, Colorado/Boulder, Columbia, Florida International, Kansas, Princeton, Reed, Vassarand Washington University St Louis in the USA; Calgary, Toronto, Waterloo and York University, Toronto in Canada; and Jerusalem, Pisa and Poznan.´

Corpus classicists in Ewen Bowie’s time (1965–2007) This list is derived from The Corpus Christi College Biographical Register 1880–1974 (1988) and its supplement for 1974–91 (1995), and from the internal records of the College since 1991. Those for 2006–7 are listed prospectively at the time of writing (summer 2006). The list begins in 1964 since under the system of that time only first- and second-year undergraduates would have been in Ewen’s charge as Mods tutor. Students are listed under their year of matriculation, i.e. entry into the College. Every care has been taken to avoid errors and omissions, but some may remain. Ewen has also taught a large number of students from other Colleges and supervisedalargenumberofgraduatestudents,butnosubstantiverecordsof these categories exist; those who were graduate students but not undergraduates in classical subjects (broadly defined but not including Byzantinists) at Corpus in Ewen’s time have been included, nevertheless, with the code G after their names. Where students changed from the main classics course [Literae Humaniores] to another field or studied for one of the classical joint schools (Classics and Modern Languages [CML], Classics and English [C&E], or Classical Archaeology and Ancient History [CAAH]), their final degree subject is given in square brackets. Visiting students (one year) are designated by the code VS. Students in Ancient and Modern History have not been included since in Corpus these fall under History rather than Classics. Those in the list who are known by the compiler to have held teaching posts in classical subjects at schools and universities and/or published at scholarly level in classical fields are marked by an asterisk (this omits a number of distinguished modern philosophers and modern historians) : these form more than a quarter of the total (see above).

1964 M. J. B. Koppel [Theology] J. G. A. Avgherinos R. Lomas G M. T. Davies P. M. Rayner M. B. Dunlop S. F. Ryle* G M. J. Fell [Theology]

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1965 N. M. Horsfall* G H. M. T. Cobbe* G D. F. Jamieson A. S. Cullen R. N. Readman J. P. Dancy C. S. Roche W. Gillies N. C. F. Williams R. D. Kent J. H. Lloyd [Modern Languages] 1968 R. A. Maclean S. L. Bainbridge S. A. Mann R. D. Brown* R. W. Mason [PPE] N. J. M. Cameron W. G. Moles E. C. Cardale [Theology] M. N. Sabine J. A. R. Drysdale W. A. Waldegrave J. Geiger* G M. W. Woodﬁeld [Modern J. S. Graham Languages] G. M. R. Hay M. H. Wolf [PPE] J. L. Moles* T. H. Wilson 1966 G. F. W. Allen [PPE] 1969 P. M. Blair G. A. Blair* W. S. Dunnett [Oriental Studies] S. M. B. S. Bowden T. D. Fletcher C. C. Bridge [PPE] W. L. Fletcher L. H. Goldman [PPE/Medicine] D. A. W. Forbes [English] A. Hardie* P. R . Ha l l M. C. Kulukundis H. M. Hine* C. C. Luker N. J. MacSween P. J. Pickles T. T. B. Mitford* [Oriental Studies] G. Preece [PPE] I. S. Moxon* J. P. Rawes R. M. Price T. A. Sinclair [PPE] R. J. Tarrant* G A. F. Wallace-Hadrill* J. C. Yardley* G M. K. Williams N. K. J. Witney 1967 A. T. J. Cape [History and Modern 1970 Languages] M. M. Glass E. W. Evans P. R. Hardie* K. S. Fosbrook [PPP] J. R. Harris [PPE] H. Grifﬁth J. M. Holt H. R. D. Hardy C. J. Pitt Lewis

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P. P. R a l l i T. A. Divers D. H. Thomas C. S. Johnston [CML] C. J. Tuplin* N. J. Kroll (L.) M. Whitby* R. C. Macpherson G B. Rankov* 1971 P. A. Wareham B. C. Barker-Benﬁeld* A. J. Chamberlain [Medicine] 1974 M. H. Coulshed H. Bodossian C. D. Crabbie R. J. Hexter* [CML] J. M. Draisey R. L. Judson* R. Freebury G N. F. Keegan R. H. A. Jenkyns* G P. G. Larrissy G. J. L. Lawrence G. Lemos S. J. McCarthy G. McGuinness A. M. D. McWilliam [Law] M. Newbrook C. E. D. Montague* S. Turk [Law] G. W. Morton J. D. Welch P. G. Starkey [Oriental Studies] M. J. Taylor 1975 S. F. Weiskittel* R. G. Abbey Smith [Law] J. E. Cubbon [PPE] 1972 D. R. Foster* L. K. V. Bazar S. A. Hall R. T. Canton B. O’Meara [History] C. J. Der [PPE] A. G. Onslow J. J. M. Hawthorn J. E. Painter P. G. Lennox* M. B. Poliakoff* T. J. W. Maxwell J. G. F. Powell* G. W. Most* G E. R. Tansley P. Pattenden* G N. S. Roxan 1976 A. M. Shaw R. A. H. Bett M. F. A. Simon [CML] S. A. Bradbury J. L. Vickers R. M. Bradley D. M. Cranston 1973 P. R. Leckie* N. J. S. Abbot G V. Loizides G R. E. Brinkley D. A. G. Moncur G N. C. Denyer* G. H. Orentlicher

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S. J. E. Salem M. J. Edwards* R. C. Smail* I. F. M. Fraser A. H. W. Smith I. R. Lane* M. B. Trapp* H. F. Monkhouse S. L. Ramsay 1977 R. J. Song Z. Archibald* (formerly Szymanska)´ G 1981 P. M. Hellegers A. M. Behan* (formerly T. E. Hulse [CML] Collinge) G S. S. Kolka J. J. Cox A. J. Maynard* J. Frecknall C. G. Nugee R. M. Gosling I. C. Rutherford* H. R. Kempshall S. N. S. Sadler F. C. Mann D. R. Shanzer* G A. Melnyk M. J. Vermes* J. M. Mossman* C. J. White O. L. Segal E. J. Stell 1978 M. H. Wheatley T. S. Hawkins [CML] J. M. Hingley 1982 G. P. Jones S. L. C. Duggan (formerly Brown) R. Jones D. P. A. Happe´ J. H. Kagan* P. A. Hibbert B. L. Skinner C. Klodt* VS P. G. W. Smart P. W. Mu r phy M. S. Spurr* D. Ogden* G. M. R. Wilsdon* H. Sidebottom* G J. C. Trevett* 1979 J. J. Ward* A. M. Bicket* G J. H. Whyte M. J. Brooke* N. M. Young S. R. Everson* A. S. Mason 1983 R. G. Peden* M. Demos* P. Scott G H. L. P. Kaye I. T. Tower R. G. Long B. G. C. Mandry 1980 J. S. Petty R. D. Clark J. M. Vessey* G

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R. P. Walker A. J. N. Roxburgh R. D. Wells* G R. H. Smith M. E. Williams S. J. Speight V. E. Vaughan 1984 C. M. Wells W. H. Bernstein D. M. J. Gilbert 1987 G. P. Page M. Braun* VS C. Rapp* VS J. P. Hesk* D. M. Themistocleous* G.-M. Lapsley (formerly Power) M. T. Wilmore* C. M. Selzer* VS G N. C. Winﬁeld M. L. Sharp* J. E. Sherwood* 1985 R. D. Steadman-Jones M. A. Beken [CML] R. M. R. Hollier* (formerly Tarnoy)´ M. N. R. Bowie G A. I. Wilson* C. M. Conybeare* J. B. Grifﬁn G 1988 J. Healey K. Bartol*´ VS G. E. Herbert-Brown* (formerly U. Coope* Herbert) G A. J. Grant G. H. Huber-Rebenich* (formerly A. N. Henry Huber) VS M. Hiscock C. R. Hurley S. Margetts P. J. Ki r by H. J. Morrison* D. W. Mackie* G. Nisbet* H. C. P. Purcell [Mod.Lang.] V. J. Wohl* G E. V. Thomas* R. Yudkin S. J. Tiplady P. R . J. Wa r re l l G 1989 U. Wartenberg Kagan* (formerly A. (formerly D.) P. Bitel* Wartenberg)VS & G D. J. Causebrook P. D. Elbourne* 1986 N. C. Fagge M. Diaz G D. W. Goodhew* E. C. Millender* (formerly K. N. Gruneberg¨ Greenstein) L. Hollis L. W. G. Morgan* C. F. Muller¨ S. H. Prince* E. J. Potter* J. P. Rogers M. J. Spencer

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E. Sheehan* (formerly Haan) G P. McGladdery [CML] S. H. Theunissen [C&E] C. K. Parsons [CML] W. W. West H. M. Rendell* G L. L. St Louis* G 1990 C. H. Stewart [C&E] R. K. Balot* T. J. Darke [C&E] 1993 E. K. Dugdale* A. E. Bendlin* G R. D. Finn* G. E. Bennett* M. J. H. Fysh [C&E] K. A. Dugdale Georg, Graf von Gries* (formerly G. C. D. Hoare Korzeniowski) VS M. Lipka* G M. V. Lodwick G P. A. Low* Z. L. Newby* A. D. Macleod [C&E] M. Revermann* VS G N. H. Rusch¨ G I. A. Ruffell* S. A. Salimi E. M. Thornhill T. J. Venning [C&E] T. M. Welch* (formerly Silvestri) C. E. Wells

1991 1994 H. T. Boyd-Carpenter B. W. Akrigg* R. H. Foxley G. K. L. Chum K. B. Grant B. E. Cody* B. Graziosi* D. P. Cole D. J. Hill C. L. Cooper* E. K. Irwin* E. A. Hebditch K. M. McNab A. M. Master A. I. Petsalis-Diomidis* T. R. M. Nelson* G J. Z. Mandel [C&E, English] A. D. Nikolopoulos* G G. I. C. Robertson* G M. Pazdera VS N. I. Stagi [CML] J. R. W. Prag* C. E. Steel* J. E. Reeson* G I. D. Repath* 1992 M. Rosado* E. R. Ellis* L. B. Fitzgeorge-Parker 1995 A. Fuchs* VS F. Ahmed A. Glazier S. F. Bennett J. Konig*¨ L. M. Boone* S. Koroliov T. C. Carey

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R. G. Gerschner* G C. MacDonald J. H. Hordern* G C. Mulke* VS K. G. Lorenz* VS P. E. Pormann* G K. S. Luchner* VS T. Reinhardt* G R. J. Murray-West [C&E] A. C. Richardson* [C&E] 1998 R. A. Rist D. Anderson Burley [C&E] G. J. Salmon A. J. Dowler* A. B. Thornton J. F. Gaertner* G E. R. C. Wilson* G M. A. C. Harrison A. M. Wright J. D. Harvey J. R. Zerdin G D. M. Johnson D. A. Krasne* 1996 R. May* G D. G. H. Beer M. M. Powers G W. M. B. Brockliss* J. D. Rice H. E. Eastman* [C&E] L. V. Saunders E. Friend-Smith C. Strobel* VS G R. M. Hillier [C&E] C. C. S. Talbot M. Just [C&E, VS] A. J. Willi* G C. E. Long H. T. Lorenz* G 1999 M. R. Matz G C. F. Banks D. G. Murphy* M. A. Carter* G T. E. O’Shea J. W. Clift T. J. D. Robinson W. D. C. De Melo* G T. L. Simmons* G D. G. Hayes S. T. Topsﬁeld H. C. Kelly K. A. Woodgett* G B. P. Macintyre E. Pooley 1997 H. J. Reynolds K. Aise [C&E] S. Rishoj Christensen* G A. Andrews M. W. Thompson G E. M. M. Aston* L. S. Walby D. J. Bloch* K. L. Brown 2000 A. M. Dondi R. J. Blackburn R. M. Finch R. R. Chenault D. Kiss* [Oriental Studies] D. Goldstein G T. Landau* J. Hilliard

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C. E. Hole 2003 J. E. Johnson K. Barkowski VS C. Kaesser* VS G J. S. Boparai R. J. Ludlam F. Brinkley C. Luz* G J.-M. Carbon* G A. Rotstein* VS J. A. F. Cole A. Schoﬁeld [C&E] L. Delfs G N. J. Sewell-Rutter* G [M]. L. O’ Donovan [CAAH] D. J. Tober C. M. Powell G. C. Trimble A. E. Reid N. C. E. Walter B. L. Reitz Y. W. Staton 2001 J. Stoop H. M. H. Al-Damluji [Oriental A. Sulzer G Studies] H. E. Topham L. Calder [CAAH] B. Vetter VS G E. R. Franses [C&E, English] 2004 P. L . Ha r p er J. M. Burbach [C&E] S. J. H. Linehan C. Bachmann K. Riley* G M. E. Frazer R. G. F. Smith A. Fries G R. N. V. Stone L. Hansell F. MacGora´ın G 2002 W. Mack A. Browne A. McDermid H. M. Damon A. Pinkepank VS H. M. S. Drew [C&E] K. Piller VS L. G. Dunbar G L. Schwartzman J. Gabbarelli C. Tubb [CAAH] J. P. Goldstein G L. N. Woolley R. R. Kamins G J. C. Kierstead 2005 S. Mussfeldt VS T. L. Corcoran C. C. Nussey L. A. C. Easton G K. A. Nye T. G. L. Guest L. Shahbazian [CAAH] N. Hardy [C&E] A. Tomatsuri G G. M. Longley G C. S. Watson E. M. Munro G [M.]A. Wishart K. Papanek VS

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T. J. Peterson S. Finkmann VS S. Pohl VS M. Hamid [CAAH] S. M. D. Rees E. Lee E. M. Rix A. Lefteratou G T. Rudkin F. Mather M. Souﬂ VS S. Olsen VS O. A. L. Scriven [C&E] E. Park G J. D. Smart M. Park E.-L. Pinchbeck [C&E] 2006 A. Smith K. Bayliss B. Staniland [C&E] W. Byrne M. Wright E. van Emde Boas G Z. Zammit

Publications by E. L. Bowie Note: this list is correct to 2006. It does not include Bowie’s contributions to the Oxford Classical Dictionary (2nd edn, Oxford 1970; 3rd edn, Oxford 1996) or to Der Neue Pauly: Enzyklop¨adie der Antike (Stuttgart, 1996–2003).

Literature and society in the Second Sophistic (1970) ‘Greeks and their past in the second sophistic’, P&P 46: 3–41. Repr. with corrections in M. I. Finley (ed.), Studies in Ancient Society (London 1974), 166–209 (1971) ‘The temple of Hadrian at Ephesus’, ZPE 8: 137–41 (1978a) ‘Apollonius of Tyana: tradition and reality’, ANRW ii, 16.2: 1652–99 (1978b) ‘The Vedii Antonini and the temple of Hadrian at Ephesus, II’, Proc. Xth Int. Congr. Class. Arch. (Ankara), 867–74 (1980a) ‘Lucian at Philippopolis’, Mitteilungen des bulgarischen Forschungsinsti- tutes in Osterreich¨ , Jg. 3. 1 (Vienna), 53–60 (1980b) ‘Greek literature after 50 bc’, in K. J. Dover, E. L. Bowie, J. Grifﬁn, and M. L. West (eds.), Ancient Greek Literature (Oxford), 155–76 (1982) ‘The importance of sophists’, YCS 27: 29–59 (1985) ‘Theocritus’ seventh Idyll, Philetas and Longus’, CQ 35: 67–91 (1989a) ‘Between philosophy and rhetoric (Dio of Prusa, Maximus, Lucian, Alci- phron, Aelian, Athenaeus)’, ‘The Greek novel’, and ‘Historical writing of the High Empire’,in P.E. Easterling and E. J. Kenney (eds.), The Cambridge History of Classical Literature I. 4: The Hellenistic Period and the Empire (Cambridge), 109–39, 143–9. Originally published 1985 in The Cambridge History of Classical Literature I. Greek Literature (1989b) ‘Poetry and poets in Asia and Achaia’,in S. Walker and A. Cameron (eds.), The Greek Renaissance in the Roman Empire (BICS Suppl. 55) (London) 198–205