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Botanical name Family Synonym Part Part of chemical Info Comments Notes References traditionally concern used/specific preparations Abies alba Mill. Pinaceae bark, branch, Branches: essential Toxicity due to beta-phellandrene beta-phellandrene Yang, S. A., Jeon, S. K., needle, oil (0.2%-0.5%): should be stated. Pure EO should not content should not Lee, E. J., Im, N. K., Jhee, seed, resin bornyl acetate be consumed directly (<0.02 ml of exceed 100 ppm K. H., Lee, S. P., & Lee, I. (30.31%), EO). Content should be stated. (0.01%) daily. S. (2009). Radical camphene scavenging activity of (19.81%), 3-carene the essential oil of silver (13.85%), fir (Abies alba). Journal tricyclene of clinical biochemistry (12.90%), dl- and nutrition, 44(3), 253.; limonene (7.50%), Luebke, W. (2011). beta- α-pinene (2.87%), phellandrene 555-10-2. caryophyllene (2.18%), β- phellandrene (2.13%), borneol (1.74%), bicyclo[2.2.1]hept- 2-ene,2,3-dimethyl (1.64%) and α- terpinene (1.24%) Abies balsamea Pinaceae bark, needle, Essential oil needle Toxicity due to beta-pinene should beta-pinene Pichette, A., Larouche, (L.) Mill. resin, twig; twig (0.6%-1.4%): be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not P. L., Lebrun, M., & essential oil e.g. beta pinene consumed directly (<0.03 ml of EO). exceed 100 ppm Legault, J. (2006). (24%-35%), alpha Content should be stated. (0.01%) daily. Composition and pinene ((6%-11%), antibacterial activity of camphen ((6%- Abies balsamea 11%), . Resin: essential oil. contains 16%-27% Phytotherapy Research, essential oil. 20(5), 371-373.; Luebke, Sesquiterpene W. (2011). beta-pinene derivatives: e.g. 127-91-3. bisabolene. Resin acids: e.g. canadinol acids Abies Pinaceae Abies bark, branch, Bark : tannins 10%. Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Hafizoglu, H., & nordmanniana pectinata needle Essential oil in toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Holmbom, B. (1995). subsp. equi- Dc. Var. needles, branches, consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Chemical composition trojani (Asch. & Equi- bark and resin: be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to of extractives from Abies Sint. ex Boiss.) Trojani 0.24-0.35%. gastrointestinal nordmanniana. Holz als Coode & Cullen Asch. & Sometimes used as toxicity. Daily intake Roh-und Werkstoff, Sint. Ex falsification for should not exceed 53(4), 273-275.; Boiss Abies alba 1500 mg tannins. Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Abies sibirica Pinaceae bark, branch, Needle: essential Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Jeong, S. I., Lim, J. P., & Ledeb. needle, oil (1.3%-2%): e.g. be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not Jeon, H. (2007). seed, resin bornylacetate ( consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm Chemical composition 20%-40%), Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. and antibacterial camphene (10%- activities of the essential 26%), alpha oil from Abies koreana. pinene (8%-20%), Phytotherapy Research, beta pinene (3%- 21(12), 1246-1250.; 13%) Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80-56-8. Abroma augusta Malvaceae root bark Said to contain Due to the presence of alkaloids in Abromine is an Hussain, H. E. M. A. L. f unknown alkaloids the aqueous extracts and anti- ionised alkalolid that (2002). Hypoglycemic, (0.01%), however implant substances in the oil fraction, may be present in hypolipidemic and seems to be the content should be declared. This aqueous extracts. antioxidant properties of betaine herb has to be used with caution. Aqueous extracts combination (trimethylglycine). have ofCurcumin Lipid fraction of hypoglycaemic fromCurcuma longa, the root formerly effects and lower Linn, and partially used as the lipid profile. purified product abortifacient and fromAbroma augusta, antifertility Linn. in streptozotocin induced diabetes. Indian journal of clinical Biochemistry, 17(2), 33- 43.; Singh, A. (2014). Herbal Drugs as Therapeutic Agents. CRC Press.; Pakrashi, A., Basak, B., & Mookerji, N. (1975). Search for antifertility agents from indigenous medicinal plants. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 63(3), 378-381. Acacia catechu Fabaceae Flower, Flavonoids; EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Azimova, S. S., & (L.f.) Willd. wood, gum catechines (2%- Content of salicylate should be salicylates should Glushenkova, A. I. 12%) catechuic declared for plant material used. not exceed 15.3 mg (2012). Acacia acid, but sensitive subjects mollissima Willd. Lipids, catechutannic may react to 2.6 mg Lipophilic Components acid (25%-33%), daily. DMT is an and Essential Oils from acacatechin (10%- ingredient of Plant Sources , 555-555. ; 12%), catechu red, Ayahuasca Corder, E. H., & Buckley, phlebotanin (25%- (together with C. E. (1995). Aspirin, 33%) passionflower and salicylate, sulfite and other harmala tartrazine induced alkaloid plants). Only bronchoconstriction. polysaccharide Safe doses and case extract is safe. definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 48(10), 1269-1275.. Acacia Fabaceae Flower, The O-Me EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Azimova, S. S., & decurrens Willd. wood, gum derivatives of the Content of salicylate should be salicylates should Glushenkova, A. I. gum: 2,3,4,6-tetra- declared for plant material used. not exceed 15.3 mg (2012). Acacia O-methyl-D- but sensitive subjects mollissima Willd. Lipids, galactose, 2,3-di- may react to 2.6 mg Lipophilic Components O-Methyl-L- daily. DMT is an and Essential Oils from arabinose, 2,3,4-tri- ingredient of Plant Sources , 555-555. ; O-methyl-D- Ayahuasca Corder, E. H., & Buckley, galactose, 2,4-di- (together with C. E. (1995). Aspirin, O-methyl-D- passionflower and salicylate, sulfite and galactose other harmala tartrazine induced together with 2,3,4- alkaloid plants). Only bronchoconstriction. tri-O-methyl-D- polysaccharide Safe doses and case glucuronic acid. extract is safe. definition in Abietane epidemiological diterpenes. studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 48(10), 1269-1275.. Acacia Fabaceae flower, pod, flower, Essential Terpenes, Bark contains dimethyltryptamine, Daily dose of dietary Azimova, S. S., & farnesiana (L.) wood root oil: aromatic toxic especially if concurrently taken salicylates should Glushenkova, A. I. Willd. methylsali aldehydes, with harmala alkaliod-bearing not exceed 15.3 mg (2012). Acacia cylate alcohols plants. EO toxic due to salicylate but sensitive subjects farnesiana (L.) Willd. (30.9%), content. Toxicity with 0.016 ml of oil. may react to 2.6 mg Lipids, Lipophilic methyleu Content of salicylate should be daily. DMT is an Components and genol. declared for plant material used. ingredient of Essential Oils from Plant Bark, leaf, Ayahuasca Sources, 552-553.; root: (together with Corder, E. H., & Buckley, phenethy passionflower and C. E. (1995). Aspirin, lamines, other harmala salicylate, sulfite and hordenin alkaloid plants). Only tartrazine induced e. Stem polysaccharide bronchoconstriction. bark : extract is safe. Safe doses and case tryptamin definition in e epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275.; Edley, K. Acacia spp.–Acacia Tree. Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Acacia bark, fruit, Bark: Leaf: condensed Bark contains dimethyltryptamine, Daily dose of dietary Azimova, S. S., & (L.) Delile arabica gum unidentifi tannins (21%-40%); toxic especially if concurrently taken salicylates should Glushenkova, A. I. (Lam.) ed bark: gallic acid with harmala alkaliod-bearing not exceed 15.3 mg (2012). Acacia Willd. alkaloids (17%-20%) plants. EO toxic due to salicylate but sensitive subjects farnesiana (L.) Willd. content. Toxicity with 0.016 ml of oil. may react to 2.6 mg Lipids, Lipophilic Content of salicylate should be daily. DMT is an Components and declared for plant material used. ingredient of Essential Oils from Plant Ayahuasca Sources, 552-553.; (together with Corder, E. H., & Buckley, passionflower and C. E. (1995). Aspirin, other harmala salicylate, sulfite and alkaloid plants). Only tartrazine induced polysaccharide bronchoconstriction. extract is safe. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275.; Edley, K. Acacia spp.–Acacia Tree. Acacia senegal Leguminosae Bark, gum Polysaccharides: Bark contains dimethyltryptamine, Daily dose of dietary Kumpawat, V. I. P. I. N., (L.) Willd. (Fabaceae) D-galactose (32- toxic especially if concurrently taken salicylates should Garg, U. R. V. I. J. A., & 50%), L-arabinose with harmala alkaliod-bearing not exceed 15.3 mg Tak, R. K. (2009). (17-34%), D- plants. EO toxic due to salicylate but sensitive subjects Corrosion Inhibition of galacturonic acid content. Toxicity with 0.016 ml of oil. may react to 2.6 mg aluminium in acid (13-19%)…No Content of salicylate should be daily. DMT is an media by naturally toxicity info declared for plant material used. ingredient of occurring plant Ayahuasca Artocarpus (together with heterophyllus and passionflower and Acacia Senegal. J. Ind. other harmala Council Chem, 26(1), alkaloid plants). Only 82-84.; Corder, E. H., & polysaccharide Buckley, C. E. (1995). extract is safe. Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275.; Edley, K. Acacia spp.–Acacia Tree. Acalypha indica Euphorbiace leaf, root aerial Aerial Leaf latex has an Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Nahrstedt, A., Kant, J. L. ae part part: emetic effect. cyanogenic glycosides (450 mg of acid (cyanogenic D., & Wray, V. (1982). cyanoge Induces antifertility plant extract). Content should be compound) use: Acalyphin, a nic and anti declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day cyanogenic glucoside glycoside implantation (e.g.1.4 mg/day) from Acalypha indica. s: effect in rats. Phytochemistry, 21(1), acalyphi 101-105.; Council of n (0.3%). Europe, Committee of Root: Experts on Flavouring diterpene Substances. Natural esters sources of flavourings. Report No.
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    CNI506 8/99 Vol. 5, No. 6 APPLIED NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE REPORTS Copyright © 1997 Advanced Nutrition Publications, Inc. rev. 1999 Premenstrual Syndrome: A Natural Approach to Management BY JOSEPH L. MAYO, MD, FACOG ABSTRACT: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder that imbalances, nutritional insufficiencies, and psychologic factors. occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, producing A nutritional approach to PMS that takes into account the complex a diverse number of physical and emotional changes. The most interactions of all bodily systems that influence hormonal balance common symptoms of PMS include bloating, backache, breast and neuroendocrine function, with an emphasis on the liver, is tenderness, food cravings, fatigue, irritability, and depression. recommended. The nutritional factors that have been studied The timing of the appearance and disappearance of symptoms, include vitamin B6, magnesium, zinc, choline, vitamin E, and rather than the presence of specific symptoms, is of more essential fatty acids, in addition to weight management and importance in the diagnosis of PMS. The direct cause of PMS is stress reduction. Herbal therapies have also proven beneficial in unknown, although there are numerous theories relating to hormonal the management of PMS. PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME symptoms such as bloating, breast tenderness, and headache (Table 1).3-5 These diverse symptoms may range from mild Cyclic symptoms in women of reproductive age have been to incapacitating. In some women a single symptom, such recognized for thousands of years. First appearing in the medical as depression, may predominate, whereas others may have literature in 1931 and originally termed “premenstrual tension,” several symptoms.1 this condition has been renamed “premenstrual syndrome” (PMS) in an effort to take into account the different clinical Table.
  • Host Factors Modulating Ochratoxin a Biosynthesis During Fruit Colonization by Aspergillus Carbonarius

    Host Factors Modulating Ochratoxin a Biosynthesis During Fruit Colonization by Aspergillus Carbonarius

    Journal of Fungi Article Host Factors Modulating Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis during Fruit Colonization by Aspergillus carbonarius Uriel Maor 1,2, Omer Barda 1, Sudharsan Sadhasivam 1 , Yang Bi 3, Varda Zakin 1, Dov B. Prusky 1,3 and Edward Sionov 1,* 1 Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; [email protected] (U.M.); [email protected] (O.B.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (V.Z.); [email protected] (D.B.P.) 2 Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel 3 College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +972-3-968-3693 Abstract: Aspergillus carbonarius is a strong and consistent ochratoxin A (OTA) producer and consid- ered to be the main source of this toxic metabolite in grapes and grape products such as wine, grape juice and dried vine fruit. OTA is produced under certain growth conditions and its accumulation is affected by several environmental factors, such as growth phase, substrate, temperature, water activity and pH. In this study, we examined the impact of fruit host factors on regulation and ac- cumulation of OTA in colonized grape berries, and assessed in vitro the impact of those factors on the transcriptional levels of the key genes and global regulators contributing to fungal colonization and mycotoxin synthesis.