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A Compendium of Botanic Materia Medica

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A Compendium of Botanic Materia Medica lO\S A COMPENDIUM BOTANIC MATERIA MEDICA USE OF STUDENTS II MEDICINE AND PHARMACY. WITH A. GLOSSARY. SAMUEL WAGGAMAN, M. D., PHAR., D., Prof, of Botany and Materia Medica, Nat. Coll. of Pharmacy, Washington, D. C. REVISED AND CORRECTED EDITION. Mo. Bot. Garden, 1895." WASHINGTON, D. (.: W. H. LOW DER MILK & CO. 1895. COPYRIGHT, 1895. BY SAMUEL WAGGAMAN, M.D., PH.D. TO THE MEMORY OF THE I.ATE EDWARD T. FRISTOE, Whose high attainments were recognized by the many Scientific Institutions that conferred upon him honorary degrees:— Professor of Mathematics and Chemistry in the Columbian University, and teacher in the National College of Pharmacy, Washington, D. C. :— A true gentleman, kind friend, and distin- guished scholar this work is dedicated by THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. DURING the time the author has had the honor of occupying the Chair of Materia Me- dica and Botany in the National College of Pharmacy, he has given much thought and at- tention to the most feasible methods of impart- ing the knowledge he has formulated to the students before whom he lectured. He now believes that he has collected from the larger works of the most reliable authority all the material necessary for practical use, and presents this work with the hope that it will convey to the student and reader a clear and comprehensive idea of each subject treated from a botanical, medical and physiological standpoint. The author is indebted to Prof. H. E. Kalu- sowski for suggestions which will add much to the value and accuracy of the book. INTRODUCTION. THE subjects treated of in this work are ar- ranged with the view of attracting- rather than fatiguing the mind of the student or reader. Hence I have dispensed, as far as possible, with the more concise methods and quotations from authority consulted which is to be found in the average text-book. I make no claim to originality. I have merely gleaned from the standard authors the material which I have thus arranged in what I hope will prove an attractive form, giving the sim- plest terms compatible with the botanical, med- ical, and physiological description of plants and animals, with the origin, name, order, class, habit, adulterant, constituents, prepar- ation, medical effects and dose. I have also inserted, for the better comprehension of the student and reader, tables showing the two systems of botany, as also a list of natural or- ders used in this work. This book is not expected to supply the place of the larger works on the same subject. It is merely intended to simplify the labors of the student, or prove an easy reference for those to whom the subject matter is already familiar. CONTENTS. Page Preface 3 Introduction 4 Table of Metric Weights and Measures.. 9 How Plants are Divided 13 A Key to the Artificial System of Botany. 17 A Key to the Natural System of Botany. 21 List of Natural Orders Used in the Work. 33 Division I.—Radices: Roots 36 Division II.—Rhizomata: Rhizomes 83 Division III.—Tubera et Bulbi: Tubers and Bulbs 116 Division IV.—Stipites et Ligna: Twigs and Woods 126 Division V.—Cortices: Barks 135 Division VI.—Folia et Folióla: Leaves and Leaflets 168 Division VII.—Herbae : Herbs 194 Division VIII.—Flores et Pétala: Flowers and Petals 217 Division IX.—Fructus: Fruits 225 CONTENTS. Page Division X.—Semina: Seeds 253 Division XI.—Excrescentia, Medulas: Tri- chomes, Glándulas et Féculas : Excres- cences, Piths, Hairs, Glands and Starches 281 Division XII.—Succi, Extracti et Sacchara : Juices, Extracts and Sugars 293 Division XIII.—Balsama et Olearesinas: Balsams and Oleoresins 31z Division XIV.—Gumata : Gums 328 Division XV.—Gummi Resinas et Resinas: Gum Resins and Resins 332 Division XVI.—Olea Fixa: Fixed Oils.... 336 Division XVII.—Olea Volatilia: Vola- tile Oils 349 Division XVIII.—Animal Dru^s 378 Glossary 397 Addenda 489 Index 493 BOTANIC MATERIA MEDICA. METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. To assist pharamacists who are not conver- sant or familiar with this system the following rules, with some slight modifications, have been taken from Prof. Oldberg's manual of weights and measures: TO CONVERT GRAMS INTO APOTHECARIES' OUNCES. Divide the number of grams by 32, the num- ber of grams that is assumed to equal 1 ounce. Example: 100 grams divided by 32 equals 3 ounces and 1 drachm, or 1500 grains. To insure greater accuracy, add 3 per cent, which for 1500 grains will be 45, which will make the result 1545 grains or 3 ounces, 1 drachm and 45 grains. The true equivalent is 15 43 23 grains. TO CONVERT APOTHECARIES' OUNCES INTO GRAMS. Multiply the number of ounces by 32, the number that is assumed to equal 1 ounce. Example : 1 ounce multiplied by 32, equals 32 grams. To insure greater accuracy,deduct 3 percent, which taken from 32 will leave 31.04 grams. The true equivalent is 31.10. IO A COMPENDIUM OK TO CONVERT CENTIGRAMS INTO GRAINS. Divide the number of centigrams, by 6, the number of centigrams that is assumed to equal i grain. Example: 15 centigrams divided by 6, equals 2.5 grains. To insure greater accuracy, deduct 3 per cent, which taken from 2.5 will leave 2.42 grains. The true equivalent is 2.31 grains. TO CONVERT GRAINS INTO CENTIGRAMS. Multiply the number of grains by 10, and from the result subtract one-third. Example: 5 grains multiplied by 10 equals 50; after deducting one-third will leave 33.34 as the number of centigrams equal 5 grains. If greater accuracy is desired, deduct 3 per cent; 33.34 less 3 per cent will equal 32.33. The true equivalent is 32.39. TO CONVERT FLUID OUNCES INTO MILLILITERS OK CUBIC CENTIMETERS. Multiply the number of ounces by 32, the assumed number of milliliters or cubic centi- meters in 1 fluid ounce. Example: 2 fluid ounces multiplied by 32, equals 64 milliliters or cubic centimeters. If greater accuracy is desired, from this result deduct 8 per cent; 64 less 8 per cent equals 58.88. The true equivalent is 59.10 milliliters or cubic centimeters. TO CONVERT MILLILITERS OR CUBIC CENTIMETERS INTO FLUID OUNCES. Divide the number of milliliters or cubic cen- timeters by 32. BOTANIC MATERIA MEDICA. II Example: ioo milliliters divided by 32, equals 3 fluid ounces and 1 fluid drachm that in this rule, as in the rule for the conversion of grams into ounces, it is assumed that 4 grams or 4 milliliters are the equivalents respectively of 1 drachm and 1 fluid drachm. If greater accuracy is desired,add 8 per cent; 3 fluid ounces and 1 drachm plus 8 per cent equals 3 fluid ounces and 3 drachms. The true equivalent is 3.38 fluid ounces. TO CONVERT FEET INTO METERS. Multiply the number of feet by 3, and divide the result by 10. Example: 15 feet multiplied by 3, equals 45 divided by 10 equals 4.5, the number of meters equal to 15 feet. If greater accuracy is desired, add 1.5 per cent; the result will then be 4.567 meters. The true equivalent is 4.571 meters. TO CONVERT METERS INTO FEET. Multiply by 40 and divide by 12. Example: 5 meters multiplied by 40, equals 200; divided by 12, the result is 16.6 feet as the equivalent of 5 meters. If greater accuracy is desired, deduct 1.5 per cent: the result will be 16.36 feet. The true equivalent is 16.40 feet. TO CONVERT METERS INTO INCHES. Multiply by 40. Example : 2 meters multiplied by 40, equals 80 inches. For greater accuracy, deduct 1.5 per cent ; the result will be 78.80 inches. The true equiva- lent is 78.74 inches. TO CONVERT INCHES INTO CENTIMETERS. Multiply by 2.5. Example: 6 inches multiplied by 2.5, equals 15 centi- meters. A COMPENDIUM OF If greater accuracy is desired, add 1.5 per cent, when the result will be 15.225. The true equivalent is 15.239 inches. BOTANIC MATERIA MEDICA. 13 HOW PLANTS ARE DIVIDED AND WHAT SYSTEMS ARE USED IN THEIR CLASSIFICATION. Botany is divided into two systems of classi- fication, the artificial and natural. For the first system we are indebted to the French botanist, Tournefort, who made an artificial classification of the vegetable world by the character of their flowers, which was mainly based upon the arrangement of the corolla. Following him, the celebrated Swede, Carolus Linnaeus, introduced an improvement in the classification of the Tournefort method, by founding the classes and orders on the position and number of the stamens and pistils. This system was perfect until by cultivation and climate the flower was so changed as to be no longer recognizable; stamens had become petals and petals had become stamens. There- fore, the artificial classification is only used for reference, as a kind of key to the natural sys- tem of botany. The natural system classifies plants accord- ing to their resemblance in every particular; those plants which bear the strongest likeness to each other form classes; those next in order go 14 A COMPENDIUM OF to form families or orders; those bearing the least resemblance make up the genus (plural, genera), whilst proportion, color and shape go to form the species. Thus, the four likenesses together make up the whole system of natural botany. Let us therefore compare the classes to cities, the orders to towns, the genera to villages, and the species to the inhabitants. All the vegetable world is divided into two grades or series: flowering and flowerless. The first are known as Phanerogamous, and pro- duce their species by means of real flowers, having manifest organs of reproduction, which form seeds, these seeds containing an embryo for a new plant of the same kind.
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