DOCSLIB.ORG

001-026 Total Report OK

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
001-026 Total Report OK Safety of Genetically Engineered Crops March 2001 VIB publication Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology Editor: René Custers regulatory affairs manager, VIB This report can be obtained from: VIB Rijvisschestraat 120 B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium tel.: ++32 (0)9 244 66 11 fax.: ++32 (0)9 244 66 10 e-mail: [email protected] web: http://www.vib.be Responsible publisher: Jo Bury, VIB Rijvisschestraat 120 9052 Zwijnaarde Nothing from this publication may be copied and/or made public for commercial purposes. For other purposes the source has to be mentioned. © March 2001 Contents A. Introduction . 4 1. Setting the scene . .4 2. What is the debate on genetically engineered crops all about? . .4 3. What does this report do and what does it not do? . .5 B. Some information on breeding, genetic engineering and agricultural practices . 6 1. Conventional breeding and selection . .6 2. Genetic engineering of plants . .7 3. Changes in plants obtained by genetic engineering or by conventional breeding . .8 4. Differences between conventional breeding and genetic engineering . .11 5. Environmental effects of current agricultural practices . .12 C. Summary . 13 D. Discussion . 20 E. Safety aspects of genetically engineered crops . .26 1. Toxicity and Food Safety of Genetically Engineered Crops . .27 Jan Pedersen, Folmer D. Eriksen, Ib Knudsen 2. Safety of Genetically Engineered Plants: an Ecological Risk Assessment of Vertical Gene Flow . .60 Klaus Ammann, Yolande Jacot, Pia Rufener Al Mazyad 3. Effects on Non-target Organisms of the Release of Genetically Modified Crops into the Environment . .88 Julian Kinderlerer 4. Allergenicity of Foods derived from Genetically Modified Organisms . .108 André Penninks, Leon Knippels, Geert Houben 5. The Biosafety of Antibiotic Resistance Markers in Plant Transformation and the Dissemination of Genes through Horizontal Gene Flow . .135 Philippe Gay Annex 1: Overview of referees . .160 A. Introduction 1. Setting the scene Genetically engineered crops have been and still are a subject of public controversy. Debate started in 1986 when the first field trials were initiated. The debate has taken a second and more profound round after the first ships with genetically engineered soybeans arrived in Europe in the autumn of 1996. In February 1997, the worldwide presentation of Dolly the cloned sheep has furthered the awareness of the impact of biotechnology among the general public. Especially in Europe the debate on genetically engineered crops is now very intense, but also in the US new rounds of discussion can be seen. 2. What is the debate on genetically engineered crops all about? The issues that are subject of the debate on genetically engineered crops can be divided into the following categories: 1. Biological questions Are genetically engineered crops dangerous for human health? What about food safety? Are there risks for our environment and the organisms living in our countryside? Do they pose a threat to biological diversity? How can they help attain sustainability? All these questions are repeatedly asked and perhaps they are not adequately answered or perhaps also new questions keep arising as the technology develops further and is applied to an ever increasing scale. 2. Societal questions What do genetically engineered crops mean for the power- and dependence relationships in the food chain? What about patents and ownership? How important is freedom of choice and how can it be guaranteed? What do genetically engineered crops mean for (our relationship with) the developing countries? What about the economics of genetically engineered crops? Underlying the two debates described above there are questions relating to the direction in which our society wants to develop. What are the goals our society strives for? What are the problems that we face today in our agriculture and environment and how can these problems be solved or circumvented? What developments or technologies can seriously contribute to the solving of these problems? And what criteria do we use to evaluate and weigh these different developments against each other? Often these goals and criteria are not made explicit, but implicitly they play an important role in the debate, because they determine the attitudes of different stakeholders in the debate. 4 Safety of Genetically Engineered Crops 3. What does this report do and what does it not do? This report wants to contribute to the discussion on some of the biological risks of genetically engineered crops, namely those that are subject of the different environmental and food regulations that apply to genetically modified food crops. In the debate about these crops the following issues come up very frequently: 1. Toxicity and food safety of genetically engineered crops 2. Vertical gene flow of genetically engineered crops 3. The effects of genetically engineered crops on non-target organisms 4. Allergenicity of foods derived from genetically engineered crops 5. The biosafety of antibiotic resistance markers in plant transformation and the dissemination of genes through horizontal gene flow This report contains for each of these topics a state-of-the-art review that has been written by a respected scientist with expertise in the issues involved (part E of this report). The reviews have been refereed by a number of peers, also experts in the subjects involved (see annex 1). These reviews are a summary of the current scientific knowledge on the safety aspects of genetically engineered crops, show what is known about the current genetically engineered crops that are on the market, and make some recommendations for future research and safety evaluations. The reviews do not represent an opinion of VIB as an institute, but should be seen as useful material gathered by VIB for further discussions. VIB has the ambition to disseminate this information very broadly, so it can be used by as many persons and organizations as possible that want to participate in the debate. This report does not touch upon all aspects of the discussion on the biological risks of genetically engineered crops, nor does it touch upon the issues catalogued above as ‘societal questions’ or ‘goals society strives for’. VIB acknowledges the importance of these issues, but has chosen in this instance to limit the scope of the report to the risk assessment aspect. Introduction 5 B. Some Information on Breeding, Genetic Engineering and Agricultural Practices 1. Conventional breeding and selection The crops that are used in our current agriculture have been derived from wild plants during a long process of domestication and selective breeding. Selective breeding is the improvement or alteration of crops by selecting only those individual plants that have certain desired properties. Selective breeding has been intensified dramatically during the 20th century and has become a highly specialized profession. Sexually compatible individual crop plants with different characteristics are crossed to generate offspring combining these characteristics, resulting in plants with possibly interesting phenotypes. Whether the desired characteristics are actually combined is a matter of chance. Many individual crosses have to be made to generate one new variety. During the last century the number of techniques for generating new varieties has been widely enlarged. Important techniques are: G Hybridization (to generate ‘hybrid vigour’1). G Alteration of Ploidy2 (haploids, tetraploids, etc.). G Induction of mutations through irradiation or the use of chemical mutagenic agents. Seeds are treated with chemical agents or irradiation resulting in mutations (alterations) in the genetic make up of the plant. Individual plants with different mutations in their genome are grown, and individual plants with interesting phenotypes are selected and screened. The mutations result in a greater genetic variation. G Somaclonal variation. In-vitro multiplication of plants is used to generate individuals with different phenotypes. These differences are thought to be the result of genome instability in the in-vitro stages which results in plants (clones) with different phenotypes from one and the same parent plant. G Embryo rescue Embryo rescue is the rescue of embryo’s of a cross between two plants that normally – in nature - would not result in offspring, thus enabling certain ‘wide crosses’ (crosses between plants that in nature are not sexually compatible). Such crosses have only been made with plants within one family. G Anther culture Anthers are grown in-vitro and hormones are used to regenerate plants from the anthers. G Marker assisted breeding. The use of molecular markers3 associated with certain phenotypic characteristics to add more precision to breeding and to speed the selection. 1Hybrid vigour is the result of the combination of two different inbred lines, where the result hybrid shows a far better performance than could be expected from the performance of two parent lines (1/2+1/2>1). 2The ploidy number shows how many times one chromosome is present in the genome of an individual. Haploids have only one of each chromosome (1N), diploids have two of each chromosome (2N), and tetraploids have four of each chromosome (4N). 3 A molecular marker is a genetic marker (a piece of DNA) that co-segregates with a particular trait. 6 Safety of Genetically Engineered Crops Many of our currently used food crops do not resemble their wild ancestors anymore (see for instance maize and its wild ancestor teosinte). Others are still more close to their wild relatives
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Subject Index
    52_1107_1136_SI 16.11.2005 9:35 Uhr Seite 1107 Subject Index A – tape 264, 368, 940 α-adjustment 154 AAS, see atomic absorption spectrophotometry adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 21 abietic acid 909, 943 adverse drug reaction 401 abrasion 174, 283 aeroallergen 391 absorption through appendage 169 – atopic eczema 391 α-acaridial 329 – avoidance 391 accident 889 aerospace 726 acebutolol hydrochloride 909 African aceclofenac 909 –ebony783 acetaldehyde 943 – mahagony 783 acetone 118, 666 – red padauk wood 783 acetylacetone 697 Agave acetylsalicylic acid 84, 909 – americana 354 Achillea millefolium (yarrow extract) 909 – tequilana 225 aciclovir 909 age 279 acid 110 agent orange 806 – black 48 (CI 65005) 909 AGEP 404 – dye 689 Agfa TSS 355 – halogenated 259 aggravation 204 –hydrochloric261 agricultural worker 272 –nitric261 agriculture 725 –red AICD, see activation-induced cell death – – 14 (azorubine) 909 airborne – – 118 (CI 26410) 909 – allergic contact dermatitis 218, 228, 315, 467, 477, 484, 598, ––359909 627, 654, 788 – violet 17 (CI 42650) 909 – contact urticaria 753, 758 – yellow – irritant contact dermatitis 625 – – 36 (CI 13065, metanil yellow) 909 aircraft manufacture 560 – – 61 (CI 18968) 909 airway symptom 520 acitretin 341 alachlor 953 acneiform alantolactone 55, 789, 909, 954 – folliculitis 229 alclometasone-17,21-dipropionate 909 –lesion265 alclometasone-17-propionate 58 acrodermatitis enteropathica 241 alcohol, see also ethyl 909 acrovesicular dermatitis 401 aldehyde 110, 607, 886 acrylamide 592, 944 algicide 562 acrylate
    [Show full text]
  • Premenstrual Syndrome: a Natural Approach to Management
    CNI506 8/99 Vol. 5, No. 6 APPLIED NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE REPORTS Copyright © 1997 Advanced Nutrition Publications, Inc. rev. 1999 Premenstrual Syndrome: A Natural Approach to Management BY JOSEPH L. MAYO, MD, FACOG ABSTRACT: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder that imbalances, nutritional insufficiencies, and psychologic factors. occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, producing A nutritional approach to PMS that takes into account the complex a diverse number of physical and emotional changes. The most interactions of all bodily systems that influence hormonal balance common symptoms of PMS include bloating, backache, breast and neuroendocrine function, with an emphasis on the liver, is tenderness, food cravings, fatigue, irritability, and depression. recommended. The nutritional factors that have been studied The timing of the appearance and disappearance of symptoms, include vitamin B6, magnesium, zinc, choline, vitamin E, and rather than the presence of specific symptoms, is of more essential fatty acids, in addition to weight management and importance in the diagnosis of PMS. The direct cause of PMS is stress reduction. Herbal therapies have also proven beneficial in unknown, although there are numerous theories relating to hormonal the management of PMS. PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME symptoms such as bloating, breast tenderness, and headache (Table 1).3-5 These diverse symptoms may range from mild Cyclic symptoms in women of reproductive age have been to incapacitating. In some women a single symptom, such recognized for thousands of years. First appearing in the medical as depression, may predominate, whereas others may have literature in 1931 and originally termed “premenstrual tension,” several symptoms.1 this condition has been renamed “premenstrual syndrome” (PMS) in an effort to take into account the different clinical Table.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants
    medicines Review The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants William N. Setzer 1,2 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-824-6519 2 Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA Received: 25 October 2018; Accepted: 8 November 2018; Published: 12 November 2018 Abstract: Background: Native Americans have had a rich ethnobotanical heritage for treating diseases, ailments, and injuries. Cherokee traditional medicine has provided numerous aromatic and medicinal plants that not only were used by the Cherokee people, but were also adopted for use by European settlers in North America. Methods: The aim of this review was to examine the Cherokee ethnobotanical literature and the published phytochemical investigations on Cherokee medicinal plants and to correlate phytochemical constituents with traditional uses and biological activities. Results: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including, for example, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and blue skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). This review presents a summary of the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of Cherokee aromatic and medicinal plants. Conclusions: The list is not complete, however, as there is still much work needed in phytochemical investigation and pharmacological evaluation of many traditional herbal medicines. Keywords: Cherokee; Native American; traditional herbal medicine; chemical constituents; pharmacology 1. Introduction Natural products have been an important source of medicinal agents throughout history and modern medicine continues to rely on traditional knowledge for treatment of human maladies [1]. Traditional medicines such as Traditional Chinese Medicine [2], Ayurvedic [3], and medicinal plants from Latin America [4] have proven to be rich resources of biologically active compounds and potential new drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • Antiparasitic Effects of Medicinal Plants (Part 1)- a Review
    IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy www.iosrphr.org (e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219 Volume 6, Issue 10 Version. 3 (October 2016), PP. 51-66 Antiparasitic effects of medicinal plants (part 1)- A review Prof Dr Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Nasiriyah, Iraq . Cell: +9647801397994. Email: [email protected] Abstract: Many previous researches showed that many plants exerted antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, molluscicidal and insecticidal. These plants included: Achillea santolina, Ailanthus altissima, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Ammi majus, Anagyris foetida, Antirrhinum majus, Apium graveolens, Arachis hypogaea, Artemisia campestris, Arundo donax, Asclepias curassavica, Ballota nigra, Bauhinia variegate, Betula alba, Bidens tripartite, Brassica nigra, Bryophyllum calycinum, Caccinia crassifolia, Caesalpinia crista,Calendula officinalis, Calotropis procera, Canna indica, Capparis spinosa, Carum carvi, Cassia occidentalis, Celosia cristata, Chenopodium album, Chorchorus capsularis, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, Cichorium intybus, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrus limetta, Citrus medica, Citrus sinensis, Citrus limonum, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus reticulate, Citrus vitis, Clerodendron inerme, Clitoria ternatea, Corchorus capsularis, Cordia myxa, Coriandrum sativum, Coronilla scorpioides, Coronilla varia, Crocus sativus, Cupressus sempervirens, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cyminum cuminum, Cynodon dactylon, Dalbergia sissoo, Datura metel, Datura stramonium, Dianthus caryophyllum, Digitalis purpurea,
    [Show full text]
  • Allium Hookeri Extracts Improve Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment Via Activation of the Cholinergic System and Anti-Neuroinflammation in Mice
    nutrients Article Allium hookeri Extracts Improve Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment via Activation of the Cholinergic System and Anti-Neuroinflammation in Mice Ji-Hye Choi 1,2,†, Eun-Byeol Lee 1,† , Hwan-Hee Jang 1 , Youn-Soo Cha 2, Yong-Soon Park 3 and Sung-Hyen Lee 1,* 1 National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Jeonbuk, Korea; [email protected] (J.-H.C.); [email protected] (E.-B.L.); [email protected] (H.-H.J.) 2 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Korea; [email protected] 3 Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seongdong, Seoul 04763, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-63-238-3681; Fax: +82-63-238-3843 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Allium hookeri (AH) is a medicinal food that has been used in Southeast Asia for various physiological activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the activation of the cholinergic system and the anti-neuroinflammation effects of AH on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Scopolamine (1 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) impaired the performance of the mice on the Y-maze test, passive avoidance test, and water maze test. However, the number of error actions was reduced in the AH groups supplemented with leaf and root extracts from AH. AH treatment Citation: Choi, J.-H.; Lee, E.-B.; Jang, improved working memory and avoidance times against electronic shock, increased step-through H.-H.; Cha, Y.-S.; Park, Y.-S.; Lee, S.-H.
    [Show full text]
  • Poster Session Abstracts 610
    Pharmaceutical Biology Pharmaceutical Biology, 2012; 50(2): 537–610 2012 © 2012 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. ISSN 1388-0209 print/ISSN 1744-5116 online 50 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.658723 2 537 Poster Session Abstracts 610 00 00 0000 00 00 0000 UMU APPLIED FOR SCREENING HERB AND PLANT EXTRACTS OR PURE PHYTOCHEMICALS FOR ANTIMUTAGENIC ACTIVITY 00 00 0000 Monique Lacroix, Stéphane Caillet, Stéphane Lessard INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V1B7, Canada 1388-0209 Antimutagenic activities of twelve herb extracts and twenty two plant extracts or pure phytochemicals assessed using a method based on the umu test system for screening natural antimutagens. All herb extracts tested showed antimuta- 1744-5116 genic properties except for Italian parsley that had mutagenic activity. Sage, mint, vervaine and oregano were the most © 2012 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. antimutagenic. With regard to the metabolites, those from most herb extracts showed antimutagenic properties and those from garlic and thyme showed very strong antimutagenic activities, while those from camomile, rosemary and 10.3109/13880209.2012.658723 tarragon showed mutagenic activities, and those from celeriac and sage showed very strong mutagenic activities. Among pure compounds, pycnogenol metabolites showed strong antimutagenic activities. NPHB 658723 INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF DERRIS MALACCENSIS FROM FRENCH POLYNESIA Heinui Philippe,1 Taivini Teai,1 Maurice Wong,2 Christian Moretti,3 Phila Raharivelomanana1 1Université de la Polynésie Française, Laboratoire BIOTEM, Faa’a, 98702, French Polynesia, 2Service du Développement Rural, Papeete, 98713, French Polynesia, 3Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Papeete, 98713, French Polynesia Derris malaccensis (G. Bentham) D. Prain, a tropical member of the Fabaceae growing in French Polynesia, was inves- tigated to determine concentrations of metabolites (rotenoids and flavonoids) with pesticidal potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Chemicals for Tinnitus
    Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Chemicals for Tinnitus Chemical Activity Count (+)-ALPHA-VINIFERIN 1 (+)-AROMOLINE 1 (+)-BORNYL-ISOVALERATE 1 (+)-CATECHIN 1 (+)-EUDESMA-4(14),7(11)-DIENE-3-ONE 1 (+)-HERNANDEZINE 2 (+)-ISOLARICIRESINOL 1 (+)-NORTRACHELOGENIN 1 (+)-PSEUDOEPHEDRINE 1 (+)-SYRINGARESINOL-DI-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE 1 (+)-T-CADINOL 1 (-)-16,17-DIHYDROXY-16BETA-KAURAN-19-OIC 1 (-)-ALPHA-BISABOLOL 1 (-)-ANABASINE 1 (-)-APOGLAZIOVINE 1 (-)-BETONICINE 1 (-)-BORNYL-CAFFEATE 1 (-)-BORNYL-FERULATE 1 (-)-BORNYL-P-COUMARATE 1 (-)-CANADINE 1 (-)-DICENTRINE 1 (-)-EPICATECHIN 2 (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN-GALLATE 1 (1'S)-1'-ACETOXYCHAVICOL-ACETATE 1 (E)-4-(3',4'-DIMETHOXYPHENYL)-BUT-3-EN-OL 1 1,7-BIS-(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)-1,4,6-HEPTATRIEN-3-ONE 1 1,8-CINEOLE 4 Chemical Activity Count 1-ETHYL-BETA-CARBOLINE 2 10-ACETOXY-8-HYDROXY-9-ISOBUTYLOXY-6-METHOXYTHYMOL 1 10-DEHYDROGINGERDIONE 1 10-GINGERDIONE 1 12-(4'-METHOXYPHENYL)-DAURICINE 1 12-METHOXYDIHYDROCOSTULONIDE 1 13',II8-BIAPIGENIN 1 13-HYDROXYLUPANINE 1 13-OXYINGENOL-ESTER 1 16,17-DIHYDROXY-16BETA-KAURAN-19-OIC 1 16-HYDROXY-4,4,10,13-TETRAMETHYL-17-(4-METHYL-PENTYL)-HEXADECAHYDRO- 1 CYCLOPENTA[A]PHENANTHREN-3-ONE 16-HYDROXYINGENOL-ESTER 1 2'-O-GLYCOSYLVITEXIN 1 2-BETA,3BETA-27-TRIHYDROXYOLEAN-12-ENE-23,28-DICARBOXYLIC-ACID 1 2-METHYLBUT-3-ENE-2-OL 2 2-VINYL-4H-1,3-DITHIIN 1 20-DEOXYINGENOL-ESTER 1 22BETA-ESCIN 1 24-METHYLENE-CYCLOARTANOL 2 3,3'-DIMETHYLELLAGIC-ACID 1 3,4-DIMETHOXYTOLUENE 2 3,4-METHYLENE-DIOXYCINNAMIC-ACID-BORNYL-ESTER 1 3,4-SECOTRITERPENE-ACID-20-EPI-KOETJAPIC-ACID
    [Show full text]
  • The Poisoned Weed: Plants Toxic to Skin
    The Poisoned Weed: Plants Toxic to Skin DONALD G. CROSBY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS THE POISONED WEED DONALD G. CROSBY The poisoned weed PLANTS TOXIC TO SKIN 1 2004 1 Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sa˜o Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright # 2004 by Oxford University Press Published by Oxford University Press, Inc., 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crosby, Donald G. The Poisoned Weed: Plants toxic to skin / Donald G. Crosby. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-515548-3 1. Dermatotoxicology. 2. Poisonous plants. 3. Plant toxins. I. Title. RL803.C76 2003 616.5007—dc21 2003046272 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To Nancy, whose struggles with T. diversilobum, T. radicans, M. indica, S. terebinthefolius, E. maculata, U. dioica, and sundry other plants inspired this book. This page intentionally left blank PREFACE Human dermatitis from plants is almost universal. In the United States alone, more than two-thirds of the population reacts to poison oak, poison ivy, and their relatives—more than 160 million people, including me.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Cichorium Intybus Linn
    Pharmacologyonline 2: 298-307 (2010) Newsletter Tauseef et al AN OVERVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF CICHORIUM INTYBUS LINN Tauseef Shaikh, Atar Mujum, Khan Wasimuzzama, Rukhsana A Rub * Department of Pharmacognosy, M.C.E.Society’s Allana College of Pharmacy, 2390, K.B Hidayatullah Road, Azam Campus, Camp, Pune-411001, MS, India. Summary Chicory, Cichorium intybus, (Asteraceae), is a biennial or perennial herb and is a native of Europe and Asia. Chicory is an important foodstuff appreciated for its bitter taste. Ground roasted powder of the roots is mixed with coffee to impart rich flavor and to decrease caffeine content of the coffee formulation. The plant is a good tonic, cooling and is useful in headache, throat inflammation and enlargement of spleen. The extensive research work claims hypoglycemic, antiallergic, antineoplstic, fecal bulking property for the roots of Chicory. Immunostimulation, mutagenic, probiotic, hepatoprotective,antitibacterial activity etc are the other pharmacological actions attributed to a wide range of phytoconstituents like sesquiterpene lactones, responsible for bitter taste of the plant, eg: lactucin, lactupicrin; coumarines like cichoriin; flavonoids like quercetin 3 galactoside. It also contains, inulin (upto 60%), phlobaphenes, phenolic acids like cichoric acid. The present review summarizes the phytochemical status and pharmacological potential of Cichorium intybus. Keywords: Cichorium intybus; hypoglycemic; phytochemical behavior; sesquiterpene lactones, coumarines Address for correspondence: Mrs. Rukhsana A. Rub, Head, Department of Pharmacognosy, M.C.E. Society’s Allana College of Pharmacy, 2390, K.B. Hidayatullah Road, Azam Campus, Camp, Pune-411001 MS, India. Email: [email protected] Contact No.: +91-9890937888 298 Pharmacologyonline 2: 298-307 (2010) Newsletter Tauseef et al Introduction Chicory consists of dried roots and dried above ground parts of Cichorium intybus Linn, family Compositeae/ Asteraceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionary of Contact Allergens: Chemical Structures, Sources And
    51_943_1106* 05.11.2005 12:17 Uhr Seite 943 Chapter 51 Dictionary of Contact Allergens: 51 Chemical Structures, Sources and References Christophe J. Le Coz, Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin 51.1 Introduction This chapter has been written in order to familiarize the reader with the chemical structure of chemicals implicated in contact dermatitis, mainly as haptens respon- sible for allergic contact dermatitis. For each molecule, the principal name is used for classification. We have also listed the most important synonym(s), the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number that characterizes the substance, and its chemical structure. The reader will find one or more relevant literature references. As it was not possible to be exhaustive, some allergens have been omitted since they were obsolete, extremely rarely implicated in contact dermatitis, their case reports were too imprecise or they are extensively treated in other chapters of the textbook. From a practical chemical point of view, acrylates, cyanoacrylates and (meth)acry- lates, cephalosporins, and parabens have been grouped together. 1. Abietic acid CAS Registry Number [514–10–3] Abietic acid is probably the major allergen of colophony, along with dehydroabietic acid,by way of oxidation products.Its detection in a material indicates that allergen- ic components of colophony are present. Suggested Reading Bergh M, Menné T, Karlberg AT (1994) Colophony in paper-based surgical clothing. Contact Der- matitis 31 : 332–333 Karlberg AT, Bergstedt E, Boman A, Bohlinder K, Lidén C, Nilsson JLG,Wahlberg JE (1985) Is abiet- ic acid the allergenic component of colophony? Contact Dermatitis 13 : 209–215 Karlberg AT, Bohlinder K, Boman A, Hacksell U, Hermansson J, Jacobsson S, Nilsson JLG (1988) Identification of 15-hydroperoxyabietic acid as a contact allergen in Portuguese colophony.
    [Show full text]
  • Springer MRW: [AU:0, IDX:0]
    Dictionary of Contact Allergens: Chemical Structures, Sources, and References Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin and Christophe J. Le Coz Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................... 21 2 Abietic Acid ..................................................................... 22 2.1 Suggested Reading ............................................................... 22 3 Acetaldehyde .................................................................... 22 3.1 Suggested Reading ............................................................... 22 4 Acetophenone Azine ............................................................ 22 4.1 Suggested Reading ............................................................... 23 5 Acid Blue 158 ................................................................... 23 5.1 Suggested Reading ............................................................... 23 6 Acrylamide ...................................................................... 23 6.1 Suggested Reading ............................................................... 23 7 Acrylates, Cyanoacrylate, and Methacrylates ............................... 23 7.1 Acrylic Acid and Acrylates ...................................................... 23 7.2 Bisphenol A Diglycidylether Diacrylate .. ...................................... 23 7.3 Bisphenol A Glycidyl Methacrylate ............................................. 24 7.4 1,4-Butanediol Diacrylate ....................................................... 24 7.5 1,4-Butanediol Dimethacrylate
    [Show full text]
  • Bazı Flavonoidlerin Antioksidan
    BAZI FLAVONOİDLERİN ANTİOKSİDAN KAPASİTELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ, ASETİLKOLİNESTERAZ VE KARBONİK ANHİDRAZ ENZİMLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ Beratiye İNANÇAKIR Yüksek Lisans Tezi Kimya Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. Murat ŞENTÜRK 2015 Her hakkı saklıdır AĞRI İBRAHİM ÇEÇEN ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ BAZI FLAVONOİDLERİN ANTİOKSİDANKAPASİTELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ, ASETİLKOLİNESTERAZ VE KARBONİK ANHİDRAZ ENZİMLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ BERATİYE İNAN ÇAKIR KİMYA ANABİLİM DALI AĞRI 2015 Her hakkı saklıdır iii iv ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi BAZI FLAVONOİDLERİN ANTİOKSİDAN KAPASİTELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ, ASETİLKOLİNESTERAZ VE KARBONİK ANHİDRAZ ENZİMLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ Beratiye İNAN ÇAKIR Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Kimya Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. Murat ŞENTÜRK Mevcut çalışmada morin ve rutin gibi bazı flavonoidlerin muhtemel antioksidan ve radikal giderme aktiviteleri değerlendirildi.Sığır karaciğer karbonik anhidraz II izoenziminin saflaştırılması için daha önceki araştırmacıların sentezlediklerinden farklı bir afinite jeli hazırlandı.Matriks olarak Selüloz; uzantı kolu olarak benzoilklorür ve ligand olarak sülfanilamid kullanıldı. Ayrıca bu flavonoidlerin asetilkolinesteraz ve sığır karaciğer karbonik anhidraz II üzerine inhibisyon etkileri incelendi.Flavonoidlerin radikal giderme aktivitelerini değerlendirmek için hidrojen peroksit giderme aktivitesi çalışıldı.Ayrıca flavonoid yapısına sahip olan kuarsetin referans antioksidan olarak kullanıldı.Kullanılan
    [Show full text]