The Influence of Settings on Sabrina Spellman's Personality Development

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THE INFLUENCE OF SETTINGS ON SABRINA SPELLMAN’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN AGUIRRE- SACASA’S CHILLING ADVENTURES OF SABRINA (2018)

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By THERESIA SEKAR PRABAWATI Student Number: 174214130

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2021

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THE INFLUENCE OF SETTINGS ON SABRINA SPELLMAN’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN AGUIRRE- SACASA’S CHILLING ADVENTURES OF SABRINA (2018)

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By THERESIA SEKAR PRABAWATI Student Number: 174214130

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2021

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am very grateful that I finally finished this research. I would like to give my biggest gratitude for my advisor, Elisabeth Oseanita Pukan, S.S., M.A., who has been very patient and understanding in guiding me during the process. I would also like to thank my co-advisor, Dr. Tatang Iskarna, for the suggestions and corrections in finishing this research. I am also thankful for all of the lecturers in the Department of English Letters who have been patiently teaching me during my study at Universitas Sanata Dharma.

I would like to thank my family for always supporting me, especially my little sister who helped me in translating the abstrak. I also want to be thankful for my beloved friends (in alphabetical order), Anis, Anggi, Dea, Dela, Deva, Dio,

Disti, Febri, Ilham, Kat, Mikha, Nick, Ninja, Olip, Ryan, Tasya, Vero, Verren,

Vinsen, and Vinska, also for Khemal who always listens and comforts me. Thank you for showing love and support, most importantly during the hard times.

Without the people in this page, I would never be able to finish this research and graduate. Therefore, I really am grateful for your presence in my life.

Theresia Sekar Prabawati

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viii LIST OF FIGURES ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xi ABSTRAK ...... xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 4 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 11 1. Theory of Characterization ...... 11 a. Characterization Through Appearance ...... 11 b. Characterization Through Dialogue...... 11 c. Characterization Through External Action ...... 12 d. Characterization Through Internal Action ...... 12 e. Characterization Through Reaction of Other Character ...... 12 2. Theory of Film-Making ...... 13 a. Cinematography ...... 13 b. Mise en scène ...... 15 3. Theory of Personality Development ...... 17 a. Characteristic of Personality Change ...... 18 b. Conditions Responsible for Personality Change ...... 18 i. Changes in Environment ...... 19 ii. Changes in Significant People ...... 19 iii. Changes in Roles ...... 20 iv. Strong Motivation ...... 21 v. Changes in Self-Concept ...... 21 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 22

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 23 A. Object of the Study...... 23

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B. Approach of the Study ...... 24 C. Method of the Study ...... 24 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 26 A. The Characteristics of Sabrina Spellman at the Beginning and the End of the Story ...... 26 1. Sabrina Spellman’s Characteristics at the Beginning of the Story ...... 26 a. Indecisive ...... 26 b. Selfless ...... 29 c. Confident ...... 31 d. Thoughtful ...... 33 2. Sabrina Spellman’s Characteristics at the End of the Story ...... 34 a. More confident ...... 34 b. Strong-willed ...... 36 c. Malicious ...... 38 d. Arrogant ...... 41 B. The Settings of the Story ...... 44 1. Mortal Society ...... 44 a. Ideology and Values ...... 44 b. Relationship with Others ...... 46 c. Mortals Limitation ...... 48 2. Witches Society ...... 49 a. Ideology and Values ...... 49 b. Relationship with Others ...... 53 c. Witches Limitation ...... 55 C. The Influence of the Settings towards Sabrina Spellman's Personality Development ...... 58 1. Sabrina Spellman’s Personality Development ...... 58 2. Conditions Responsible for Sabrina Spellman’s Personality Change .... 61 a. Changes in environment ...... 62 b. Changes in significant people ...... 62 c. Changes in self-concept ...... 63 d. Changes in roles ...... 64 e. Strong Motivation ...... 65

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS ...... 66

REFERENCES ...... 70 APPENDIX ...... 73

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LIST OF FIGURES

No. Figure Page

1. Figure 1. Sabrina hesitates to be a full-time student 28 2. Figure 2. Sabrina signing the Book of the Beast 30 3. Figure 3. Sabrina signing her name 30 4. Figure 4. Sabrina taking the acheron 31 5. Figure 5. Sabrina accepting the challenge 35 6. Figure 6. Sabrina slitting Agatha's throat 39 7. Figure 7. Sabrina looks calm 39 8. Figure 8. Sabrina smiling after stealing a pack of gum in Dr. Cerberus’s 40 9. Figure 9. Sabrina wearing dark-colored clothes and bold make-up 40 10. Figure 10. Thanksgiving at Harvey’s house 45 11. Figure 11. Valentine’s Day at Baxter High 46 12. Figure 12. Baxter High's building 46 13. Figure 13. Sabrina and Roz asking the vice headmaster to legitimate their club 47 14. Figure 14. Basketball try-out at Baxter High’s Gym 47 15. Figure 15. The woods where the Dark baptism took place 50 16. Figure 16. Prudence and some students having an orgy 51 17. Figure 17. Father Blackwood and other members eating Mildred’s body 51 18. Figure 18. Mildred's smiling while being eaten 51 19. Figure 19. Sabrina and Nick during Lupercalia 53 20. Figure 20. Sabrina and Nick during Lupercalia 53 21. Figure 21. Sabrina standing in the dark woods during the Harrowing. 54 22. Figure 22. The Academy of Unseen Arts' building 54 23. Figure 23. Sabrina being cursed by the Weird Sisters 55

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ABSTRACT

Prabawati, T. S. (2020). The Influence of Settings on Sabrina Spellman’s Personality Development in Aguirre-Sacasa’s Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (2018). Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

This study discusses the personality development of a major character in a series. The object of the study is the series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina from season 1 to season 3, focusing on the major character: Sabrina Spellman. The changing of settings, both place and social settings, throughout the series is very noticeable. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the influence of settings towards Sabrina Spellman’s personality development. The objectives of this study are finding the characteristics of Sabrina Spellman at the beginning and the end of the story, finding how the settings are depicted in the series, and revealing the influence of place and social settings towards Sabrina Spellman’s personality development. In this study, the researcher used library research. Psychological approach is used in analyzing this work to find out the personality development. The main sources of this research are the series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina and its scripts. The grand theory used is theory of Personality Development by Elizabeth Hurlock. Secondary resources are also used in conducting this study, which are A Glossary of Literary Terms by M. H. Abrams and Geoffrey Galt Harpham, Film: A Critical Introduction by Maria Pramaggiore and Tom Wallis, Theory into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism by Ann Dobie, and The Art of Watching Film by Joseph Boggs and Dennis Petrie. It is found that her initial characteristics are indecisive, confident, selfless, and thoughtful while at the end, her characteristics are strong-willed, more confident, malicious, and arrogant. She undergoes a change in the environment from the mortal to the witches society. The values held by the mortal society are based on affection and kinship, while on the other hand, the witches’ values are based on lust, cruelty, and cannibalism. In conclusion, Sabrina Spellman’s characteristics at the beginning of the story are influenced by the mortals society. At the end of the story, her characteristics are influenced by the witches society. It occurs because she faces some conditions related to the changes in environment, such as changes in significant people, changes in role, changes in self-concept, and having a strong motivation. Therefore, her personality developments are very much influenced by the settings of the story.

Keywords: character, personality development, settings

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ABSTRAK

Prabawati, T. S. (2020). The Influence of Settings on Sabrina Spellman’s Personality Development in Aguirre-Sacasa’s Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (2018). Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Penelitian ini mendiskusikan perkembangan kepribadian dari seorang tokoh utama dalam sebuah serial web. Obyek dalam penelitian ini adalah serial web berjudul Chilling Adventures of Sabrina dari musim pertama hingga musim ketiga, dan berfokus pada tokoh utamanya, yakni Sabrina Spellman. Perubahan latar, baik latar tempat maupun sosial, di sepanjang serial web ini terlihat sangat jelas. Maka, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap pengaruh latar terhadap perkembangan kepribadian dari Sabrina Spellman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menemukan kepribadian dari Sabrina Spellman pada awal dan akhir cerita, menemukan bagaimana latar dalam serial ini digambarkan, dan mengungkap pengaruh latar tempat maupun sosial terhadap perkembangan kepribadian dari Sabrina Spellman. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan studi pustaka. Penulis menganalisis karya ini dengan pendekatan psikologi untuk melihat perkembangan kepribadian. Sumber utama dalam penelitian ini adalah serial web Chilling Adventures of Sabrina beserta naskahnya. Teori utama yang digunakan adalah Teori Perkembangan Kepribadian oleh Elizabeth Hurlock. Sumber sekunder juga digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yakni A Glossary of Literary Terms oleh M. H. Abrams dan Geoffrey Galt Harpham, Film: A Critical Introduction oleh Maria Pramaggiore dan Tom Wallis, Theory into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism oleh Ann Dobie, dan The Art of Watching Film oleh Joseph Boggs dan Dennis Petrie. Dari penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa kepribadian Sabrina Spellman pada awalnya adalah tidak tegas, percaya diri, tidak mementingkan diri sendiri, dan tenggang hati. Pada akhir cerita, kepribadiannya adalah bertekad kuat, lebih percaya diri, keji, dan arogan. Ia mengalami perubahan lingkungan dari dunia manusia ke dunia penyihir. Nilai-nilai yang dipegang dalam dunia manusia didasarkan pada kasih sayang dan kekeluargaan, sedangkan nilai-nilai dalam dunia penyihir berdasar pada hawa nafsu, kekejaman, dan kanibalisme. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu karakteristik Sabrina Spellman pada awal cerita dipengaruhi oleh nilai-nilai dari dunia manusia. Pada akhir cerita, karakteristiknya dipengaruhi oleh dunia penyihir. Hal ini terjadi karena ia dihadapkan pada beberapa kondisi yang terkait dengan perubahan lingkungan, seperti perubahan pada orang-orang yang berpengaruh, perubahan peran, perubahan jati diri, dan motivasi yang kuat. Oleh karena itu, perkembangan kepribadiannya sangat dipengaruhi oleh latar dalam serial ini.

Kata kunci: character, personality development, settings

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Literary works have always been a part of human life. People use literature not only for educational purposes but also as a means of entertainment. Literature is also related to humans, whether directly or indirectly. Humans in literary works are the representation of humans in real life. It can be seen from the development of the characters within the storyline. The literary works that have a storyline, for example, are short stories, novels, and films.

Film, as one kind of literary work, has become a part of our lifestyle. It has many common elements with literature, even though they are different media

(Boggs & Petrie, 2012, p. 20). Many people watch films for recreational activities.

However, films may also have values inside the story despite their entertaining function. A film can convey exciting ideas for the audience that are presented through a story in moving pictures.

These days, people do not only watch films but also television or web series.

Series are getting more popular with the popping of streaming platforms such as

Netflix, HULU, Disney+, and many more. Series are basically the same as films, but they have a longer story that has to be cut in several episodes. The episodes might be divided into several seasons if the story is too long.

As mentioned before, characters in a serial can have a personality development as humans in real life. A character is considered good when it has

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natural and lifelike characteristics (Mulyawan, 2015). This kind of character hooks people more into believing and being relatable to the character in the story. The complexity of its characteristics is something that can make the audience surprised because of its unexpected changes. However, this character is not easy to create.

There are stories in which the major character is not like an ordinary person.

It can be a person with superpowers, unique gifts, or unrealistic conditions. The examples from the stories are Harry Potter, Doctor Strange, Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, etc. These kind of characters still need to be acceptable for the audience despite the extraordinary characteristics. Therefore, it is important to build a plausible character.

The major character of the series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, Sabrina

Spellman, is described to be a half-witch. Given that the major character is not an ordinary human being, it can make a wide gap between the audience's expectation and the character's behavior. The difference between Sabrina's characteristics from the audience, which are real human beings, may make it difficult to relate to her emotions and motives. In short, the character is not believable, so it can make the audience lose interest in the story. One way to create an attachment between an unrealistic character to an audience is through personality development. Because of that, the researcher is interested in finding out the personality development of the serial’s major character.

There are many factors that can influence a person’s personality. One of them is the environment. Environment plays a crucial part in shaping one’s personality. Consequently, changes in environment can cause personality

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developments. The developments depend on the differences and similarities between the two environments. This idea can be delivered through literature. In audiovisual productions, such as series and films, the environment is shown through the settings. Therefore, it is possible to see how the personality developments are affected by the changes in environment.

Chilling Adventures of Sabrina is a Netflix series, developed by Roberto

Aguirre-Sacasa. It is an adaptation from the comic Sabrina The Teenage Witch created by writer George Gladir and artist Dan DeCarlo, first published in 1971.

The series has three seasons with eleven episodes in season one, nine episodes in season two, and eight episodes in season three. It has been nominated in many awards and won Outstanding Achievement in Production Design - Comedy or

Family Series in Directors Guild of Canada 2019. Other than that, it also received the award of Best Title/Credit Sequence for a TV/Streaming Series in Golden

Trailer Awards 2019 (IMDb, n.d.).

In the first season, the story is about Sabrina Spellman, a teenage girl who was born half-witch, half-mortal, and has difficulties in choosing which world she should live in. The second season tells about Sabrina, who finally recognizes and explores her ability in witchcraft. The third season is about Sabrina trying to keep her throne as the Queen of Hell and her efforts to help her mortal friends.

From the different themes of the three seasons, the researcher wants to find out if there is a development in Sabrina’s characteristics. Hence, the researcher uses the theory of personality development by Elizabeth Hurlock to reveal how Sabrina

Spellman’s personality develops and what the developments are.

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B. Problem Formulation

1. What are the characteristics of Sabrina Spellman at the beginning and the end

of the story?

2. How is the setting of the story described?

3. How does the setting of the story influence Sabrina Spellman's personality

development?

C. Objectives of the Study

There are three objectives from conducting this research. The first is to find

Sabrina Spellman’s personality at the beginning and the end of the story. The second is to find how the setting of the story is described. The third is to reveal the effect of the setting changes toward Sabrina Spellman’s personality.

D. Definition of Terms

Below are the definition of terms used by the researcher. This part is necessary in order to avoid misunderstanding.

The first term is characteristic. According to Allport, characteristic refers to the uniqueness of a person’s behavior. The behavior shows the person’s pattern of particular psychophysical system, which include habits, beliefs, motives, attitudes, emotional states, and sentiments (as cited in Hurlock, 1974, pp. 7-8).

Thus, characteristics define a person’s personality.

The second term is personality. Dashiell stated that personality is “the total picture of his organized behavior especially as it can be characterized by his fellow men in a consistent way,” (as cited in Hurlock, 1974, p.6). Personality development is the growth of a person’s pattern of behavior (Caspi & Roberts,

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2001). The personality continues to develop throughout the person’s lifetime, and can be influenced by many factors both from internal or external. Therefore, personality development can be experienced at any time.

Lastly, setting is a literary element that, overall, shows “the general locale, historical time, and social circumstances in which its action occurs,” (Abrams and

Harpham, 2012, p. 363). Therefore, it is not only about the place where the story happens, but also the particular society in which the story takes place. The setting of a scene or an episode inside the work is a particular place where the action takes place, for example, the overall setting of Macbeth is during the 11th century in

Scotland. Meanwhile, the setting of the scene where Macbeth comes upon the witches is a blasted heath. The social setting of the story is shown from the custom of the society in Scotland during the 11th century.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three subchapters. The first is review of related studies. It explains about the studies conducted within the same area of interest as this study. The second is review of related theories. The subchapter explicates the theories that are used in conducting this study. The last subchapter is theoretical framework which shows how the theories from the previous subchapter are applied to answer the problem formulation.

A. Review of Related Studies

There are three studies that are used by the researcher as a reference in conducting this study. All of them used psychological approach to analyze the personality development of a fictional character. The discussion of personality development is examined through the theory of personality development by

Hurlock. Therefore, these related studies help in order to set this study in the context of what is known about the topic.

A study conducted by Dewi titled A Study of Harry's Personality

Development in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the

Deathly Hallows is used because the researcher also has the same topic: finding the personality development of a specific character. The problems of the study are the way of describing Harry Potter's characteristics in Harry Potter and the Half Blood

Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and the way Harry Potter’s personality develops in those novels.

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Dewi used the last two novels from seven novels of the Harry Potter Series, which are Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly

Hallows. The sixth novel was published in 2005, consists of 652 pages, and is divided into 30 chapters. The seventh novel was published in 2007, consists of 759 pages, and is divided into 37 chapters. These two novels are used because they were prevalent. It is proven by the fact that "those last two novels of Harry Potter Series are the fastest-selling books in history" (Dewi, 2016, p. 29). In analyzing the novels,

Dewi used a psychological approach because the study focuses on Harry Potter's personality development.

In conducting the study, Dewi applied library study. The data are gathered from primary sources, which are the two novels, and secondary sources, which are the theory of characterization, the theory of character, the theory of personality development, and theory of adolescence. The steps of conducting this study are reading the novels several times to get a good understanding, taking notes of events related to Harry's personality development. The next step is analyzing and relating

Harry's characteristics with the theory of characterization, analyzing Harry's personality development with the theory of personality development from the found characteristics. The last step is drawing the conclusion.

Firstly, Dewi identified the characteristics of Harry Potter which are loyal, brave, curious, bad-tempered, insolent, and stubborn. The characteristics show there are improvements in his intelectual, emotional, and social determinant. Dewi concluded that Harry Potter is a round character that has many sides presented in the novels. "Harry's characteristics are loyal, brave, curious, bad-tempered,

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insolent, and stubborn" (p. 71). The personality development was shown from three determinants, which are intellectual that shows Harry's development in thinking ability, emotional that shows his stressed and frustrated feelings, and social that shows the development of his leadership.

The second related study is Dan Millman’s Personality Development in

Kevin Bernhardt’s Peaceful Warrior Movie Scripts written by Sukendro. The research problems are how the character Dan Millman is described in the movie and how Dan Millman’s personality develops.

The object of the study chosen by Sukendro is Peaceful Warrior movie scripts. The movie was adapted from a book titled Way of Peaceful Warrior, written by Dan Millman. Released in 2006, this movie was directed by Victor Salva, and the screenplay was written by Kevin Bernhardt (Sukendro, 2019, p. 18). Sukendro is also using psychological approach in analyzing the object. According to

Sukendro, psychological approach is used because it is related to personality development (p. 19).

In conducting the study, Sukendro used library research. The data is collected by watching and reading the script of the movie. The steps in conducting the study are watching and reading the script of Peaceful Warrior, finding the characteristics of Dan Millman, applying the theories to support the arguments, analyzing the personality development, and the last is drawing conclusions.

Similar to Dewi’s step, Sukendro firstly gathered the characteristics of Dan

Millman which are arrogant and selfish, grumpy, stubborn, fearful, curious, and depressed. Dan Millman’s personality developed into regretful, fearless and strong,

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and unyielding because of strong motivation and changes in roles. Sukendro concluded that Dan Millman developed his personality after undergoing some events (p. 45). The characteristics of those personality developments are better and slow because they took a long time to develop.

The last related study used by the researcher is Personality Development of

Edmund Pevensie as seen in C.S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia: the Lion, the

Witch, and the Wardrobe written by Gravita. Gravita only stated one research problem, which is the way of Edmund Pevensie's personality development depicted in the novel according to Hurlock's theory.

The object of the study is C.S. Lewis' novel titled The Chronicles of Narnia: the Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, which is the second book of the series.

Gravita used this novel as the object because it received the Hugo Award for Best

Novel in 1954. It was also awarded with the same nomination in the Lewis Carroll

Shelf Award in 1962. "Moreover, TIME magazine included the novel in its 'ALL-

TIME 100 Novel'" (Gravita, 2016, p. 20).

The approach of the study is psychological approach. The goal of psychological approach is to discover the pattern of a character's behavior, thoughts, actions, or motives (Rohrberger and Woods, as stated in Gravita, 2016, p. 21). This approach is used because this study aims to find Edmund Pevensie's personality development. Therefore, it is needed to describe the characteristics and factors that influence his personality development.

Gravita used library research in conducting this study. The data were gathered by reading the book and analyzing it. Gravita used four steps to complete

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her goal. The first step is reading the novel. "By reading, the writer could decide the topic of which the writer prefers to make as the focus of the study" (p. 22). The second step is reading secondary sources such as books and journals related to the study. The next step is analyzing the novel by applying the theories. The last step is drawing the conclusion based on the data and analysis.

The analysis started with the description of Edmund Pevensie characteristics. They are bad-tempered, spiteful, vindictive, greedy and selfish, skeptical, and traitorous. After that, Gravita found that he developed into a caring and loving, regretful, and brave person. The study concludes that his personality development was influenced by changes in significant people, changes in self- concept, changes in roles, and strong motivation (p. 48).

Similar to the related studies mentioned above, this research aims to discover the personality development of a character in literary works. The theory that is used to achieve the goal is the theory of personality development by Hurlock.

However, there are differences in this study from the others which are the object of study, the theory used for the analysis, and the characteristics of personality development. The researcher used Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, a Netflix series developed by Robert Aguirre-Sacasa, focusing on the main character Sabrina

Spellman. The objects of study from the studies mentioned above are novels and movie script. Therefore, the researcher added the film theory in this study because the object is a series even though the researcher also used the script.

The researcher believes that the characteristics of personality development in this study are different from the other studies because the theme and storyline of

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the objects are all very different, and therefore the impact on the analyzed characters will be different. The researcher wishes to contribute in adding more insight to this discussion on personality development.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Characterization

Characterization is the distinction created by the author among the characters. The characterization in film, according to Boggs and Petrie, can be identified through eight ways: characterization through dialogue, characterization through appearance, characterization through external action, characterization through internal action, characterization through reactions of other characters, characterization through contrast, characterization through caricature and leitmotif, and characterization through choice of name. The researcher only uses these five: a. Characterization Through Appearance

Characterization has a great deal to do with casting because the idea of a character is presented visually in moving pictures. A character's characteristics are shown from the acting, facial expressions, gestures, and costume style (Boggs and

Petrie, 2012, p. 50). b. Characterization Through Dialogue

In characterization through dialogue, a character's characteristics are revealed from the way they talk. A character has a particular identity, such as dialects, grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure, to show their personality and social classes (pp. 50-51).

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c. Characterization Through External Action

A character's characteristics can be seen from her or his actions. The actions are the product of "motives that are consistent with their overall personality" (p.

51). Therefore, the character and her or his actions are closely related. In other words, the actions are a reflection out of the character's personality. Their actions also relate to the story's plot since every action, based on the character's motivation, interacts with one another.

It is more important to take notes on some of their actions than other factors in revealing character. "Even the most ordinary choice can be revealing, for some kind of choice is involved in almost everything we do" (p. 52). It is also possible that the most effective way to find out the character's trait is from the small actions that sometimes seem insignificant rather than the large actions. d. Characterization Through Internal Action

Internal action is different from external action in a way that internal action is identified through the emotions from a character, while the external is more of physical action. It occurs within the characters' minds and emotions and usually consists of secret, unspoken thoughts, aspirations, daydreams, fears, memories, and fantasies. The most obvious way to see the inner reality is by using a visual or aural approach in which we can see or hear the things that the character thinks, imagines, or remembers (p. 52). e. Characterization Through Reaction of Other Character

Another factor that can reveal a character's characterization is from how other characters view the person (p. 52). How other characters react can show a

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character's personality. For example, we can see that the main character is headstrong from how other characters talk about her or him.

2. Theory of Film-Making

Film, as a form of literature, indeed has similarities in some elements to convey a story. Both written literature and film have plot, settings, and characters.

However, they do not share the same way of delivering the story. As we know, written literature uses words as the primary medium, while film uses moving pictures and sounds. Therefore, it is needed to use film-making theory in examining

Chilling Adventures of Sabrina to understand how the shots can influence the audience’s interpretation of the story. a. Cinematography

In the making of films, there are many techniques used to create special effects to be delivered to the audience to receive the idea presented in the story.

These techniques are known as cinematography. "Cinematographers "speak" to the audience in visual terms, using images as expressively as writers use words"

(Pramaggiore and Wallis, 2008, p.130).

There are four elements of cinematography, which are camerawork, lenses and filters, film stock, and special visual effects. The element that will be discussed in this study is the camerawork. It is an essential element because it is related to the way the camera captures images. The positioning of the camera is divided into three variables which are height, angle, and distance.

The camera height is approximately placed on the eye-level view of the action. However, the eye-level shots are "usually combined with intermittent shots

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from higher and vantage points" (p.140). It means the eye-level point does not have an exact number of measurements, but it depends on the effect wanted to be produced from the shot. For example, in Stanley Kubrick's The Shining (1980), DP

Garett Brown placed the camera at Danny Torance’s (Danny Lloyd) eye-level to help the audience feel how Danny is overwhelmed by the haunted hotel. Another example mentioned by Pramaggiore and Wallis is the eye-level point in Yasuhiro

Ozu’s Tokyo Story. He placed the camera on the eye-level, where the people in the frame are sitting on the floor.

The angles of the camera's position also have a significant effect on the story. There are four angles that are used in shots, but mostly the camera is level.

The first angle is the high-angle. It is when the camera position is above the character or action, but it is aimed downward. The effect brought by this angle is that the character seems less powerful. The next is low-angle, which positions the camera below the subject and it aims upward, exaggerating the size of the subject or character. Characters appear to be more powerful as they dominate the space of the shot. The third angle is called canted or Dutch-angle. It leans to one side, creating a diagonal line in the frame. "A canted angle often signifies a moment of imbalance or loss of control" (p. 142). The last is an overhead shot, which is also known as a bird's eye shot and is taken up above the action.

The term camera distance means the space between the camera and the subject. According to Pramaggiore and Willis, the distance can determine "how emotionally involved the audience becomes with the character" (p. 143). The camera distance is divided into three variables. The first is long-shot, which has

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three kinds: extreme long-shot, long-shot, and medium long-shot. The second is medium shot. The third is close-up, which is divided into two categories which are medium close-up and extreme-closeup. In long-shots, the camera is placed farther from the subject than the other shots. Extreme long-shot is taken from the farthest distance, while medium long-shot is closer to the subject. In close-up shots, the camera is placed closer to the subject. Long-shots tend to emphasize the surroundings of the subject, so it highlights the setting of place more, while medium and close-up shots produce "a greater sense of intimacy by allowing viewers to focus on actors' faces and character emotions" (p.144). b. Mise en scène

Other than cinematography, there is another important aspect of a movie production which is called mise en scène. “The term mise en scène (pronounced

"meez ahn sen") originated in the theater and literally means staging a scene,” (p.

88). The elements of mise en scène are the setting, the human figure, lighting, and composition. Each of them contributes to the way the audience’s experience the story; it indicates character development, shows motifs, amplifies themes, and establishes mood. The elements of mise en scène that will be discussed in this study are setting and lighting.

Setting in a film refers to where the story or action takes place. It does not have to be real but can be imaginary places. The use of setting is to evoke responses from the audience. “The primary functions of setting are to establish time and place, to introduce ideas and themes, and to create mood,” (p. 92). For example in the movie Daughters of the Dust (Julie Dash 1990), the ocean setting introduces themes

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and ideas in reinforcing the connection between the family and their African ancestors, separated by the ocean from the mainland U.S. In interpreting setting, we need to see the contextual use in the film including its relation between other settings and the actions taking place in that particular setting.

The next element is lighting. Lighting is very important in the process of making a film because the camera will not record any images without it. The intensity of the light is adjustable, depending on what kind of mood and effect wanted to be created on a certain part of the story. According to Pramaggiore and

Wallis, the adjustment of the lighting is divided into three major categories which are placement, quality, and contrast. The placement of the light can create different effects. Frontal lighting, which the source of light is placed in front of the subject, creates a flat effect. It makes the facial detail washed out and creates shadows behind the subject. Lighting from the left or right side of the subject makes the texture and sculptural effect. Lighting from behind makes the subject look separated from the background. Lastly, three-point lighting is used to eliminate the shadows.

The sources of light are placed in different directions.

There are three qualities of the lighting: hard, soft, and available light. In hard lighting, the light is from a small source and directed closely to the subject so it makes the detail or imperfection more visible. Soft lighting, on the other hand, is created by a bigger source and scattered or reflected off a surface before it hits the subject, minimizing the details of the subject. Available light, or natural light, is not an artificial source therefore the intensity of the light cannot be adjusted. It can be

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a hard or soft light, “depending on time of day, time of year, angle of the sun, cloud cover, and geographical location. It may also vary in color,” (pp. 107-108).

Lastly is contrast. High-key lighting makes the subject evenly illuminated and most of the detail is washed out. Natural-key lighting still shows the shadows and therefore creates a natural effect. Low-key lighting is used to create the shadows more visible. It makes the mood somber and dreadful, frequently used in crime, noir, or horror movies because it increases the sense of gloom (pp. 111-112).

3. Theory of Personality Development

Personality, according to Hurlock, is not the same with character (1974, p. 8).

The word “personality” is derived from a Latin word, persona, which means

“mask” (p. 6). Personality is what we show to others. Allport stated that personality is the dynamic organization of an individual’s psychophysical system that determine his behavior, characteristic, and thought (as cited in Hurlock, 1974, p. 7).

Therefore, from Allport definition of personality, characteristics are a set of traits that shape the personality of an individual. The personality is defined by the behaviors because it gives impact to how the person would do, think, or feel. From the characteristics, it is possible to see the personality of an individual.

Throughout their lives, almost no one is satisfied with their personality.

People have the desire to change their personalities to be better. It usually starts in late childhood when the child is aware of their parents', friends', or teachers' comments on their behavior (p. 119). However, the changes in people’s personality do not stop at certain ages, but they will continue to happen throughout their lives, mainly when influenced by many factors. There are many factors that can affect a

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person’s personality development. In this study, the researcher will discuss the characteristics and the conditions responsible for personality development. a. Characteristic of Personality Change

Hurlock divided the personality change into three categories, which are better versus worse, quantitative versus qualitative, and slow versus rapid (pp.

120-122). In better versus worse, the change reflects the individual's kind of life adjustment, which he or she made at that time (p. 120). It is a better change if the individual improves the self-concept and is able to show self-assurance and self- confidence. When the individual fails to come up with those improvements, it can lead to "a deterioration in the self-concept and to feelings of inadequacy and inferiority." It may cause depression, defensive reaction, or many other conditions

(p. 121). Those behavior patterns can lead to a worse change.

Qualitative change means the characteristics can be completely replaced by undesirable traits or vice versa. Quantitative change means a person's characteristics which are already present "are reinforced, strengthened, or weakened." (p. 121).

Changes that happened slowly are barely visible, while the traits that change rapidly are usually apparent (p. 122). However, there is no specific period for rapid as well as slow changes explained in the theory. Therefore, these characteristics will not be examined in this study. b. Conditions Responsible for Personality Change

Personality change may occur after several causes. There are seven factors that can change a person’s personality proposed by Hurlock, which are physical

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changes, changes in significant people, changes in environment, changes in social

pressures, changes in roles, strong motivation, and changes in self-concept.

Among all, the researcher only uses these five:

i. Changes in Environment

A person's personality can change along with the change of environment

he or she lives in. According to Hurlock, there are four requirements that can

improve a person's personality in her or his environment. Firstly, the environment

must improve the status of the person. Secondly, the person must be enabled to

get more balanced with the environment. Thirdly, the changes in the environment

have to enable the person to be closer to her or his ideals. Lastly, the environment

must help the person to be able to see her or himself realistically and revise his

goals in keeping his abilities (p. 125).

An example of the development caused by changes in environment can be

seen in a college student. Many college students move out from their homes to

study in different cities.

By breaking ties with his old environment, both in the home and in school, the college student can make a fresh start, profiting from his past mistakes and learning to adjust to new people and situations without the aid of parents and teachers (p. 125).

Moreover, the student can broaden his social contacts so it enables him to establish

new values and evaluate his relation with his new peers. This can influence his

roles differently from his roles at home. ii. Changes in Significant People

Hurlock states that a person's personality change is influenced by

significant people. "From time to time, the people who are significant to a person

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change," and it may affect a person's ideals to change too (p. 126). The changes depend on the attitude and values seen by the person from his or her significant people. If an individual thinks there is a great disparity, they will be motivated to have more remarkable changes to fill the gap between their ideals and the significant people's ideals.

Young adults see their employers, leaders, and spouses as their significant people. They tend to try to imitate the ideals or values from these people to fit in their expectations. In old age, the significant people usually changed to their grown children and grandchildren. These people bring different values from the people they met when they were young adults. In this condition, a person will have reasons to change his personality to narrow the gap between their ideals. iii. Changes in Roles

A change in roles has a significant impact on the person. However, this does not guarantee that the change is going to be better. There are three conditions that may damage the personality pattern. The first is being prevented from doing something that their peers are allowed to do even though the person feels capable of doing so. The second is being forced to play a role that the person does not want to play. The third is having a lack of preparation for a role change. Nevertheless, a person can change to be better if they do not face the three conditions, meaning that their role fits them (p. 127).

The example of this change is when a person gets promoted at her office.

She might not have a subordinate in her last position but after the promotion she has to supervise her subordinates and therefore is given greater responsibility at

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work. This change will affect her personality development depending on the

effect. If she is comfortable with the new role, there will be a better change in her

personality and vice versa. iv. Strong Motivation

A change can happen when a person has a strong motivation. Usually,

people feel motivated to change their personalities because they believe it will

improve their social relationships. It also can be related to acceptance from society.

The less a society accepts a person, they will try to improve the personality.

A person that already feels popular in his circle has less motivation to

change his personality because he is already accepted in the society. The other

person who feels unpopular most likely has more motivation to change his

personality to improve his status. However, if he feels that his unpopularity cannot

be changed, he has little motivation to change his personality (p. 127). v. Changes in Self-Concept

A person can change her or his self-concept, and it is, of course, resulting

in a change of personality. Even though changing the self-concept is not easy,

Hurlock mentions that it is possible to change it under some conditions which are

introspection: "to see oneself as one actually is," self-disclosure: "to those for

whom one has respect and confidence as a way of gaining a new self-insight,"

changing from the environment, and patience in trying to accept oneself to the new

concept (pp. 128-129).

The changes in self-concept can be a reason for a person’s personality

development. “A person will find it difficult to see himself as useful to society if

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racial, religious, sex, or age prejudice against him leads to social discrimination,”

(p. 129). The person will likely feel inferior to other people that do not receive discrimination against. However, he can improve his personality if he changes from feeling inferior to feeling equal with other people.

C. Theoretical Framework

In answering the problem formulation, the researcher uses three theories.

The first research question is to find the characteristics of Sabrina Spellman at the beginning and the end of the story. Therefore, theory of characterization by Boggs and Petrie and film-making theory by Pramaggiore and Wallis are used. Both of the theories are needed because there are some signs that cannot be found from the script but are visible through visual presentation, and vice versa.

In answering the second question, which is to find how the setting in the series depicted, the researcher used the theory of film-making. The third question is to reveal Sabrina Spellman’s personality development. It can be answered using the theory of personality development by Hurlock after the characteristics in the first and second questions are found. Therefore, the data that will be analyzed in this question is not the script directly but the findings from the first and second research questions.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is Chilling Adventures of Sabrina. It is a Netflix series, developed by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, adapted from the comic Sabrina The

Teenage Witch created by writer George Gladir and artist Dan DeCarlo. The series consist of four seasons with eleven episodes in season one, nine episodes in season two, eight episodes in season three. The fourth season's release date has not been announced yet until this research is done. In this study, the researcher uses both the script and the series to show the visualization.

The series has been nominated in many awards and won Best Title/Credit

Sequence for a TV/Streaming Series in Golden Trailer Awards 2019. It also received the Award of Outstanding Achievement in Production Design - Comedy or Family Series category in Directors Guild of Canada 2019 (IMDb, n.d.).

The first season, which premiered on October 26, 2018, tells about Sabrina

Spellman, a teenage girl born half-witch, half-mortal, and has difficulties in choosing which world she should live in. The second season, released on April 5,

2019, is about Sabrina exploring her ability in witchcraft and realizing that she is proud and comfortable with her power. Released on January 24, 2020, the third season tells about Sabrina trying to keep her title as the Queen of Hell and her efforts to help her mortal friends.

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B. Approach of the Study

The researcher uses psychological approach, in particular Hurlock’s theory of personality development, in analyzing the major character from the series

Chilling Adventures of Sabrina. Psychological theories are used to understand the development, growth, and structure of the human personality (Dobie, 2011, p. 54).

This approach can be used to understand a character in literature because literature can reveal aspects of human nature, including how people interact with each other and their environment.

Psychological approach is considered as the most suitable approach because this research analyzes how Sabrina Spellman's personality develops. A person's personality represents the pattern of his psychophysical system. Therefore, it is used to find out the answers to the research questions.

C. Method of the Study

This research is library research. The research's primary source is the series

Chilling Adventures of Sabrina developed by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and the script. The secondary resources used by the researcher are A Glossary of Literary

Terms by M. H. Abrams and Geoffrey Galt Harpham, Film: A Critical Introduction by Maria Pramaggiore and Tom Wallis, Personality Development by Elizabeth

Hurlock, Theory into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism by Ann Dobie, and The Art of Watching Film by Joseph Boggs and Dennis Petrie.

In conducting this research, firstly, the researcher collected the data by watching all three seasons of Chilling Adventures of Sabrina. Next, the researcher

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found related studies and theories used to support the research. Watching the series is very important to figure out the story and the characteristics of Sabrina Spellman.

The characteristics were found by using the theory of characterization and film- making theory. After that, the researcher discovered how the setting in the series is portrayed, also using the film-making theory. The behaviors and characteristics of

Sabrina Spellman were later analyzed with the theory of personality development to find out what and how her personality develops. Lastly, the researcher drew the conclusion from the analysis.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter contains the answers to the problem formulation. The three research questions are answered by applying the theories explained in the second chapter. The first subchapter explains the characterization of Sabrina Spellman, found by applying the theory of characterization by Boggs and Petrie and theory of film-making by Pramaggiore and Wallis. The second subchapter explains how the setting is described in the series, also using the film-making theory. The last subchapter shows the personality development of Sabrina Spellman, explained through the theory of personality development by Hurlock.

A. The Characteristics of Sabrina Spellman at the Beginning and the End of

the Story

To meet the objectives of this study, firstly, the researcher gathers the characteristics of Sabrina Spellman at the beginning and the end of the story. It is important to find out the characteristics to reveal the personality development of the major character. Her characteristics at the beginning of the story are hugely affected by mortal society, while at the end of the story, her characteristics are influenced by the witches society.

1. Sabrina Spellman’s Characteristics at the Beginning of the Story a. Indecisive

Sabrina was born a half-witch, half-mortal. She went to Baxter High, a school in the mortal world and had a close relationship with her mortal friends: Roz,

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Susie, and Harvey. However, as she turned 16 years old, she was expected to join the Church of Night. The consequences include leaving her mortal friends and moving to the Academy of Unseen Arts, a school for witches and warlocks.

However, Sabrina was unable to decide whether to leave or to stay. Her indecision is shown through her dialogue with her cousin, Ambrose, from episode 1 season 1.

SABRINA. You wouldn’t understand, Ambrose. You were born a full witch. You didn’t have to say goodbye to half your life, your friends, your boyfriend. (Chapter One: October Country, 2018, p. 17)

Sabrina actually wanted both: to be in the coven and still be with her friends, she could not give up the other. This trait is not revealed through her dialogue or physical action but from her inner thought. Therefore, according to Boggs and

Petrie’s theory, this is shown from her internal action.

Ambrose suggested to Sabrina to find an apple called Malum Mallus to ease her hesitation. The apple was supposed to tell the people who ate it about things they had been thinking. Sabrina was interested to find it so she could choose whether to join the coven or not (Chapter One: October Country, 2018, p. 59). The fact that she still needs assurance from a third party tells that she could not decide on her own, hence showing her indecisiveness. As explained by Boggs and Petrie, it is shown also from her internal action because it occurs within her mind.

In episode 2 season 1, Sabrina came to the woods to get her dark baptism after attending a Halloween party at Roz’s house. However, she ran away the moment before she signed her name in the Book of The Beast She learnt that signing the book means losing her freedom in exchange for power (Chapter Two: The Dark

Baptism, 2018, pp. 60-61). Sabrina then left before signing her name in the Book

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of the Beast because she did not want to lose her freedom once she joined the coven, as quoted from her dialogue with Prudence.

SABRINA. … it still feels wrong to me. Signing my name in the Book of the Beast. Knowing that, on some level, I... I'm giving up my freedom. PRUDENCE. You are. In exchange for power. An even exchange. SABRINA. But I want both. I want freedom and power. PRUDENCE. [laughs] He'll never give you that. (Chapter Two: The Dark Baptism, 2018, p. 37)

She stated that she wanted both, meaning she still could not make a decision. Thus, the trait is shown through her dialogue.

Her hesitation still shows in episode 4 season 1. Sabrina already went to the

Academy of Unseen Arts as a part-time student but it was obligatory since she lost the trial of witches. When talking with Nick, Sabrina’s expression implicitly tells that she was not sure if she wanted to be a full-time student at the academy.

Figure 1. Sabrina hesitates to be a full-time student NICK. I mean, if we got caught, and we would, we'd both be expelled from the academy. SABRINA. I doubt I'd be expelled. They'd probably just extend my immersion indefinitely. NICK. Would that be such a bad thing? Being a full-time student here? [beat] SABRINA. I should go. (Chapter Four: Witch Academy, 2018, p. 32)

The use of a medium close-up shot in this scene emphasizes Sabrina’s facial expression. Her eyes were narrowed and her eyebrow tips were lowered when she

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said that the council would probably extend her immersion at the academy, and it caused Nick to respond as quoted above. After being asked, Sabrina stopped for a while and decided not to answer Nick’s question. Instead, she avoided it and left, which shows her doubtful thoughts. Boggs and Petrie also stated that the reaction of other character can show the characterization of a character. Therefore, Nick’s reaction of being buffled with Sabrina’s statement shows her doubtfulness. Not answering Nick’s question is also a prove of Sabrina’s external action that shows her being indecisive. b. Selfless

Sabrina’s selflessness is shown through her external action, the moment she refused to hide at the academy to save the entire town. Greendale was in danger because the Greendale Thirteen, witches who were hung as scapegoats to save the entire coven, came to the town to seek revenge. The coven members hid themselves inside the academy then sealed the doors and windows with spells as a protection.

Sabrina, on the other hand, asked her aunts and Ambrose to stay and warned the mortals. They bewitched the weather to create a tornado, so the mortals would go to Baxter High’s basement which is the town’s bunker to avoid tornado and the

Spellmans could protect them without explaining anything about witchcraft

(Chapter Ten: The Witching Hour, 2018, pp. 36-40).

Sabrina and her family were not powerful enough to handle the thirteen witches. Ms. Wardwell then suggested she sign her name so she would be granted powers to be able to save the mortals. She was still in doubt but Ms. Wardwell encouraged her to do it so she could save her friends and the entire town. After that,

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she finally signed her name in the Book of the Beast shown from her external action in these two figures below.

Figure 2. (left) Sabrina signing the Book of the Beast Figure 3. (right) Sabrina signing her name Sabrina signed the book willingly, knowing that she would lose her freedom.

However, she got greater power hence she could save the town from the revengeful witches (Chapter Ten: The Witching Hour, 2018, pp. 55-72).

In episode 8 season 2, Sabrina found out that she was chosen as the Herald of Hell. In the prophecy,the Herald of Hell was described to create an apocalypse so the King of Hell can rule all realms; hell and earth. Obviously, Sabrina did not want that to happen because it would kill all of her mortal friends. She felt that it was her responsibility to stop it. Therefore, she asked Ms. Wardwell for some advice so she could prevent the apocalypse from happening. The advice was to relinquish her power using the Mandrake Spell. Sabrina was warned by Nick not to do it, but she asked Ambrose for help. Ambrose was shocked by his cousin’s decision and tried to convince her not to give up her power, as quoted:

AMBROSE. You’d be killing yourself. If you go through with this, it would be suicide, witch suicide. Without your power, you will age, wither, and die like a mortal. (Chapter Nineteen: The Mandrake, 2019, p. 14)

Sabrina’s selflessness is shown by her willingness to sacrifice her power, which also means she was willing to sacrifice her life, to stop the apocalypse. This is, in a

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way, her internal action of putting her loved ones first. It is also her external action because she actually did the mandrake ritual. Ambrose’s reaction is also a prove which shows Sabrina’s selflessness. c. Confident

Losing the trial of witches after she fled from her dark baptism, Sabrina was required to attend the Academy of Unseen Arts as a part-time student. In the first week, she only studied herbalism and Latin, and she was not satisfied with it.

Therefore, she asked Father Blackwood to let her join the conjuring class.

ZELDA. If this is what you've got her studying, it's no wonder she's feeling restless. She's not being challenged. SABRINA. I told Father Blackwood I wanted to study conjuring. Like my father. FAUSTUS. Zelda, I can't put her in conjuring without being sure she's ready. It wouldn't be safe. For her or the other students. ZELDA. Then test her. (Chapter Four: Witch Academy, 2018, p. 26)

Father Blackwood thought Sabrina was not fully prepared to study conjuring but

Aunt Zelda asked him to challenge her because she knew what her niece was capable of. Finally, Father Blackwood challenged her to solve the hardest puzzle, which is Acheron Configuration.

Figure 4. Sabrina taking the acheron This external action in figure 4 shows that Sabrina was confident that she could solve the Acheron configuration. It is also shown from Aunt Zelda’s reaction.

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In episode 8 season 1, Sabrina’s confidence is also shown after doing the ritual to resurrect Harvey’s brother, Tommy.

SABRINA. Everything's going according to plan. AMBROSE. Infamous last words, cousin. [sighs] SABRINA. Thirteen hours, Ambrose. Tommy will be back. You'll see. (Chapter Eight: The Burial, 2018, p. 56)

Ambrose was angry at her because she did the ritual even though nobody in her family agreed with her idea because it required a human sacrifice. Moreover,

Sabrina rigged the ritual by trying to resurrect Agatha, the sacrifice, in their Cain

Pit. Finally, Agatha was resurrected and Tommy walked out of the mines after thirteen hours. Her confidence is shown from her dialogue with Ambrose.

After signing her name, Sabrina had to attend the academy and study witchcraft there. In every beginning of the year, the academy held an election to choose a Top Boy as presented in episode 1 season 2. The students nominated a boy named Nick. He was a single candidate until Sabrina challenged. Father Blackwood refused to acknowledge Sabrina as a candidate because traditionally Top Boy is only for boys. However, she spoke up against Blackwood as quoted:

SABRINA. But unless He (the Dark Lord) specifically hand-picked Nick, I’d like the opportunity to contribute to the academy in a meaningful way by ensuring that all students, regardless of gender, feel they have a voice. (Chapter Twelve: The Epiphany, 2019, p.12)

Her confidence is also shown from her dialogue when she was summoned by Father Blackwood. Sabrina felt underestimated because she was a girl.

SABRINA. This is exactly why I plan to do away with these sexist, antiquated traditions when I’m High Priestess of the Church of Night. (Chapter Twelve: The Epiphany, 2019, pp. 37-38)

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By saying that she wanted to be a High Priestess, she wanted to break the sexist standard in their coven which is very unusual. d. Thoughtful

In episode 1 season 1, we can see her trying to set up a feminist club to help her female friends, especially Susie who have been bullied by some boys. However,

Principal Hawthorne was a misogynist that he would never allow such a club to be established in the school. Miss Wardwell found out about her struggle and gave her an idea to mess with him. Sabrina decided to bother the headmaster by triggering his phobia to spiders, to make him take a sabbatical break so they could get their club legitimate by the vice headmaster. This is shown from her internal action, which is having an idea to bother Principal Hawthorne. In addition, it is also shown from her dialogue below.

SABRINA. Now remember, I don't want to kill Principal Hawthorne, I just need to give him a good scare. Ms. Wardwell told me he's terrified of spiders. (Chapter One: October Country, 2018, p.49)

Sabrina also assisted Roz in initiating a protest to school for banning some books. The librarian said that there had been a soft purge of bad books. Roz was very irritated because she realized that her sight was deteriorating and she wanted to read as many books as she could before it was completely gone. Sabrina then helped Roz, which is her external action, to protest the headmaster to put the books back in the library so Roz could read them (Chapter Three: The Trial of Sabrina

Spellman, 2018, pp. 6-9).

In episode 6 season 1, she performed an exorcism on Susie's uncle, Jesse, without telling her. Sabrina was concerned about Susie living in the same house as

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her possessed uncle because it might have threatened her life. Her thoughfulness is shown from her dialogue below.

SABRINA. Susie is my friend. I won't leave her in a house with a dangerous, possibly possessed man. (Chapter Six: An Exorcism in Greendale, 2018, p. 19)

In their culture, witches could not perform exorcisms because they believed it is a

Christian rite. Not getting any help from her aunts, Sabrina came to Ms. Wardwell’s house to ask for suggestions. Ms. Wardwell told her that there was a way to perform it without the Christian method. Therefore, Sabrina went to Susie’s house with her to exorcist Uncle Jesse.

In episode 8 season 1, she tried resurrecting Tommy because she did not want Harvey to feel miserable after losing his brother.

SABRINA. You saw Harvey, Ms. Wardwell. He needs his brother back. MS. WARDWELL. Necromancy is the darkest and most dangerous of the sacred magics. It's... Well, it's death magic. SABRINA. Please, Ms. Wardwell. I love him. And as Sabrina, his girlfriend, I can only do so much. As Sabrina the witch… I could... fix this. If I-- If… If we have... the power to ease his suffering, why shouldn't I use it? (Chapter Eight: The Burial, 2018, p. 33-34)

Ms. Wardwell did not give her the spell but she did mention the spellbook, so

Sabrina secretly went to her office to get the book and perform the ritual with the help of her friends from the academy. This trait is shown through her dialogue with

Ms. Wardwell above, and also her external action of taking the book.

2. Sabrina Spellman’s Characteristics at the End of the Story a. More confident

Being a successful student in the academy made Sabrina feel more confident. She and everybody plotted to trap the Dark Lord inside an Acheron

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Configuration in episode 9 season 2. It needs an outstanding skill to perform such a high-level ritual, moreover, this is The Dark Lord they were trying to trap. At first, she succeeded to lock him inside the Acheron, but The Dark Lord escaped because he was too powerful. Then Nick sacrificed himself and Sabrina succeeded in trapping the Dark Lord inside Nick’s body (Chapter Twenty: The Mephisto Waltz,

2019, p. 71-73). It is, of course, shown through her external action of excuting her plan to trap the Dark Lord.

Sabrina’s confidence is also shown from the part where her position as the

Queen of Hell was challenged by Prince Caliban in episode 3 season 3. She did not want to lose her throne so she accepted the challenge to find the Unholy Regalia, and was confident that she would win over Prince Caliban.

Figure 5. Sabrina accepting the challenge CALIBAN. Then I challenge you on a quest for… the Unholy Regalia. LILITH. The regalia are the three most powerful occult objects in history. Relics that have been lost to the ages, mind you. CALIBAN. Legend has it, he who finds and collects the relics may take his seat on the throne, whether they be Morningstar or not. Do you accept my challenge, Sabrina? DEMONS. [whisper] Yes. Accept it. SABRINA. I accept. (Chapter Twenty Three: Heavy is The Crown, 2020, p. 17)

The use of a medium close-up shot in figure 5 shows Sabrina’s confidence from her facial expression. The lighting in this frame also supports the shot. It uses

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soft lighting, placed a little bit on her side, to highlight Sabrina’s feature and create a dramatic effect. It is also helped with low-key contrast showing more shadows and darker look in this frame, creating a suspenseful ambiance. Her confidence is shown through the dialogue above and external action demonstrated by figure 5.

Lastly, Sabrina was confident that she could save Greendale after the apocalypse. She found that Ambrose was still alive and he kept the egg which can manipulate time. She then came with an idea to go back in time before the apocalypse happened. Ambrose was not sure if they could do it, but Sabrina reassured him as shown from the dialogue below.

SABRINA. [looks at the egg] Ambrose, can the egg's magicks be used to send someone backwards through time? AMBROSE. Perhaps, but the level of magical energies required to do that- SABRINA. Would be equal to those imbued in the items of the Unholy Regalia? AMBROSE. No, no, that would never work. That's too dangerous! SABRINA. It will work. It did work. Don't ask me how I know. Just trust me. We can do this. You and me, the last Spellmans. We could stop the pagans, save our aunties, save all of Greendale. We have to! (Chapter Twenty-Eight: Sabrina is Legend, 2020, p. 15)

After that, she went back to before the apocalypse and warned her aunts about the

Pagans. She also initiated the plan to attack them. Finally, they got the Pagans killed and stopped the apocalypse. If Sabrina had not confident enough to go back to the past, the apocalypse would never have stopped. The characterization method used are through dialogue and external action according to Boggs and Petrie. b. Strong-willed

Sabrina could not stay still and follow all of the coven’s tradition. She thought most of their traditions are cannibalist and sexist, and she would not remain silent about it. It is her internal action because it is depicted from her thoughts and

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aspiration. Sabrina tried to sabotage the celebration of Feast of Feasts by convincing

Prudence that the tradition was corrupt. She also exposed Lady Blackwood for manipulating the lottery so Prudence was chosen to be the Queen of Feast. It is because Lady Blackwood found out that Prudence was Father Blackwood’s first biological child and could be a threat for her children. Because of this, Prudence did not want to continue to be the queen. Sabrina then persuaded Father Blackwood to cancel Feast of Feasts (Chapter Seven: Feast of Feasts, 2018, pp. 56-67).

However, the ceremony still went on because Mildred suddenly killed herself to be the Queen of Feast. This is her external action of trying to cancel the cannibalist ritual in her coven, even though her effort still failed.

When the Anti-Pope visited the Church of Night, Sabrina proposed her father’s manifesto to reform the church (Chapter Sixteen: Blackwood, 2019, p. 45).

She did that because she found out that Father Blackwood was also proposing his manifesto which was based on misogynist values. Her father's, on the other hand, talked about equality between witches and warlocks, and also the relationship between witches and mortals. Since the manifesto was lost, she asked her aunts and

Ms. Wardwell if they kept a copy. Sabrina then asked Nick for help. He had to teleport into the ocean and looked for it since it was sunk there when her parents died in a plane crash (Chapter Sixteen: Blackwood, 2019, p. 18-23).

Another proof is when Sabrina was determined to get Nick out of hell after she trapped the Dark Lord in Nick’s body. Ms. Wardwell, who turned out to be

Lilith (Madam Satan) warned her and her friends that it is impossible to do because going into hell can endanger their lives as they were still alive. Sabrina’s external

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action shows that she came to the gates of hell in the mines every early morning and tried many spell combinations so she could go through it and save Nick. She failed to open the gates but she never gave up and kept coming there until she finished trying every spell. At last, she and her mortal friends finally went to hell and succeeded in saving Nick (Chapter Twenty-One: The Hellbound Heart, 2019).

In the same episode, she is also determined to keep her title as the Queen of

Hell after the entire council protested and wanted her to give it up (Chapter Twenty-

One: The Hellbound Heart, 2019, p. 67-69). In the last episode of season 3, Sabrina still refused to give up her title even after she succeeded in her task to restore the earth. Sabrina went to stop herself in the past from being tricked by Prince Caliban so she could stop the apocalypse and change the future. She was able to stop her past self, but she refused to preserve the time loop and decided that there would be two Sabrina: one as the Queen of Hell, and the other as the ordinary Sabrina who attends Baxter High (Chapter Twenty-Eight: Sabrina is Legend, 2020, p. 58). Thus, the trait strong-willed is shown through several methods which are characterization through internal action and external action. c. Malicious

Since Sabrina attended the Academy of Unseen Arts, she started to show her malicious trait. In episode 8 season 1, she found out that it was Agatha and

Dorcas’ doing that caused the collapse in the mines. Thus, she wanted revenge.

SABRINA. Bring them to the woods tonight, Prudence. Agatha will pay the debt she owes. PRUDENCE. Murder and resurrection, Sabrina? You've gone dark. (Chapter Eight: The Burial, 2018, p. 49)

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Sabrina was persistent to perform necromancy and killed Agatha with her own hand as a sacrifice to resurrect Tommy.

Figure 6. Sabrina slitting Agatha's throat Figure 6 is captured in a medium close-up shot with the camera height at Agatha’s eye-level, showing Sabrina’s hand holding a knife and a clear view of Agatha’s facial expression. These techniques combined are used to emphasize Sabrina’s action of slitting Agatha’s throat.

Figure 7. Sabrina looks calm In figure 7, it shows Sabrina’s facial expression after killing Agatha. The techniques change from what is used in capturing figure 6; it used a medium long-shot, the camera is placed as high as Agatha’s eye-level, but it aimed a little bit upward to show Sabrina’s face. The medium long-shot technique is used to show the dark woods, the setting where this ritual happened. The low-angle highlights Sabrina’s power over Agatha. Both of the figures show Sabrina’s external action.

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Figure 8 also shows the malicious trait of Sabrina. The Dark Lord told her to do his biddings, and the first command was to steal a pack of gum. At first,

Sabrina did not want to do it. He harmed her cat, Salem, and Roz as a punishment for failing the task. Finally, she was given another task and got praised by the Dark

Lord for her devotion.

Figure 8. Sabrina smiling after stealing a pack of gum in Dr. Cerberus’s However, Sabrina willingly stole it without being forced by the Dark Lord at the end of episode 2 season 2. The figure shows Sabrina’s smiling face through a medium close-up shot, highlighting both her external action and internal action.

The external is the fact that she was finally able to steal the gum, while the internal is that she is smiling because she felt relieved after proving herself.

Figure 9. Sabrina wearing dark-colored clothes and bold make-up Lastly, Sabrina also changed her style at the end of the story. Different from her style in figure 1 and 4 where she wore light-colored clothes, figure 8 and 9 show

Sabrina wearing dark-colored clothes and bold make-up. She changed her

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appearance from what she used to wear when she was in the mortal society.

Therefore, her malicious trait is shown through the combination of appearance, dialogue, external and internal action. d. Arrogant

Sabrina’s arrogance harmed many people. First, she insisted on resurrecting

Tommy. It was all her idea to perform necromancy even though Harvey never asked for it. In this episode, Sabrina was still studying necromancy after succeeding on solving the acheron. However, she wanted to see if she was able to perform it. She also thought that she could cheat the rules. The deal was to exchange a soul for a soul, meaning to resurrect a person they have to sacrifice another person.

Nonetheless, Sabrina came up with the idea of bringing Agatha back by burying her in the soil that can reanimate any living things in front of the Spellman’s house

(Chapter Eight: The Burial, 2018, p. 53-56). Her reckless decision made Agatha vomited soil for days, and according to Aunt Hilda, she might die any time soon.

Tommy was also not successfully resurrected because his body was alive without his soul and had to be killed again. Harvey had to shoot his brother himself, which leads to losing his faith in Sabrina (Chapter Nine: The Returned Man, 2018, p. 75).

This is shown from both internal and external action. Boggs and Petrie stated that internal action is identified through what the character thinks, imagines, and remembers. Sabrina thought that it is possible to cheat the rules so what she did would be succesful. The internal action then is followed by the external action which is trying to rig the necromancy rules.

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Second, she started to talk back to her aunts. In episode 9 season 1, Zelda was very angry knowing that Sabrina recklessly performed necromancy. She asked

Sabrina to immediately kill Tommy’s body before everything got worse. However,

Sabrina persisted to go to limbo to save Tommy’s soul instead of killing it. Limbo is “ where the souls of unbaptized babies go when they perish, or the souls of people who died before their time,” (Chapter Nine: The Returned Man, 2018, p. 38). Zelda did not approve her idea, of course, because it was dangerous but Sabrina disputed her as shown in the dialogue below.

SABRINA. I'm going to cross over. ZELDA. You're not capable of the magic required to cross the barrier. SABRINA. You don't know what I'm capable of. ZELDA. You're a 16-year-old child, not some grand magus! SABRINA. And you're not my mother, Zelda, so stop acting like you are! HILDA. Oy! You do not speak to your Aunt Zelda like that. Not ever! (Chapter Nine: The Returned Man, 2018, p. 52)

The dialogue shows Sabrina’s arrogance when she was warned by her aunt that her power was not strong enough to do it. She thought she could go to limbo and save

Tommy’s soul, but in the end she did not make it. Her presence in the limbo attracted the soul-eater and it ate Tommy’s soul (Chapter Nine: The Returned Man,

2018, p. 64). She also talked back to Hilda in episode 1 of season 2. Sabrina and

Ambrose were fighting about the Top Boy campaign. Hilda heard them yelling from the family room and felt the house was shaking because of Sabrina’s threatening spell.

HILDA. What's happening in here? SABRINA & AMBROSE. Nothing, Aunt Hilda. HILDA. Well, I heard yelling and wind and furniture shaking. SABRINA. Everything's fine, Hilda, go to bed. HILDA. [raising her voice] I beg your pardon, Miss? You go to bed. (Chapter Twelve: The Epiphany, 2019, p. 25-26)

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Lastly, Sabrina did not want to preserve the time loop after saving Greendale in episode 8 of season 3. In the beginning of the episode, Sabrina met her past self and freed her from being entombed in the Ninth Circle of Hell. It is, according to the series, possible because the Ninth Circle of Hell existed in its own time pocket.

Future Sabrina told her that the apocalypse did happen; Caliban was lost to the

Pagans and they succeeded in conquering earth. She also explained that the time loop needs to be preserved to maintain the realms in their place. Sabrina then went back to earth after winning the last challenge. She successfully saved the town from the apocalypse. However, she met her past self again and decided not to preserve the time loop. They conferred and came to the conclusion that one Sabrina can rule

Hell while the other Sabrina can be a normal teenager. Ambrose found out and warned her that it would create a disaster.

AMBROSE. That shouldn't even be possible. If you never fulfilled your role and freed yourself in the first place, the fact that there are two of you... You have created a time paradox. SABRINA. Cool. AMBROSE. No, not cool, not at all. No, the ramifications of this are horrifying at best. (Chapter Twenty-Eight: Sabrina is Legend, 2020, p. 59)

Even after being warned by Ambrose, Sabrina still insisted to continue this plan.

She thought this could solve everything because she can be both a queen and a normal teenager, which is an internal action. The consequences of this event have not shown yet but based on Ambrose’s reaction, it surely will jeopardize everyone.

This trait is shown from the dialogue above.

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B. The Settings of the Story

The settings of the story play a significant part in Sabrina’s development.

According to Abrams and Harpham, setting is a literary element that, overall, shows

“the general locale, historical time, and social circumstances in which its action occurs,” (Abrams and Harpham, 2012, p. 363). Therefore, it is not only about the place where the story happens, but also the social condition in a particular society.

This part discusses both the place and social settings in the mortal and witches society.

1. Mortal Society

Living aside with the mortals, Sabrina was sent to a school for mortals to avoid suspicion. She grew up with her mortal friends for sixteen years. They have different values and ideology from the witches. a. Ideology and Values

The values held by the mortals are not very much highlighted in the series.

However, they are depicted as ordinary people as humans should be in real life.

Many of the people in Greendale are religious, for example, Roz’s family are

Christians shown from the episode where Roz mentioned that her father will go to a church convention for a week (Chapter Twenty-Four: The Hare Moon, 2020, p.

2). Ms. Wardwell is also a devoted Christian as implied by Lilith. She was chased by the Dark Lord and decided to hide in Ms. Wardwell’s house, as she is a good

Christian, disguising as Ms. Wardwell’s fiance, Adam (Chapter Twenty-Six: All of

Them Witches, 2020, pp. 47-48). They celebrate holidays which are commonly

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celebrated by actual people such as Halloween, Thanksgiving, Valentine’s, and

Christmas.

Thanksgiving is usually celebrated with family and friends. People usually gather and share a bountiful meal. In episode 7 season 1, Harvey’s grandfather visited Greendale to celebrate Thanksgiving at Harvey’s house. Figure 10 below shows Harvey and Tommy having a conversation with their grandfather. It also shows a dining table with some opened bottles and food behind Harvey, meaning they had eaten together (Chapter Seven: Feast of Feasts, 2018, pp. 12).

Figure 10. Thanksgiving at Harvey’s house Not only Harvey who was having dinner with his family, but the others were also having a family time. Susie spent time with her father talking about their late family members. Roz also visited her grandmother for celebrating Thanksgiving.

Valentine’s day is also popularly celebrated, especially among teenagers.

Every year, Baxter High held a dance party for the students during Valentine's day.

It is common in American culture for students to ask their significant other to go to dance, as a sign for love and romantic gesture. In figure 11, the medium long-shot highlights the setting of place which is showing the colorful room where the students were dancing. The Valentine’s Day celebration at Baxter High shows a romantic and cheerful situation.

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Figure 11. Valentine’s Day at Baxter High Based on the proofs given, the ideology and values held by the mortals are based on the morality held by the normal humans. The holidays and festivals are celebrated based on kinship and affection. Many of them are also religious and therefore, they hold onto Christianity values. b. Relationship with Others

Sabrina went to Baxter High, the school for mortals. The school teaches regular subjects such as Mathematics, Geography, English, and other common subjects in many high schools. In figure 12, it is shown that the building has a more vibrant color. The shot is using a medium long-shot and available soft lighting. The figure below displays the fresh and bright ambience.

Figure 12. Baxter High's building Sabrina’s relationship with the mortals are supportive and caring for each other. The examples of this value is when Sabrina and Roz established a feminist club to help Susie away from bullying done by some of the boys in their school, as shown in episode 1 season 1.

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Figure 13. Sabrina and Roz asking the vice headmaster to legitimate their club Sabrina also helped Roz to start a protest to their school for banning books that were considered controversial (Chapter Three: The Trial of Sabrina Spellman, 2018, p.

4). She helped her because Roz wanted to read as many books as she could before completely losing her eyesight due to genetic blindness. Another example is when

Roz and Harvey came to support Theo in a basketball try-out. Susie changed their name to Theo and wanted to be in a basketball team, but it was an all-male team so

Theo wanted to prove that they had equal ability to the boys (Chapter Twelve: The

Epiphany, 2019, p. 36).

Figure 14. Basketball try-out at Baxter High’s Gym The figure above is shot using long-shot and the height is at Sabrina’s eye- level as she was watching from the bleachers. The lighting used is from available soft light which gives the tint of warm sunlight in the gym. These techniques emphasize the setting of place and activities happening in the scene.

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c. Mortals Limitation

Mortals in this series are depicted as ordinary human beings with no supernatural powers. Because of that, they cannot manipulate things around them like the witches. They depend on time and nature in their lives. Mortals will age and die when their time has come, for example, Roz’s grandmother who died in episode 10 season 1. Unlike the witches, mortals’ strength is limited to the perceptible sources which will work only when they do observable things directly.

It is shown from the part where Harvey and some of his classmates wrecked the carnival; they had to come in person and break the things there with their hands

(Chapter Twenty-Five: The Devil Within, 2020, p. 49), while Agatha and Dorcas could collapse the entire mines only through spells conjured from their dorm at the academy (Chapter Seven: Feast of Feasts, 2018, p. 70). Throughout the series, mortal limitations are shown in many events such as the inability to resurrect a person, to harm or heal others with spells, to manipulate someone’s feelings, etc.

Mortals tend to be submissive, especially in occasions involving death, weather, and other events that cannot be controlled by humans. The example is when Tommy died in the mines. The Kinkles were unable to do anything and accepted the fact that Tommy could not be saved anymore, so they held a funeral with an empty casket (Chapter Eight: The Burial, 2018, p. 25). Their limitation is also shown when Roz went blind. Her father brought her to an ophthalmologist to see if Roz can be cured. There was a small chance through surgery but it cost a lot of money which her father could not afford, hence the complete loss of her eyesight

(Chapter Six: An Exorcism in Greendale, 2018, p. 38).

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2. Witches Society

After sixteen years of living in mortal society, Sabrina had to choose to be with her kind in her coven, the Church of Night. The characteristics of this society will be explained below. a. Ideology and Values

Sabrina and members of the Church of Night are satanic witches. They receive their powers from the Dark Lord, who was a fallen archangel, Lucifer

Morningstar, and worship him as well. His goal is to corrupt humans, control their souls, and make the world filled with sin and evil as in hell. He demands the utmost devotion and loyalty from his followers.

NICK. Witches are aces at passion and lust, but…when it comes to love...true love... [sighs] not so much. SABRINA. Why is that? NICK. Our Dark Lord is a jealous lord. He wants us to love him and only him. Selfish, isn't it? (Chapter Ten: The Witching Hour, 2018, p. 16)

The coven is a patriarchal society. They strictly forbid women to be in charge because they see Lucifer as a man with powerful force. The fact that he chose Lilith to be his servant also makes the patriarchal values more strengthened in the coven.

LILITH. I wasn't just the first woman, you see. I was the first witch, too. Lilith. And He was Lucifer. The Morningstar. Soon to be our Dark Lord. I was His handmaiden, and He… He was my master. (Chapter Twenty: The Mephisto Waltz, 2019, p. 2)

Also, as seen in episode 5 of season 1, the Dark Lord likes eating human flesh, especially children, as depicted in Zelda’s nightmare.

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The Church of Night applied those behaviors and teachings from the Dark

Lord. The custom of the coven is exactly the opposite from the Christian teachings.

Therefore, most of their habits show cruelty, cannibalism, lust, and sensuality, even in the education field. Because of the values that they hold, their festivals and holidays are greatly affected by those.

A witch should be baptized before joining the coven. The ceremony of Dark

Baptism is led by the High Priest and takes place in the middle of the woods in

Greendale. The initiation begins with the witch reciting their devotion and promises to the Dark Lord. After that, they will slit their hand and sign their

Figure 15. The woods where the Dark baptism took place name in the Book of the Beast using their blood. After that, they are bound to serve the Dark Lord forever (Chapter Two: The Dark Baptism, 2018, p. 59). The ceremony, as shown in figure 15, is shot using the extreme long-shot and low-key lighting. These techniques highlight the setting of place and the low-key lighting helps to give a somber mood, highlighting the setting of time and atmosphere.

Satanic witches also have a similar tradition as mortal Thanksgiving called

Feast of Feasts. This tradition is held annually to commemorate Freya, the strongest witch that sacrificed herself as sustenance to other witches during the starvation period many centuries ago.

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HILDA. Feast of Feasts, Sabrina, is one of our coven's holiest holidays. It's similar to mortal Thanksgiving, but-- the menu is slightly different. ZELDA. It's meant to honor the single greatest sacrifice a witch ever made to save her coven. (Chapter Seven: Feast of Feasts, 2018, p. 4)

Many of the witches, including Sabrina’s late father, disagree to keep doing this tradition. However, the rest think it is required to honor Freya, and the Dark Lord himself likes to eat human flesh so the members want to follow the Dark Lord

(Chapter Seven: Feast of Feasts, 2018 p. 67).

Figure 16. Prudence and some students having an orgy Before a witch is sacrificed, they will be given a servant and be allowed to do anything they want. This year, Prudence is chosen to be the Queen of Feast while

Sabrina is chosen to be the servant. One of the activities that Prudence wanted is to have a sex party. She invited her siblings Agatha and Dorcas, Nick, Ambrose, and several academy students.

Figure 17. (left) Father Blackwood and other members eating Mildred’s body Figure 18. (right) Mildred's smiling while being eaten

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Because of some circumstances, Prudence did not want to continue to be the

Queen of Feast. However, the coven members were not happy for it and demanded the celebration to go on. Finally, a witch named Mildred sacrificed herself in the desecrated church. Figure 17 shows the witches swarming around Mildred’s body and started eating her body. Mildred smiled, as shown in figure 18, because it is an honor to die as the Queen of Feast.

Another festival celebrated by the Church of Night, Lupercalia, also shows their values of lust and sensuality. Lupercalia is an annual holiday that is similar to mortal Valentine’s Day. While Valentine’s Day is known for a day to show affection to the loved ones (History.com, 2020), Lupercalia is a lusty festival where couples spend the night together in the woods that climaxes in orgiastic carnality.

The festival was commenced to increase health and fertility, and also to purify the city. However, Aunt Hilda implied that now Lupercalia is only about witches having sex as shown in the dialogue below.

HILDA. It was instituted as a means to purify the city. and increase health and fertility. Nowadays, it's less about fertility, and it's more about… blah-blah-blah. ZELDA. Sex, Hilda. HILDA. Yes. (Chapter Fourteen: Lupercalia, 2019, p. 3)

Sabrina and Nick did not fully participate in this celebration. After hearing a loud roar in the woods, they decided to leave for Baxter High Valentine’s Day celebration. However, the rest of the coven were still enjoying Lupercalia. These figures show Sabrina and Nick doing the ritual in the beginning of the festival.

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Figure 19. (left) Figure 20. (right) Sabrina and Nick during Lupercalia The lighting techniques used in figure 19 are medium close-up shot and soft light with the sources at the sides to create shadows on their bodies, which establishes a sensual mood to emphasize the event. Meanwhile, figure 20 is shot using the medium long-shot technique to show the setting of place and time which are the dark woods in the night. b. Relationship with Others

After signing their name, witches will be sent to a school to study about witchcraft. The Academy of Unseen Arts is a boarding school for witches located in Gehenna Station. The subjects taught in the academy are demonology, herbalism,

Latin, necromancy, sacred geometry, binding rituals, etc.

There is a tradition called Harrowing to torment the new witches in the academy. They are forced to endure what the Greendale Thirteen went through. The tradition includes being locked in a small, dark room in the basement, forced to stay in the dark woods without clothes and shoes, and lastly, hanged on a big tree. Its purpose is to see whether the new witch is strong or not (Chapter Four: Witch

Academy, p. 19). Sabrina survived but many of them died during the harrowing.

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Figure 21. Sabrina standing in the dark woods during the Harrowing. Despite many of the students dying at a young age, the tradition is still done at the academy. It shows that the culture of the students there is merciless.

The outside building of the academy is depicted through film-making techniques namely medium long-shot and available soft lighting as shown in figure

22. These are used to create a dark, mystical effect. The dead trees in front of the academy also add an eerie impression to the building.

Figure 22. The Academy of Unseen Arts' building Even though they share the same beliefs, the witches do not completely get along. They can harm each other when they do not like the others or feel threatened, and this happens to anyone including their closest people. One of the examples is when the Weird Sisters did not want Sabrina to go to the academy because she was a half-mortal. They put on a curse on Sabrina when she was about to go to school.

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Figure 23. Sabrina being cursed by the Weird Sisters SABRINA. I’m not gonna be baited or bullied by you, not in the woods and not at the academy. PRUDENCE. Stubborn mutt. [looks at Dorcas then Agatha] THE WEIRD SISTERS. [recite spell in Latin] SABRINA. What are you doing? THE WEIRD SISTERS. [spell continues. The girls walk toward Sabrina, narrowing the circle]. SABRINA. A curse? You’re cursing me? THE WEIRD SISTERS. [suddenly disappear]. (Chapter One: October Country, 2018, p. 21)

Not only among the young adults, the adults are doing the same thing. Zelda was confronted by Sister Shirley for her relationship with Father Blackwood, which is remarked as shameful considering that Lady Blackwood had just died. Later, Sister

Shirley teleported a frog to Zelda’s throat to humiliate her in front of the students

(Chapter Thirteen: The Passion of Sabrina Spellman, 2019, p. 35). Zelda told Hilda about the frog, and Hilda killed Sister Shirley by giving her cookies mixed with cyanide. c. Witches Limitation

The witches have powers which are given from the Dark Lord. With those powers, they are able to do many things that mortals cannot do by using their rituals and spell incantation. However, they are limited by the rules of natural order and the Dark Lord himself. There are no ways to rig the rules as shown in episode 9 season 1. The rule of necromancy is to sacrifice one soul as an exchange with the

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dead person’s soul. However, Sabrina tried to resurrect Agatha after killing her as the sacrifice to resurrect Tommy. At first, it looked like her idea was successful but

Agatha was slowly dying after being resurrected, while Tommy’s body was alive without his soul. At last, Tommy’s body was shot by Harvey and consequently

Agatha was getting better.

Other than the rules, the Dark Lord also has the choice not to grant them powers if they stray from his path as seen from episode 4 season 3 when Sabrina dethroned and imprisoned the Dark Lord. Ambrose also explained that this kind of event had happened before to another coven.

AMBROSE. Lookie here. So, the Pendle Coven suffered a similar power loss in 1612. It seems they offended the Dark Lord in some way, and so he withdrew his gifts from them a little at a time and then all at once. (Chapter Twenty-Four: The Hare Moon, 2020, p. 13).

The lack of power will make them the same as the mortals; they cannot do any incantation, they will age, and eventually die.

The events mentioned above are the embodiment of the values held by the

Church of Night members. As already seen from the figures provided, many of their activities are done in the dark, except for activities in the academy. However, the academy’s atmosphere also has a spooky ambience because of the dim lighting.

Darkness is often associated with wickedness and, therefore, the settings wanted to give the impression that the traditions are devilish. Different from the witches' culture, the techniques used to portray the activities in the mortal society are giving the impression of a cheerful and lively atmosphere. It is noticeable that those scenes used brighter lighting. The choices of colors are also distinctive. In the mortal

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society, the colors shown from the properties are vibrant and varied while in the witches society are mostly monochrome and dark-colored.

As stated by Hurlock, a person’s personality can change along with the change in environment (1974, p. 125). It is, of course, accompanied with other conditions. The new environment most likely has different conditions with the old one, such as the people and the custom. Therefore, changes in environment can be followed with many conditions. Firstly, there are changes in significant people. In the witches society, Sabrina met distinctively different people from the people in the mortal society. Meeting new people can affect a person’s personality depending on the attitude and values seen from the person (p. 126). The people in both societies held different values and can lead to Sabrina following the values of the witches.

It also leads to changes in self-concept because, as explained in the beginning of this chapter, Sabrina actually have extraordinary power but she refused to see herself as a witch and saw herself as a mortal when she was still in the mortal society. Surrounded by the people that have the same power in the new environment can change how a person sees him or herself (pp. 128-129), and therefore, can change the personality. Thirdly, the new environment can cause changes in roles. The new role can lead to a better change, but it can also make a person’s personality worse. It depends on how the role fits them (p. 127). In the witches society, Sabrina’s role was changed from being a student to be a queen.

Lastly, having a strong motivation is possible when a person moved to a new environment. With the change of culture, people, and roles, a person can set a new goal to be achieved. It is usually because the person needs validation or wants

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to be accepted in the new environment (p. 127). As a teenager that lived sixteen years in a mortal society, Sabrina had to adjust her goals to fit in the witches society’s values and ideology, so she can be accepted as the part of the environment.

Based on the explanation above, it is shown that the environment where

Sabrina lives is changing. The environment before she joined the coven is depicted through the colorful place, lively ambience, and humanly activities. After she signed the Book of the Beast, she is exposed to cannibalism, violent, and orgiastic culture. Those prove that the new environment is distinctively different from the environment of the mortals.

C. The Influence of the Settings towards Sabrina Spellman's Personality

Development

Based on the findings of Sabrina Spellman's characteristics at the beginning and end of the story, we can see that there are developments in her personality. The change in her personality occurs after she becomes a part of the Church of Night.

With the drastic change of the environment, Sabrina’s personality developed as will be discussed in this part.

1. Sabrina Spellman’s Personality Development

The most prominent development seen from Sabrina Spellman is that she developed a malicious trait. In the beginning of the story, she did not show any tendency to be violent. She was a selfless person that likes to help people. In addition, she was even willing to give up her power to stop the apocalypse even though that means she would be a mortal completely and die eventually. After being involved in some of their traditions, her personality changed as the result of being

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exposed to the coven’s culture. From the explanation above, the teachings and holidays of the Church of Night are explained as the embodiment of the Dark Lord’s evil goals. Therefore, it affects Sabrina’s personality into being malicious. This development’s characteristics are qualitative and better. It is qualitative because the old personality is muffled with a new one. Even though the trait malicious is associated with badness, the characteristic of the changes is better because it improves Sabrina’s self-confidence and self-assurance. It is shown by figure 8 where Sabrina smiled after stealing. She also changed her appearance as pictured in figure 9 to show that she was comfortable with this trait.

Other than that, Sabrina Spellman also developed her personality from being indecisive to being strong-willed. At first, she was confused about choosing between the two worlds she has lived in. She did not want to lose her freedom and her friendship with Roz, Susie, and Harvey. She even fled from the dark baptism because she refused to sign the Book of the Beast. However, she insisted to reform her coven out of misogyny so she could be a high priestess. The peak of this change is shown in season 3 where she was very determined to keep her title as the Queen of Hell. Previously, she was unsure of joining the coven, but finally she was very persistent to rule Hell in the end. This personality development's characteristics are qualitative and better with the same reason as the changes mentioned previously.

Her confidence grows to be better too. She had been helping people with her power, and most of them were successful. Sabrina also accepted the challenge to solve the Acheron Configuration, which even Father Blackwood could not do. It increased when she confidently took Prince Caliban’s challenge to find the Unholy

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Regalia. She started by challenging Father Blackwood to campaign for Top Boy in front of her schoolmates and other teachers. She did not merely protest to the headmaster of the academy, but the High Priest of their coven. Sabrina was also brave to question their coven's sexist traditions and told Father Blackwood that she wanted to be a High Priestess to reform the coven. This personality development's characteristics are quantitative and better. It is a quantitative change because the existing characteristic, which is confidence, is strengthened by the end of the story.

Lastly, Sabrina changed from being thoughtful to being arrogant. She cared so much about her girl friends, especially Susie, so she wanted to establish a club to make them feel safe from bullies. It is also shown when she helped Roz in protesting the headmaster. Other than that, Sabrina was very concerned about

Harvey after the death of his brother. However, she began to show an arrogant trait after being a part of the coven. She recklessly did things that put people in danger only because she thought she was capable of doing it while she actually could not do it properly. This is a qualitative and worse change. Sabrina being defensive after being warned by Zelda and Ambrose proved that the changes from being thoughtful to being arrogant is a worse change.

According to Hurlock, a person's personality can be improved in her or his environment with four requirements. First, the person’s status must be improved in the environment. Second, the person must be enabled to get more balanced with the environment. Third, the person must be enabled to be closer to their ideals. Last, the environment must help the person to be able to see her or himself realistically and revise his goals in keeping her or his abilities (p. 125).

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Sabrina has fulfilled the first three requirements as mentioned, but not the last requirement. Her status was improved in the witches society since she campaigned for Top Boy and finally crowned as Queen of Hell. She was also balanced with the environment because she enjoyed being in the witches society, proven by developing traits which fit the values of the witches. By joining the

Church of Night, she was closer to her ideals which are mastering witchcraft and reforming her coven out from misogyny. It is possible to be reached because being balanced with the environment caused her to be able to improve her skills and lead her to be the Queen of Hell, so it would be easier for her to reform the coven with her power and status.

The last requirement is failed to be fulfilled because she was not being realistic and unable to revise her goals. She lived in the mortal society longer than she lived in the witches society. Her skills and knowledge on their practice were not advanced enough. She still need to learn but her arrogance made her think that she was powerful enough. Therefore, her overall personality development is complex. Her personality did not developed to be fully better nor worse. The development happens because she wanted to be accepted by the witches society and wanted to reform her coven out of misogyny.

2. Conditions Responsible for Sabrina Spellman’s Personality Change

As mentioned previously, the developments are mainly caused by the changes in environment. However, there are other factors which follow the main cause, which will also be explained below.

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a. Changes in environment

Sabrina used to live in mortals’ environment. The mortals are described as ordinary human beings whose moral values are very different from the witches.

After her 16th birthday, Sabrina was forced to become a member of the Church of

Night, a witch coven. Within these changes in environment, Sabrina was introduced to a culture which is based on the Dark Lord’s goal to corrupt humans’ souls. As explained above, the habits of the witches are involving sensuality, lust, cruelty, and cannibalism. Thus, Sabrina developed a new trait which is malicious.

The changes in environment also contribute to the development of her personality from being confident to being more confident. She had learned more spells and tried more incantations to do something using magic in the academy.

Most of them were a success and therefore made her confident that she had the capability to be a great witch. She stood for herself to campaign as a Top Boy and insisted on joining the conjuring class even though she was still a new student. Also, the fact that she accepted Father Blackwood’s challenge to solve the Acheron

Configuration despite it being very hard to solve shows her confidence. Therefore, this condition makes her personality change to be more confident. b. Changes in significant people

Throughout Sabrina’s life, the most significant people were likely to be her aunts and her mortal friends. However, since Lilith, disguised as Ms. Wardwell, ever meddled in her business, she was encouraged to use witchcraft to settle her problems. It is shown from the way Sabrina always did what Lilith told her, for example, performing an exorcism and resurrection, and using the Mandrake spell.

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Lilith’s influence makes Sabrina’s values of witchcraft change. It causes

Sabrina to think that she could solve everything using magic. However, her power and knowledge were still limited because she was not adequately trained. The way to get educated on witchcraft is by signing her name in the Book of the Beast and joining the coven so she could go to the Academy of Unseen Arts to study witchcraft. In the academy, she met more witches and interacted with them. Finally, when she was crowned Queen of Hell, she was very determined to keep her title because she wanted the power. Therefore, changes in significant people make

Sabrina's personality develop from being indecisive to being strong-willed. c. Changes in self-concept

Before her 16th birthday, Sabrina saw herself as a normal person, the same as her mortal friends. She was actually aware that she was not wholly an ordinary human because she acknowledged that she had special powers. However, she used to have the same lifestyle as her mortal friends. After being a part of the Church of

Night, her lifestyle did not drastically change, but she did not only hang out with her mortal friends but also some friends from the academy. She also started to follow the customs of the coven. These changes change her self-concept from a typical teenager to fully accepting herself as a witch with extraordinary powers. In addition, the fact that Sabrina was trying to keep her title as the Queen of Hell shows that she acknowledged herself as a witch.

The changes in self-concept actually affected many of her personality development. Seeing herself as a witch made her confidence increased because she could do things that ordinary humans could not. It also made her be malicious

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because of the association between being a witch and the violent culture made her act wicked. Other than that, being a witch made her arrogant because she believed she had the power to save herself when things go wrong. She then presumptuously did many activities that harmed people. Therefore, this condition contributes to three changes in her personality. d. Changes in roles

She changed roles from an ordinary high school student to a queen, or to be specific, the Queen of Hell. As a student, both in Baxter High and the Academy of

Unseen Arts, she would never think to rule the death realm and have such a huge power. Her focus was to learn to be a great witch and reform the coven. However, it turned out that she was meant to be a queen since she, as the Herald of Hell, should rule beside the King of Hell.

Her personality changed because she changed to have a bigger role. She still wanted to rebuild the coven, and this new role perhaps could make her goal to be achieved. It shows that she was confident that she could reform her coven traditions because of her title. Other than that, after being crowned as Queen of Hell, she gained her confidence and determined to keep her title even after being rejected by the council of hell, shown by her action of accepting the challenge to find the

Unholy Regalia. This condition also contributes to her being an arrogant person.

When she was a student in Baxter High, she showed a selfless trait. However, after being crowned as queen, Sabrina started to make decisions that only indulge herself because she thought she was powerful and had the authority to be able to do it.

Therefore, changes in roles make Sabrina's personality develop from being

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confident to being more confident, being strong-willed from being indecisive, and being selfless to being arrogant. e. Strong Motivation

Sabrina was motivated to rebuild her coven out from misogyny. She was annoyed that the coven’s patriarchal system held her and other female witches from being what they want to be. The fact that the council of Hell did not want her to be queen, only because she was a girl, also shows the sexist custom of their belief.

Other than that, she was told that the headman of a coven should never be a high priestess. She was driven by these facts to reform her coven.

She was also motivated to keep her title as a queen after being challenged by Caliban. Sabrina was not supported by anyone but her mortal friends, which did not have any authority to let Sabrina keep her title. Moreover, the council of hell clearly showed that they would not acknowledge her, a young woman, to rule the realm and agreeing with Caliban to hold the Unholy Regalia challenge. Given a little chance to keep her title, Sabrina tried hard to win the challenge. The motivations lead her to be strong-willed and makes her more confident.

The conditions responsible for personality change mentioned above are related to one another. In the new environment, Sabrina was faced with new habits, new people, and new goals that she wanted to achieve. Because of the changes in environment, there is a change in her significant people, a change in her self- concept, a change in her role, and having strong motivation.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS

Sabrina Spellman, the major character of Chilling Adventures of Sabrina was a half-mortal, half-witch. She was obliged to join a coven when she turned 16 years old, and move to a school for witches called the Academy of Unseen Arts.

However, she was confused because she did not want to leave her mortal friends.

The characteristics of Sabrina in the beginning of the story are indecisive, selfless, confident, and thoughtful. Her characteristics are highly related to the mortal society as she lived there for sixteen years. After she turned 16 years old, she finally joined the Church of Night. Since her dark baptism, it is discovered that her characteristics shown in the series have changed. In the end of the story, she became strong-willed, malicious, more confident, and arrogant. These characteristics are greatly affected by the witches society.

It is found that the settings have a huge influence in the changes in her characteristics. During sixteen years of her life, she socialized in mortal society.

She went to Baxter High and established a close relationship with the mortals:

Susie, Roz, and Harvey. The holidays and festivals they held are based on the values of kinship and affection. Every Thanksgiving, the mortals would gather with their family and have bountiful meals together. Valentine’s day is celebrated by showing affection and romantic side of the mortals. The popular tradition among high school students is taking their significant other to a dance party. They also celebrate

Christmas since many of the mortals are religious and therefore value Christianity.

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Their relationship with each other is also based on the idea of affection. They are supportive and caring for each other. However, their capacity is limited to some circumstances that they cannot control, for example, weather and death.

Sabrina Spellman eventually joined the coven and was involved in many of their rituals, festivals and holiday celebrations. However, the values that they hold are distinctively different from the mortals’ values. The core of their cultures is the

Dark Lord’s goal to fill the world with sin and evil. On that account, their teachings show the opposite values of what the mortals held. Those values are cannibalism as seen from Feast of Feasts tradition, cruelty as shown in Harrowing at the academy, lust and sensuality as shown from the Lupercalia festival. These are the embodiment of sin and evil as the Dark Lord’s intention. The relationships established among the coven members are also not the same as in mortal society. They are merciless as seen from how they would harm the others when they feel wronged or threatened.

Within these changes, Sabrina Spellman's personality gradually developed.

The developments are from indecisive to strong-willed, from being selfless to being malicious, from confident to more confident, becoming arrogant from being thoughtful. The first two developments have the characteristics of qualitative and better changes because they improve Sabrina’s self-assurance. The third development is a quantitative and better change. However, the fourth development is a qualitative and worse change because it shows up a defensive reaction.

The conditions responsible for the personality change mentioned above are changes in environment, changes in significant people, changes in self-concept, changes in roles, and strong motivation. The most prominent cause is changes in

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environment because it underlies the developments in her personality. The other conditions are closely related to it. In the new environment, she met new people that led to a change in significant people. She also had new habits that changed her self-concept and also changes in roles. Other than that, she had new goals and, therefore, she changed her personality because of a strong motivation.

The changes in environment caused her to develop her personality from selfless to be malicious and confident to be more confident. The changes in significant people from the mortals to the witches made her to be strong-willed from being indecisive. The changes in self-concept made her malicious, more confident, and also arrogant. Lastly, the strong motivation changed her from being confident to being more confident, becoming strong-willed from being indecisive, and becoming arrogant from being selfless.

The overall personality development of Sabrina is a complex development.

Hurlock stated there are four requirements for a person to improve their personality in an environment. By the end of the story, she only fulfilled the first three requirements. In the witches society, Sabrina was motivated to master witchcraft and reform her coven out from misogyny. To achieve her goals, she went through rejection by many people as the coven held patriarchal values. However, she could improve her status since she campaigned for Top Boy and finally crowned as Queen of Hell. Her goals are possible to be reached because she was balanced with the environment and it caused her to be able to improve her skills. Thus it lead her to be the Queen of Hell, so it would be easier for her to reform the coven with her power and status.

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She failed to fulfill the last requirement as it is proven that she was not being realistic and unable to revise her goals. With the lack of skills and knowledge on witchcraft, she still need to learn but her arrogance made her think that she was powerful enough. Thus, it means her personality is not fully improved to be better or degraded to be worse. Therefore, Sabrina Spellman undergoes a complex personality development in Chilling Adventures of Sabrina. The development happens because of two reasons: she wanted to be accepted by the society and wanted to reform her coven out of misogyny. It occurs after some conditions that are related to the changes in environment.

The message brought by this series is not every thing can be fixed even with magic and some things are not meant to be fixed, even if we have power and the capability to change it. In some cases, we have to let it be and keep the balance to be able to continue living our life. Otherwise, it can harm us in many ways.

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REFERENCES

Aguirre-Sacasa, R. (2018). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter One: October Country”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Aguirre-Sacasa, R. (2018). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Two: The Dark Baptism”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Aguirre-Sacasa, R. (2019). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Twelve: The Epiphany”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Aguirre-Sacasa, R. (2019). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Twenty: The Mephisto Waltz”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Aguirre-Sacasa, R. (2020). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Twenty-One: The Hellbound Heart”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Aguirre-Sacasa, R. & King, D. (2020). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Twenty-Eight: Sabrina Is Legend”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Aguirre-Sacasa, R. & Maxwell, R. (2018). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Ten: The Witching Hour”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Barry, M. (2018). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Sixteen: Blackwood”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Barry, M. (2020). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Twenty-Five: The Devil Within”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Boggs, J. M. & Petrie, D. W., (2012). The Art of Watching Films. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Calhoon, L. & Hedtke, C. (2018). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Eight: The Burial”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

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Conkel, J. (2019). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Nineteen: The Mandrake”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

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Conkel, J. (2020). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Twenty-Six: All of Them Witches”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Conkel, J. & Kaufman, MJ. (2018). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Six: Exorcism in Greendale ”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Dewi, A. F. (2016). A Study of Harry’s Personality Development in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Undergraduate Thesis). Universitas Sanata Dharma. Yogyakarta.

Dobie, A. B. (2011). Theory into practice: An introduction to literary criticism (3rd ed.). Stamford: Wadsworth.

Gravita, A. R. (2016). Personality Development of Edmund Pevensie as seen in C.S. Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia: the Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (Undergraduate Thesis). Universitas Sanata Dharma. Yogyakarta.

History.com Editors. (2020). History of Valentine’s Day. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/valentines-day/ history-of-valentines-day-2 on November 28, 2020.

Hurlock, E. B. (1974). Personality development. New York: Mc.Graw-Hill Book Company.

IMDb. (n.d.). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina Awards. Retrieved from https://www.imdb.com /title/tt7569592/awards on June 15, 2020.

Kaufman, MJ. & Ham, C. (2019). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Thirteen: The Passion of Sabrina Spellman”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Ly, O. (2018). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Seven: Feast of Feasts”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Ly, O. (2019). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Fourteen: Lupercalia”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

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Maxwell, R. (2018). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Three: The Trial of Sabrina Spellman”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

Mulyawan, I. W. (2015). Three Dimensional Aspects of The Major Character in Oscar Wilde’s Vera. Journal of Language and Literature, 15(1), pp 7-13. http://doi.org/10.24071/joll.v15i1.368.

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Pramaggiore, M., & Wallis, T. (2008). Film: A Critical Introduction. London: Laurence King.

Sukendro, T. G. (2019). Dan Millman’s Personality Development in Kevin Bernhardt’s Peaceful Warrior Movie Scripts (Undergraduate Thesis). Universitas Sanata Dharma. Yogyakarta.

Thorland, D. (2018). Chilling Adventures of Sabrina “Chapter Four: Witch Academy”. Los Angeles: Warner Bros Studio.

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APPENDIX

Appendix: Summary of Aguirre-Sacasa’s Chilling Adventures of Sabrina

In season 1, Sabrina Spellman was being unsure to choose whether to join the coven or still be with her friends in the mortal society. She came from a family of witches, which obliged her to join the Church of Night after she turned 16 years old. She was sent to a mortal school, Baxter High, and developed a close relationship with Roz, Susie, and Harvey. She fled from her dark baptism because she did not want to exchange her freedom with power. She was tried after considered of breaking a promise to the Dark Lord. The result of the trial was

Sabrina had to attend the Academy of Unseen Arts as a part-time student and could mantain her mortal life. However, it does not change the fact that Sabrina really enjoyed practicing magic.

During her study at the academy, Sabrina was not satisfied because she could not take a conjuring class since she was a new student. The headmaster,

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Blackwood then challenged her to solve an acheron configuration as requisite to take conjuring class. She took the challenge and solved it. However, it turned out that there was a sleep demon trapped inside the acheron. The demon, Batibat, then cursed the the Spellmans and caused them to have nightmares. She also established a relationship with a warlock named Nick, and the Weird Sisters: Prudence, Agatha, and Dorcas. Sabrina tried to stop Prudence to be the Queen of Feast during the Feast of Feasts festival. She exposed Lady Blackwood for conjuring the lottery to make

Prudence be chosen as the sacrifice because she was Blackwood’s first biological child, who she thought might harm her children. Because of this, Prudence did not want to continue to be the queen. Sabrina then asked Blackwood to stop the festival, but a witch named Mildred slit her own throat and sacrifice herself to be eaten alive by the coven members.

Sabrina tried to help her mortal friends by using her powers. Firstly, she created a feminist club with Roz to protect Susie and other female students. She had to curse the headmaster so they could legitimize the club by the vice headmaster, because Mr. Hawthorne would not allow such kind of club. She performed an exorcism on Susie’s uncle because she heard that Uncle Jesse was sick after seeing a demon in the mines. She also tried to resurrect Tommy, Harvey’s brother, after a collapse in the mines created by Agatha and Dorcas. However, it did not work because she tried to rig the ritual. Sabrina realized that Tommy’s soul was still trapped in Limbo. She then went to the Limbo to save Tommy’s soul. Her presence attracted the soul-eater and it ate Tommy’s soul. Harvey then had to shoot his brother himself because there was an unknown soul inside Tommy’s body that

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could harm everyone. Lastly, she signed her name in the Book of the Beast to save

Greendale from the Greendale Thirteen and the Red Angel of Death they summoned.

In season 2, Sabrina attended the academy as a full-time student. She spent most of her time at the academy and started dating Nick because she was paired with him at the Lupercalia festival. On the other hand, her mortal friends experienced more events that Sabrina did not aware of: Harvey and Roz started dating, Susie changed his name into Theo, and Roz went blind. Sabrina during these times was busy because she found out about a prophecy that she was the Herald of

Hell. It means she was meant to rule both hell and earth with the Dark Lord. She was not happy with this fact because there would be an apocalypse caused by her to make the earth and hell connected. In the meantime, Zelda and Blackwood decided to get married. The Anti-Pope visited their coven to bless the marriage but

Blackwood killed him and assumed power of the Church of Night. After that, he declared that the Church of Night was now Church of Judas. He framed Ambrose for killing the Anti-pope and scheduled to be executed. The Dark Lord stopped the execution and condemned Blackwood, then he left the town.

Sabrina was trying to stop the apocalypse. She asked Lilith for advice and she decided to sacrifice her power by using the mandrake spell. Without her power, she would be as weak as the mortals and would die. However, the mandrake spell turned out to worsen the matters as it fulfilled the prophecy. Because of this, the

Dark Lord (Lucifer) came to Greendale in his angelic form for the coronation of

Sabrina. Previously, Sabrina found out that Lucifer was her biological father

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because Edward and Diana could not conceive on their own hence asking for

Lucifer’s help. She did not want to be coronated because soon the apocalypse would happen. Sabrina then came up with the idea to bind the Dark Lord into the acheron.

It did not work well, but Nick sacrificed himself as the human acheron. Sabrina succeeded binding the Dark Lord inside Nick’s body. However, Lilith had to bring him to hell because it was dangerous to let him stay on earth.

In season 3, Sabrina with her mortal friends went to hell to get Nick back.

When they arrived at hell, Lilith was the queen. She encountered rejection from the demons because she was not a Morningstar. Sabrina then claimed the throne as she was the child of Lucifer Morningstar. The demons still rejected her because she was a young woman. Lilith, appointed as a regent by Sabrina, then suggested to give her a try. Sabrina and her friends then went back to earth with Nick, but he was still an acheron binding the Dark Lord. They locked Nick at the academy’s basement while

Sabrina kept trying to find another body to move the Dark Lord into the new one.

Being a queen, Sabrina must take the people who sold their souls to the Dark

Lord to hell when their contract had ended. She was assigned to take the ice cream man. She was shocked by the fact that the ice cream man’s contract actually had ended several years ago, but he kept renewing his contract every seven years by offering a child. Sabrina then saved the child he had abducted and sent him to hell.

At hell, she was challenged by Caliban because he felt he was more capable to rule.

Sabrina accepted the challenge to find the Unholy Regalia. During this time, the coven gradually lost their power while a group of Pagan witches came to the town.

The Pagans wanted to harm them and rule the earth. They could not fight back

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because the Dark Lord took away their power for binding him inside a human and praying to Lilith. At the same time, Sabrina was trying to find the last item of the regalia but she was cheated by Caliban. He won the challenge and took the throne.

The Pagans, of course, also defeated the coven. They turned all people into a plant zombie. Many decades later, future Sabrina met past Sabrina at the place where she was cheated on. She explained everything and told past Sabrina to save the world.

She then got out from hell and met Ambrose. He had been living inside the mines while the entire coven had already gone. Sabrina explained everything and they both decided to go back to the past using the magical egg that can manipulate time.

They succeeded in defeating the Pagans. She also won the challenge in finding the last item of the regalia. She then met herself again at hell and decided not to merge.

There were now two Sabrina, one as the queen of hell and one as an ordinary high school girl.