Botanical name Family Synonym Part Part of chemical Info Comments Notes References traditionally concern used/specific preparations

Abies alba Mill. Pinaceae bark, branch, Branches: essential Toxicity due to beta-phellandrene beta-phellandrene Yang, S. A., Jeon, S. K., needle, oil (0.2%-0.5%): should be stated. Pure EO should not content should not Lee, E. J., Im, N. K., Jhee, seed, resin bornyl acetate be consumed directly (<0.02 ml of exceed 100 ppm K. H., Lee, S. P., & Lee, I. (30.31%), EO). Content should be stated. (0.01%) daily. S. (2009). Radical camphene scavenging activity of (19.81%), 3-carene the essential oil of silver (13.85%), fir (Abies alba). Journal tricyclene of clinical biochemistry (12.90%), dl- and nutrition, 44(3), 253.; limonene (7.50%), Luebke, W. (2011). beta- α-pinene (2.87%), phellandrene 555-10-2. caryophyllene (2.18%), β- phellandrene (2.13%), borneol (1.74%), bicyclo[2.2.1]hept- 2-ene,2,3-dimethyl (1.64%) and α- terpinene (1.24%)

Abies balsamea Pinaceae bark, needle, Essential oil needle Toxicity due to beta-pinene should beta-pinene Pichette, A., Larouche, (L.) Mill. resin, twig; twig (0.6%-1.4%): be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not P. L., Lebrun, M., & essential oil e.g. beta pinene consumed directly (<0.03 ml of EO). exceed 100 ppm Legault, J. (2006). (24%-35%), alpha Content should be stated. (0.01%) daily. Composition and pinene ((6%-11%), antibacterial activity of camphen ((6%- Abies balsamea 11%), . Resin: essential oil. contains 16%-27% Phytotherapy Research, essential oil. 20(5), 371-373.; Luebke, Sesquiterpene W. (2011). beta-pinene derivatives: e.g. 127-91-3. bisabolene. Resin acids: e.g. canadinol acids Abies Pinaceae Abies bark, branch, Bark : tannins 10%. Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Hafizoglu, H., & nordmanniana pectinata needle Essential oil in toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Holmbom, B. (1995). subsp. equi- Dc. Var. needles, branches, consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Chemical composition trojani (Asch. & Equi- bark and resin: be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to of extractives from Abies Sint. ex Boiss.) Trojani 0.24-0.35%. gastrointestinal nordmanniana. Holz als Coode & Cullen Asch. & Sometimes used as toxicity. Daily intake Roh-und Werkstoff, Sint. Ex falsification for should not exceed 53(4), 273-275.; Boiss Abies alba 1500 mg tannins. Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Abies sibirica Pinaceae bark, branch, Needle: essential Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Jeong, S. I., Lim, J. P., & Ledeb. needle, oil (1.3%-2%): e.g. be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not Jeon, H. (2007). seed, resin bornylacetate ( consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm Chemical composition 20%-40%), Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. and antibacterial camphene (10%- activities of the essential 26%), alpha oil from Abies koreana. pinene (8%-20%), Phytotherapy Research, beta pinene (3%- 21(12), 1246-1250.; 13%) Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80-56-8. Abroma augusta Malvaceae root bark Said to contain Due to the presence of alkaloids in Abromine is an Hussain, H. E. M. A. L. f unknown alkaloids the aqueous extracts and anti- ionised alkalolid that (2002). Hypoglycemic, (0.01%), however implant substances in the oil fraction, may be present in hypolipidemic and seems to be the content should be declared. This aqueous extracts. antioxidant properties of betaine herb has to be used with caution. Aqueous extracts combination (trimethylglycine). have ofCurcumin Lipid fraction of hypoglycaemic fromCurcuma longa, the root formerly effects and lower Linn, and partially used as the lipid profile. purified product abortifacient and fromAbroma augusta, antifertility Linn. in streptozotocin induced diabetes. Indian journal of clinical Biochemistry, 17(2), 33- 43.; Singh, A. (2014). Herbal Drugs as Therapeutic Agents. CRC Press.; Pakrashi, A., Basak, B., & Mookerji, N. (1975). Search for antifertility agents from indigenous medicinal plants. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 63(3), 378-381. Acacia catechu Fabaceae Flower, Flavonoids; EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Azimova, S. S., & (L.f.) Willd. wood, gum catechines (2%- Content of salicylate should be salicylates should Glushenkova, A. I. 12%) catechuic declared for plant material used. not exceed 15.3 mg (2012). Acacia acid, but sensitive subjects mollissima Willd. Lipids, catechutannic may react to 2.6 mg Lipophilic Components acid (25%-33%), daily. DMT is an and Essential Oils from acacatechin (10%- ingredient of Plant Sources , 555-555. ; 12%), catechu red, Ayahuasca Corder, E. H., & Buckley, phlebotanin (25%- (together with C. E. (1995). Aspirin, 33%) passionflower and salicylate, sulfite and other harmala tartrazine induced alkaloid plants). Only bronchoconstriction. polysaccharide Safe doses and case extract is safe. definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 48(10), 1269-1275.. Acacia Fabaceae Flower, The O-Me EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Azimova, S. S., & decurrens Willd. wood, gum derivatives of the Content of salicylate should be salicylates should Glushenkova, A. I. gum: 2,3,4,6-tetra- declared for plant material used. not exceed 15.3 mg (2012). Acacia O-methyl-D- but sensitive subjects mollissima Willd. Lipids, galactose, 2,3-di- may react to 2.6 mg Lipophilic Components O-Methyl-L- daily. DMT is an and Essential Oils from arabinose, 2,3,4-tri- ingredient of Plant Sources , 555-555. ; O-methyl-D- Ayahuasca Corder, E. H., & Buckley, galactose, 2,4-di- (together with C. E. (1995). Aspirin, O-methyl-D- passionflower and salicylate, sulfite and galactose other harmala tartrazine induced together with 2,3,4- alkaloid plants). Only bronchoconstriction. tri-O-methyl-D- polysaccharide Safe doses and case glucuronic acid. extract is safe. definition in Abietane epidemiological diterpenes. studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 48(10), 1269-1275.. Acacia Fabaceae flower, pod, flower, Essential Terpenes, Bark contains dimethyltryptamine, Daily dose of dietary Azimova, S. S., & farnesiana (L.) wood root oil: aromatic toxic especially if concurrently taken salicylates should Glushenkova, A. I. Willd. methylsali aldehydes, with harmala alkaliod-bearing not exceed 15.3 mg (2012). Acacia cylate alcohols plants. EO toxic due to salicylate but sensitive subjects farnesiana (L.) Willd. (30.9%), content. Toxicity with 0.016 ml of oil. may react to 2.6 mg Lipids, Lipophilic methyleu Content of salicylate should be daily. DMT is an Components and genol. declared for plant material used. ingredient of Essential Oils from Plant Bark, leaf, Ayahuasca Sources, 552-553.; root: (together with Corder, E. H., & Buckley, phenethy passionflower and C. E. (1995). Aspirin, lamines, other harmala salicylate, sulfite and hordenin alkaloid plants). Only tartrazine induced e. Stem polysaccharide bronchoconstriction. bark : extract is safe. Safe doses and case tryptamin definition in e epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275.; Edley, K. Acacia spp.–Acacia Tree. Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Acacia bark, fruit, Bark: Leaf: condensed Bark contains dimethyltryptamine, Daily dose of dietary Azimova, S. S., & (L.) Delile arabica gum unidentifi tannins (21%-40%); toxic especially if concurrently taken salicylates should Glushenkova, A. I. (Lam.) ed bark: gallic acid with harmala alkaliod-bearing not exceed 15.3 mg (2012). Acacia Willd. alkaloids (17%-20%) plants. EO toxic due to salicylate but sensitive subjects farnesiana (L.) Willd. content. Toxicity with 0.016 ml of oil. may react to 2.6 mg Lipids, Lipophilic Content of salicylate should be daily. DMT is an Components and declared for plant material used. ingredient of Essential Oils from Plant Ayahuasca Sources, 552-553.; (together with Corder, E. H., & Buckley, passionflower and C. E. (1995). Aspirin, other harmala salicylate, sulfite and alkaloid plants). Only tartrazine induced polysaccharide bronchoconstriction. extract is safe. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275.; Edley, K. Acacia spp.–Acacia Tree. Acacia senegal Leguminosae Bark, gum Polysaccharides: Bark contains dimethyltryptamine, Daily dose of dietary Kumpawat, V. I. P. I. N., (L.) Willd. (Fabaceae) D-galactose (32- toxic especially if concurrently taken salicylates should Garg, U. R. V. I. J. A., & 50%), L-arabinose with harmala alkaliod-bearing not exceed 15.3 mg Tak, R. K. (2009). (17-34%), D- plants. EO toxic due to salicylate but sensitive subjects Corrosion Inhibition of galacturonic acid content. Toxicity with 0.016 ml of oil. may react to 2.6 mg aluminium in acid (13-19%)…No Content of salicylate should be daily. DMT is an media by naturally toxicity info declared for plant material used. ingredient of occurring plant Ayahuasca Artocarpus (together with heterophyllus and passionflower and Acacia Senegal. J. Ind. other harmala Council Chem, 26(1), alkaloid plants). Only 82-84.; Corder, E. H., & polysaccharide Buckley, C. E. (1995). extract is safe. Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275.; Edley, K. Acacia spp.–Acacia Tree. Acalypha indica Euphorbiace leaf, root aerial Aerial Leaf latex has an Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Nahrstedt, A., Kant, J. L. ae part part: emetic effect. cyanogenic glycosides (450 mg of acid (cyanogenic D., & Wray, V. (1982). cyanoge Induces antifertility plant extract). Content should be compound) use: Acalyphin, a nic and anti declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day cyanogenic glucoside glycoside implantation (e.g.1.4 mg/day) from Acalypha indica. s: effect in rats. Phytochemistry, 21(1), acalyphi 101-105.; Council of n (0.3%). Europe, Committee of Root: Experts on Flavouring diterpene Substances. Natural esters sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Acanthus mollis Acanthacea whole plant Glycosides of The plant material should be mature Young plant contain Wolf, R. B., Spencer, G. L. e arylnaphthalene prior to marketing. Content of Benzoxazolinone, F., & Plattner, R. D. lignans. Aerial part: arylnaphthalene lignan should be 2,4-Dihydroxy-1,4- (1985). Benzoxazolinone, feed for goats and declared. benzoxazin-3-one 2, 4-dihydroxy-1, 4- cattle and their glycosides, benzoxazin-3-one, and that decrease at its glucoside from maturity. The plant Acanthus mollis seeds also contains inhibit velvetleaf arylnaphthalene germination and lignans (e.g. 20,4- growth. Journal of dihydroxy Natural Products , 48 (1), retrohelioxanthin) 59-63.; Řezanka, T., glycosides probabl Řezanka, P., & Sigler, K. present in a very low (2009). Glycosides of concentration arylnaphthalene lignans (0.0006%). from Acanthus mollis having axial chirality. Phytochemistry, 70(8), 1049-1054. Acer negundo L. Sapindacea cortex leaf Triterpene Ahorn syrup. Sap Content of sugar content in syrup Plant contains Honma, A., Koyama, T., e diesters: :saccharose should be declared. The extracts glucose, fructose & Yazawa, K. (2010). e.g. may contain unidentified toxins. All and glucose (0.0045, Anti-hyperglycemic aceronin, products are not suitable for 0.0051 and 2.89 %, effects of sugar maple acerotin; diabetics. respectively) in sap, Acer saccharum and its cyclopro which is extracted as constituent pyl a syrup. Acertannin acertannin. Food aminoaci from leaves exhibits chemistry ,123 (2), 390- ds: e.g. anti-hyperglycemic 394.; Łuczaj, Ł., Bilek, M., hypoglyci effects. & Stawarczyk, K. (2014). ns Sugar content in the sap of birches, hornbeams and maples in southeastern Poland. Central European Journal of Biology, 9(4), 410-416. Acer Sapindacea bark, wood Ahorn syrup. Sap: Content of sugar content in syrup Plant contains Honma, A., Koyama, T., saccharinum L. e saccharose. Leaf should be declared. The extracts glucose, fructose & Yazawa, K. (2010). extract kills horses. may contain unidentified toxins. All and glucose (0.002, Anti-hyperglycemic Toxin(s) not known products are not suitable for 0.001 and 4.01 %, effects of sugar maple (probably diabetics. respectively) in sap, Acer saccharum and its triterpenediesters which is extracted as constituent and cyclopropyl a syrup. Acertannin acertannin. Food aminoacds (see A. from leaves exhibits chemistry ,123 (2), 390- negundo) anti-hyperglycemic 394.; Łuczaj, Ł., Bilek, M., effects. & Stawarczyk, K. (2014). Sugar content in the sap of birches, hornbeams and maples in southeastern Poland. Central European Journal of Biology, 9(4), 410-416. Achillea Compositae aerial part aerial Essential Essential oil: EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Muselli, A., Desjobert, J. ageratum L. part oil: e.g. artemisia ketone, cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 M., Bernardini, A. F., & 1,8- artemisia alcohol, camphor content. Toxicity with 0.002 mg/kg of food Costa, J. (2007). cineole β-caryophyllene ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol (0.001%) Santolina alcohol as oxide, 1,8-cineole. should be declared for plant material component of the used. essential oil of Achillea ageratum L. from Corsica island. Journal of Essential Oil Research , 19 (4), 319- 322; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008

Achillea Compositae aerial part; aerial Essential Essential oil (0.1%- EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Hachey, J. M., Collin, G. millefolium L. essential oil part; oil: e.g. 1%): e.g. azulene cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 J., Gagnon, M. J., essential camphor (40%) camphor content. Toxicity with 0.010 mg/kg of food Simard, S., Dufour, S., oil (20%), 1,8 ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol (0.001%) Jean, F. I., ... & Fraisse, D. cineole should be declared for plant material (1990). Extraction and (10%) used. GC/MS analysis of the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. complex (Compositae). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2(6), 317-326.Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Acmella Compositae aerial part aerial Fatty acid amides: The content of isobutylamides should Isobutylamides are Ramsewak, R. S., oleracea (L.) R.K. (Asteraceae) part e.g. N- be declared. Hexane extract is no also found in Erickson, A. J., & Nair, M. Jansen isobutylamides used as a food supplement. Echinacea. The G. (1999). Bioactive N- (spilanthol, 21% in main hexane isobutylamides from the leaves and 17% in component is flower buds of flowers measured stigmasterol. Spilanthes in steam acmella. Phytochemistry destillation extracts ,51 (6), 729-732.; ). Consumption of fresh leaves can lead to mouth numbness and salivation. High doses of hexane extract (100- 150mg/kg) can produce tonic- clonic convulsion in Wistar rats by IP route Adansonia Malvaceae fruit seed Alkaloids: Baobab Toxicity due to strophanthus-like The baobab fruit De Caluwé, E., digitata L. strophant alkaloids. Plant extracts should not pulp is probably the Halamová, K., & Van us-like: exceed 64 mg daily. Content should most important Damme, P. (2010). e.g. be stated. foodstuff. The Adansonia digitata L.— adansoni alkaloid 'adansonin' a review of traditional n in the bark is thought uses, phytochemistry to be the active and principle for pharmacology. Afrika treatment of malaria focus ,23 , 11-51.; Grieve, and other fevers M. (1971). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic and economic properties, cultivation and folk-lore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, & trees with all their modern scientific uses (Vol. 2). Courier Corporation. Adoxa Adoxaceae Whole plant Essential oil from Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Jensen, S. R., & Nielsen, moschatellina L. flowers: trans-2- iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg B. J. (1979). Iridoid hexenal, cis-3- declared. daily for an adult. glucosides in Adoxa hexenol, trans-2- moschatellina. Biochemi hexenol, hexanol, cal Systematics and and benzyl alc. Ecology , 7(2), 103-104. (42.0, 21.0, 13.5, 12.5, and 10.0% resp. of fragrance volatiles. Iridoid glucosides : secologanin, morroniside , adoxoside . Aegopodium Apiaceae leaf seed, Furocou Essential oil: EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for HERBIVORES, N. D. podagraria L. root marins: limonene (23,0%), content. Toxicity with 0.4 ml of oil. furocoumarins: 1.5 (2008). Tania Jogesh, B. e.g. γ-terpinene Content of furocoumarin should be mg/day (internal Sc.(Hons.) (Doctoral apterin, (13,9%), β-E- declared for plant material used. use). Should be dissertation, Carleton angelicin farnezen (10,6%), consumed under University Ottawa, p-cymole (7,2%), β- medical supervision Canada).; Lawley, R., elemene (3,96%), Curtis, L., & Davis, J. E,E-α-farnezen (2012). The food safety (3,1%), α-and β- hazard guidebook. pinene (1,2% and Royal Society of 2,6%), sabinene Chemistry. (1,6%), β-myrcene (1,6%), cis-β- ocimene (2,1%), 9- epi-izokariofillen (1,2%), germakren D (1,82%). Young leaves eaten as salad. The content of apterin and angelicin decreased during development but phototoxicity increased. Due to production of derivatives? Aesculus Hippocastan seed leaf, Leaf and Aesculin absent in EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Komissarenko, N. F., hippocastanum aceae bark, bark: seed. Very high Toxicity with 0.060 ml of oil. Content use: 0.1 mg/kg Derkach, A. I., L. seed coumarin doses of aescins of coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 Komissarenko, A. N., s: e.g. : may be plant material used. mg/day at body Chermeneva, G. V., & aesculin nephrotoxic weight of 60 kg). Spiridonov, V. N. (1994). (leaf: Should be Coumarins of Aesculus 0.02%; consumed under hippocastanum L. bark: medical supervision Rastitel'nye Resursy, 7.2%). 30(3), 53-59.; European Seed: Food Safety Authority. saponins Opinion of the Scientific (3%-5%): Panel on food additives, eascins flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Aframomum Zingiberacea fruit, seed seed Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Baser, K. H. C., & angustifolium e oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.025 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Kürkçüoglu, M. (2001). (Sonn.) K.Schum. monoterp ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food The essential oils of (Amomum ene should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Aframomum corrorima angustifolium etheroxid used. (Braun) Jansen and A. Sonn.) e: 1,8- angustifolium K. Schum. cineole from Africa. Journal of (4%) Essential Oil Research, 13(3), 208-209.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Aframomum Zingiberacea fruit, seed seed, Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol de K, M., Couppé, M. A., exscapum (Sims) e root oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.001 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Joseph, H., Bercion, S., & Hepper monoterp ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Menut, C. (2006). ene should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Chemical composition etheroxid used. of essential oils from e: e.g. 1,8 aerial parts of cineole Aframomum exscapum (47%-86%) (Sims) Hepper collected in Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Flavour and fragrance journal, 21(6), 902-905.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Agathosma Rutaceae Barosma leaf leaf Essential Leaf: sulfur Potentially toxic due to pulegone pulegone toxic level: Council of Europe, betulina betulina oil (10- derivatives: cis and 7 mg in adults and 3 Committee of Experts (P.J.Bergius) (P.J.Bergi 20mg/kg) trans 3-oxo-p- mg in children on Flavouring Pillans us) Bartl. : ketones: menthane-8-thiol. (orally), <3.5 mg Substances. Natural et H.L. e.g. Presence of topically sources of flavourings. Wendl. menthon chemotypes in Report No. 3. Belgium: e, diosphenol and Council of Europe isomenth isomenthone. Publishing; 2008 ones, (-) pulegone (in general less than 4;5%). Diosphen ols. Agathosma Rutaceae Barosma leaf leaf Essential Potentially toxic due to pulegone pulegone toxic level: Council of Europe, crenulata (L.) crenulata oil: 7 mg in adults and 3 Committee of Experts Pillans (L.) Hook., monoterp mg in children on Flavouring Barosma ene (orally), <3.5 mg Substances. Natural serratifoli ketone: topically sources of flavourings. a (Curtis) e.g. Report No. 3. Belgium: Willd. pulegone Council of Europe (70%) Publishing; 2008

Agathosma Rutaceae leaf leaf Essential Potentially toxic due to pulegone pulegone toxic level: Council of Europe, serratifolia oil: 7 mg in adults and 3 Committee of Experts (Curtis) Spreeth menthon mg in children on Flavouring e, (orally), <3.5 mg Substances. Natural isomenth topically sources of flavourings. one, Report No. 3. Belgium: pulegone Council of Europe Publishing; 2008

Agave Asparagace flower stem Flower stem: Agave nectar is suitable to diabetics Agave nectar has a Hooshmand, S., americana L. ae steroidal saponins (90% fructose) but should be limited low glycaemic Holloway, B., Nemoseck, (e.g. hecogenin) in use. Hecogenins are found in the index. Lethal dose T., Cole, S., Petrisko, Y., and inulin. A syrup leaves. with hecogenins is Hong, M. Y., & Kern, M. is produced from 41 g corresponding (2014). Effects of Agave the flower stems. to 29.4 kg of Agave Nectar Versus Sucrose leaves (0.14%) on Weight Gain, Adiposity, Blood Glucose, Insulin, and Lipid Responses in Mice. Journal of medicinal food , 17 (9), 1017-1021.; Ghoghari, A. M., & Rajani, M. (2006). Densitometric determination of hecogenin from Agave americana leaf using HPTLC. Chromatographia, 64(1- 2), 113-116.; Ghoghari, A. M., & Rajani, M. (2006). Densitometric determination of hecogenin from Agave americana leaf using HPTLC. Chromatographia, 64(1- 2), 113-116.

Agave sisalana Asparagace flower stem, Flower stem: Agave nectar is suitable to diabetics Agave nectar has a Hooshmand, S., Perrine ae root steroidal saponins (90% fructose) but should be limited low glycaemic Holloway, B., Nemoseck, (e.g. in use. Hecogenins are found in the index. Lethal dose T., Cole, S., Petrisko, Y., barbourgenin) and leaves. with hecogenins is Hong, M. Y., & Kern, M. inulin. A syrup is 41 g corresponding (2014). Effects of Agave produced from the to 29.4 kg of Agave Nectar Versus Sucrose flower stems. leaves (0.14%) on Weight Gain, Adiposity, Blood Glucose, Insulin, and Lipid Responses in Mice. Journal of medicinal food , 17 (9), 1017-1021.; Ghoghari, A. M., & Rajani, M. (2006). Densitometric determination of hecogenin from Agave americana leaf using HPTLC. Chromatographia, 64(1- 2), 113-116.; Ghoghari, A. M., & Rajani, M. (2006). Densitometric determination of hecogenin from Agave americana leaf using HPTLC. Chromatographia, 64(1- 2), 113-116.

Agave tequilana Asparagace leaf, flower Flower stem: Agave nectar is suitable to diabetics Agave nectar has a Hooshmand, S., F.A.C. Weber ae stem steroidal saponins (90% fructose) but should be limited low glycaemic Holloway, B., Nemoseck, and inulin. A syrup in use. Hecogenins are found in the index. Lethal dose T., Cole, S., Petrisko, Y., is produced from leaves. with hecogenins is Hong, M. Y., & Kern, M. the flower stems. 41 g corresponding (2014). Effects of Agave to 29.4 kg of Agave Nectar Versus Sucrose leaves (0.14%) on Weight Gain, Adiposity, Blood Glucose, Insulin, and Lipid Responses in Mice. Journal of medicinal food , 17 (9), 1017-1021.; Ghoghari, A. M., & Rajani, M. (2006). Densitometric determination of hecogenin from Agave americana leaf using HPTLC. Chromatographia, 64(1- 2), 113-116.; Ghoghari, A. M., & Rajani, M. (2006). Densitometric determination of hecogenin from Agave americana leaf using HPTLC. Chromatographia, 64(1- 2), 113-116.

Agrimonia Rosaceae whole plant Tannins (3%-20%): Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Correia, H., eupatoria L. condensed toxic when 7.5 g plant material is concentration of González ‐Paramás, A., tannins: e.g. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Amaral, M. T., catechins; be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Santos ‐Buelga, C., & gallotannins: small gastrointestinal Batista, M. T. (2006). quantities. toxicity. Daily intake Polyphenolic profile Triterpenes. should not exceed characterization of Polyphenolic 1500 mg tannins. Agrimonia eupatoria L. compounds eg. by HPLC with different apigenin, detection devices. kaempferol Biomedical Chromatography, 20(1), 88-94.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Agrimonia Rosaceae aerial part Aaerial part: Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Cernaj, P., & junior, V. odorata Mill. tannins: catechins toxic when 30 g plant material is concentration of (1992, July). Variability of and consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- active substances in epigallocatechins be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Agrimonia L. species. In (5%) gastrointestinal WOCMAP I-Medicinal toxicity. Daily intake and Aromatic Plants should not exceed Conference: part 4 of 4 1500 mg tannins. 330 (pp. 133-136).; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Ajuga Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Clerodan These clerodanes Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Delazar, A., Delnavazi, chamaepitys (L.) part e have insect anti- iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg M. R., Yassa, N., Schreb. diterpene feeding properties. declared. daily for an adult. Parkhideh, S., Delazar, s: e.g. Ajuga contains N., Nahar, L., & Sarker, S. chamae ecdysterones, D. (2012). Essential oil pitin and toxic to insects. composition and neoclore Ajuga is a isolation of freeradical- dane protected plant. scavenging phenolic diterpene glycosides from the s : e.g. aerial parts of Ajuga ajugapiti chamaepitys growing in n Iran. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia , 22 (2), 399-305. Ajuga iva (L.) Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Neo- Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Bouderbala, S., Prost, J., Schreb. part clerodan iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Lacaille-Dubois, M. A., & e declared. daily for an adult. Bouchenak, M. (2010). diterpeno Iridoid extracts from ids: e.g: Ajuga iva increase the 14,15- antioxidant enzyme dihydroaj activities in red blood ugapitin, cells of rats fed a ivain I,II, III cholesterol-rich & IV diet. Nutrition research , 30 (5), 358-365. Ajuga reptans L. Lamiaceae aerial part Neo- Iridoid glycosides. Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Ghita, G., Cioanca, O., clerodan Phenylpropanoid iridoid glycosides (100 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Gille, E., Necula, R., e glycosides: extract). Content should be daily for an adult. Zamfirache, M. M., & diterpene teupolioside. declared. Stanescu, U. (2011). s: e.g. Ecdysteroids Contributions to the ajugatan phytochemical study of sins. some samples of Ajuga reptans L. and Ajuga genevensis L. Bull. Transilvania Univ. Bra şov Ser. VI: Med. Sci. , 4, 7-14. Albizia julibrissin Leguminosae bark seed Unknown Seeds should not be consumed due Possible presence of Nehdi, I. (2011). Durazz.Albizia (Fabaceae) neurotoxi to toxicity. proteolytic enzyme Characteristics, julibrissin Durazz. n in the chemical composition seed and utilisation of Albizia julibrissin seed oil. Industrial Crops and Products , 33 (1), 30-34.

Alchemilla Rosaceae Alchemill whole plant Tannins Polyphenolic Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Djipa, C. D., Delmée, M., vulgaris L. a (8-10%): compounds eg. toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of & Quetin-Leclercq, J. xanthochl e.g. Flavonoids (2%) consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- (2000). Antimicrobial ora gallotann be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to activity of bark extracts Rothm. ins and gastrointestinal of Syzygium jambos (L.) ellagitann toxicity. Daily intake Alston (Myrtaceae). ins should not exceed Journal of (agrimonii 1500 mg tannins. Ethnopharmacology, ne, 71(1), 307-313.; laevigatin Samanta, S., Giri, S., e) Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Aletris farinosa L. Nartheciace rhizome Steroidal saponins: Content of diosgenin should be Diosgenin mimics Marker, R. E., Turner, D. ae e.g. diosgenin declared. This should be less than 1.5 oestrogens. L., Shabica, A. C., Jones, (aglycon). High g daily. E. M., Krueger, J., & doses are narcotic Surmatis, J. D. (1940). and emetic. Sterols. CVII. Steroidal Uterine effect Sapogenins of Aletris, (stimulation or Asparagus and depression). Lilium*. Journal of the American Chemical Society , 62 (10), 2620- 2621.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Alisma plantago- Alismatacea root leaf, root Essential The fresh leaves The plant material should be dried or Heating destroys Fukuyama, Y., Pei-Wu, aquatica L. e oil: and roots are toxic heated prior to marketing. toxic principles in G., Rei, W., Yamada, T., sesquiter but the toxic roots and leaves. & Nakagawa, K. (1988). penes: principal is Contains numerous 11-deoxyalisol C and e.g. destroyed by heat triterpenoids. alisol D: new protostane- alismol or by drying. type triterpenoids from Alisma plantago- aquatica. Planta medica , 54 (5), 445-447.; Pei-Wu, G., Fukuyama, Y., Yamada, T., Rei, W., Jinxian, B., & Nakagawa, K. (1988). Triterpenoids from the rhizome of Alisma plantago-aquatica. Phytochemistry, 27(4), 1161-1164. Alisma plantago- Alismatacea Alisma rhizome and Triterpenes: e.g. The plant material should be dried or Heating destroys Fukuyama, Y., Pei-Wu, aquatica subsp. e orientale tuber alisols heated prior to marketing. toxic principles in G., Rei, W., Yamada, T., orientale (Sam.) (Sam.) roots and leaves. & Nakagawa, K. (1988). Sam. Juz. Contains numerous 11-deoxyalisol C and triterpenoids. alisol D: new protostane- type triterpenoids from Alisma plantago- aquatica. Planta medica , 54 (5), 445-447.; Pei-Wu, G., Fukuyama, Y., Yamada, T., Rei, W., Jinxian, B., & Nakagawa, K. (1988). Triterpenoids from the rhizome of Alisma plantago-aquatica. Phytochemistry, 27(4), 1161-1164. Alliaria petiolata Brassicaceae Sisymbriu whole plant whole Glucosino Leaf: cyanide Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Council of Europe, (M.Bieb.) Cavara m alliaria plant lates : 100ppm in fresh cyanogenic glycosides (14 g of plant acid (cyanogenic Committee of Experts & Grande (L.) Scop. e.g. weight: extract) and glucosinolates. Content compound) use: on Flavouring alliarinosi corresponds to the should be declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Substances. Natural de. toxicity level for (e.g.1.4 mg/day) sources of flavourings. Cyanoge many vertebrates. Report No. 3. Belgium: nic Council of Europe glucoside Leaf: cyanide Publishing; 2008; s: e.g. 100ppm in fresh Cressey, P., Saunders, cyanoally weight: D., & Goodman, J. l corresponds to the (2013). Cyanogenic glycoside toxicity level for glycosides in plant- many vertebrates. based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Allium Amaryllidace Allium whole plant Contains No major safety concern. However Sulphur compounds Block, E., Putman, D., & ampeloprasum L. ae porrum L. alkylcysteinsulphox oil content should be declared. are generally Zhao, S. H. (1992). Allium ides, flavones, …. unstable but chemistry: GC-MS degradation analysis of thiosulfinates products may still and related compounds have residual from onion, leek, activity. scallion, shallot, chive, and Chinese chive. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ,40 (12), 2431- 2438. Allium Amaryllidace whole plant Food No major safety concern. However Sulphur compounds Block, E., Putman, D., & ascalonicum L. ae oil content should be declared. are generally Zhao, S. H. (1992). Allium unstable but chemistry: GC-MS degradation analysis of thiosulfinates products may still and related compounds have residual from onion, leek, activity. scallion, shallot, chive, and Chinese chive. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ,40 (12), 2431- 2438. Allium cepa L. Amaryllidace bulb; Trans-S-(1- No major safety concern. However Sulphur compounds Block, E., Putman, D., & ae essential oil propenyl) cysteine oil content should be declared. are generally Zhao, S. H. (1992). Allium sulfoxide, S-methyl- unstable but chemistry: GC-MS cysteine sulfoxide, degradation analysis of thiosulfinates S-propylcysteine products may still and related compounds sulfoxide, and have residual from onion, leek, cycloalliin; activity. scallion, shallot, chive, flavonoids; and Chinese phenolic acids; chive. Journal of sterols including Agricultural and Food cholesterol, Chemistry ,40 (12), 2431- stigmasterol, b- 2438. sitosterol; saponins; sugars; and a trace of volatile oil composed mainly of sulfur compounds, including dipropyl disulfide Allium sativum L. Amaryllidace bulb; Sulfur compounds: No major safety concern. However Sulphur compounds Block, E., Putman, D., & ae essential oil aliin, allicin, oil content should be declared. are generally Zhao, S. H. (1992). Allium ajoene, allylpropyl unstable but chemistry: GC-MS disulfide, diallyl degradation analysis of thiosulfinates trisulfide, products may still and related compounds sallylcysteine, have residual from onion, leek, vinyldithiines, S- activity. scallion, shallot, chive, allylmercaptocyste and Chinese in, and others chive. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ,40 (12), 2431- 2438. Allium Amaryllidace leaf Sulfur compounds: No major safety concern. However Sulphur compounds Block, E., Putman, D., & schoenoprasum ae methyl pentyl oil content should be declared. are generally Zhao, S. H. (1992). Allium L. disulfide, pentyl unstable but chemistry: GC-MS hydrodisulfide degradation analysis of thiosulfinates products may still and related compounds have residual from onion, leek, activity. scallion, shallot, chive, and Chinese chive. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ,40 (12), 2431- 2438. Allium ursinum L. Amaryllidace whole plant Cysteinesulphoxid No major safety concern. However Sulphur compounds Block, E., Putman, D., & ae es; thiosulfinates; oil content should be declared. are generally Zhao, S. H. (1992). Allium ajoenes unstable but chemistry: GC-MS degradation analysis of thiosulfinates products may still and related compounds have residual from onion, leek, activity. scallion, shallot, chive, and Chinese chive. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ,40 (12), 2431- 2438. Alnus glutinosa Betulaceae bark, gum, Leaf: Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Rey, D., David, J. P., (L.) Gaertn. leaf diarylheptanoids, toxic when 7.5 g plant material is concentration of Martins, D., Pautou, M. sterols, flavonoids consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- P., Long, A., Marigo, G., eg. hyperoside. be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to & Meyran, J. C. (2000). Bark: 20% tannins: gastrointestinal Role of vegetable ellagitannins eg. toxicity. Daily intake tannins in habitat glutinoin, should not exceed selection among pedunculagin, 1500 mg tannins. mosquito communities pralcoxine. from the Alpine hydrosystems. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences-Series III- Sciences de la Vie, 323(4), 391-398.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Alnus incana (L.) Betulaceae bark, bud Flavonglucosides: Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Bikovens, O., Roze, L., Moench e.g. hyperoside. toxic when 7.5 g plant material is concentration of Pranovich, A., Tannins (20%) consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Reunanen, M., & be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Telysheva, G. (2012). gastrointestinal Chemical composition toxicity. Daily intake of lipophilic extractives should not exceed from grey alder (Alnus 1500 mg tannins. incana). BioResources, 8(1), 350-357.; Rey, D., David, J. P., Martins, D., Pautou, M. P., Long, A., Marigo, G., & Meyran, J. C. (2000). Role of vegetable tannins in habitat selection among mosquito communities from the Alpine hydrosystems. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences-Series III- Sciences de la Vie, 323(4), 391-398.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Aloe africana Asparagace leaf; leaf gel leaf Anthranoi Juice is obtained Toxicity due to athracene (70 mg) Safety limit for Integrated Risk Mill. ae ds (22%- from the pericycle content in latex. Should be declared. anthracene is 0.3 Information System - 26%): e.g. cells and adjacent Do not consume yellow latex (juice). mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Anthracene (CASRN aloinosid leaf parechyma Leaf pulp is relatively safe. mg daily in adults 120-12-7) - es, aloe- and contains the orally. http://www.epa.gov/iris emodin aloins; the gel is /subst/0434.htm the colourless mucilaginous gel obtained from the parenchymatous cells in the leaves and is exempt of aloins

Aloe arborescens Asparagace leaf; leaf gel leaf Anthranoi Juice is obtained Toxicity due to athracene (5 mg) Safety limit for Koshioka, M., Koshioka, Mill. ae ds: e.g. from the pericycle content in latex. Should be declared. anthracene is 0.3 M., Takino, Y., & Suzuki, aloins cells and adjacent Do not consume yellow latex (juice). mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 M. (1982). Studies on the (0.4%); leaf parechyma Leaf pulp is relatively safe. mg daily in adults evaluation of Aloe anthraqui and contains the orally. arborescens Mill. var. nones: aloins; the gel is natalensis Berger and e.g. aloe- the colourless Aloe extract (JP IX). emodin; mucilaginous gel Pharmaceutical Biology, alkylchro obtained from the 20(2), 53-59.; Integrated mones: parenchymatous Risk Information System - e.g. cells in the leaves Anthracene (CASRN aloeresins and is exempt of 120-12-7) - aloins http://www.epa.gov/iris /subst/0434.htm Aloe ferox Mill. Asparagace leaf leaf Hydroxya Aloins are present Toxicity due to athracene (200 mg) Safety limit for COMMITTEE FOR ae nthracen only in the juice content in latex. Should be declared. anthracene is 0.3 VETERINARY MEDICINAL e obtained from the Do not consume yellow latex (juice). mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 PRODUCTS - ALOES - The derivative pericycle cells and Leaf pulp is relatively safe. mg daily in adults European Agency for s: e.g. adjacent leaf orally. the Evaluation of aloins, parenchyma. Medicinal Products aloe- Veterinary Medicines emodin; Evaluation Unit. alkylchro EMEA/MRL/549/99; mones: Integrated Risk e.g. Information System - aloeresins Anthracene (CASRN 120-12-7) - http://www.epa.gov/iris /subst/0434.htm Aloe perryi Baker Asparagace leaf; leaf gel leaf Anthranoi Juice is obtained Toxicity due to athracene (100 mg) Safety limit for COMMITTEE FOR ae ds: e.g. from the pericycle content in latex. Should be declared. anthracene is 0.3 VETERINARY MEDICINAL aloinosid cells and adjacent Do not consume yellow latex (juice). mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 PRODUCTS - ALOES - The es, aloe- leaf parechyma Leaf pulp is relatively safe. mg daily in adults European Agency for emodin and contains the orally. the Evaluation of aloins; the gel is Medicinal Products the colourless Veterinary Medicines mucilaginous gel Evaluation Unit. obtained from the EMEA/MRL/549/99; parenchymatous Integrated Risk cells in the leaves Information System - and is exempt of Anthracene (CASRN aloins 120-12-7) - http://www.epa.gov/iris /subst/0434.htm Aloe plicatilis (L.) Asparagace leaf; leaf gel leaf Anthranoi Juice is obtained Toxicity due to athracene (100 mg) Safety limit for COMMITTEE FOR Mill. ae ds: e.g. from the pericycle content in latex. Should be declared. anthracene is 0.3 VETERINARY MEDICINAL aloinosid cells and adjacent Do not consume yellow latex (juice). mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 PRODUCTS - ALOES - The es, aloe- leaf parechyma Leaf pulp is relatively safe. mg daily in adults European Agency for emodin and contains the orally. the Evaluation of aloins; the gel is Medicinal Products the colourless Veterinary Medicines mucilaginous gel Evaluation Unit. obtained from the EMEA/MRL/549/99; parenchymatous Integrated Risk cells in the leaves Information System - and is exempt of Anthracene (CASRN aloins 120-12-7) - http://www.epa.gov/iris /subst/0434.htm

Aloe vera (L. ) Asparagace Aloe leaf leaf Hydroxya Aloins are present Toxicity due to athracene (60 mg) Safety limit for COMMITTEE FOR Burm. f. ae barbade nthracen only in the juice content in latex. Should be declared. anthracene is 0.3 VETERINARY MEDICINAL nsis Mill. e obtained from the Do not consume yellow latex (juice). mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 PRODUCTS - ALOES - The derivative pericycle cells and Leaf pulp is relatively safe. mg daily in adults European Agency for s: e.g. adjacent leaf orally. the Evaluation of aloins, parenchyma. Medicinal Products aloe- Veterinary Medicines emodin; Evaluation Unit. alkylchro EMEA/MRL/549/99; mones: Integrated Risk e.g. Information System - aloeresins Anthracene (CASRN 120-12-7) - http://www.epa.gov/iris /subst/0434.htm Aloysia citriodora Verbenacea Lippia leaf; essential leaf Essential Leaf essential oil Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Pascual, M. E., Slowing, Palau e citriodora oil oil (0.1- (0.1-0.7%): iridoid glycosides and possibly toxicity is at 2.2 mg K., Carretero, E., Mata, (Lam.) 0.7%): geranial, citrals camphor. Content should be daily for an adult. D. S., & Villar, A. (2001). Kunth; bicyclic (30-40%), limonene declared) Camphor toxic level Lippia: traditional uses, Aloysia monoterp (10-20%), camphor 30 mg/kg body chemistry and triphylla enes: e.g. (4%); beta- weight, i.e. 1.8 g pharmacology: a (L'Hér) camphor caryophyllene review. Journal of Britton (4%) (2%), geraniol, ethnopharmacology , 76 neryl acetate.Leaf: (3), 201-214. polyphenolic compounds : flavonoid glycosides: luteoline, diosmetine, eupafoline. Iridoids: verbenaline, geniposidic acid. Spasmolytic. Calming infusion.

Alpinia galanga Zingiberacea rhizoma rhizoma Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Raina, V. K., Srivastava, (L.) Willd. e oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.003 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 S. K., & Syamasunder, K. phenylpr ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food V. (2002). The essential opanoids: should be declared for plant material (0.001%) oil of ‘greater e.g. used. galangal’[Alpinia methyleu galanga (L.) Willd.] from genol in the lower Himalayan unspecifi region of India. Flavour ed and fragrance quantities journal , 17 (5), 358-360.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Alpinia Zingiberacea Alpinia whole plant Fruit: no toxicity; EO not to be consumed directly. The Nan, P. E. N. G., Hu, Y., hainanensis e katsumad Essential oil from fruit is edible. Zhao, J. I. A. Y. U. A. N., K.Schum. ae the leaf: ocimene Feng, Y., & Zhong, Y. A. Hayata (39.8%), beta- N. G. (2003). Chemical pinene (17.7%), composition of the terpinene (5.5%), essential oils of two p-menth-1-en-ol Alpinia species from (4.9%), Hainan Island, caryophyllene China. Zeitschrift fur (4.9%), and Naturforschung. C, phellandrene Journal of (4.4%). No 1,8 biosciences , 59 (3-4), cineole nor 157-160. camphor Alpinia Zingiberacea rhizoma rhizoma Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Ly, T. N., YAMAUCHI, R., officinarum e oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.002 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 & KATO, K. (2001). Hance monoterp ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Volatile components of ene should be declared for plant material (0.001%) the essential oils in etheroxid used. Galanga (Alpinia e: 1,8- officinarum Hance) from cineole Vietnam. Food Science (65%) and Technology Research, 7(4), 303- 306..; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Alpinia oxyphylla Zingiberacea fruit , rhizome Essential oil from EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Aidong, W. M. L. W. H., & Miq. e fruit (1-2%) : p- cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.1 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Yi, Z. (1991). THE cymene, neral, of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food COMPONENTS OF THE coriandrol, be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) ESSENTIAL OIL OF THE myrtenal, CHINESE MEDICINE YI ZHI pinenes..and REN (Alpinia oxyphylla oxygenated Miq.). Journal of Sun sesquiterpenes. Yat-sen University Essential oil: LD50 (Medical Sciences), 2, on mice: 0.8ml/kg. 017.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Amaranthus Amaranthac leaf, seed leaf Possible Betacyans; Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Vityakon, P., & Standal, caudatus L. eae presence saponins, flavonols, extract: 490 mg). Should be should not exceed B. R. (1989). Oxalate in of oxalate. Seed is declared. Seeds are devoid of 45-90 mg/day. vegetable amaranth protoalka exempt of oxalate. Should be (Amaranthus loids: e.g. saponins or consumed under gangeticus). Forms, betaine alkaloids. medical supervision contents, and their (quatern possible implications for air human health. Journal ammoniu of the Science of Food m) and Agriculture, 48(4), 469-474.; Singh, P. P., et al. "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Amaranthus Amaranthac seed triterpene saponins Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate cruentus L. eae (0.1%) extract: 3 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia Should be Pacific Journal of consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Amomum Zingiberacea Amomum seed seed, Essential False cardamom. EO toxic due to camphor and Limit for eucalyptol Zhu, Y. P. villosum var. e xanthioid root oil (1.7%- eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) content. (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 (1998). Chinese materia xanthioides (Wall. es Wall. 3%): Toxicity with 6 ml of oil. Content of mg/kg of food medica: chemistry, ex Baker) T.L.Wu ex Baker monoterp camphor and eucalyptol should be (0.001%); camphor pharmacology and & S.J.Chen enes: e.g. declared for plant material used. toxic level 30 mg/kg applications . CRC Press. camphor body weight, i.e. 1.8 (28%), 1,8 g. But 2.5 ml of oil - cineole orally Amorphophallus Araceae root, amylum Glucomannanes. No major safety concern. However May experience a Chua, M., Baldwin, T. C., konjac K. Koch Possible presence oil content should be declared. laxative effects with Hocking, T. J., & Chan, of 3,4- 4.5 g or more of the K. (2010). Traditional dihydroxybenzalde dried herb. uses and potential hyde in health benefits of commercial Amorphophallus konjac species. K. Koch ex NE Br. Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 12 8(2), 268-278. Amyris Rutaceae wood; Essential oil: Content of valerianol and related The Arantes, S. F., Hanson, J. balsamifera L. oleoresin sesquiterpenoids: constituents in the EO should be sesquiterpenoid vale R., & Hitchcock, P. B. e.g. valerianol, declared. rianol is a constituent (1999). The elemol, ß- of valerian oil hydroxylation of the eudesmol and sesquiterpenoid epi-gamma- valerianol by Mucor eudesmol; plumbeus. Phytochemist triterpenes: alpha ry , 52 (6), 1063-1067.; Van and beta Beek, T. A., Kleis, R., amyrinEssential oil: Posthumus, M. A., & Van sesquiterpenoids: Veldhuizen, A. (1989). e.g. valerianol, Essential oil of Amyris elemol, ß- balsamifera. eudesmol and Phytochemistry, 28(7), epi-gamma- 1909-1911. eudesmol; triterpenes: alpha and beta amyrinEssential oil: sesquiterpenoids: e.g. valerianol, elemol, ß- eudesmol and epi-gamma- eudesmol; triterpenes: alpha and beta amyrin Anacardium Anacardiace leaf, fruit, Cashew nut. The Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate occidentale L. ae bark juice, plant exhibits extract: 19 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its nut oil hypoglycemic 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia acitivity. Should be Pacific Journal of consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152.

Ananas comosus Bromeliacea fruit Proteolytic No major safety concern. However Some individuals are Bromelain. Alternative (L.) Merr. e enzymes: e.g. oil content should be declared. alleric to bromelain Medicine Review bromelains. and other Monographs. 2002 Present in all green proteolytic enzymes. Thorne Research, Inc. parts and fruit. Maximum dose as 56-62. food supplement is 160 mg per day. Andrographis Acanthacea leaf Diterpenoid The content of 8-the 1200-3000 mg Handa, S. S., & Sharma, paniculata e lactones: e.g. andrographolides should be stated. andrographis A. (1990). (Burm. f.) Nees andrographolides, Contraindications included contains no less than Hepatoprotective also diterpene accordingly, if required. 11.2 mg activity of dimers : e.g. bis- andrographolides andrographolide from andrographolides,. Andrographis Only at very high paniculata against doses an carbontetrachloride. Th antifertility effect is e Indian journal of seen medical research , 92 , 276-283. Anemarrhena Asparagace rhizome whole Steroidal Content of steroidal saponins should Sun Y. et al. 2012. asphodeloides ae plant saponins be declared. Simultaneous Bunge e.g. determination of nine timosapo components in nins. Anemarrhena Xanthone asphodeloides by liquid glycoside chromatography- s e.g. tandem mass mangiferi spectrometry combined n. with chemometric Isoflavon techniques. J.Sep.Sci. oids. 35(14):1796-1807.; Kang Norlignan LP. 2012. - Steroidal s: e.g. (-)- glycosides from the nyasol. rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides and their antiplatelet aggregation activity. Planta Med 78(6):611- 616.; Kang YJ. 2011. - Cytotoxic and antineoplastic activity of timosaponin A-III for human colon cancer cells. J.Nat.Prod.74(4):70-76. Angelica Apiaceae whole plant, whole Fruit, leaf, Roots: coumarins EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Nivinskien ÷, O., archangelica L. essential oil plant root: and furocoumarins Toxicity with 0.1 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg Butkien ÷, R., & Mockut ÷, essential (osthenol 0.37-0.47 coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 D. (2005). The chemical oil: microg/g; plant material used. mg/day at body composition of the furocoum umbelliferone, weight of 60 kg). essential oil of Angelica arins: e.g. bergapten, Should be archangelica L. roots bergapte isoimperatorin, consumed under growing wild in n, xanthotoxin, medical supervision Lithuania. Journal of angelicin angelicin, essential oil research, archangelicin). 17(4), 373-377.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Angelica Apiaceae root whole Root: The essential oil of EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Ma, Y., Zhong, S., Jia, M., dahurica plant furocoum the root: 3-carene Toxicity with 0.1 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg Jiang, G., Tang, S., He, (Hoffm.) Benth. & arins : (12.70%), beta- coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 Z., & Liu, R. (2004). Hook.f. ex e.g. elemene (6.20%), plant material used. mg/day at body Determination of total Franch. & Sav. oxyimper beta-terpinene weight of 60 kg). content of coumarin in atorin (3.53%), beta- Should be Angelica dahurica by (10.23%), myrcene (1.97%), consumed under UV imperator gamma-elemene medical supervision spectrophotometry. Wes in (6.58%) (1.82%), beta- t China Journal of and phellandrene Pharmaceutical isoimpera (1.65%), and beta- Sciences, 20(2), 159- torin maaliene (1.61%), 160.; European Food (5.16%). et al. In addition, Safety Authority. suberosin (0.16%), Opinion of the Scientific a coumarin Panel on food additives, compound flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Angelica Apiaceae whole plant whole Furocou EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Qian, C., Ming, S., & pubescens plant marins: Toxicity with 0.1 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg Songsong, Y. (1999). Maxim. e.g. coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 Determination of bergapte plant material used. mg/day at body columbianetin, n, weight of 60 kg). columbianetin acetate isoimpera Should be and osthol in Angelica torin, consumed under pubescens Maxim. f. psoralen medical supervision biserrata Shan et Yuan by HPLC [J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 9, 016.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Angelica sinensis Apiaceae whole plant root, Essential Safrole: EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Page, R. L., & Lawrence, (Oliv.) (Umbelliferae seed oil from carcinogenic on Toxicity with 0.1 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg J. D. (1999). Potentiation ) root: 0.2 - mice and rats coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 of warfarin by dong 0.4% with (IARC, 1987). plant material used. mg/day at body quai. Pharmacotherapy: carvacrol Polysaccharides weight of 60 kg). The Journal of Human , safrole from Angelica Should be Pharmacology and and sinensis were orally consumed under Drug Therapy, 19(7), isosafrole administered daily medical supervision 870-876.; European ; contains to rats in doses of Food Safety Authority. furocoum 0, 0.025, 0.1, 0.25 Opinion of the Scientific arins: e.g. and 1 g/kg body Panel on food additives, bergapte weight for 7 days. flavourings, processing n, slight liver injury aids and material in psoralen was seen with the contact with food (AFC) highest dose on a request from the group (Wang et al. Commission related to 2004). A. sinensis coumarin. Question commonly number EFSA-Q-2003- substituted with A. 118. The EFSA Journal acutiloba and A. 2004;104:1-36. gigas, which are mainly found in Japan and Korea, respectively. However, the chemical constituents in these three species vary considerably (Lao et al. 2004). Essential oil intake may prolonge prothrombin time and INR value. Root essential oil (0.4%-0.7%): alkylphtalides: e.g. ligustilide. Essential oil said to have abortifacient activity however studies could not confirm this. Angelica Apiaceae leaves, root Furocou EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Lobiuc, A., Zamfirache, sylvestris L and seed marins: Toxicity with 0.1 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg M. M., & Iva nescu,̆ L. e.g. 5 coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 (2012). Comparative and 8 plant material used. mg/day at body anatomical methoxy weight of 60 kg). investigations on some psoralen Should be species of the genus consumed under Angelica L. Contributii medical supervision Botanice, 47, 67-72.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Angostura Rutaceae Cusparia bark bark Bark: Used as bitter in Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). trifoliata (Willd.) officinalis Quinoline drink production Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline T.S.Elias Engl.; type dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. Cusparia alkaloids in adults. May have Natural product reports, trifoliata (40%): cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, (Willd.) e.g. effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. Engl. cusparine (1985). Safety of , chloroquine in cusparein chemosuppression of e, malaria during allocuspa pregnancy. BMJ, reine, 290(6480), 1466-1467. galipoline , galipoidin e, galipidine , galipinine , galipine, quinaldin e, 4- methoxy quinaldin e, quinoline, 2-n-amyl- quinoline, candicin e, etc.); angostur a bitters 1 and 2 (3,5- dihydroxy -5-ethoxy- 2- syringoyl- 1-methyl- 4-O-β-d- glucopyr anosylcy clopenta ne and 3,5- dihydroxy -5-ethoxy- 2- vanilloyl- 1-methyl- 4-O-β-d- glucopyr anosylcy clopenta ne); sesquiter penes: e.g. β- bisabolen e, cadinol T, germacre ne D, δ- curcume ne Aniba Lauraceae wood; wood Essential Essential oil EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Aidong, W. M. L. W. H., & rosaeodora essential oil oil:1,8 (rosewood oil): cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.1 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Yi, Z. (1991). THE Ducke cineole linalool (70%), a- of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food COMPONENTS OF THE pinene, be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) ESSENTIAL OIL OF THE camphene, CHINESE MEDICINE YI ZHI geraniol, neral, REN (Alpinia oxyphylla geranial, myrcene, Miq.). Journal of Sun limonene, 1,8- Yat-sen University cineole, (Medical Sciences), 2, benzaldehyde, 017.; Council of Europe, linalool oxides and Committee of Experts a-terpineol. on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Annona Annonaceae fruit whole Total Annonacins Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). muricata L. plant alkaloids induce atypical Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline 0.65 g/kg Parkinsonism. They dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. in leaves, are lipophilic in adults. May have Natural product reports, 19.7 g/kg inhibitors of cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, in root complex I of the effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. bark, 2.5 mitochondrial (1985). Safety of g/kg in respiratory chain. chloroquine in stem Fruit and fruit juice chemosuppression of bark: 0.6 are food. These malaria during g/kg. acetogenins are pregnancy. BMJ, Leaves, not very well 290(6480), 1466-1467. seed and watersoluble. They bark: are most benzyltetr abundant in the ahydroiso seeds quinolines e.g. reticuline ; Fruit: isoquinoli ne alkaloids: annonain e , nornucife rine, asimilobin e; In leaf and fruit: acetoge nins: e.g. annonaci n Annona Annonaceae fruit leaf, Benzyl Atypical Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). reticulata L. seed, fruit tetrahydr parkinsonism has Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline oisoquino been associated dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. line: e.g. with the fruit and in adults. May have Natural product reports, reticuline; herbal teas of cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, acetoge leaves from A. effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. nins: muricata, A. (1985). Safety of annoretic reticulata and A. chloroquine in uin, squamosa chemosuppression of annoretic (Caparros- malaria during uin-9-one, Lefebvre & Elbaz pregnancy. BMJ, bullataci 1999). 290(6480), 1466-1467. n, These acetogenins squamoci are not very well n, cis- watersoluble. They /trans- are most bullataci abundant in the none and seeds cis-/trans- murisolino ne , Annona Annonaceae fruit leaf, Leaves, Atypical EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Shashirekha, M. N., squamosa L. seed, fruit seed and parkinsonism has cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.07 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Baskaran, R., Rao, L. J., bark: been associated of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food Vijayalakshmi, M. R., & benzyltetr with the fruit and be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Rajarathnam, S. (2008). ahydroiso herbal teas of Influence of processing quinolines leaves from A. conditions on flavour e.g. muricata, A. compounds of custard reticuline. reticulata and A. apple (Annona Fruit: 1,8 squamosa squamosa L.). LWT-Food cineole (Caparros- Science and (1.4%), Lefebvre & Elbaz Technology, 41(2), 236- cyanoge 1999). The 243.; Council of Europe, nic acetogenins are Committee of Experts glycoside not very well on Flavouring s. Seeds: watersoluble. They Substances. Natural mono- are most sources of flavourings. tetrahydr abundant in the Report No. 3. Belgium: ofuran seeds. Council of Europe annonac Publishing; 2008 eous acetoge nins: squafosa cins B, C, F, and G , squadioli ns A-C , and cis- annotem oyin-1 , as well as eight known annonac eous acetoge nins: glabranin , annotem oyins-1 and -2, bullatenci n, cis- bullatenci n, and uvariamic ins-I, -II, and -III, phytoster ols, amino acids, essential oil. Anogeissus Combretace bark; gum Tannins, flavonoids Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Patil, U. H., & Gaikwad, latifolia (Roxb. ex ae toxic when 25 g plant material is concentration of D. K. (1968). Seasonal DC.) Wall. ex consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- dynamics in the Bedd. be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to nutritional and gastrointestinal antinutritional status of toxicity. Daily intake stem bark of Anogeissus should not exceed latifolia. International 1500 mg tannins. journal of applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology 2011a, 2(1), 20.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Anredera Basellaceae leaf, root Baseloids are Toxicity due to ancordin (proteolytic Leaf extracts Chuang, M. T., Lin, Y. S., baselloides strongly enzyme) in the roots. Content of contain saponins & Hou, W. C. Ancordin, (Kunth) Baill. hypoglycemic. ancordin should be declared. (relatively safe) the major rhizome Ancordin: tripsin protein of madeira-vine, inhibitory activity. with trypsin inhibitory Leaf and root are and stimulatory activities eaten. Cases of in nitric oxide intoxication of productions.; Espada, cattle mentioned. A., Rodriguez, J., In Australia Villaverde, M. C., & suspected of killing Riguera, R. (1990). cattle. Hypoglucaemic triterpenoid saponins from Boussingaultia baselloides. Canadian journal of chemistry, 68(11), 2039-2044. Antennaria Compositae aerial part aerial Linear Polyphenolic EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & dioica (L.) (Asteraceae) part furocoum compounds: content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 Davis, J. (2012). The Gaertn. arins: e.g. flavonoids. Flowers should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal food safety hazard bergamo are non novel in used. use). Should be guidebook. Royal ttin, novel food consumed under Society of Chemistry. catalogue medical supervision Anthemis cotula Compositae aerial part Flower essential oil EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary REZAEI, M., & JAYMAND, L. (1.8%): n- Toxicity with 0.170 ml of oil. Content salicylates should K. Paper: CHEMICAL nonadecane of salicylate should be declared for not exceed 15.3 mg COMPOSITION OF (10.8%), cedrane plant material used. but sensitive subjects ESSENTIAL OILS FROM (9.2%) and (E, E) - may react to 2.6 mg LEAVES AND FLOWERS a -farnesene (6%). daily. OF ANTHEMIS COTULA L. Leaf essential oil: 1- FROM GILAN eicosane (11%), PROVINCE.; Corder, E. benzylsalicylate H., & Buckley, C. E. (8.9%) and (1995). Aspirin, aromadendrene salicylate, sulfite and (7.1%). Root: tartrazine induced polyacetylenes , bronchoconstriction. prenylated 4- Safe doses and case hydroxyacetophe definition in nones. Contains a epidemiological strong allergenic: studies. Journal of anthecotulide clinical (sesquiterpenelact epidemiology , 48 (10), on). Sometimes 1269-1275. used to falsify Matricaria recutita. Anthriscus Apiaceae flowering Essential Essential oil (0.3- The EO is potentially toxic due to Estragole toxic level Brechbill, G. O. (2006). cerefolium (L.) (Umbelliferae top; essential oil (0.3- 0.9%): estragole (0.003 ml of EO) and 0.05 mg/kg body The Art of Fragrance Hoffm. ) oil 0.9%): methylchavicol eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) content. weight, i.e. 0.003g. Ingredients.; Council of phenylpr (60-80%), 1-allyl- Content of eucalyptol should be Limit for eucalyptol Europe, Committee of opanoids: 2,4- declared for plant material used. (1,8-cineole) use; 10 Experts on Flavouring methylch dimethoxybenzen mg/kg of food Substances. Natural avicol e (16-30%), (0.001%) sources of flavourings. (60-80%), undecane (5-10%), Report No. 3. Belgium: monoterp 1,8-cineole, trans- Council of Europe ene anethole (traces); Publishing; 2008 etheroxid aerial part: e: 1,8- polyphenolic cineole compouds: flavonoids: appine. Seed: furocoumarines: e.g. apterine. Anthriscus Apiaceae aerial part Root: high Toxicity due to beta-phellandrene beta-phellandrene Bos, R., Koulman, A., sylvestris (L.) amounts of should be stated. Pure EO should not content should not Woerdenbag, H. J., Hoffm. deoxypodophyllot be consumed directly (<0.02 ml of exceed 100 ppm Quax, W. J., & Pras, N. oxin and related EO). Content should be stated. (0.01%) daily. (2002). Volatile lignans. components from Leaf essential oil: Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) b-phellandrene Hoffm. Journal of (39–45%), b- Chromatography A, myrcene (17%), 966(1), 233-238.; Luebke, sabinene (6.2%), Z- W. (2011). beta- b-ocimene (5.4%) phellandrene 555-10-2. and benzene acetaldehyde (4.1%). In the roots we found Z-b- ocimene (16.9%) and a-pinene (4.6%). In root : Z-b- ocimene (16.9%) and a-pinene (4.6%). Anthyllis Leguminosae whole plant Triterpene No major safety concern. Content of Nartowska, J. A. D. W. I. vulneraria L. (Fabaceae) pentacyclic sapogenins should be declared. G. A., Wawer, I. W. O. N. sapogenin: A., & Strzelecka, H. A. L. sojasapogenol B. I. N. A. (2001). Polyphenolic Triterpenoid sapogenin compounds: from Anthyllis vulneraria quercetol, L. Acta poloniae apigenin... pharmaceutica , 58 (4), 289-292.

Antirrhinum Plantaginace aerial part Iridoids: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Høgedal, B. D., & majus L. ae anthirrhinoside iridoid glycosides (22 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Mølgaard, P. (2000). (1.5%), linaride, extract). Content should be daily for an adult. HPLC analysis of the deoxycatalpol. declared. seasonal and diurnal Anthocyanidins; variation of iridoids in flavanes cultivars of Antirrhinum majus. Biochemical systematics and ecology , 28 (10), 949- 962. Aphanes arvensis Rosaceae Alchemill aerial part Gallotannins Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Barnett, O. W., & L. a arvensis toxic when plant material is concentration of Murant, A. F. (1970). Host (L.) Scop. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- range, properties and be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to purification of raspberry gastrointestinal bushy dwarf virus. toxicity. Daily intake Annals of applied should not exceed Biology, 65(3), 435-449.; 1500 mg tannins. Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Apium Apiaceae whole plant , Furocou Essential oil (2-3%) : EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Ahluwalia, V. K., Boyd, graveolens L. (Umbelliferae essential oil marins: monoterpenes eg. content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 D. R., Jain, A. K., ) psoralen, limonene (60%), should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal Khanduri, C. H., & bergapte selinene ((10%), used. use). Should be Sharma, N. D. (1988). n, butylphtalide, consumed under Furanocoumarin xanthoto sedanolide(3%). C- medical supervision glucosides from the xin, and prenylcoumarines: seeds of Apium isopimpin osthenol, graveolens. ellin. apigravine, Phytochemistry, 27(4), celerine. 1181-1183.; Lawley, R., Furocoumarins Curtis, L., & Davis, J. amount depends (2012). The food safety whether the celery hazard guidebook. is healthy or Royal Society of diseased and may Chemistry. range from 1 ppm up to 10 ppm. Polyphenolic compounds: flavonoids. Aralia elata Araliaceae leaf, root Oleanane Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Saito, S., Sumita, S., (Miq.) Seem. bark triterpene for the preparation. concentration of Tamura, N., Nagamura, saponins: e.g. 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Y., Nishida, K., Ito, M., & cougmunoside, mg/ml with an Ishiguro, I. (1990). silphiosides, average intake of 5 Saponins from the aralosides g of herb. leaves of Aralia elata Seem.(Araliaceae). Che mical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin , 38 (2), 411-414.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology, 40(4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Aralia racemosa Araliaceae rhizome and Polyynes: eg. Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood A Clement, J., & SH L. root falcarinon, for the preparation. concentration of Clement, E. (2014). The falcarinolon; 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Medicinal Chemistry of triterpene mg/ml with an Genus Aralia. Current saponins: e.g. average intake of 5 topics in medicinal aralosides g of herb. chemistry , 14 (24), 2783- 2801.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology, 40(4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Arbutus unedo L. Ericaceae fruit and leaf fruit and Leaf: Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Andrade, D., Gil, C., leaf phenolgly toxic when plant material is concentration of Breitenfeld, L., cosides: consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Domingues, F., & arbutin be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Duarte, A. P. (2009). (0.06%), gastrointestinal Bioactive extracts from piceoside toxicity. Daily intake Cistus ladanifer and (0.02%); should not exceed Arbutus unedo L. fruit and 1500 mg tannins. Industrial Crops and leaf: rich Products, 30(1), 165-167.; in tannins Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Argania spinosa Sapotaceae fruit, kernel oil Steroidal and Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Charrouf, Z., Wieruszeski, (L.) Skeels triterpene for the preparation. concentration of J. M., Fkih-Tetouani, S., saponins. 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Leroy, Y., Charrouf, M., & Saponins: water mg/ml with an Fournet, B. (1992). extract in mice average intake of 5 Triterpenoid saponins (oral route:100- g of herb. from Argania spinosa. 200mg/kg): blood Phytochemistry, 31(6), sugar decreasing 2079-2086.; Ray, B., after 3 months. Loutelier-Bourhis, C., Lange, C., Condamine, E., Driouich, A., & Lerouge, P. (2004). Structural investigation of hemicellulosic polysaccharides from Argania spinosa: characterisation of a novel xyloglucan motif. Carbohydrate research, 339(2), 201-208.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology, 40(4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Armoracia Brassicaceae root, essential root Glucosino Ascorbic acid. Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Chandra, A. K., rusticana P. oil lates (0.2- Flavonoids. glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Mukhopadhyay, S., Gaertn., B. Mey. 0.6%): Possible stomacal glycosides) (800 mg of plant extract). (goitrogenic Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. et Scherb. sinigrine, irritation . Not to be Content should be declared. glycosides) use: 5 (2004). Goitrogenic gluconast used when mg/day). These content of Indian urtiine, stomach ulcer . exhibit antithyroid cyanogenic plant food glucobras activity. & their in vitro anti- sicanapin thyroidal activity. Indian e, Journal of Medical glucobras Research, 119, 180-185.; sicine Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf).; Li, X., & Kushad, M. M. (2004). Correlation of glucosinolate content to myrosinase activity in horseradish (Armoracia rusticana). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 52(23), 6950- 6955. Artemisia Compositae Artemisia aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Mucciarelli, M., abrotanum L. (Asteraceae) procera part oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.003 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Caramiello, R., Maffei, Willd. bicyclic ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food M., & Chialva, F. (1995). monoterp should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Essential oils from some enes: e.g. used. Artemisia species alpha- growing spontaneously thujone; in North ‐West Italy. monoterp Flavour and fragrance ene journal, 10(1), 25-32.; etheroxid Council of Europe, e: 1,8 Committee of Experts cineole; on Flavouring phenylpr Substances. Natural opanoids: sources of flavourings. e.g. Report No. 3. Belgium: methyleu Council of Europe genol. Publishing; 2008 Essential oil from leaf (1.4%): bicyclic monoterp enes: e.g. thujones (up to 70%); monoterp ene etheroxid e: 1,8 cineole (up to 60%). Artemisia Compositae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Mucciarelli, M., absinthium L. part oil of (Z)- cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.070 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Caramiello, R., Maffei, epoxy- ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food M., & Chialva, F. (1995). ocimene should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Essential oils from some chemoty used. Artemisia species pe: growing spontaneously bicyclic in North ‐West Italy. monoterp Flavour and fragrance enes: e.g. journal, 10(1), 25-32.; alpha- Council of Europe, thujone Committee of Experts (up to on Flavouring 0.30%), Substances. Natural beta- sources of flavourings. thujone Report No. 3. Belgium: (up to Council of Europe 7.78%), Publishing; 2008 camphor (0.19- 9.30%). Essential oil of sabinyl acetate chemoty pe: alpha- thujone (0.12- 0.2%), beta- thujone (0.58- 0.71%), camphor (up to 0.31%). Essential oil of chrysante nyl acetate chemoty pe: alpha- thujone (1.32%), beta- thujone (18.72%), camphor (0.18%). Essential oil of beta- thujone chemoty pe: alpha- thujone (0.53- 2.76%), beta- thujone (17.5- 59.9%), camphor (0.10- 0.16%). Essential oil of beta- thujone/e poxy ocimene mixed chemoty pes: alpha- thujone (0.7- 1.68%), beta- thujone (20.9- 40.6%). Essential oil of cis- chrysanth enol chemoty pe: alpha- thujone 2.55- 21.6%, beta- thujone (3.75- 25.9%).

Artemisia Compositae aerial part Essential oil (0.8%): EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Liu, Z. L., Chu, S. S., & Liu, capillaris Thunb. capillene (40.1%), cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.003 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Q. R. (2010). Chemical α-pinene (2.4%) ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food composition and and p-cymene should be declared for plant material (0.001%) insecticidal activity (2.5%) , γ-terpinene used. against Sitophilus (24.6%) and zeamais of the essential eugenol (15.0%) oils of Artemisia capillaris and Artemisia mongolica. Molecules, 15(4), 2600-2608.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008

Artemisia Compositae aerial part Essential Essential oil (0.25- EO toxic due to estragole content. toxic level 0.05 Sayyah, M., Nadjafnia, dracunculus L. (Asteraceae) oil (0.25- 0.3.1%): Toxicity with 0.005 ml of oil. Content mg/kg body weight, L., & Kamalinejad, M. 0.3.1%): methylchavicol of estragole should be declared for i.e. 0.003g (2004). Anticonvulsant phenylpr (50-80%) , trans- plant material used. activity and chemical opanoids: beta-ocimene (5- composition of Artemisia e.g. 22%), cis-beta- dracunculus L. essential methylch ocimene (5-14%), oil. Journal of avicol anethole (10%), ethnopharmacology , 94 (50-80%) terpinene…Leaf: (2), 283-287. polyphenolic compounds : flavonoid glycosides: quercetine, patuletine. Hydroxycoumarine s: herniarine. Isocoumarines: artemidine. Polyines: capillarine. Essential oil hepatotoxic. Presence of chemotypes. Artemisia frigida Compositae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Abad, M. J., Bedoya, L. Willd. part oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.003 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 M., Apaza, L., & bicyclic ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Bermejo, P. (2012). The monoterp should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Artemisia L. genus: a enes: e.g. used. review of bioactive beta- essential oils. Molecules, thujone 17(3), 2542-2566. (5%). Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Artemisia genipi Compositae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Mucciarelli, M., Weber ex (Asteraceae) part oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.170 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Caramiello, R., Maffei, Stechm. monoterp ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food M., & Chialva, F. (1995). ene should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Essential oils from some etheroxid used. Artemisia species e: 1,8- growing spontaneously cineole; in North ‐West Italy. bicyclic Flavour and fragrance monoterp journal, 10(1), 25-32.; enes: e.g. Council of Europe, alpha Committee of Experts (26%)- on Flavouring and beta Substances. Natural (6.8%)- sources of flavourings. thujones. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Artemisia Compositae aerial part Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Mucciarelli, M., glacialis L. oil : e.g. cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.006 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Caramiello, R., Maffei, camphor, ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food M., & Chialva, F. (1995). 1,8- should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Essential oils from some cineole used. Artemisia species growing spontaneously in North ‐West Italy. Flavour and fragrance journal, 10(1), 25-32.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Artemisia judaica Compositae aerial part essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Abd-Elhady, H. (2012). L. oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.006 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Insecticidal activity and piperiton ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food chemical composition e (32.4%), should be declared for plant material (0.001%) of essential oil from camphor used. Artemisia judaica L. (20.6%) against Callosobruchus and (E)-Et maculatus cinnnam (F.)(Coleoptera: ate Bruchidae). Journal of (8.2%). Plant Protection Research, 52(3), 347- 352.; Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Artemisia Compositae aerial part Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Abad, M. J., Bedoya, L. pontica L. oil: 1.8- cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.004 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 M., Apaza, L., & cineole ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Bermejo, P. (2012). The (14.1%) should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Artemisia L. genus: a and used. review of bioactive camphor essential oils. Molecules, (13.9%) 17(3), 2542-2566. are the Council of Europe, main Committee of Experts compone on Flavouring nts. Substances. Natural Sesquiter sources of flavourings. penes Report No. 3. Belgium: lactones : Council of Europe artemin, Publishing; 2008 5-epi- artemin and 8 α- hydroxyta urin, 5- hydroxye udesman olides Artemisia Compositae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Mucciarelli, M., umbelliformis part oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.05 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Caramiello, R., Maffei, Lam. bicyclic of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food M., & Chialva, F. (1995). monoterp be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Essential oils from some enes: e.g. Artemisia species alpha- growing spontaneously thujone in North ‐West Italy. (57.7%), Flavour and fragrance beta- journal, 10(1), 25-32.; thujone Council of Europe, (8.6%) Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Artemisia Compositae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Mucciarelli, M., vallesiaca All. part oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.007 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Caramiello, R., Maffei, bicyclic ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food M., & Chialva, F. (1995). monoterp should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Essential oils from some ene: e.g. used. Artemisia species camphor growing spontaneously (33.3%); in North ‐West Italy. monoterp Flavour and fragrance ene journal, 10(1), 25-32.; etheroxid Council of Europe, e: 1,8- Committee of Experts cineole on Flavouring (17%), Substances. Natural phenylpr sources of flavourings. opanoids: Report No. 3. Belgium: e.g. Council of Europe methylch Publishing; 2008 avicol. Artemisia Compositae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Mucciarelli, M., verlotiorum part oil: α- cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.009 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Caramiello, R., Maffei, Lamotte thujone ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food M., & Chialva, F. (1995). (46.7- should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Essential oils from some 57.2%), used. Artemisia species terpinen- growing spontaneously 4-ol (1.2- in North ‐West Italy. 15.2%)an Flavour and fragrance d 1,8- journal, 10(1), 25-32.; cineole Council of Europe, (5.1-9.8%) Committee of Experts as major on Flavouring constitue Substances. Natural nts. The sources of flavourings. minor Report No. 3. Belgium: constitue Council of Europe nts of the Publishing; 2008 oil were borneol (0.2-6.9%) and camphor. Sesquiter pene lactones (1.2- 2.1%). Artemisia vulgaris Compositae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Mucciarelli, M., L. part oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.030 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Caramiello, R., Maffei, bicyclic ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food M., & Chialva, F. (1995). monoterp should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Essential oils from some enes: e.g. used. Artemisia species alpha- growing spontaneously thujone in North ‐West Italy. (56.3%), Flavour and fragrance beta- journal, 10(1), 25-32.; thujone Council of Europe, (7.5%), Committee of Experts camphor on Flavouring (20%); Substances. Natural monoterp sources of flavourings. ene Report No. 3. Belgium: etheroxid Council of Europe e: 1,8- Publishing; 2008 cineole (26.8%). Asparagus Asparagace root Spirostanic Toxicity due to spirostanic steroidal High doses of Zhang, H. J., Sydara, K., cochinchinensis ae steroidal saponins: saponins. Content should be stated. spirostanic steroidal Tan, G. T., Ma, C., (Lour.) Merr. e.g. asparacoside. saponin (possibly 1.5 Southavong, B., High doses may g of saponins daily) Soejarto, D. D., ... & induce may induce Fong, H. H. (2004). gastrointestinal gastrointestinal Bioactive Constituents disturbances disturbances from Asparagus cochinchinensis ⊥. Journal of natural products, 67(2), 194- 200.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine , 125. Asparagus Asparagace root Saponins: Toxicity due to spirostanic steroidal High doses of Shao, Y. U., Poobrasert, officinalis L. ae furostanol and saponins. Content should be stated. spirostanic steroidal O., Kennelly, E. J., Chin, spirostanol saponin (possibly 1.5 C. K., Ho, C. T., Huang, glycosides: g of saponins daily) M. T., ... & Cordell, G. A. asparagosides may induce (1997). Steroidal (sarsapogenin gastrointestinal saponins from derivatives) disturbances Asparagus officinalis and their cytotoxic activity. Planta medica, 63(3), 258-262.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine , 125. Asparagus Asparagace whole plant root Isoflavon Contains also: Toxicity due to polycyclic alkaloids. Polycyclic alkaloids SEKINE, T. (1994). racemosus Willd. ae e: 8- Polycyclic alkaloid Content should be stated. are therapeutic at STRUCTURE CF methoxy- : asparagamine A; dose of 270 mg ASPARAGAMIN EA, A 5,6,4'- Steroidal saponins: (nicotine) daily in NOVEL POLYCYCLIC trihydroxyi e.g. shatavarin I–IV adults. ALKALOID FROM soflavone (the glycosides of ASPARAGUS 7-O-beta- sarsasapogenin). RACEMOSUS. D- Phytoestrogenic glucopyr properties: roots anoside are considered a Isoflavon uterine tonic and e: 8- galactogogue. methoxy- 5,6,4'- trihydroxyi soflavone 7-O-beta- D- glucopyr anoside Isoflavon e: 8- methoxy- 5,6,4'- trihydroxyi soflavone 7-O-beta- D- glucopyr anoside Isoflavon e: 8- methoxy- 5,6,4'- trihydroxyi soflavone 7-O-beta- D- glucopyr anoside Asplenium Aspleniacea leaf, root Fern. Triterpenoids: Potential toxicity due to heavy metal Unless well Hagers Handbuch der adiantum-nigrum e hopene; accumulation and fern carcinogenic characterised, it is Pharmazeutischen Praxis L. hydroxycinnamic substances. Content has to be not advisable to 1998. Springer Verlag. acid derivatives; declared. market products for ISBN 3-540-52688-9; xanthones. this fern. Pratas, J., Favas, P. J., Asplenium species D’Souza, R., Varun, M., & said to provoque Paul, M. S. (2013). sterility in women Phytoremedial assessment of flora tolerant to heavy metals in the contaminated soils of an abandoned Pb mine in Central Portugal. Chemosphere, 90(8), 2216-2225. Asplenium ruta- Aspleniacea aerial part Caffeic acid Potential toxicity due to heavy metal Unless well Fan, Peihong. 2012. muraria L. e glycoside, 2-O- accumulation and fern carcinogenic characterised, it is Chemical constituents caffeoyl-β-D- substances. Content has to be not advisable to of Asplenium ruta- fructofuranosyl-(2 declared. market products for muraria L.. Natural → 1)-α-D- this fern. Product Research 26 glucopyranoside (15): 1413-1418; Pratas, and an ( α,β)- J., Favas, P. J., D’Souza, isomeric pair of 2E- R., Varun, M., & Paul, M. caffeoyl-D- S. (2013). Phytoremedial glucopyranoside, assessment of flora together with tolerant to heavy metals kaempferol-3-O-β- in the contaminated D-[6-E-caffeoyl-β- soils of an abandoned D-glucopyranosyl- Pb mine in Central (1 → Portugal. Chemosphere, 2)glucopyranoside 90(8), 2216-2225. ]-7-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, 1-O-caffeoyl glycoside, sucrose, diploptene and β- sitosterol. Some ferns contain carcinogens.

Asplenium Aspleniacea Phyllitis aerial part Terpenoids; Potential toxicity due to heavy metal Unless well Y.M. Sohn et al. 2008. scolopendrium e scolopen kaempferol accumulation and fern carcinogenic characterised, it is Terpenoid constituents var. americanum drium (L.) glycosides. Fern. substances. Content has to be not advisable to from the aerial parts of (Fernald) Kartesz Newman Some ferns contain declared. market products for Asplenium & Gandhi carcinogens. this fern. scolopendrium. Natural Product Sciences. 14 (4) , 265-268.; Mizuno, Mizuoet al. 1990. Kaempferol glycosides in Asplenium scolopendrium Newm. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, C: Journal of Biosciences, 45(3-4), 143-6..; Pratas, J., Favas, P. J., D’Souza, R., Varun, M., & Paul, M. S. (2013). Phytoremedial assessment of flora tolerant to heavy metals in the contaminated soils of an abandoned Pb mine in Central Portugal. Chemosphere, 90(8), 2216-2225. Asplenium Aspleniacea leaf, root Fern. Flavonoids, Potential toxicity due to heavy metal Unless well Dall'Acqua S et al. 2009. trichomanes L. e sterols, accumulation and fern carcinogenic characterised, it is In vitro estrogenic triterpenoids substances. Content has to be not advisable to activity of Asplenium (0.01%): hopene declared. market products for trichomanes L. extracts (100%). this fern. and isolated Emmenagogue compounds. J and abortive Ethnopharmacol. 122 effect described in (3):424-429. Hagers traditional info. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis 1998. Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-52688-9 Astracantha Leguminosae Astragalu gum Polysaccharides Toxicity due to indolizidine alkaloids Indolizidine alkaloids Elbein, A. D., Solf, R., adscendens s (gum tragacanth). (swainsonine). Content should be are therapeutic at Dorling, P. R., & (Boiss. & adscend Plant may stated. Gum used with foods. dose of 270 mg Vosbeck, K. (1981). Hausskn.) ens Boiss. accumulate toxic Selenium content should be (nicotine) daily in Swainsonine: an inhibitor Podlech & levels of Selenium. monitored. adults. It contains a of glycoprotein Hausskn. May produce toxic water-soluble processing. Proceedings nitropropanolglyco carbohydrate gum of the National sides: e.g. containing the Academy of miserotoxin ? May polysaccharides Sciences , 78 (12), 7393- produce the tragacanthin and 7397.; Michael, J. P. alkaloid bassorin collected (2005). Indolizidine and swainsonine? Gum from the taproot. quinolizidine alkaloids. for food use must Natural product reports, be specially 22(5), 603-626.; Asian, A. treated. Locoweeds For A Natural Gum & Medicinal Herbs. Astracantha Leguminosae Astragalu gum Polysaccharides Generally safe but content of Indolizidine alkaloids Elbein, A. D., Solf, R., cretica (Lam.) s creticus (gum tragacanth). indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine). are therapeutic at Dorling, P. R., & Podlech Lam. Plant may Gum used with foods. Selenium dose of 270 mg Vosbeck, K. (1981). accumulate toxic content should be monitored. (nicotine) daily in Swainsonine: an inhibitor levels of Selenium. adults. It contains a of glycoprotein May produce toxic water-soluble processing. Proceedings nitropropanolglyco carbohydrate gum of the National sides: e.g. containing the Academy of miserotoxin ? May polysaccharides Sciences , 78 (12), 7393- produce the tragacanthin and 7397.; Michael, J. P. alkaloid bassorin collected (2005). Indolizidine and swainsonine? Gum from the taproot. quinolizidine alkaloids. for food use must Natural product reports, be specially 22(5), 603-626.; Asian, A. treated. Locoweeds For A Natural Gum & Medicinal Herbs.

Astracantha Leguminosae Astragalu gum from Polysaccharides Generally safe but content of Indolizidine alkaloids Elbein, A. D., Solf, R., gummifera s aerial part (gum tragacanth). indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine). are therapeutic at Dorling, P. R., & (Labill.) Podlech gummifer May accumulate Gum used with foods. Selenium dose of 270 mg Vosbeck, K. (1981). Labill. toxic levels of content should be monitored. (nicotine) daily in Swainsonine: an inhibitor Selenium. adults. It contains a of glycoprotein water-soluble processing. Proceedings carbohydrate gum of the National containing the Academy of polysaccharides Sciences , 78 (12), 7393- tragacanthin and 7397.; Michael, J. P. bassorin collected (2005). Indolizidine and from the taproot. quinolizidine alkaloids. Natural product reports, 22(5), 603-626.; Asian, A. Locoweeds For A Natural Gum & Medicinal Herbs. Astracantha Leguminosae Astragalu gum from Polysaccharides Generally safe but content of Indolizidine alkaloids Elbein, A. D., Solf, R., microcephala s aerial part (gum tragacanth). indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine). are therapeutic at Dorling, P. R., & (Willd.) Podlech microcep May accumulate Gum used with foods. Selenium dose of 270 mg Vosbeck, K. (1981). halus toxic levels of content should be monitored. (nicotine) daily in Swainsonine: an inhibitor Willd. Selenium. adults. It contains a of glycoprotein water-soluble processing. Proceedings carbohydrate gum of the National containing the Academy of polysaccharides Sciences , 78 (12), 7393- tragacanthin and 7397.; Michael, J. P. bassorin collected (2005). Indolizidine and from the taproot. quinolizidine alkaloids. Natural product reports, 22(5), 603-626.; Asian, A. Locoweeds For A Natural Gum & Medicinal Herbs.

Astragalus Leguminosae root Isoflavon Triterpeneglycosid Generally safe but content of Isoflavones daily Chun-qing, S., Zhi-ren, Z., membranaceus es: es: e.g. isoflavones should be stated. intake should not Di, L., Zhi-bi, H., & Wan- Moench calycosin astragalosidesMay Selenium content should be exceed 90 mg. yun, S. (1997). e, concentrate monitored. These are Isoflavones from formonon selenium contraindicated in Astragalus etin cystic fibrosis, breast membranaceus. Acta and endometrial Bot Sin , 39 , 764-768.; cancers, kidney Bensky D, Gamble A. failure, Chinese Herbal hypothyroidism and Medicine: Materia diabetes. Medica, Revised Edition. Seattle, WA: Eastland Press; 1993.; Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang PY, Katoh R. Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(2):155-161. Astragalus verus Leguminosae root Triterpene Generally safe but content of Isoflavones daily Chun-qing, S., Zhi-ren, Z., Olivier glycosides; isoflavones should be stated. intake should not Di, L., Zhi-bi, H., & Wan- saponins Selenium content should be exceed 90 mg. yun, S. (1997). monitored. These are Isoflavones from contraindicated in Astragalus cystic fibrosis, breast membranaceus. Acta and endometrial Bot Sin , 39 , 764-768.; cancers, kidney Bensky D, Gamble A. failure, Chinese Herbal hypothyroidism and Medicine: Materia diabetes. Medica, Revised Edition. Seattle, WA: Eastland Press; 1993.; Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang PY, Katoh R. Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(2):155-161. Athamanta Apiaceae fruit and leaf fruit and Essential Sabinene is toxic Toxicity due to sabinene should be sabinene content Verykokidou, E., Tzakou, macedonica (L.) leaf oil: and an stated. Pure EO should not be should not exceed O., Loukis, A., & Roussis, Spreng. sabinene abortifacient consumed directly (<0.002 ml of EO). 10 ppm (0.001%) V. (1995). Chemical (50.47%). Content should be stated. daily. Compositon of the Essential Oil of Athamanta macedonica (L.) Sprengel subsp. macedonica from Greece. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 7(3), 335-336.; Luebke, W. (2011). sabinene hydrate 546-79-2. Atractylodes Compositae rhizome, root Root: Content of saponins should be Rhizome active Kimura M, Diwan PV, lancea (Thunb.) (Asteraceae) sesquiterpenes: declared. May not be suitable for constituents for anti- Yanagi S, Kon-No Y, DC. atractylenolide diabetics and patients on anti- hyperglycemic Nojima H, Kimura I. derivatives: e.g. coaguolant treament. activity are Potentiating effects of atractylenolide III , atractans A, B, C. beta-eudesmol-related atractylenolide II ; Aqueous rhizome cyclohexylidene Polyacetylenes: extracts may derivatives on e.g. 9-nor increase succinylcholine-induced atractylodin, prothormbin time. neuromuscular block in atractylodiol; Eudesmol, a isolated phrenic nerve- Steroid glycoside : sesquiterpenoid diaphragm muscles of e.g. Daucosterol. alcohol isolated normal and alloxan- Decoction of from Atractylodes diabetic mice. Biol rhizomes increases lancea, can Pharm prothrombine time potentiate diabetic Bull. 1995;18(3):407-10.; in humans. muscles than in Hayakawa, S., Liu, L., normal ones. Chishima, F., Akiyama, K., Hirata, Y., Imai, K., ... & Satoh, K. (1991). TREATMENT OF LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT POSITIVE PATIENTS WITH TRADITIONAL SINO- JAPANESE MEDICINES. In Proceedings of Annual Meeting of JSIR (Vol. 5, No. 0, pp. 245-258). Japan Society for Immunology of Reproduction. Atractylodes Compositae rhizome Aerial part: EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin European Food Safety macrocephala (Asteraceae) coumarin Toxicity with 0.03 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg Authority. Opinion of the Koidz. derivatives: e.g. 7- coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 Scientific Panel on food hydroxycoumarine plant material used. mg/day at body additives, flavourings, and 6,8- weight of 60 kg). processing aids and dimethoxy-7 Should be material in contact with hydroxycoumarine consumed under food (AFC) on a request . Rhizome: medical supervision from the Commission sesquiterpenes: related to coumarin. atractylenolides Question number EFSA- more than 16 Q-2003-118. The EFSA derivatives. Journal 2004;104:1-36. Decoction of rhizomes increases prothrombine time in humans.

Avena fatua L. Poaceae aerial part Root: Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Nisius, A. (1988). The triterpenesaponins: for the preparation. concentration of stromacentre inAvena avenacines 10% haemolysis is 7.3 plastids: An aggregation mg/ml with an of β-glucosidase average intake of 5 responsible for the g of herb. activation of oat-leaf saponins. Planta, 173(4), 474-481.; Singh, R., De, S., & Belkheir, A. (2013). Avena sativa (Oat), a potential neutraceutical and therapeutic agent: an overview. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 53(2), 126- 144.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology, 40(4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Avena sativa L. Poaceae aerial part Steroid saponins: Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Bahraminejad, S., e.g. avenacosides; for the preparation. concentration of Asenstorfer, R. E., Riley, I. flavonoids 10% haemolysis is 7.3 T., & Schultz, C. J. (2008). mg/ml with an Analysis of the average intake of 5 antimicrobial activity of g of herb. flavonoids and saponins isolated from the shoots of oats (Avena sativa L.). Journal of phytopathology , 156 (1), 1-7.;; Singh, R., De, S., & Belkheir, A. (2013). Avena sativa (Oat), a potential neutraceutical and therapeutic agent: an overview. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 53(2), 126- 144.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology, 40(4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Baccharis Compositae Baccharis whole plant whole Neoclero Only water Aqueous extracts are allowed in Aqueous extracts Kuroyanagi, M. A. S. A. genistelloides (Asteraceae) trimera plant danes extracts to be food supplements. May interact with contain flavonoids N. O. R. I., Fujita, K. Y. O. subsp. crispa (Less.) used. Warning in hypoglycaemic agents. Content of and possibly some U. K. O., Kazaoka, M. I. (Spreng.) DC. case of diabetes: flavonoids and possibly diterpenoid diterpenoid H. O. K. O., Matsumoto, Joch.Müll. has sugar lowering glycosides should be stated. glycosides. S., Ueno, A., Fukushima, effect. Chloroform extract S., & Katsuoka, M. contains the (1985). Studies on the aglycones of the constituents of diterpenoids. The Baccharis latter is not allowed genistelloides. Chem in food supplements Pharm Bul , 33 , 5075- due to its toxicity. 5078.; Torres, L. M. B., Gamberini, M. T., Roque, N. F., Lima-Landman, M. T., Souccar, C., & Lapa, A. J. (2000). Diterpene from Baccharis trimera with a relaxant effect on rat vascular smooth muscle. Phytochemistry, 55(6), 617-619. Bacopa monnieri Plantaginace Bacopa whole plant Saponins Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Deepak, M., Sangli, G. (L.) Wettst. ae monnieri for the preparation. concentration of K., Arun, P. C., & Amit, A. (L.) 10% haemolysis is 7.3 (2005). Quantitative Pennell mg/ml with an determination of the average intake of 5 major saponin mixture g of herb. bacoside A in Bacopa monnieri by HPLC. Phytochemical Analysis , 16 (1), 24-29.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology, 40(4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Balanites Zygophyllace whole plant Steroid saponins: Toxicity due to diosgenin type of High doses of Chapagain, B., & aegyptiaca (L.) ae e.g. diosgenin, steroidal saponins. Content should diosgenin type of Wiesman, Z. (2005). Delile yamogenin, be stated. steroidal saponins Variation in diosgenin balanitins (possibly 1.5 g of level in seed kernels saponins daily) may among different induce provenances of gastrointestinal Balanites aegyptiaca disturbances and Del (Zygophyllaceae) exert oestrogenic and its correlation with effects. oil content. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(11).; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Ballota nigra L. Lamiaceae aerial part Phenylpropanoid EO may be toxic due to Some cultivars may Monzote, L., Stamberg, glycosides: caryophyllene oxide and derivatives. contain high W., Staniek, K., & Gille, L. verbascoside, Conent should be declared for plant amount of (2009). Toxic effects of forsythoside B, parts used. caryophyllene oxide carvacrol, arenarioside, and (15%) in EO. 2.5 g or caryophyllene oxide, ballotetroside; 3 ml of EO may be and ascaridole from diterpene: furan fatal. essential oil of labdanic Chenopodium derivative 13- ambrosioides on hydroxyballonigroli mitochondria. de. Toxicology and applied Botanical pharmacology, 240(3), confusion possible 337-347. Mediavilla, V., with Teucrium & Steinemann, S. (1997). chamaedrys and Essential oil of Cannabis T. spp sativa L. strains. J. Int. Hemp Assoc, 4, 80-82.; Anwar, F., Latif, S., & Ashraf, M. (2006). Analytical characterization of hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed oil from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 83(4), 323-329.; Fraternale, D., Bucchini, A., Giamperi, L., & Ricci, D. (2009). Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Ballota nigra L. ssp foetida. Natural product communications, 4(4), 585-588. Ballota nigra Lamiaceae whole plant Labdane type EO may be toxic due to Some cultivars may Monzote, L., Stamberg, subsp. foetida diterpenes: e.g. caryophyllene oxide and derivatives. contain high W., Staniek, K., & Gille, L. (Vis.) Hayek ballotenol, Conent should be declared for plant amount of (2009). Toxic effects of ballotinone, parts used. caryophyllene oxide carvacrol, preleosibirin; (15%) in EO. 2.5 g or caryophyllene oxide, phenylpropanoids: 3 ml of EO may be and ascaridole from e.g. forsythoside, fatal. essential oil of verbascoside; Mild Chenopodium sedative due to ambrosioides on the mitochondria. phenylpropanoids. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 240(3), 337-347. Mediavilla, V., & Steinemann, S. (1997). Essential oil of Cannabis sativa L. strains. J. Int. Hemp Assoc, 4, 80-82.; Anwar, F., Latif, S., & Ashraf, M. (2006). Analytical characterization of hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed oil from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 83(4), 323-329.; Fraternale, D., Bucchini, A., Giamperi, L., & Ricci, D. (2009). Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Ballota nigra L. ssp foetida. Natural product communications, 4(4), 585-588. Bambusa Poaceae Bambusa shoot, stem leaf, root, Root: Fresh juice of the Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Chandra, A. K., bambos (L.) Voss (Gramineae) arundina shoot cyanoge leaves: weak cyanogenic glycosides (2.5 g of acid (cyanogenic Mukhopadhyay, S., cea nic inducer of ecbolic plant extract). Content should be compound) use: Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. (Retz.) glycoside activity (rapid declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day (2004). Goitrogenic Willd. s and labor) probably (e.g.1.4 mg/day) content of Indian derivative due to betaine ??; cyanogenic plant food s: e.g. shoot: reduces & their in vitro anti- taxiphyllin male fertility thyroidal activity. Indian ; Leaf: Journal of Medical betaine Research, 119, 180-185.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae shoot leaf, Cyanoge Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Chandra, A. K., Schrad. shoot nic cyanogenic glycosides (170 mg of acid (cyanogenic Mukhopadhyay, S., glycoside plant extract). Content should be compound) use: Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. s and declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day (2004). Goitrogenic derivative (e.g.1.4 mg/day) content of Indian s: e.g. cyanogenic plant food taxiphyllin & their in vitro anti- (immatur thyroidal activity. Indian e shoot Journal of Medical tips: 8000 Research, 119, 180-185.; mg Council of Europe, HCN/kg) Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Barbarea verna Brassicaceae aerial part aerial Glucosino Known to Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Barillari, J., Gueyrard, D., (Mill.) Asch. part lates: accumulate lead glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Rollin, P., & Iori, R. (2001). e.g. and cadmium. glycosides) (160 mg of plant extract). (goitrogenic Barbarea verna as a gluconast Kidney problems Content for glucosinolates, lead and glycosides) use: 5 source of 2-phenylethyl urtiin mentioned. cadmium should be declared. mg/day). These glucosinolate, precursor exhibit antithyroid of cancer activity. chemopreventive phenylethyl isothiocyanate. Fitoterapia, 72(7), 760- 764.; Chandra, A. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. (2004). Goitrogenic content of Indian cyanogenic plant food & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Barbarea vulgaris Brassicaceae aerial part aerial Glucosino Known to Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Agerbirk, N., Olsen, C. E., R.Br. part lates: accumulate lead glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates & Nielsen, J. K. (2001). accordin and cadmium. glycosides) (160 mg of plant extract). (goitrogenic Seasonal variation in g the Kidney problems Content for glucosinolates, lead and glycosides) use: 5 leaf glucosinolates and chemoty mentioned. cadmium should be declared. mg/day). These insect resistance in two pe: e.g. exhibit antithyroid types of Barbarea glucobar activity. vulgaris ssp. arcuata. barin Phytochemistry, 58(1), (BAR- 91-100.; Chandra, A. K., type) or Mukhopadhyay, S., by Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. gluconast (2004). Goitrogenic urtiin content of Indian (NAS- cyanogenic plant food type) & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Bellis perennis L. Compositae aerial part Oleanane EO should be used in moderate Triterpenoid Siatka, T., & Kašparová, (Asteraceae) triterpene doses and stated on the product. glycosides are M. (2010). Seasonal saponins: Aqueous extracfs contain pharmacologically variation in total perennisosides and triterpenoid glycosides. Content active. phenolic and flavonoid deacylsaponins: should be stated. contents and DPPH besysaponin. scavenging activity of Flavonoids: Bellis perennis L. bayogenin, flowers. Molecules , 15 (12 apigenin, ), 9450-9461.; kaempferol... Kavalcio ğlu, N., Açik, L., Demirci, F., Demirci, B., Demir, H., & Ba er, K. H. (2010). Biological activities of Bellis perennis volatiles and extracts. Natural product communications, 5(1), 147-150.; Morikawa, T., Li, X., Nishida, E., Nakamura, S., Ninomiya, K., Matsuda, H., ... & Yoshikawa, M. (2010). Medicinal Flowers. Part 29. Acylated Oleanane ‐Type Triterpene Bisdesmosides: Perennisaponins G, H, I, J, K, L, and M with Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activity from the Flowers of Bellis perennis. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 93(3), 573-586. Berberis Berberidace Mahonia root root Isoquinoli Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). aquifolium Pursh. ae aquifoliu ne Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline m (Pursh) alkaloids: dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. Nutt. e.g. in adults. May have Natural product reports, berberine cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, , effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. palmatin (1985). Safety of e, chloroquine in jatrorrhizin chemosuppression of e, and malaria during bisbenzylt pregnancy. BMJ, etrahydro 290(6480), 1466-1467. - isoquinoli ne alkaloids: e.g. berbamin e, oxyacant hine, isotetrand rine. Berberis aristata Berberidace root root Isoquinoli Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). DC. ae ne Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline alkaloids: dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. e.g. in adults. May have Natural product reports, berberine cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, , effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. palmatin (1985). Safety of e, chloroquine in jatrorrhizin chemosuppression of e, and malaria during bisbenzylt pregnancy. BMJ, etrahydro 290(6480), 1466-1467. - isoquinoli ne alkaloids: e.g. berbamin e, oxyacant hine, isotetrand rine.

Berberis vulgaris Berberidace root root Isoquinoli Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). L. ae ne Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline alkaloids: dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. e.g. in adults. May have Natural product reports, berberine cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, (0.5 - 6%), effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. palmatin (1985). Safety of e, chloroquine in jatrorrhizin chemosuppression of e, and malaria during bisbenzylt pregnancy. BMJ, etrahydro 290(6480), 1466-1467. - isoquinoli ne alkaloids: e.g. berbamin e, oxyacant hine, isotetrand rine. Bergenia Saxifragacea leaf leaf Hydroqui High amount of arbutin. Not Intestinal bacteria Pozharitskaya, O. N., crassifolia (L.) e non: recommended for internal use. can transform Ivanova, S. A., Shikov, A. Fritsch arbutin arbutin into N., Makarov, V. G., & (11%-13%) hydroquinone, Galambosi, B. (2007). which can favorable Separation and intestinal evaluation of free carcinogenesis. It is radical ‐scavenging usually used activity of phenol externally though components of green, there is uncertainity brown, and black on its safety. leaves of Bergenia crassifolia by using HPTLC ‐DPPH• method. Journal of separation science ,30 (15), 2447- 2451. Bertholletia Lecythidace nut nut Selenium Brazil nut.High No major safety concerns. However, This plant John, J. A., & Shahidi, F. excelsa Bonpl. ae selenium content: Selenium levels should be monitored accumulates high (2010). Phenolic 100 g nuts provide amounts of selenium compounds and about 1917 µg of (19.17 ppm) antioxidant activity of selenium. High Brazil nut (Bertholletia consumption may excelsa). Journal of lead to selenium Functional Foods , 2(3), toxicity. 196-209. Beta vulgaris L. Amaranthac whole plant whole Whole N,N,N Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate eae plant plant: trimethylglycine extract: 4.5 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its betaine (betaine). Betaïne 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia (0.2 5% - induces rapid Should be Pacific Journal of 4.85%) labor (?) consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae leaf, fruit, Essential Seed: carotenoids: Now major safety concerns in Usually used as a Jondiko, I. J., & seed oil of the bixine, norbixine, modate concentrations. food additive Pattenden, G. (1989). seed methylbixine; (colorant) in small Terpenoids and an (0.25- diapocarotenoids, amounts on all food apocarotenoid from 0.85%): apocarotenoids. types. The seeds seeds of Bixa orellana. e.g. Colouring agent contain also Phytochemistry, 28(11), ishwaran for food terpenoids and 3159-3162.; Galindo- e (9%) apocarotenoids Cuspinera, V., Lubran, M. B., & Rankin, S. A. (2002). Comparison of volatile compounds in water-and oil-soluble annatto (Bixa orellana L.) extracts. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 50(7), 2010- 2015. Blainvillea Compositae Spilanthe aerial part flower, N- Spilanthol: Due to the presence of N- Singh, P., Sharma, A. K., acmella (L.) s acmella leaf alkylamid larvicidal and alkylamides, the content should be Joshi, K. C., Jakupovic, Philipson (L.) es: e.g. antimalarial effect. declared. J., & Bohlmann, F. Murray; spilanthol In some parts in (1985). Acmella (1%) Brazil the herb is Acanthospermolides oleracea eaten in case of and other constituents (L.) R. K. anaemia. from Blainvillea Jansen acmella. Phytochemistry , 24(9), 2023-2028.: Saraf, D. K., & Dixit, V. K. (2002). Spilanthes acmella Murr.: study on its extract spilanthol as larvicidal compound. Asian J. Exp. Sci, 16(1), 2. Borago officinalis Boraginacea flower, seed leaf, stem Unsaturat Flower, seed and Extracts containing Pyrrolizidine Senecionine, Mattocks, A. R. (1968). L. e ed seed oil do not alkaloids are banned. These are pyrolizidine and Toxicity of pyrrolizidine pyrrolizidi contain the extremely toxic. Content should be quinolizidine alkaloids. Nature, 217, ne pyrrolizidine stated. Flower, seed and seed oil do alkaloids are toxic at 723-728; Smith, L. W., & alkaloids: alkaloids not contain the pyrrolizidine alkaloids concentrations of Culvenor, C. C. J. e.g. 0.0001% (1 ppm) in (1981). Plant sources of lycopsam adults. hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine ine, 7- alkaloids. Journal of acetyl- Natural Products, 44(2), lycopsam 129-152. ine, amabiline , supinine.

Boronia Rutaceae aerial part Flower essential oil Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Weyerstahl, P., megastigma (0.4%-0.8%): be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not Marschall, H., Bork, W. Nees ex Bartlett ionone and consumed directly. Content should exceed 160 ppm R., Rilk, R., Schneider, S., dodecylacetate be stated. (0.016%) daily. & Wahlburg, H. C. as main (1995). Constituents of compounds and the absolute of Boronia typical for the megastigma Nees. from flavour Tasmania. Flavour and fragrance journal, 10(5), 297-311.; Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80- 56-8. Boswellia sacra Burseraceae bark bark Essential Pentacyclic The EO is potentially toxic due to toxic level 0.05 Al-Harrasi, A., & Al-Saidi, Flueck. oil from triterpenes: e.g. estragole mg/kg body weight, S. (2008). Phytochemical the gum boswellic acids, i.e. 0.003g analysis of the essential resin: lupeolic acids oil from botanically phenylpr certified oleogum resin opanoids: of Boswellia sacra e.g. (Omani methylch Luban). Molecules , 13 (9), avicol. 2181-2189. Boswellia serrata Burseraceae oleoresin oleoresin Essential Pentacyclic The EO is potentially toxic due to toxic level 0.05 Camarda, L., Dayton, T., Roxb. ex Colebr. oil from triterpene acids: estragole mg/kg body weight, Di Stefano, V., Pitonzo, the gum e.g.boswelic acids i.e. 0.003g R., & Schillaci, D. (2007). resin: Chemical composition phenylpr and antimicrobial opanoids activity of some (up to oleogum resin essential 11%): e.g. oils from Boswellia methylch spp.(Burseraceae). Ann avicol. ali di chimica , 97 (9), 837-844.

Brassica Brassicaceae aerial part aerial Sulfur Edible (broccoli). Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate oleracea L. part compoun Side effect: high extract: 36 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its ds: doses of 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia glucosinol glucosinolates Should be Pacific Journal of ates and may induce consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), derivative thyroidal medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. s hypertrophy. "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Brassica rapa L. Brassicaceae Sinapis whole plant Seed: Lipids: cultivars Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Chandra, A. K., juncea L. glucosinol without erucic glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Mukhopadhyay, S., ates: acid. glycosides) (125 mg of plant extract). (goitrogenic Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. sinigrine Content should be declared. glycosides) use: 5 (2004). Goitrogenic (1-4%), mg/day). These content of Indian gluconap exhibit antithyroid cyanogenic plant food ine, activity. & their in vitro anti- glucobras thyroidal activity. Indian sicanapin Journal of Medical e. Volatile Research, 119, 180-185.; compoun Williamson G. (2008) ds: Glucosinolates from isothiocy Brassica vegetables:risks antes and benefits. University releasing of Leeds. with (http://www.tekno.dk/p myrosinas df/projekter/STOA- e. human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Brassica rapa Brassicaceae whole plant, whole Sulfur High doses of Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Chandra, A. K., subsp. rapa sprout plant compoun glucosinolates glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Mukhopadhyay, S., ds: may induce glycosides) (125 mg of plant extract). (goitrogenic Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. glucosinol thyroidal Content should be declared. glycosides) use: 5 (2004). Goitrogenic ates and hypertrophy mg/day). These content of Indian derivative exhibit antithyroid cyanogenic plant food s activity. & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Bupleurum Apiaceae root root Saikosap May increase Toxicity due to the presence of Saikosaponins Verykokidou, E., Tzakou, chinense DC. onins A blood sugar triterpenoid glycosides exhibit several O., Loukis, A., & Roussis, and D = content: not to be (saikosaponins). Content should be pharmacological V. (1995). Chemical fuco- used by diabetics. declared. activities including Compositon of the glycoside May increase mineralcorticoid Essential Oil of s derived bleeding time: not effects, interactions Athamanta from to be used when with anticoagulants macedonica (L.) saikogeni under treatment and Sprengel subsp. ns F and with hyperglycaemic macedonica from G ( ethers anticoagulants. effects. Greece. Journal of of tri- Corticoid type Essential Oil Research, hydroxyla induction 7(3), 335-336.; Kubota, ted- properties by IP in T., Tonami, F., & Hinoh, oleanane rats. H. (1967). Triterpenoids derivative from bupleurum s) falcatum L.—I: The structure of saikogenins A, C and D. Tetrahedron, 23(8), 3333-3351. Bupleurum Apiaceae aerial part Oleanane type Toxicity due to the presence of Saikosaponins Verykokidou, E., Tzakou, rotundifolium L. triterpene triterpenoid glycosides exhibit several O., Loukis, A., & Roussis, saponins: e.g. (saikosaponins). Content should be pharmacological V. (1995). Chemical rotundiosides C, E, declared. activities including Compositon of the F mineralcorticoid Essential Oil of effects, interactions Athamanta with anticoagulants macedonica (L.) and Sprengel subsp. hyperglycaemic macedonica from effects. Greece. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 7(3), 335-336.; Kubota, T., Tonami, F., & Hinoh, H. (1967). Triterpenoids from bupleurum falcatum L.—I: The structure of saikogenins A, C and D. Tetrahedron, 23(8), 3333-3351. Bursera Burseraceae fruit, bark fruit, bark Flavolign Toxicity due to podophyllotocins. In Podophyllotoxin is Gordaliza M, García PA, tomentosa ans: e.g. the absence of htees compounds the the del Corral JM, Castro (Jacq.) Triana & deoxypo extracts are safe. Otherwise they are pharmacological MA, Gómez-Zurita MA Planch. dophyllot considered as medicinal. precursor for the (2004). "Podophyllotoxin: oxins important distribution, sources, anticancer drug applications and new etoposide cytotoxic derivatives". Toxicon 44 (4): 441–59; KONUKLUG ĐL, B. The Importance of Aryltetralin (Podophyllum) Lignans and Their Distribution in The Plant Kingdom. Caesalpinia Leguminosae bark, seed Cassane Content of furanoditerpenoids should Furanoditerpenoids Datte, J. Y., Traore, A., bonduc (L.) diterpenoids: e.g. be declared in different plant parts may induce Offoumou, A. M., & Roxb. caesaldekarin a; (seeds, leaves…). Contraindicated in abortion during Ziegler, A. (1998). Effects cassane pregnancy. pregnancy. of leaf extract of furanoditerpenes: Caesalpinia bonduc e.g. bonducellpins; (Caesalpiniaceae) on triterpenoids: e.g. the contractile activity alpha-amyrin, of uterine smooth beta-amyrin. muscle of pregnant rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology , 60 (2), 149-155.

Cakile maritima Brassicaceae leaf, root seed Leaf: Saponins (4%); Toxicity due to indole alkaloids. Indole alkaloids are Duke, J. A. Scop. glucosinol tannins (12%); Content should be stated. therapeutic at dose (2008). Duke's ates: indole alkaloids ( of 2 mg daily in handbook of medicinal glucotrop 2%) (undefined) adults. May have plants of Latin America. aeolin, 2- cardiovascular CRC Press methyl effects butyl glucosinol ate, ethyl glucosinol ate and 4-pentyl glucosinol ate. Seed oil: erucic acid Calendula Compositae flower Essential oil : Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Pizza, C., Zhong-Liang, arvensis (Vaill.) L. sesquiterpenes for the preparation. concentration of Z., & de Tommasi, N. with cadinene and 10% haemolysis is 7.3 (1987). Plant cadinol as major mg/ml with an metabolites. components. Pizza average intake of 5 Triterpenoid saponins C et al. Plant g of herb. from Calendula metabolites. arvensis. Journal of Triterpenoid Natural Products, 50(5), saponins from 927-931.; Voutquenne, Calendula L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, arvensis. ] Nat Prod G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. 1987; 50: 927-931. (2002). Structure-activity When taken in relationships of high doses, haemolytic calendula can be saponins. Pharmaceutic toxic to the liver. al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Calendula Compositae aerial part Hydro-alcoholic Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Szakiel, A., Ruszkowski, officinalis L. extract (1g/kg for the preparation. concentration of D., & Janiszowska, W. during 30 days in 10% haemolysis is 7.3 (2005). Saponins in the rat): increase mg/ml with an Calendula officinalis L.– of urea and average intake of 5 structure, biosynthesis, transaminases. g of herb. transport and biological Hydro-alcoholic activity. Phytochemistry extract did not Reviews, 4(2-3), 151-158.; affect male fertility Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, nor had toxic C., Massiot, G., & Men- effects in early and Olivier, L. L. (2002). middle periods of Structure-activity pregnancy. relationships of However, the haemolytic extract caused saponins. Pharmaceutic maternal toxicity al biology , 40 (4), 253- when administered 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. during the fetal A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. period of (1961). The hemolytic pregnancy. anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Calluna vulgaris Ericaceae aerial part Glycosilat arbutine, Usually hydroquinone toxic level is Toxic level of Pavlovi ć, R. D., Lakuši ćć , (L.) Hull ed methylarbutine not reach in plant material, but hydroquinone is B., Došlov-Kokoruš, Z., & hydroqui and hydroquinone content should be stated 1g/day Kova čevi ć, N. (2009). nones: in low quantity.In Arbutin content and arbutin, some studies on antioxidant activity of methylar arbutin even not some Ericaceae butin, detectable. species. Die Pharmazie- Polyphenolic An International Journal compounds: of Pharmaceutical proanthocyanidols Sciences , 64 (10), 656- , flavonoids. 659. Hydroquinone: mutagenic and cancerogenic and toxic at high dosis (1g) with nausea, vomiting effect.

Camelina sativa Brassicaceae seed seed Glucosino Seed oil: rich in Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Schuster, A., & Friedt, W. (L.) Crantz lates: alpha linolenic glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates (1998). Glucosinolate glucosinol acid glycosides) (780 mg of seeds). (goitrogenic content and ates: Content should be declared. glycosides) use: 5 composition as glucoara mg/day). These parameters of quality of bin (9- exhibit antithyroid Camelina seed. (methylsul activity. Industrial crops and finyl)nonyl products, 7(2), 297-302.; - Chandra, A. K., glucosinol Mukhopadhyay, S., ate), Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. glucoca (2004). Goitrogenic melinin content of Indian (10- cyanogenic plant food (methylsul & their in vitro anti- finyl)decy thyroidal activity. Indian l- Journal of Medical glucosinol Research, 119, 180-185.; ate), and Williamson G. (2008) 11- Glucosinolates from (methylsul Brassica vegetables:risks finyl)unde and benefits. University cyl- of Leeds. glucosinol (http://www.tekno.dk/p ate df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Camellia sinensis Theaceae leaf leaf Methylat Reported cases of Toxicity due to methylxanthine Methylxanthine Stavric, B. (1988). (L.) Kuntze ed hepatotoxicity alkaloids. Plant extracts should not alkaloids are Methylxanthines: toxicity xanthine (green tea) exceed 15 g daily. Content should therapeutic at dose to humans. 2. Caffeine. derivative be stated. of 270 mg (caffeine) Food and Chemical s: daily in adults. Toxicology, 26(7), 645- caffeine 662.; Gunja, N., & Brown, (2-4%), J. A. (2012). Energy theophylli drinks: health risks and ne toxicity. Medical Journal (traces) of Australia, 196(1), 46- and 49. Chicago catechins : e.g. epigalloc ateching allate (5- 12%) Canarium Burseraceae nut, Nut: soaked in Nuts eaten as food. The Toxic components Bourke, R. M. (1996, acutifolium (DC.) oleoresin water for several detoxification process should be are water soluble October). Edible Merr. weeks to remove mentioned, otherwise the extract or and can be indigenous nuts in bitterness and nut fragments cannot be marketed. removed by Papua New Guinea. toxicity but edible. soaking. In ACIAR Burseraceae: PROCEEDINGS (pp. 45- presence of 55). Australian Centre macrocyclic for International diterpenes, Agricultural Research. steroids (pregnan derivatives),bicycli c triterpenes, diarylfuran lignans. Capparis spinosa Capparacea aerial part Glucosino Toxicity due to pyridine alkaloids. Pyridine alkaloids are Br čić Kara čonji, I. (2005). L. e lates : Content should be stated. therapeutic at dose Facts about nicotine e.g. of 270 mg (nicotine) toxicity. Arhiv za higijenu glucocap daily in adults. rada i toksikologiju, parin 56(4), 363-371. (methyl glucosinol ate), methyl isothiocy anate; stachydri ne (a pyridine alkaloid), and cadabici ne (a 24- membere d polyamin e lactam alkaloid). Capsella bursa- Brassicaceae aerial part Oxalates; Phenylethylamines: Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Singh, P. P., et al. pastoris (L.) e.g. tyramine; extract: 570 mg) and possibly should not exceed "Nutritional value of Medik. oxalates phenylethylamines (10 mg). Should 45-90 mg/day. foods in relation to their be declared. Should be oxalic acid consumed under content." The American medical supervision journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152.

Carex arenaria L. Cyperaceae leaf, rhizoma Leaf: polyphenolic Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood FISCHER, R., & WYBIRAL, compounds: for the preparation. concentration of M. (1950). Zum flavonoids eg. 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Nachweis kleinster orientin, luteolin. mg/ml with an Saponinmengen. Rhizome: saponins average intake of 5 Phyton, 2, 77-91.; g of herb. Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Carica papaya Caricaceae fruit leaf, seed Leaf: Carpaine Toxicity due to piperidine alkaloids. Piperidine alkaloids Cheeke, P. R. (1989). L. piperidin decreases the CNS Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Toxicants of plant origin: e and induces dose of 15 mg Alkaloids (Vol. 1). CRC alkaloid: brachycardia. (pilocarpine) daily in Press. carpaine Seed induces adults. (0.015%- reversible male 0.4%). infertility. Leaves Seed: contain saponins. MCP 1, Milky juice from the ECP 1 fruit contains (code proteases: e.g. names). papain Glucosino lates in root, stem, leaf, seed: e.g. benzylgu cosinolat e. Carlina acaulis L. Compositae root, essential root Essential Tannins. Inuline EO may be toxic due to carlina oxide The EO mainly Stojanovic-Radic, Z., (Asteraceae) oil oil (1 - and derivatives. The content should consists of carlina Comic, L., Radulovic, N., 2%): be stated. oxide (>91%) Blagojevic, P., Mihajilov- polyacet Krstev, T., & Rajkovic, J. ylene: (2012). Commercial carlina Carlinae radix herbal oxide (80 drug: Botanical identity, -97%). chemical composition and antimicrobial properties. Pharmaceuti cal biology , 50 (8), 933- 940. Carlina acaulis Compositae root, essential root Essential Carlina oxid is toxic EO may be toxic due to carlina oxide The EO mainly Stojanovic-Radic, Z., subsp. oil oil (1%): and essential oil and derivatives. The content should consists of carlina Comic, L., Radulovic, N., caulescens polyacet should not be be stated. oxide (>91%) Blagojevic, P., Mihajilov- (Lam.) Schübl. & ylene: used. Because the Krstev, T., & Rajkovic, J. G.Martens carlina amount of carlina (2012). Commercial oxide oxid is very low, Carlinae radix herbal (80%- the use of the root drug: Botanical identity, 90%). poses no problem. chemical composition and antimicrobial properties. Pharmaceuti cal biology , 50 (8), 933- 940. Carum carvi L. Apiaceae fruit, essential Essential oil: Toxicity due to carvone should be Carvone content Iacobellis, N. S., Lo (Umbelliferae oil monoterpene stated. Pure EO should not be should not exceed Cantore, P., Capasso, F., ) ketone: e.g. (S)- consumed directly (<0.12 ml of EO). 800 ppm (0.08%) & Senatore, F. (2005). (+)-carvone (50- Content should be stated. daily. Antibacterial activity of 65%) Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi L. essential oils. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53(1), 57-61.; Luebke, W. (2011). Carvone. 6485-40-1 Cassia fistula L. Leguminosae fruit fruit, leaf, Hydroxya In mesocarp of Toxicity due to athracene content Carvone content Integrated Risk (Fabaceae) pod nthracen fruits: 1% (plant extract: 2.8 g). Should be should not exceed Information System - e anthranoids. Leaf declared. 800 ppm (0.08%) Anthracene (CASRN glycoside (0.09%- 0.63%). daily. 120-12-7) - s and Cassia fistula pulpa http://www.epa.gov/iris derivative is used in /subst/0434.htm s (1,8- paedriatics; no dihydroxy toxicity by normal anthraqui use nones) ) : e.g. rhein, sennoside s, sennidins, chrysoph anol, Cassia italica Leguminosae whole plant leaf, root Anthraqui Used as substitute Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Integrated Risk (Mill.) Lam. ex nones: for senna (plant extract: 2.8 g). Should be anthracene is 0.3 Information System - F.W. Andrews e.g. declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Anthracene (CASRN sennoside mg daily in adults 120-12-7) - s, aloe- orally. http://www.epa.gov/iris emodin, /subst/0434.htm emodin, chrysoph anol, 1,5- dihydroxy -3-methyl anthraqui none Castanea sativa Fagaceae bark, leaf, Bark: Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Sanchez-Martin, J., Mill. seed, hamamelitannins, toxic when plant material is concentration of Beltrán-Heredia, J., & ellagitannins: e.g. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Gragera-Carvajal, J. vescalagin, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to (2011). Caesalpinia castalagin, gastrointestinal spinosa and Castanea proanthocyanidin toxicity. Daily intake sativa tannins: A new es. Leaf: should not exceed source of biopolymers ellagitannins (6%- 1500 mg tannins. with adsorbent 8%): e.g. capacity. Preliminary tellimagrandines, assessment on cationic potentillins, dye removal. Industrial castalagin, Crops and vescalagin; Products , 34 (1), 1238- flavonoids; 1240.Samanta, S., Giri, ascorbic acid, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease, 16(1), 32-34. Catalpa Bignoniacea leaf Iridoid glycosides Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Iwagawa, T., Hamada, bignonioides e e.g. catalposide iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg T., Kurogi, S., Hase, T., Walter and aglycones declared. daily for an adult. Okubo, T., & Kim, M. e.g. catalpol. (1991). Iridoids from Saponins. Steroids Catalpa derivatives bignonioides. Phytoche mistry , 30 (12), 4057-4060. Ceanothus Rhamnacea leaf root bark Peptide Polyphenolic Toxicity may be due to the content of Peptide glycoside Servis, R. E., Kosak, A. I., americanus L. e alkaloids: glycosides e.g. peptide glycosides. Content should toxicity is at 2.2 mg Tschesche, R., Frohberg, e.g. flavonols, be declared. daily for an adult. E., & Fehlhaber, H. W. ceanothi flavanones, (1969). Ceanothus nes dihydroflavonols. alkaloids. II. Peptide Triterpene alkaloids from derivatives e.g. Ceanothus lupeol , americanus. Journal of betulinaldehyde , the American Chemical betulinic acid , 2- Society , 91 (20), 5619- O-E-p-coumaroyl 5624.; Klein, F. K., & alphitolic acid , Rapoport, H. (1968). alphitolic acid , Ceanothus alkaloids. zizyberanalic acid , Americine. Journal of zizyberenalic acid the American Chemical and ceanothic Society, 90(9), 2398- acid . Named 2404.; Warnhoff, E. W. New Jersey tea. (1970). Peptide alkaloids. In Fortschritte der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe/Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products (pp. 162-203). Springer Vienna. Cedrus libani A. Pinaceae cone, leaf, Wood essential oil: Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Loizzo, M. R., Saab, A. Rich. wood; e.g. himachalol be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not M., Statti, G. A., & essential oil (22.50%), beta- consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm Menichini, F. (2007). himachalene Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. Composition and α- (21.90%), and amylase inhibitory effect alpha- of essential oils from himachalene Cedrus libani. (10.50%). Leaves Fitoterapia, 78(4), 323- ethanol extract: 326.Luebke, W. (2011). germacrene d alpha-pinene 80-56-8. (29.40%). Cones ethanol extract: alpha-pinene (51.0%) and beta- myrcene (13.0%). Ceiba Malvaceae bark, leaf, Leaf: plyphenolic Bark contains tannins and isoflavones The high Sule, M. I., Njinga, N. S., pentandra (L.) seed oil, derivatives e.g Extracts maybe toxic when plant concentration of Musa, A. M., Magaji, M. Gaertn. wood tannins. Bark: material is consumed. Content of tannins in bark (8- G., & Abdullahi, A. isoflavones e.g tannins should be declared for plant 20%) usually leads to (2009). Phytochemical pentandrin and material used. gastrointestinal and antidiarrhoeal pentandrin toxicity. Daily intake studies of the stem bark glucoside. Wood: should not exceed of Ceiba pentandra naphtoquinones. 1500 mg tannins. (Bombacaceae). Oil: fatty acids and Isoflavones daily Nigerian Journal of vitamines C and E. intake should not Pharmaceutical exceed 90 mg. Sciences, 8(1).; These are Samanta, S., Giri, S., contraindicated in Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., cystic fibrosis, breast Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. and endometrial C. (2004). Impact of cancers, kidney tannic acid on the failure, gastrointestinal hypothyroidism and microflora. Microbial diabetes. ecology in health and disease, 16(1), 32-34.; Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang PY, Katoh R. Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(2):155-161. Centaurea Compositae whole plant Sesquiterpenelact Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Jensen, S. R., & behen L. ones iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Schripsema, J. (2002). (guaianolides): declared. daily for an adult. Chemotaxonomy and e.g. cynaropicrine pharmacology of Gentianaceae. Gentian aceae-Systematics and Natural History , 5, 574- 631. Centaurea Compositae aerial part Sesquiterpenes: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Jensen, S. R., & calcitrapa L. e.g. cnicin (= iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Schripsema, J. (2002). centaurin) declared. daily for an adult. Chemotaxonomy and pharmacology of Gentianaceae. Gentian aceae-Systematics and Natural History , 5, 574- 631. Centaurea Compositae flowering Root: terpenoids: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Jensen, S. R., & centaurium L. (Asteraceae) top. e.g. cypirene, α- iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Schripsema, J. (2002). zingiberene, β- declared. daily for an adult. Chemotaxonomy and farnesene, β- pharmacology of santalene, β- Gentianaceae. Gentian bisabolene, β- aceae-Systematics and himachalene and Natural History , 5, 574- azulene; lignans. 631. Possible presence of neurotoxic diterpene derivatives as known for some species in the genus e.g.:neurotoxicity of C. solstitialis L. and C. repens L ?? Centaurea Compositae inflorescence Polyphenolic Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Jensen, S. R., & cyanus L. (Asteraceae) compouds: iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Schripsema, J. (2002). anthocyanins. declared. daily for an adult. Chemotaxonomy and Polyines, pharmacology of polysaccharides Gentianaceae. Gentian aceae-Systematics and Natural History , 5, 574- 631. Centaurea jacea Compositae leaf Flavone Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Jensen, S. R., & L. glycosides: e.g. iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Schripsema, J. (2002). centaurein, jacein, declared. daily for an adult. Chemotaxonomy and jaceoside, cnicin, pharmacology of glucose Gentianaceae. Gentian diesters,essential aceae-Systematics and oil, Natural History , 5, 574- 631. Centaurea Compositae whole plant seed Dimeric Sesquiterpenelact Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Jensen, S. R., & montana L. indole ones: iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Schripsema, J. (2002). alkaloid: guaianolides, declared. daily for an adult. Chemotaxonomy and montami pharmacology of ne Gentianaceae. Gentian aceae-Systematics and Natural History , 5, 574- 631. Centaurium Gentianace Erythraea aerial part Secoiridoids Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Šiler, B., Avramov, S., erythraea Rafn ae centauriu glycosides eg. iridoid glycosides (15 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Banjanac, T., Cvetkovi ć, m (L.) swertiamarine, extract). Content should be daily for an adult. J., Živkovi ć, J. N., Pers. gentiopicroside,ce declared. Patenkovi ć, A., & Miši ć, ntauroside. D. (2012). Secoiridoid Polyphenolic glycosides as a marker compounds : system in chemical flavonoids. variability estimation Polymethoxylated and chemotype xanthones: assignment of eustomine . Centaurium erythraea Classical bitter Rafn from the Balkan taste Peninsula. Industrial Crops and Products , 40 , 336-344. Centella asiatica Apiaceae Hydrocot aerial part Pentacyclic Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Balangcod, T. D., (L.) Urb. (Umbelliferae yle triterpene saponins content (not more than 50 mg intake should not Vallejo, V. L., Patacsil, ) asiatica L. eg. asiatic acid anthraquinones in plant extracts). exceed 50 mg daily. M., Apostol, O., Laruan, glycosides, Should be declared. Should be L. M. V., Manuel, J., ... & asiaticosides, consumed under Gutierrez, R. M. (2012). madecassoside. medical supervision Phytochemical Polyphenolic screening and compounds: Antibacterial activity of favonoids. Essentail selected medicinal oil: traces. plants of Bayabas, Sablan, Benguet Province, Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon, Philippines. Indian J Tradit Knowle, 11(4), 580-585.; Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). A review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Cerasus Rosaceae seed air-dried Bark EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Masteli ć, J., Jerkovi ć, I., mahaleb (L.) Mill. flowers, essential Toxicity with 0.02 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg & Mesi ć, M. (2006). leaves, oil: coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 Volatile constituents stem-bark coumarin plant material used. mg/day at body from flowers, leaves, and (main weight of 60 kg). bark and wood of wood compone Should be Prunus mahaleb L. nt 34.1%) consumed under Flavour and fragrance medical supervision journal, 21(2), 306-313.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Cerasus vulgaris Rosaceae Prunus seed, gum, seed Cyanoge Pulp: EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Masteli ć, J., Jerkovi ć, I., Mill. cerasus L. pulp nic anthocyanidins. Toxicity with 0.02 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg & Mesi ć, M. (2006). glycoside Seed: oil with fatty coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 Volatile constituents s acids : oleic acid, plant material used. mg/day at body from flowers, leaves, tocopherols. weight of 60 kg). bark and wood of Should be Prunus mahaleb L. consumed under Flavour and fragrance medical supervision journal, 21(2), 306-313.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Cercis Leguminosea fruit, seed Polymers of Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Alibalic, S., Murko, D., & siliquastrum L. e gum polysaccaharides, toxic when plant material is concentration of Hasanovic, J. (1985). cyclitols e.g. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Investigation of tannin pinitol, proteins be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to materials in leaves, fruits (2.7-3%), tannins. gastrointestinal and bark of Judas tree toxicity. Daily intake (Cercis siliquastrum L.). should not exceed Sumarstvo i prerada 1500 mg tannins. drveta (Yugoslavia).;nSamanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Ceterach Aspleniacea whole plant May be toxic and The plant (fern) material is safe if Unless well Imperato, F. (1983). A officinarum DC. e abortive. Ferns screened for possible fern characterised, it is flavanone glycoside may contain carcinogens (e.g. ptaquiloside not advisable to from the fronds of ptaquiloside, a market products for Ceterach proven this fern. officinarum. Phytochemi carcinogen. stry , 22 (1), 312-313.; However, no Niwa, Haruki; Ojika, information on the Makoto; Wakamatsu, presence of the Kazumasa; Yamada, carcinogen found. Kiyoyuki; Hirono, Iwao; Matsushita, Kazuhiro (1983). "Ptaquiloside, a novel norsesquiterpene glucoside from bracken, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum". Tetrahedron Letters 24 (38): 4117–4120. Cetraria Parmeliacea lichen lichen Dibenzof Usnic acid (pure) Usnic acid and derivatives should be Usnic acid (100 mg) Kotan, E., Alpsoy, L., islandica (L.) e urane under scrutiny for absent in extracts. Content should be is implicated in Anar, M., Aslan, A., & derivative possible declared. hepatotoxicity. Agar, G. (2011). s: e.g. heptatoxicity. C. Contains also Protective role of usnic islandica reported atranorin methanol extract of acid to concentrate Cetraria islandica (L.) heavy metalsUsnic against oxidative stress acid (pure) under and genotoxic effects scrutiny for possible of AFB1 in human heptatoxicity. C. lymphocytes in vitro. islandica reported Toxicology and industrial to concentrate health, heavy metalsUsnic 0748233710394234.; acid (pure) under Sanchez W, Maple JT, scrutiny for possible Burgart LJ, Kamath PS. heptatoxicity. C. Severe hepatotoxicity islandica reported associated with use of a to concentrate dietary supplement heavy metalsUsnic containing usnic acid. acid (pure) under Mayo Clinic Proc 2006; scrutiny for possible 81: 541-4. heptatoxicity. C. islandica reported to concentrate heavy metals Chaenomeles Rosaceae fruit Seed Seed : Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Council of Europe, speciosa Nakai cyanoge cyanogenic glycosides (4.6 g of acid (cyanogenic Committee of Experts nic plant extract). Content should be compound) use: on Flavouring glycoside declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Substances. Natural s (e.g.1.4 mg/day) sources of flavourings. (300ppm Report No. 3. Belgium: HCN) Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Chamaemelum Compositae Anthemis aerial part, Essential oil (0.6 - Toxicity due to isobutyl angelate Isobutyl Radulovi ć, N. S., nobile (L.) All. (Asteraceae) nobilis L. essential oil 2.4%): acid esters: should be stated. Pure EO should not angelatecontent Blagojevi ć, P. D., angelic, be consumed directly (<0.003 ml of should not exceed Zlatkovi ć, B. K., & Pali ć, methacrylic, tiglic. EO). Content should be stated. 100 ppm (0.001%) R. M. (2009). Pinocarveol, daily. Chemotaxonomically pinocarvone, important volatiles of chamazulene, the genus Anthemis L.–a bisabolol. detailed GC and Sesquiterpenic GC/MS analyses of lactones: Anthemis segetalis Ten. germacranolide, from Montenegro. guaianolide, Journal of the Chinese nobiline. Chemical Society, 56(3), Polyacetylenic 642-652.; Luebke, W. derivatives, (2011). Isobutyl flavonoid angelate. 7779-81-9 glycosides. Chamaecrista Cassia aerial part leaf, pod, Anthraqui Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Tunisia, M. Phylogenetic nomame (Sieber) nomame stem nones: content Extract content should not intake should not identification, H.Ohashi (Sieber) e.g. exceed 50 mg anthraquinones daily. exceed 50 mg daily. phytochemical analysis Honda emodin Should be declared. Should be and antioxidant activity consumed under of Chamaecrista absus medical supervision var. absus seeds.; Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). A review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Chelone glabra Plantaginace aerial part Iridoid glycosides Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Deane Bowers, M., L. ae and aglycones iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Boockvar, K., & Collinge, e.g. catalpol, declared. daily for an adult. S. K. (1993). Iridoid aucubin. Bitter Glycosides of Chelone taste. No toxicity glabra (Scrophulariaceae) and their Sequestration by Larvae if a Sawfly, Tenthredo grandis (Tenthredinidae). JOUR NAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY , 19 , 815-815. Chenopodium Amaranthac seed seed Quinoa = food Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate quinoa Willd. eae extract: 4 g). Ascaridole and should not exceed content of foods and its derivatives may prove to be lethal. 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia Should be declared. Should be Pacific Journal of consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), medical supervision. 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. 2.5 g or 3 ml of EO "Nutritional value of may be fatal due to foods in relation to their ascaridole and oxalic acid derivatives, content." The American carvacrol and journal of clinical caryophyllene nutrition 25.11 (1972): oxide. 1147-1152. Gibbons, J. W., Haynes, R., Haynes, R. R., & Thomas, J. L. (1990). Poisonous plants and venomous animals of Alabama and adjoining states (Vol. 45879). University of Alabama Press. Chenopodium Amaranthac whole plant Possible No info on this Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate vulvaria L. eae presence species. Other extract: 4 g). Ascaridole and should not exceed content of foods and its of species: C. derivatives may prove to be lethal. 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia ascaridol ambrosioides Should be declared. Should be Pacific Journal of essential oil (till consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), 45%) : peroxidated medical supervision. 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. monoterpene: 2.5 g or 3 ml of EO "Nutritional value of ascaridole. may be fatal due to foods in relation to their Ascaridol is a ascaridole and oxalic acid neurotoxin derivatives, content." The American carvacrol and journal of clinical caryophyllene nutrition 25.11 (1972): oxide. 1147-1152. Gibbons, J. W., Haynes, R., Haynes, R. R., & Thomas, J. L. (1990). Poisonous plants and venomous animals of Alabama and adjoining states (Vol. 45879). University of Alabama Press. Chimaphila Ericaceae Chimaphi whole plant Hydroqui Tannins ( 4-5%). Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Trubachev AA et al umbellata (L.) la none Not suitable for toxic when 30 g plant material is concentration of (1969) , Phytochemical Nutt. cymosa glycoside long-term use due consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- study of Chimaphila J.Presl & s: e.g. to its hydroquinone be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to umbellata (L.) Nutt]. C.Presl isohomoa glycoside content. gastrointestinal Farmatsiia. 18(3):48-51; rbutin. toxicity. Daily intake Samanta, S., Giri, S., Naphtoq should not exceed Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., uinones: 1500 mg tannins. Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. e.g. C. (2004). Impact of chimaphil tannic acid on the in gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Chiococca alba Rubiaceae root Iridoids and seco- Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Carbonezi, C. A., (L.) Hitchc. iridoids e.g. iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Martins, D., & Claudia, albosides. declared. daily for an adult. M. et, al.. 1999 Iridoid Diterpenoids e.g. and seco-iridoid merilactone, glucosides from ribenone. Chiococca alba Saponins: (Rubiaceae). Phytoche chiococcasaponin mistry , 51 , 781-785. s. Two quinoline alkaloids. Purgative effect. Chionanthus Oleaceae root bark Secoiridoids and Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Gülçin, Đ., Elias, R., virginicus L . lignans e.g. iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Gepdiremen, A., Taoubi, phillyrin derivatives, declared. daily for an adult. K., & Köksal, E. (2009). pinoresinol. Antioxidant secoiridoids from fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus L.). Wood science and technology , 43 (3-4), 195-212. Chlorella vulgaris Chlorellacea Chlorella single cell No major safety concern. However, This plant Akihisa, T., Hori, T., Suzuki, Beijerinck e pyrenoid alga heavy metal tests are required. accumulates high H., Sakoh, T., Yokota, T., osa H. amounts of Pb and & Tamura, T. (1992). 24 β- Chick, Zn. methyl-5α-cholest-9 Chlorella (11)-en-3β-ol, two 24 β- communi alkyl- 5, 7, 9 (11)-sterols s Artari and other 24 β-alkylsterol from Chlorella vulgaris. Phytochemistry , 31 (5), 1769-1772.; Ting, Y. P., Lawson, F., & Prince, I. G. (1989). Uptake of cadmium and zinc by the alga Chlorella vulgaris: Part 1. Individual ion species. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 34(7), 990-999. Chondrus crispus thallus Official limits in No major safety concern. However, There is potential Burdin, K. S., & Bird, K. T. Stackhouse Gigartinacea iodine, heavy heavy metal tests are required. accumulation of Ni, (1994). Heavy metal e metals and Iodine content should be tested too. Cu, Zn and Cd in the accumulation by microbiological thalli of this plant carrageenan and agar standards (alga). producing algae. Botanica Marina , 37 (5), 467-470. Chrysanthellum Compositae Flowering Triterpenic Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Ferrara, L. (2013). USE OF americanum (L.) tops saponins: e.g for the preparation. concentration of CHRYSANTELLUM Vatke chrysanthellins 10% haemolysis is 7.3 AMERICANUM (L.) VATKE mg/ml with an AS SUPPLEMENT. average intake of 5 European Scientific g of herb. Journal, 9(36).; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Chrysanthellum Asteraceae aerial part Polyphenolic Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Tanko, Y., Jimoh, A. G., indicum subsp. compounds for the preparation. concentration of Mohammed, A. D. T. A., afroamericanum (flavonoids), 10% haemolysis is 7.3 & Musa, K. Y. (2011). B.L. Turner saponins = mg/ml with an Hypoglycaemic effects chrysanthellines A average intake of 5 of the methanolic and B g of herb. extract of Aerial part of (echinocystic acid Chrysanthellum indicum and in rats. J Nat Prod Plant caulophyllogenine Resour, 1, 1-7.; derivatives). No Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, toxicity described C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Chrysophyllum Sapotaceae fruit Fruit edible: Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. Presence of Luo, X. D., Basile, M. J., & cainito L. anthocyanins. No Content should be stated. polyphenols, in the Kennelly, E. J. (2002). chemical and tox fruit and seeds, with Polyphenolic info on bark, leaf. a safe profile. antioxidants from the However doses of fruits of Chrysophyllum steroidal saponins cainito L.(star (possibly 1.5 g of apple). Journal of saponins daily) may agricultural and food induce chemistry, 50(6), 1379- gastrointestinal 1382..; Zava, D. T., disturbances and Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, cardiac effects M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378.; Lawal, I. O., Igboanugo, A. B. I., Osikarbor, B., Duyilemi, O. P., Adesoga, A. A., Borokini, T. I., & Adeyanju, B. A. (2010). Evaluation of plant- based non-timber forest products (ntfps) as potential bioactive drugs in South-western Nigeria. J. Clin. Med. Res, 3(4), 061-6. Chrysopogon Poaceae root; essential Sesquiterpenes The extracts should be tested for the Presence of Arunachalam, K. D., & zizanioides (L.) oil e.g.vetinones, alkaloid and tannin content. alkaloids and Annamalai, S. K. (2013). Roberty khusimol. Flavoring tannins, but content Chrysopogon agent (vetiver). is not specified. zizanioides aqueous extract mediated synthesis, characterization of crystalline silver and gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Internation al journal of nanomedicine , 8, 2375. Cibotium Dicksoniacea leaf, rhizome, Unusual No major safety concern but possible Carcinogenic fern Smith, B. L. (1997). rr The barometz (L.) J. e root sesquiterpenes presence of ptaquiloside and compounds Toxicity of Bracken Fern Sm. with indanone pterosin. Content has to be (ptaquiloside and (genus Pteridium) to nucleus. 24- determined. pterosin). Animals and its methylenecycloart Relevance to anol, (24R)- Man. Handbook of Plant stigmast-4-ene-3- and Fungal Toxicants , one , β-sitosterol, 63.; Saito, K., Nagao, T., (3R)-des-O-methyl- Matoba, M., Koyama, lasiodiplodin, K., Natori, S., Murakami, protocatechuic T., & Saiki, Y. (1989). aldehyde, onitin, Chemical assay of alternariol, ptaquiloside, the daucosterol, carcinogen of Pteridium cibotibaromeside, aquilinum, and the onitin-2’-O-β-D- distribution of related glucopyranoside, compounds in the n-butyl-β-D- Pteridaceae. fructopyranoside. Phytochemistry, 28(6), Some ferns may 1605-1611. contain carcinogens. Cichorium Compositae leaf, root, Flavonoids; Major concern are the sesquiterpene More than 1.5 g of Kisiel, W., & Michalska, K. endivia L. seed sesquiterpenelact lactones. herb may be toxic. (2006). Sesquiterpenoids ones: e.g. and phenolics from eudesmanolides, roots of Cichorium guaianolides ( endivia var. crispum. lactucin-like) Fitoterapia, 77(5), 354- 357.; Amorim MH, Gil da Costa RM, Lopes C, Bastos MM. Sesquiterpene lactones: adverse health effects and toxicity mechanisms. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2013 Aug;43(7):559-79. Cichorium Compositae whole plant Leaf and root: Major concern are the sesquiterpene More than 1.5 g of Bischoff, T. A., Kelley, C. intybus L. sesquiterpenelact lactones. herb may be toxic. J., Karchesy, Y., ones: e.g. lactucin, Laurantos, M., Nguyen- lactucopicrin Dinh, P., & Arefi, A. G. (both in very small (2004). Antimalarial amounts), activity of Lactucin and guajanolidglucosid Lactucopicrin: es: e.g. sesquiterpene lactones cichoriosides, isolated from Cichorium eudesmanolid intybus L. Journal of derivatieves: e.g. ethnopharmacology , 95 sonchuside C; (2), 455-457.; Amorim flavonoids. Root: MH, Gil da Costa RM, inuline Lopes C, Bastos MM. Sesquiterpene lactones: adverse health effects and toxicity mechanisms. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2013 Aug;43(7):559-79. Cinchona Rubiaceae Cinchona whole plant bark from Total Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). calisaya Wedd. ledgerian the content Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline a branches alkaloids dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. (Howard) 4%-8% in adults. May have Natural product reports, Bern.Moe with over cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, ns ex 50% effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. Trimen quinoline (1985). Safety of alkaloids: chloroquine in e.g. chemosuppression of quinidine, malaria during quinine pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Cinchona Rubiaceae bark Quinoline Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). lancifolia Mutis alkaloids: Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline e.g. dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. quinine, in adults. May have Natural product reports, quinidine, cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, cinchonin effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. e, (1985). Safety of cinchoni chloroquine in dine. chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Cinchona Rubiaceae bark Quinoline High doses of Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). micrantha Ruiz & alkaloids: quinine are toxic. Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline Pav. e.g. dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. quinine, in adults. May have Natural product reports, quinidine, cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, cinchonin effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. e, (1985). Safety of cinchoni chloroquine in dine. chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Cinchona nitida Rubiaceae bark Quinoline High doses of Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). Ruiz & Pav. alkaloids: quinine are toxic. Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline e.g. dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. quinine, in adults. May have Natural product reports, quinidine, cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, cinchonin effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. e, (1985). Safety of cinchoni chloroquine in dine. chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Cinchona Rubiaceae bark, leaf bark, leaf Bark and Alkaloids (5%-15%): Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). officinalis L. leaf: quinine content: Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline monomer 5%-7.5%. Tannins dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. ic indole (3%-5%). Cinchona in adults. May have Natural product reports, alkaloids: bark preparations cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, e.g. are embryotoxic. effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. chinamin, Long term or hgh (1985). Safety of aricin; dose intake : chloroquine in indole double vision, chemosuppression of alkaloids; headache, malaria during leaf: stomach and pregnancy. BMJ, quasi- duodenum ulcers. 290(6480), 1466-1467. dimere indolalkal oids (cinchop hyllamine type); china alkaloids: e.g. cinchoni din, cinchonin

Cinchona Rubiaceae bark Quinoline High doses of Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). pitayensis alkaloids: quinine are toxic. Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline (Wedd.) Wedd. e.g. dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. quinine, in adults. May have Natural product reports, quinidine, cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, cinchonin effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. e, (1985). Safety of cinchoni chloroquine in dine. chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Cinnamomum Lauraceae whole plant; Essential EO: during Essential oil toxicity due to camphor Camphor toxic level Stubbs, B. J., Specht, A., camphora (L.) essential oil oil: hydrodistillation (2.5 g of extract) and 1,,8-cineole 30 mg/kg body & Brushett, D. (2004). The J.Presl monoterp camphor is (0.002 ml). Content of camphor and weight, i.e. 1.8 g. But essential oil of ene eliminated. eucalyptol should be declared for 2.5 ml of oil - orally. Cinnamomum etheroxid Camphor content plant material used. Limit for eucalyptol camphora (L.) Nees and e: 1,8 can go up to 70%. (1,8-cineole) use; 10 Eberm.—variation in oil cineole mg/kg of food composition throughout (min.70%) (0.001%) the tree in two , bicyclic chemotypes from monoterp eastern Australia. ene: Journal of Essential Oil camphor, Research, 16(1), 9-14.; phenylpr Council of Europe, opanoid: Committee of Experts safrole on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Cinnamomum Lauraceae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin European Food Safety cassia (Nees & part oil from Toxicity with 0.016 ml of oil. Content use: 0.1 mg/kg Authority. Opinion of the T.Nees) J.Presl the bark of coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 Scientific Panel on food (20ml/kg) plant material used. mg/day at body additives, flavourings, : weight of 60 kg). processing aids and coumarin Should be material in contact with (1.5-4.0 consumed under food (AFC) on a request g/kg) medical supervision from the Commission Essential related to coumarin. oil from Question number EFSA- the leaf Q-2003-118. The EFSA and Journal 2004;104:1-36. young stem: coumarin (1.5-4%). Cinnamomum Lauraceae Cinnamo bark, leaf, aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Rajeswara Rao, B. R., verum J.Presl. mum essential oil part oil from cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.2 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Rajput, D. K., & zeylanicu the bark of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food Bhattacharya, A. K. m Blume, (0.6- be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) (2011). Essential oil C. 1.3%): composition of petiole zeylanicu monoterp of Cinnamomum verum m Nees ene Bercht. & Presl. Journal etheroxid of Spices and Aromatic e: 1,8- Crops, 16(1).; Council of cineole Europe, Committee of (< 3%), Experts on Flavouring bicyclic Substances. Natural monoterp sources of flavourings. enes: e.g. Report No. 3. Belgium: camphor Council of Europe (traces); Publishing; 2008 phenylpr opanoids: e.g. cinnamal dehyde (32%) and safrole (<0.5%), methyleu genol (traces); coumarin (<0.5%), Essential oil from the leaf: 1,8- cineole (<1%), safrole (< 3%), coumarin (<1%), methyleu genol (0.01%) Cistanche salsa Orobanchac stem Iridoid glycosides: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside FUKUSHIMA, S. (1985). (C.A. Mey.) G. eae e.g. iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Structure of a New Beck boschnacosides. declared. daily for an adult. Iridoid Glycoside, 6- Phenylethanoid Deoxycatalpol. Chem. glycosides: e.g. Pharm. BulL , 33 (9), j3645- acteoside, 3650. acetylacteoside. Sterols: daucosterol, sitosterol... Cistus creticus L. Cistaceae Cistus Fruit, leaf; essential Resin: labdane- EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Scognamiglio, M., ladanifer resin oil, resin type diterpenes Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Fiumano, V., D’Abrosca, us Stokes (labdan) and declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 B., Esposito, A., Choi, Y. sequiterpenes. mg/day at body H., Verpoorte, R., & Leaf: polyphenolic weight of 60 kg). Fiorentino, A. (2014). compounds Should be Chemical interactions e.g.kaempferol consumed under between plants in and quercetin medical supervision Mediterranean glycosides; vegetation: The coumarins: e.g. influence of selected esculin. plant extracts on Aegilops geniculata metabolome. Phytochemistry, 106, 69- 85.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36.

Cistus × incanus Cistaceae whole plant aerial Labdane Polyphenolic EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Scognamiglio, M., L. part diterpene compounds: Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Fiumano, V., D’Abrosca, : e.g. catechins, gallic declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 B., Esposito, A., Choi, Y. sclareol acid, rutin,. mg/day at body H., Verpoorte, R., & weight of 60 kg). Fiorentino, A. (2014). Should be Chemical interactions consumed under between plants in medical supervision Mediterranean vegetation: The influence of selected plant extracts on Aegilops geniculata metabolome. Phytochemistry, 106, 69- 85.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36.

Cistus Cistaceae resin Essential oil: Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Llusià, J., & Peñuelas, J. monspeliensis L. monoterpenes e.g. be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not (1998). Changes in pinenes, consumed directly. Content should exceed 160 ppm terpene content and sesquiterpenes be stated. (0.016%) daily. emission in potted Mediterranean woody plants under severe drought. Canadian Journal of Botany , 76 (8), 1366-1373.; Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80- 56-8. Citrullus lanatus Cucurbitace fruit, seed Seed: alkaloid had Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Braide, W., Odiong, I. J., (Thunb.) Matsum. ae the highest cyanogenic glycosides (60 mg of acid (cyanogenic & Oranusi, S. (2012). & Nakai concentration of plant extract). Seeds should be compound) use: Phytochemical and about 1.23% avoided due to alkaloid content. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Antibacterial Properties whereas Content should be declared. (e.g.1.4 mg/day) of the seed of cyanogenic Watermelon (Citrullus glycoside had the lanatus). Prime Journal lowest of about of Microbiology 0.00237%. Research, 2(3), 99-104.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Citrus Rutaceae fruit; essential fruit peel Furocou EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Stanley, W. L., & Jurd, L. aurantiifolia oil (pericarp marins: content. Toxicity with 0.02 ml of oil. furocoumarins: 1.5 (1971). Citrus coumarins. (Christm.) ) e.g. 5- Content of furocoumarin should be mg/day (internal Journal of Agricultural Swingle geranylox declared for plant material used. use). Should be and Food Chemistry, ypsoralen consumed under 19(6), 1106-1110.; , 5- medical supervision Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & geranylox Davis, J. (2012). The y-7- food safety hazard methoxy guidebook. Royal coumarin Society of Chemistry. , 5,7- dimethox ycoumari n, 5- methoxy psoralen, 5,8- dimethox ypsoralen , 5,7- dimethox ycoumari n (15.79%), 3-methyl- 1,2- cyclopen tanedion e (8.27%), 5,8- dimethox ypsoralen (6.08%) Citrus aurantium Rutaceae C. flower, fruit, aerial Essential Only para EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Stanley, W. L., & Jurd, L. L. aurantiu pericarp; part oil: synephrine may be content. Toxicity with 0.3 ml of oil. furocoumarins: 1.5 (1971). Citrus coumarins. m L. ssp. essential oil furocoum present. If meta- Content of furocoumarin should be mg/day (internal Journal of Agricultural amara arins: e.g. synephrine is declared for plant material used. use). Should be and Food Chemistry, Engl., C. 5- present the consumed under 19(6), 1106-1110.; aurantiu methoxy compound has medical supervision Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & m L. ssp. psoralen been added Davis, J. (2012). The sinensis L., (0.15- food safety hazard C. 0.87%). guidebook. Royal aurantiu Unripe Society of Chemistry. m L. ssp. whole aurantiu fruit: m L, C. hydroxyp aurantiu henylethy m var. lamine: dulcis synephrin e (2.28 mg/g) Pericarp: synephrin e (3.27 mg/g). Citrus bergamia Rutaceae Citrus fruit juice fruit peel Furocou EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Mondello, L., Stagno Risso & Poit. aurantiu (pericarp marins: content. Toxicity with 0.04 ml of oil. furocoumarins: 1.5 d'Alcontres, I., Del Duce, m var. ) e.g. Content of furocoumarin should be mg/day (internal R., & Crispo, F. (1993). Bergamia bergapte declared for plant material used. use). Should be On the genuineness of n, consumed under citrus essential oils. Part medical supervision XL. The composition of the coumarins and psoralens of calabrian bergamot essential oil (Citrus bergamia Risso). Flavour and fragrance journal, 8(1), 17-24.; Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry. Citrus limon (L.) Rutaceae aerial part Fruit, leaf, Peel: EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Burm. f. peel and Phellopte content. Toxicity with 0.04 ml of oil. furocoumarins: 1.5 Cogliandro, E., pulp rin, 5- and Content of furocoumarin should be mg/day (internal Cavazza, A., & Dugo, G. 8- declared for plant material used. use). Should be (1998). On the geranoxy consumed under genuineness of citrus psoralen. medical supervision essential oils. Part LIII. Essential Determination of the oil from composition of the the peel: oxygen heterocyclic furocoum fraction of lemon arins essential oils (Citrus (psoralen, limon (L.) Burm. F.) by 5- normal ‐phase high methoxy performance liquid psoralen chromatography. (bergapt Flavour and fragrance en) 4-87 journal, 13(5), 329-334.; mg/kg, 8- Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & methoxy Davis, J. (2012). The psoralen food safety hazard (xanthoto guidebook. Royal xin), 5,8- Society of Chemistry. dimethox ypsoralen (isopimpe llin), imperator in, oxypeuc edanin 26-728 mg/kg.

Citrus maxima Rutaceae Citrus fruit, leaf Leaf: polyphenolic EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Teng, W. Y., Chen, C. C., (Burm.) Merr. grandis seed compounds: content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 & Chung, R. S. (2005). (L.) hesperidin. Fruit should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal HPLC comparison of Osbeck; essential oil used. use). Should be supercritical fluid Citrus (0.13%): e.g. consumed under extraction and solvent decuman limonene (72-80%), medical supervision extraction of coumarins a L. dodecylacrylate from the peel of Citrus (7.2%-8%), maxima fruit. nootkatone (1.6- Phytochemical Analysis, 2.5%). 16(6), 459-462.; Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry. Citrus medica L. Rutaceae fruit, seed aerial Furocou Essential oil: EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Verzera, A., Trozzi, A., part marins: limonene (60-80%) content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 Zappalá, M., Condurso, e.g. but high should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal C., & Cotroneo, A. methoxy differences used. use). Should be (2005). Essential oil psoralen between the oils consumed under composition of Citrus analyzed. medical supervision meyerii Y. Tan. and Citrus medica L. cv. Diamante and their lemon hybrids. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53(12), 4890- 4894.; Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry. Citrus myrtifolia Rutaceae Citrus fruit, Fruit Furocou EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Barreca, D., Bellocco, E., Raf. aurantiu pericarp; pericarp marins content. Toxicity with 0.7 ml of oil. furocoumarins: 1.5 Caristi, C., Leuzzi, U., & m var. essential oil Content of furocoumarin should be mg/day (internal Gattuso, G. (2011). myrtifolia declared for plant material used. use). Should be Elucidation of the Ker Gawl. consumed under flavonoid and medical supervision furocoumarin composition and radical-scavenging activity of green and ripe chinotto (Citrus myrtifolia Raf.) fruit tissues, leaves and seeds. Food Chemistry, 129(4), 1504-1512.; Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry. Citrus nobilis Lour. Rutaceae pericarp; fruit peel Furocou EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Le-Van, N., & Pham, T. V. essential oil (pericarp marins: content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 C. (1979). Two new ) e.g. should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal flavones from bergapte used. use). Should be Eupatorium n, consumed under coelestinum. medical supervision Phytochemistry, 18(11), 1859-1861.; Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry.

Citrus paradisi Rutaceae aerial part Fruit, leaf, Essential EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Tatum, J. H., & Berry, R. Macfad. peel and oil from content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 E. (1979). Coumarins pulp the peel: should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal and psoralens in furocoum used. use). Should be grapefruit peel oil. arines: consumed under Phytochemistry, 18(3), e.g. medical supervision 500-502.; Lawley, R., psoralen, Curtis, L., & Davis, J. 5- (2012). The food safety hydroxyp hazard guidebook. soralen Royal Society of (bergapt Chemistry. ol), 5- methoxy psoralen (0.0005- 0.013%), 5- geranylps oralen (bergam ottin) Citrus reticulata Rutaceae aerial part Bark and Essential EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Saleem, M., Afza, N., Blanco fruit oil: content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 Aijaz Anwar, M., & Ali, M. furocoum should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal S. (2005). Aromatic arins: e.g. used. use). Should be constituents from fruit 8- consumed under peels of Citrus methoxy medical supervision reticulata. Natural psoralen product research, 19(6), 633-638.; Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry. Citrus sinensis (L.) Rutaceae flower, leaf; Fruit Furocou Some data states EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Shalaby, N. M., Abd- Osbeck essential oil pericarp marins the content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 Alla, H. I., Ahmed, H. H., furonocoumarins should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal & Basoudan, N. (2011). amount is lower used. use). Should be Protective effect of than 0.005 mg/l. consumed under Citrus sinensis and Citrus medical supervision aurantifolia against osteoporosis and their phytochemical constituents. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(4), 579-588.; Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry. Cladonia Cladoniacea thallus thallus Dibenzof Abietane Usnic acid and derivatives should be Usnic acid (100 mg) Sanchez W, Maple JT, rangiferina (L.) e uran diterpenoids: absent in extracts. Content should be is implicated in Burgart LJ, Kamath PS. Weber ex F.H. derivative hanagokenols A declared. hepatotoxicity. Severe hepatotoxicity Wigg. s: e.g. with an ether Contains also associated with use of a usnic linkage and B with atranorin dietary supplement acid gamma lactone; containing usnic acid. isopimarane Mayo Clinic Proc 2006; diterpenoids. Usnic 81: 541-4. acid under scrutiny for hepatotoxicity Clematis Ranunculace root fresh herb Sap: Protoanemonins Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Shao, B., Qin, G., Xu, R., chinensis Osbeck ae lactones: and ranunculin for the preparation. concentration of Wu, H., & Ma, K. (1996). e.g. (precursor) only in 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Saponins from Clematis protoane the fresh herb. mg/ml with an chinensis. Phytochemistr monins average intake of 5 y, 42 (3), 821-825.; and g of herb. Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, ranunculi C., Massiot, G., & Men- n Olivier, L. L. (2002). (precurso Structure-activity r) relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology, 40(4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Clitoria ternatea Leguminosae flower Peptides: cliotides Petals and petal extracts are All plant parts Jain, N. N., Ohal, C. C., L. with antimicrobial relatively safe. (particularly Shroff, S. K., Bhutada, R. effect. Acylated methanol extracts) H., Somani, R. S., anthocyanins, affect the CNS Kasture, V. S., & Kasture, tannins, flavonoids, S. B. (2003). Clitoria ternatea and the CNS. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior , 75 (3), 529- 536.; Kazuma, K., Noda, N., & Suzuki, M. (2003). Malonylated flavonol glycosides from the petals of Clitoria ternatea. Phytochemistry, 62(2), 229-237. Cochlearia Brassicaceae aerial part leaf; Essential Ascorbic acid. The leaf contains tropane alkaloids of Atropine and De Simone, R., officinalis L. essential oil: Polyphenolic the atropine/cocaine group. Daily related tropane Margarucci, L., & De oil glucosinol compounds: dose of 0.1 mg is considered to be alkaloids are toxic at Feo, V. (2008). Tropane ates: flavonoids. therapeutic. Content should be concentrations of alkaloids: an glucococ stated. 0.4 to 0.6 mg in overview. Pharmacolog hlearine. adults. yonline , 1, 70-89. Volatile compoun ds: butylisothi ocyanate s. Leaf: tropane alkaloids eg. cochleari ne. Codonopsis Campanulac root Saponin triterpenyl Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Li, S. L., Zhang, Y. B., But, pilosula (Franch.) eae esters for the preparation. concentration of P. P. H., & ShaW, P. C. Nannf. 10% haemolysis is 7.3 (2007). The use of mg/ml with an lobetyolin and HPLC-UV average intake of 5 fingerprints for quality g of herb. assessment of Radix Codonopsis. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis , 15 (3).; He, Q., Zhu, E., Wang, Z., Chou, G., Xu, L., & Hu, Z. (2005). Study on chemical constitutes of {\ sl Codonopsis pilosula}. Zhongguo yao xue za zhi (Zhongguo yao xue hui: 1989), 41(1), 10-12.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology, 40(4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Coffea arabica Rubiaceae seed seed Methylat Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate L. (bean) ed extract: 30 g). Concern is the should not exceed content of foods and its xanthine caffeine and methylxanthine content 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia derivative that should not exceed 300 mg daily. Should be Pacific Journal of : caffeine Should be declared. consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), Green medical supervision. 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. coffee Dried herb on "Nutritional value of bean: 0.8 methylxanthine basis foods in relation to their - 1.4% (caffeine) - not oxalic acid caffeine exceeding 21 g) content." The American on dry journal of clinical basis nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152.; Stavric, B. (1988). Methylxanthines: toxicity to humans. 2. Caffeine. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 26(7), 645-662.; Gunja, N., & Brown, J. A. (2012). Energy drinks: health risks and toxicity. Medical Journal of Australia, 196(1), 46-49. Chicago Coffea Rubiaceae Coffea seed seed Methylat In general Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate canephora Pierre robusta (bean) ed somewhat higher extract: 30 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its ex Froehner Lind. ex xanthine caffeine content 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia De Wild derivative (up to 50%) in Should be Pacific Journal of : caffeine Robusta coffee consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), Green compared to medical supervision. 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. coffee Arabica. Dried herb on "Nutritional value of bean: Methylxanthine methylxanthine basis foods in relation to their 1.7-4.0% content in plant is (caffeine) - not oxalic acid caffeine influenced by exceeding 7.5 g) content." The American on dry variety, journal of clinical basis geographical nutrition 25.11 (1972): location of growth, 1147-1152.; Stavric, B. climate and (1988). Methylxanthines: cultural practice. toxicity to humans. 2. Robusta coffee is Caffeine. Food and more tolerant than Chemical Toxicology, Arabica coffe, 26(7), 645-662.; Gunja, and is therefore N., & Brown, J. A. (2012). cultivated in a Energy drinks: health wider range of risks and toxicity. conditions which Medical Journal of may contribute to Australia, 196(1), 46-49. the higher caffeine Chicago content compared to Arabica coffee.

Coix lacryma-jobi Poaceae seed Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate L. extract: 30 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia Should be Pacific Journal of consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), medical supervision. 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. Dried herb on "Nutritional value of methylxanthine basis foods in relation to their (caffeine) - not oxalic acid exceeding 7.5 g) content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Coix lacryma-jobi Poaceae Coix ma- seed, seed Proteins (15%), The content of coixol and related This fern contains a Yamada, H., Yanahira, var. ma-yuen (Gramineae) yuen oil lipids (5%), glucides substances should be stated metabolite, coixol, S., Kiyohara, H., Cyong, (Rom.Caill.) Stapf Rom. (65%), fatty acids, that resembles J. C., & Otsuka, Y. Caill. sterols, coïxol (6- methylxanthine- (1985). Water-soluble methoxybenzoxaz derived alkaloids glucans from the seed olone), (e.g. caffeine) of Coix lacryma-jobi var. benzoxazinones. ma- No toxicity yuen. Phytochemistry , 25 described. (1), 129-132.; MingChang, Z., XiuPing, M., WenFen, X., Tian, T., & XianSheng, J. (2010). Determination of coixol in root, testa and stem of Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Roman.) Stapf by HPLC. Medicinal Plant, 1(8), 95- 97. Cola acuminata Malvaceae seed seed Methylat Toxicity due to methylxanthines. Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate (P.Beauv.) Schott ed Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its et Endl. xanthine 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia derivative Should be Pacific Journal of s: consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), caffeine medical supervision. 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. (2.4- Dried herb on "Nutritional value of 2.6%), methylxanthine basis foods in relation to their theobrom (caffeine) - not oxalic acid ine <0.1%. exceeding 11.5 g) content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Cola nitida Malvaceae seed seed Methylat Toxicity due to methylxanthines. Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate (Vent.) Schott et ed Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its Endl. xanthine 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia derivative Should be Pacific Journal of s: consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), caffeine medical supervision. 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. (1.5-3.5%) Dried herb on "Nutritional value of , methylxanthine basis foods in relation to their theobrom (caffeine) - not oxalic acid ine 1%, exceeding 8.5 g) content." The American theophylli journal of clinical ne. nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152.

Combretum combretace leaf Presence The alkaloids are Toxicity due to piperidine alkaloids. Piperidine alkaloids Cheeke, P. R. (1989). micranthum ae of flavan- used in diabetic Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Toxicants of plant origin: G.Don piperidin treatment. dose of 15 mg Alkaloids (Vol. 1). CRC e (pilocarpine) daily in Press. alkaloids: adults. e.g. kinkeloids A, B, C, D Combretum Combretace leaf, stalk pentacyclic Toxicity due to piperidine alkaloids. Piperidine alkaloids Cheeke, P. R. (1989). sundaicum Miq. ae triterpenoids. Plant Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Toxicants of plant origin: used as opium dose of 15 mg Alkaloids (Vol. 1). CRC antidote. (pilocarpine) daily in Press. adults.

Commiphora Burseraceae leaf, stem Seed: triterpene Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Hanuš, L. O., Řezanka, T., africana (A.Rich.) bark, resin saponins: be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not Dembitsky, V. M., & Endl. guggulsteroles; consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm Moussaieff, A. (2005). essential oil: e.g. Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. Myrrh-commiphora alpha pinene, chemistry. Biomedical alpha thujene, papers , 149 (1), 3-28.; para-cymene Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80-56-8. Commiphora Burseraceae oleo-gum- Oleo- Essential Terpenoids: e.g. The EO is potentially toxic due to toxic level 0.05 mukul Engl. resin gum-resin oil (0.4%) myrcene, estragole mg/kg body weight, from the with dimyrcene, i.e. 0.003g trunk phenylpr polymyrcene opanoids: e.g. methylch avicol in unspecifi ed quantities .

Commiphora Burseraceae bark, leaf Essential oil (2%- The EO profile has to be assessed May be potentially schimperi and stem 10%): before authorised. toxic as no data has (O.Bergman) bark resin sesquiterpenes been found. Engl.

Copaifera Leguminosae bark Seed Presence Volatile fraction of EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Neto, J. D. S. L., langsdorffii Desf. oleoresin of the oleoresin: Toxicity with 0.9 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg Gramosa, N. V., & coumarin sesquiterpenes coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 Silveira, E. R. (2008). beta- plant material used. mg/day at body CONSTITUINTES caryophyllene and weight of 60 kg). QUÍMICOS DOS FRUTOS caryophyllene Should be DE Copaifera oxide. The main consumed under langsdorffii Desf. Quim. non-volatile medical supervision Nova, 31(5), 1078-1080.; components in the European Food Safety oleoresin: Authority. Opinion of the diterpene acids Scientific Panel on food and derivatives: additives, flavourings, e.g. hardwiickic processing aids and acid, kauranoic material in contact with acid, ent-kaur-16- food (AFC) on a request en-19-ol, ent-kaur- from the Commission 16-ene, ent-4-epi- related to coumarin. agathic acid Me Question number EFSA- ester, ruilopeziol Q-2003-118. The EFSA and ent-kaur-16- Journal 2004;104:1-36. en-19-ol. In seeds: coumarin; Coptis japonica Ranunculace rhizome Isoquinoli Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). (Thunb.) Makino ae ne Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline alkaloids: dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. e.g. in adults. May have Natural product reports, berberine cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, , effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. stylopine, (1985). Safety of coptisine chloroquine in chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Coptis teeta Ranunculace rhizome Isoquinoli Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). Wall. ae ne Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline alkaloids: dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. e.g. in adults. May have Natural product reports, berberine cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, , effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. stylopine, (1985). Safety of coptisine chloroquine in chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Coptis trifolia (L.) Ranunculace rhizome Isoquinoli Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). Salisb. ae ne Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline alkaloids: dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. e.g. in adults. May have Natural product reports, berberine cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, , effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. stylopine, (1985). Safety of coptisine chloroquine in chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Cordia myxa L. Boraginacea fruit fruit, leaf May Extracts containing Pyrrolizidine Senecionine, Mattocks, A. R. (1968). e contain alkaloids are banned. These are pyrolizidine and Toxicity of pyrrolizidine pyrrolizidi extremely toxic. Content should be quinolizidine alkaloids. Nature, 217, ne stated. alkaloids are toxic at 723-728; Smith, L. W., & alkaloids concentrations of Culvenor, C. C. J. 0.0001% (1 ppm) in (1981). Plant sources of adults. hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Journal of Natural Products, 44(2), 129-152. Coriandrum Apiaceae aerial part; aerial Essential Low toxic camphor toxic level Msaada, K., Hosni, K., sativum L. essential oil part oil from 30 mg/kg body Taarit, M. B., Chahed, T., the fruit: weight, i.e. 1.8 g. But Kchouk, M. E., & bicyclic 2.5 ml of oil - orally Marzouk, B. (2007). monoterp Changes on essential oil ene: composition of camphor coriander (Coriandrum (3-9%) sativum L.) fruits during three stages of maturity. Food Chemistry , 102 (4), 1131- 1134. Cormus Rosaceae Pyrus bud, fruit flavonoids and Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Samanta, S., Giri, S., domestica (L.) sorbus hydroxycinnamoyl toxic when plant material is concentration of Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Spach Gaertn.; esters: aldose consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. Sorbus reductase be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to C. (2004). Impact of domestic inhibitors. gastrointestinal tannic acid on the a L. Carotenoids, toxicity. Daily intake gastrointestinal sugars, ascorbic should not exceed microflora. Microbial acid, organic 1500 mg tannins. ecology in health and acids disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Cornus florida L. Cornaceae fruit, bark Flower essential oil: Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high IRONS, J. G., Oswood, 3-formylpyridine, toxic when plant material is concentration of M. W., Stout, R., & beta ocimene, consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Pringle, C. M. (1994). linalool, nonanal, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Latitudinal patterns in ketoisophorone, gastrointestinal leaf litter breakdown: is decanal. Flower: toxicity. Daily intake temperature really anthocyans: e.g. should not exceed important?. Freshwater cyanidin-3- 1500 mg tannins. Biology, 32(2), 401-411.;; glactoside. Bark Samanta, S., Giri, S., extract was used Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., formerly as Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. antimalarial C. (2004). Impact of treatment (quinine tannic acid on the substitute). Bark gastrointestinal and wood: tannins microflora. Microbial (cornusiins) ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Cornus mas L. Cornaceae fruit Flavonoids: e.g. Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Šavikin, K., Zduni ć, G., aromadendrin , toxic when plant material is concentration of Jankovi ć, T., quercetin, consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Stanojkovi ć, T., Jurani ć, kaempferol, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Z., & Menkovi ć, N. anthocyans: gastrointestinal (2009). In vitro cytotoxic delphinidin 3- toxicity. Daily intake and antioxidative galactoside, should not exceed activity of Cornus mas cyanidin 3- 1500 mg tannins. and Cotinus coggygria. galactoside, Natural product cyanidin 3- research, 23(18), 1731- rhamnosylgalactos 1739.; Samanta, S., Giri, ide, pelargonidin S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. 3-galactoside, and K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, pelargonidin 3- K. C. (2004). Impact of rhamnosylgalactos tannic acid on the ide gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Cornus officinalis Cornaceae fruit Gallic acids, ursolic Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Hatano, T., Ogawa, N., Siebold & Zucc. and oleanolic toxic when plant material is concentration of Kira, R., Yasuhara, T., & acids. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Okuda, T. (1989). Tannins Antihepatotoxicity. be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to of cornaceous plants. I. gastrointestinal Cornusiins A, B and C, toxicity. Daily intake dimeric monomeric and should not exceed trimeric hydrolyzable 1500 mg tannins. tannins from Cornus officinalis, and orientation of valoneoyl group in related tannins. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 37(8), 2083-2090.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Cornus Cornaceae bud, fruit, fruit, leaf Salicylate Tannins, flavonoids Salicylate content not established. Daily dose of dietary Corder, E. H., & Buckley, sanguinea L. leaf s and gallic acids, Content of salicylate should be salicylates should C. E. (1995). Aspirin, mentione salycilic acid declared for plant material used. not exceed 15.3 mg salicylate, sulfite and d but sensitive subjects tartrazine induced may react to 2.6 mg bronchoconstriction. daily. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Corrigiola Molluginace root Saponins , Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Lakmichi, H., Bakhtaoui, telephiifolia ae terpenes . for the preparation. concentration of F. Z., Gadhi, C. A., Pourr. Absence of 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Ezoubeiri, A., El Jahiri, Y., alkaloids. mg/ml with an El Mansouri, A., ... & Chemicals not average intake of 5 Loutfi, K. (2010). Toxicity identified. g of herb. profile of the aqueous ethanol root extract of Corrigiola telephiifolia pourr.(Caryophyllaceae ) in rodents. Evidence- Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Corylus avellana Betulaceae leaf, fruit, Leaf: polyphenolic Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Hoste, H., Brunet, S., L. seed compounds: toxic when 10 g plant material is concentration of Paolini, V., Bahuaud, D., proanthocyanidols consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Chauveau, S., Fouraste, , flavonoids eg. be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to I., & Lefrileux, Y. (2009). myricitrine. Tannins gastrointestinal Compared in vitro (2%). Seed: fatty toxicity. Daily intake anthelmintic effects of acids: oleic (62- should not exceed eight tannin-rich plants 86%), linoleic (20- 1500 mg tannins. browsed by goats in the 30%), palmitic (4- southern part of France. 9%)… Option Méditerrenéennes, 431- 436.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Corymbia Myrtaceae Eucalyptu leaf, essential Essential oil: mono Toxicity due to citronellal should be Citronellal content Boland, D.J. et al., citriodora (Hook.) s oil terpene stated. Pure EO should not be should not exceed Eucalyptus Leaf Oils - K.D.Hill & citriodora derivatives: para- consumed directly (<0.001 ml of EO). 100 ppm (0.001%) Use, Chemistry, L.A.S.Johnson Hook. menthane-3,8-diol, Content should be stated. daily. Distillation and citronellal (83.50 Marketing; Luebke, W. %). (2011). citronellal 523-80- 8.

Coscinium Menisperma root, stem root, stem Isoquinoli Stem extract orally Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002).

fenestratum ceae ne to rats in doses of Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline (Goetgh.) alkaloids: 5, 10 and 20 dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. Colebr. berberine mg/kg BW for 14 in adults. May have Natural product reports, , days: increased cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, oxyberbe body weight and effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. rine,cana induced (1985). Safety of dine neurotixicity in the chloroquine in cerebral cortex, chemosuppression of hippocampus and malaria during striatum. pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Cotinus Anacardiace bark, flower, Polyphenolic Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Šavikin, K., Zduni ć, G., coggygria Scop. ae leaf constituents: toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Jankovi ć, T., flavanones e.g C- consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Stanojkovi ć, T., Jurani ć, 3/C-3'' dimer of be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Z., & Menkovi ć, N. butin (3',4',7- gastrointestinal (2009). In vitro cytotoxic trihydroxyflavanon toxicity. Daily intake and antioxidative e);profisetinidinse. should not exceed activity of Cornus mas g. 1500 mg tannins. and Cotinus coggygria. fisetinidol;flavonols Natural product e.g.fisetin research, 23(18), 1731- ;chalcone: butein 1739.; Samanta, S., Giri, and aurone S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. sulfuretin. High K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, content of tannins K. C. (2004). Impact of in leaf and bark. tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Crambe Brassicaceae whole plant whole Seed: Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Quinsac, A., Charrier, A., maritima L. plant erucic glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Ribaillier, D., & Péron, J. acid. glycosides) (1.4 g of plant extract). (goitrogenic Y. (1994). Glucosinolates Young Content should be declared. glycosides) use: 5 in etiolated sprouts of shoots: mg/day). These sea ‐kale (Crambe glucosinol exhibit antithyroid maritima L). Journal of ates, of activity. the Science of Food which and Agriculture, 65(2), more 201-207.; Chandra, A. K., than 80% Mukhopadhyay, S., is Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. represent (2004). Goitrogenic ed by content of Indian epi- cyanogenic plant food progoitrin & their in vitro anti- ( 5.4 and thyroidal activity. Indian 7.3 mol Journal of Medical g−1 of Research, 119, 180-185.; fresh Williamson G. (2008) matter). Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf).

Crataegus Rosaceae aerial part Oligomer Fruit edible. Leaves contain high saponin blood Shatoor, A. S. (2011). azarolus L. procyanidins, amount of terpenoid concentration of Acute and sub-acute flavonoids saponinsSaponin content has to be 10% haemolysis is 7.3 toxicity of Crataegus specifed for the preparation. mg/ml with an aronia syn. azarolus (L.) average intake of 5 whole plant aqueous g of herb. extract in wistar rats. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 6(2), 37.; Shatoor, A. S. (2011). Acute and sub-acute toxicity of Crataegus aronia syn. azarolus (L.) whole plant aqueous extract in wistar rats. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 6(2), 37. Crataegus Rosaceae aerial part rutin, hyperoside Fruit edible. Leaves contain high saponin blood Yanar, M., Ercisli, S., curvisepala and chlorogenic amount of terpenoid concentration of Yilmaz, K., Sahiner, H., Lindm. acid saponinsSaponin content has to be 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Taskin, T., Zengin, Y., ... & specifed for the preparation. mg/ml with an Celik, F. (2011). average intake of 5 Morphological and g of herb. chemical diversity among hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) genotypes from Turkey. Scientific Research and Essays, 6(1), 35-38.; Shatoor, A. S. (2011). Acute and sub-acute toxicity of Crataegus aronia syn. azarolus (L.) whole plant aqueous extract in wistar rats. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 6(2), 37. Crataegus Rosaceae Crataegu leaf, Flavonoids (2.4%) : Fruit edible. Leaves contain high saponin blood Yanar, M., Ercisli, S., laevigata (Poir.) s flowering flavonol-O- amount of terpenoid concentration of Yilmaz, K., Sahiner, H., DC. oxyacant top, seed glycosiden (rutine, saponinsSaponin content has to be 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Taskin, T., Zengin, Y., ... & ha auct. hyperoside) and specifed for the preparation. mg/ml with an Celik, F. (2011). flavon-C average intake of 5 Morphological and glycosiden g of herb. chemical diversity (vitexine and among hawthorn vitexine-2”-O- (Crataegus spp.) rhamnoside). genotypes from Turkey. Oligomere Scientific Research and procyanides (OPC, Essays, 6(1), 35-38.; 2.5%), 2 – 8 Shatoor, A. S. (2011). catechine and / or Acute and sub-acute epicatechine- toxicity of Crataegus units). aronia syn. azarolus (L.) whole plant aqueous extract in wistar rats. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 6(2), 37. Crataegus Rosaceae leaf, Flavonoids (0.5 – Fruit edible. Leaves contain high saponin blood Shatoor, A. S. (2011). monogyna Jacq. flowering 1.5%) : flavonol-O- amount of terpenoid concentration of Acute and sub-acute top, seed glycosiden (rutine, saponinsSaponin content has to be 10% haemolysis is 7.3 toxicity of Crataegus hyperoside) and specifed for the preparation. mg/ml with an aronia syn. azarolus (L.) flavon-C average intake of 5 whole plant aqueous glycosiden g of herb. extract in wistar rats. (vitexine and American Journal of vitexine-2”-O- Pharmacology and rhamnoside). Toxicology, 6(2), 37.; Oligomere Shatoor, A. S. (2011). procyanides (OPC, Acute and sub-acute 2.4 – 3%, 2 – 8 toxicity of Crataegus catechine and / or aronia syn. azarolus (L.) epicatechine- whole plant aqueous units). extract in wistar rats. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 6(2), 37. Crataegus Rosaceae aerial part Flavonoids, sterol, Fruit edible. Leaves contain high saponin blood Shatoor, A. S. (2011). pentagyna triterpene amount of terpenoid concentration of Acute and sub-acute Waldst. & Kit. glycosides saponinsSaponin content has to be 10% haemolysis is 7.3 toxicity of Crataegus specifed for the preparation. mg/ml with an aronia syn. azarolus (L.) average intake of 5 whole plant aqueous g of herb. extract in wistar rats. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 6(2), 37.; Shatoor, A. S. (2011). Acute and sub-acute toxicity of Crataegus aronia syn. azarolus (L.) whole plant aqueous extract in wistar rats. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 6(2), 37. Crithmum Apiaceae leaf leaf Essential The EO is potentially toxic due to toxic level 0.05 Coiffard, L., & AMICEL, L. maritimum L. oil: estragole mg/kg body weight, (1993). Geographical phenylpr i.e. 0.003g variations of the opanoids: constituents of the e.g. essential oil of Crithmum methylch maritimum L., Apiaceae. avicol International journal of (3,4%) cosmetic science, 15(1), 15-21. Crocus sativus L. Iridaceae flower Cis- and trans- Toxicity due to safranal should be Safranal should not Lage, M., & Cantrell, C. carotinoids: e.g. stated (<200 mg of extract). Content exceed 100 ppm L. (2009). Quantification crocine. Essential should be stated. (0.001%) daily. of saffron (Crocus oil (0.4%-1.3%): e.g. sativus L.) metabolites safranal; crocins, picrocrocin and flavonoids. High safranal for quality doses of safranal determination of the may induce spice grown under abortion. different environmental Moroccan conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 121(3), 366-373.; Luebke, W. (2011). Safranal. 116- 26-7 Crossostephium Compositea aerial part Sesquiterpenes: EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Chang, Tien-Ning, et al. chinense (A.Gray e e.g.crossostephin. Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg "Ameliorative effects of ex L.) Makino Coumarins: declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 scopoletin from e.g.biscopoletin, mg/day at body Crossostephium artesin, tanacetin, weight of 60 kg). chinensis against scopoletin. Sterols: Should be inflammation pain and e.g. taraxeryl consumed under its mechanisms in acetate, taraxerol medical supervision mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012).; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Cruciata Rubiaceae Galium aerial part root Anthraqui Iridoid glucosides: Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Mitova, M. I., Anchev, laevipes Opiz cruciata nones: e.g. asperuline content Extract content should not intake should not M. E., Panev, S. G., (L.) Scop. e.g. exceed 50 mg anthraquinones daily. exceed 50 mg daily. Handjieva, N. V., & alizarin, Should be declared. Should be Popov, S. S. (1996). lucidin, consumed under Coumarins and iridoids and medical supervision from Crucianella naphtale graeca, Cruciata ne glabra, Cruciata derivative laevipes and Cruciata s pedemontana (Rubiaceae). ZEITSCHRIF T FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C, 51, 631-634.; Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). A review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Cryptocarya Lauraceae Ravensar fruit (Essential The EO is potentially toxic due to toxic level 0.05 agathophylla a oil from estragole mg/kg body weight, van der Werff aromatic leaf and i.e. 0.003g a Sonn.; bark: e.g. Agathop methylch hyllum avicol, aromatic methyleu um genol) (Sonn.) Willd Cucumis melo L. Cucurbitace fruit, seed stem Oxygenat In fruit and seed: Cucurbitacin content should be Cucurbitacins are Chen, C., Qiang, S., Lou, ae ed phytosteroles; stated. very bitter ane may L., & Zhao, W. (2009). tetracycli flavonoids be toxic Cucurbitane-type c triterpenoids from the triterpene stems of Cucumis melo. s: Journal of natural cucurbita products, 72(5), 824-829. cins B (1.4%) , E, D, isocucurb itacin B Cucumis sativus Cucurbitace fruit whole Possible Cucumber Cucurbitacins are very bitter ane Cucurbitacins are Agrawal, A. A., Gorski, P. L. ae plant occurenc may be toxic very bitter ane may M., & Tallamy, D. W. e of the be toxic (1999). Polymorphism in oxygenat plant defense against ed herbivory: constitutive tetracycli and induced resistance c in Cucumis triterpene sativus. Journal of s: Chemical cucurbita Ecology , 25 (10), 2285- cin C in 2304. leaf and fruit and of cucurbita cins C and B in root. Cucurbita Cucurbitace fruit whole Possible Cucurbitacins are very bitter ane Cucurbitacins are Caputo, O., Delprino, L., maxima Duch. ae plant occurren may be toxic very bitter ane may Viola, F., Caramiello, R., ce of be toxic & Balliano, G. (1983). oxygenat Biosynthesis of Sterols ed and Triterpenoids in tetracycli Tissue Cultures of c Cucurbita triterpene maxima. Planta s: medica , 49 (11), 176-180. cucurbita cins B and C. Cuminum Apiaceae fruit fruit Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Gachkar, L., Yadegari, cyminum L. oil from cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.005 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 D., Rezaei, M. B., fruit: ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Taghizadeh, M., phenylpr should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Astaneh, S. A., & Rasooli, opanoids: used. I. (2007). Chemical and e.g. biological methylch characteristics of avicol Cuminum cyminum and (30ppm) Rosmarinus officinalis and essential oils. Food monoterp Chemistry, 102(3), 898- enes: 904.; Council of Europe, monoterp Committee of Experts ene on Flavouring etheroxid Substances. Natural e: 1,8- sources of flavourings. cineole Report No. 3. Belgium: (0.2- Council of Europe 0.4%). Publishing; 2008

Cupressus Cupressacea bark, fruit, Essential oil: e.g. Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Mazari, K., Bendimerad, sempervirens L. e leaf, essential alpha pinene, be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not N., Bekhechi, C., & oil alpha terpineol, consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm Fernandez, X. (2010). camphene Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils isolated from Algerian Juniperus phoenicea L. and Cupressus sempervirens L.; Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80-56-8. Curcuma longa Zingiberacea Curcuma rhizome; rhizome Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Raina, V. K., Srivastava, L. e domestic essential oil oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.009 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 S. K., Jain, N., Ahmad, a Val., monoterp ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food A., Syamasundar, K. V., Curcuma ene should be declared for plant material (0.001%) & Aggarwal, K. K. (2002). domestic etheroxid used. Essential oil composition Loir., e: 1,8- of Curcuma longa L. cv. Amomum cineole Roma from the plains of curcuma and northern India. Flavour Jacq bicyclic and Fragrance Journal, monoterp 17(2), 99-102.; Council of enes: e.g. Europe, Committee of camphor Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Curcuma Zingiberacea rhizoma rhizome Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Jarikasem, S., xanthorrhiza e oil (3- cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.003 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Thubthimthed, S., Roxb. 12%): ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Chawananoraseth, K., & monoterp should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Suntorntanasat, T. (2003, enes: used. February). Essential oils monoterp from three Curcuma ene species collected in etheroxid Thailand. In III WOCMAP e: 1,8- Congress on Medicinal cineole and Aromatic Plants- (up to Volume 1: 40%), Bioprospecting and bicyclic Ethnopharmacology monoterp 675 (pp. 37-40).; Council enes: of Europe, Committee camphor of Experts on Flavouring (1%); Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Curcuma Zingiberacea rhizoma Rhizoma: EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Singh, G., Singh, O. P., & zedoaria e cucurminoids (3- cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.005 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Maurya, S. (2002). (Christm.) Roscoe 6%): diaryl- ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Chemical and biocidal hepatanoids. should be declared for plant material (0.001%) investigations on Dihydrocurcuminoi used. essential oils of some ds: diarylpentane Indian Curcuma derivatives. species. Progress in Peptides: Crystal Growth and turmerine. High Characterization of doses: stomach Materials, 45(1), 75-81.; hyperacidity, Council of Europe, hepatic colic. Committee of Experts Essential oil: on Flavouring sesquiterpene Substances. Natural ketones (65%): sources of flavourings. turmerones, Report No. 3. Belgium: germacrone Council of Europe derivatives, Publishing; 2008 zinziberene (25%), curcumene derivatives. Cuscuta Convolvulac seed Polyphenolic No major safety concern. The Xiang, S. X., He, Z. S., & chinensis Lam. eae compounds content of the furofuran lignans Ye, Y. (2001). Furofuran (flavonoids), should be specified. lignans from Cuscuta furofuran lignans. chinensis. Chinese No toxicity Journal of described. Chemistry , 19 (3), 282- Ethanolic extract: 285. acute toxicity in mice more than 20g/kg Cuscuta Convolvulac aerial part Parasytic plant. Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Aynehchi, Y., Salehi epithymum eae Contains saponins, for the preparation. concentration of Sormaghi, M. H., Amin, Murray tannins without 10% haemolysis is 7.3 G. H., & Ghahreman, A. further mg/ml with an (1981). Survey of Iranian identification. In average intake of 5 Plants for Saponins, TCM the seeds are g of herb. Alkaloids, Flavonoids used. They are said and Tannins. I. to contain a resin Pharmaceutical Biology, and may have a 19(2-3), 53-63.; laxative effect. No Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, toxicity described. C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Cyamopsis Leguminosae seed Polymers of D- Saponin content has to be specifed Possible Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, tetragonoloba (Fabaceae) (endosperm) galacto-D- for the preparation. gastrointestinal C., Massiot, G., & Men- (L.) Taub. , gum mannane. No problems with high Olivier, L. L. (2002). toxicity info. Some amounts. Structure-activity side effects: relationships of intestinal distensing haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440.; Cyathula Amaranthac root root Coumarin The saponins EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Zhou, R., Li, B. G., & officinalis K.C. eae s: e.g. (hederagenin- and Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Zhang, G. L. (2005). KuanCyathula (Chenopodia scoparon gypsogmin -type declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Chemical study on officinalis K.C. ceae) e (6,7 saponins) are mg/day at body Cyathula officinalis Kuan dimethox thought to weight of 60 kg). Kuan. Journal of Asian ycoumari stimulate uterus Should be natural products n) contraction and consumed under research, 7(3), 245-252.; can lead to medical supervision Yang, Sien-Hung, et al. abortion, however "A Commonly Used scoparone is Chinese Herbal Formula, probably the Shu-Jing-Hwo-Shiee- causative agent. Tang, Potentiates Anticoagulant Activity of Warfarin in a Rabbit Model." Molecules 18.10 (2013): 11712-11723 .; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Cyclanthera Cucurbitace fruit, leaf Fruit: flavone Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood De Tommasi, N., De pedata (L.) ae glycosides eg. for the preparation. concentration of Simone, F., Speranza, G., Schrad. chrysin; triterpene 10% haemolysis is 7.3 & Pizza, C. (1999). saponins. Seed: mg/ml with an Studies on the trypsin inhibotors. average intake of 5 constituents of g of herb. Cyclanthera pedata fruits: Isolation and structure elucidation of new triterpenoid saponins. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 47(11), 4512- 4519.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Cydonia Rosaceae Cydonia fruit Seed: Seed is not eaten Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Council of Europe, oblonga Mill. vulgaris cyanoge cyanogenic glycosides (4.6 g of acid (cyanogenic Committee of Experts Pers. nic plant extract). Seeds should be compound) use: on Flavouring glycoside avoided. Content should be 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Substances. Natural s (300 declared. (e.g.1.4 mg/day) sources of flavourings. ppm) Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Cymbopogon Poaceae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Kumar, P., Mishra, S., citratus (DC.) part oil ( 0.2%- cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.01 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Malik, A., & Satya, S. Stapf 0.4%): of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food (2013). Housefly (Musca bicyclic be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) domestica L.) control monoterp potential of enes: Cymbopogon citratus alpha- Stapf.(Poales: Poaceae) thujone essential oil and (up to monoterpenes (citral 0.1%) and and 1, 8-cineole). monoterp Parasitology research, ene 112(1), 69-76.; Council of etheroxid Europe, Committee of e: 1,8- Experts on Flavouring cineole Substances. Natural (traces) sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Cymbopogon Poaceae Cymbop aerial part aerial Essential Essential oil : No major safety concern. However, The EO is better Nath, S. C., Saha, B. N., flexuosus (Nees ogon part oil : geraniol (20.08%), the EO major compound be applied topically Bordoloi, D. N., Mathur, ex Steud.) flexuosus camphor geranyl acetate declared. than orally R. K., & Leclercq, P. A. W.Watson (Nees ex (0.07), (12.20%), - (1994). The chemical Steud.) elemicin bisabolol (8.42%) composition of the Stapf (3.75) and essential oil of isointermedeol Cymbopogon flexuosus (24.97%) borneol (Steud) Wats. growing in (1.90%), camphor northeast India. Journal (0.07%), of Essential Oil camphene Research ,6(1), 85-87. (1.33%), geranial (0.45%), neral (0.43), caryophylleneoxid e (0.36%), limonene (3.47%), elemicin (3.75%), piperitol (1.66%), carene-2 (1.02%), (2-E), farnesol (0.14%), (Z)-2-p- menthenol (0.06%). Cymbopogon Poaceae Cymbop leaf Essential oil : e.g. Toxicity due to alpha-phellandrene alpha-phellandrene Bhuyan, P. D., Chutia, jwarancusa ogon piperitone (54%), should be stated. Pure EO should not content should not M., Pathak, M. G., & subsp. olivieri laniger α-phellandrene be consumed directly (<0.02 ml of exceed 130 ppm Baruah, P. (2010). Effect (Boiss.) Soenarko (Desf.) (38%) EO). Content should be stated. (0.013%) daily. of essential oils from Duthie Lippia geminata and Cymbopogon jwarancusa on in vitro growth and sporulation of two rice pathogens. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society , 87 (11), 1333- 1340.; Shahi, A. K., & Tava, A. (1993). Essential oil composition of three Cymbopogon species of Indian Thar Desert. Journal of Essential Oil Research,5(6), 639-643. Cymbopogon Poaceae whole plant whole Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Khanuja, S. P., Shasany, martini (Roxb.) (Gramineae) plant oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.04 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 A. K., Pawar, A., Lal, R. Will.Watson phenylpr of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food K., Darokar, M. P., Naqvi, opanoids: be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) A. A., ... & Kumar, S. e.g. (2005). Essential oil methylch constituents and RAPD avicol markers to establish (traces) species relationship in Cymbopogon Spreng.(Poaceae). Biochemical systematics and ecology, 33(2), 171- 186.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Cymbopogon Poaceae whole plant, whole Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Khanuja, S. P., Shasany, nardus (L.) (Gramineae) essential oil plant oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.05 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 A. K., Pawar, A., Lal, R. Rendle phenylpr of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food K., Darokar, M. P., Naqvi, opanoids: be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) A. A., ... & Kumar, S. e.g. (2005). Essential oil methyleu constituents and RAPD genol markers to establish (51-204 species relationship in ppm). Cymbopogon Spreng.(Poaceae). Biochemical systematics and ecology, 33(2), 171- 186.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Cymbopogon Poaceae Andropo leaf Leaf: essential oil EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Shahi, A. K., & Tava, A. schoenanthus gon (0.2%-0.4%): citral cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.05 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 (1993). Essential oil (L.) Spreng. schoena (65%-86%), of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food composition of three nthus L. myrcene (12%- be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Cymbopogon species 20%), ketones of Indian Thar (0.2%-0.3%): e.g. Desert. Journal of methylheptenon Essential Oil Research ,5(6), 639-643.

Cymbopogon Poaceae whole plant, Essential oil (0.2- EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Quintans-Júnior, L. J., winterianus essential oil 0.5%): citrals (65- cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.05 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Souza, T. T., Leite, B. S., Jowitt ex Bor 86%), geraniol (2- of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food Lessa, N. M. N., 10%), linalol, nerol, be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Bonjardim, L. R., Santos, citronellal. Essential M. R. V., ... & Antoniolli, oil: high doses can A. R. (2008). induce sleepiness, Phythochemical polyurie,diarrhoea. screening and anticonvulsant activity of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (Poaceae) leaf essential oil in rodents. Phytomedicine , 15 (8), 619-624. Cynara Compositae head, leaf Mono- and di- No major safety concern with Artichoke extracts Valentão, P., Fernandes, cardunculus L. caffeoylquinic artichoke fruit extracts. are used as E., Carvalho, F., acids: e.g. stomachic Andrade, P. B., Seabra, chlorogenic acid, R. M., & Bastos, M. L. cynarin; (2002). Antioxidative sesquiterpenelact properties of cardoon ones (0%-4%): e.g. (Cynara cardunculus L.) cynaropicrin infusion against superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and hypochlorous acid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 50 (17), 4989- 4993. Cynara Compositae Cynara head, leaf Mono- and di- No major safety concern with Artichoke extracts Valentão, P., Fernandes, cardunculus scolymus caffeoylquinic artichoke fruit extracts. are used as E., Carvalho, F., subsp. flavescens L. acids: e.g. stomachic Andrade, P. B., Seabra, Wiklund Chlorogenic acid, R. M., & Bastos, M. L. cynarin; (2002). Antioxidative sesquiterpenelact properties of cardoon ones (0%-4%): e.g. (Cynara cardunculus L.) cynaropicrin. infusion against Cardoon superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and hypochlorous acid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 50 (17), 4989- 4993. Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae rhizome rhizome Sesquiter Toxicity due to pyridine alkaloids. Pyridine alkaloids are Br čić Kara čonji, I. (2005). L. pene Content should be stated. therapeutic at dose Facts about nicotine pyridine of 270 mg (nicotine) toxicity. Arhiv za higijenu alkaloids: daily in adults. rada i toksikologiju, rotundine 56(4), 363-371. s A-C (0.21%- 0.24%); cardiac glycoside s: bufadien olide glycoside s (0.62%- 0,74%) Cytinus hypocistis Cytinaceae flower, sap Yellow coloured Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Magiatis, P., Pratsinis, H., (L.) L. ellagitannins: toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Kalpoutzakis, E., isoterchebin. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- KONSTANTINIDOU, A., Parasitic plant be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to DAVARIS, P., & gastrointestinal SKALTSOUNIS, A. L. toxicity. Daily intake (2001). Hydrolyzable should not exceed tannins, the active 1500 mg tannins. constituents of three Greek Cytinus taxa against several tumor cell lines. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 24(6), 707-709.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Daemonorops Arecaceae Daemon fruit, resin Red resin from the The resin of this plant should not be The resin of "dragon's Nasini, G., & Piozzi, F. draco (Willd.) orops fruit: 5-hydroxy-7- consumed as food supplement due blood" resin (1981). Pterocarpol and Blume propinqu methoxyflavan. No to its toxic effects. Other plant parts potentially exhibits triterpenes from a Becc.; toxicity described. are relatively safer. anti-psychotic Daemonorops Calamus Sometimes the effects. draco. Phytochemistry, draco resin is sold as 20 (3), 514-516.; Huang, Willd. being a mild M. H., Lin, K. H., Chen, S. hallucinogenic but J., Shen, A. Y., Wu, F. T., scientific & Wu, S. N. (2012). references are Effects of ketamine and lacking its metabolites on ion currents in differentiated hippocampal H19-7 neuronal cells and in HEK293T cells transfected with α-hslo subunit. Neurotoxicology, 33(5), 1058-1066. Dahlia pinnata Compositae Dahlia flower, root Traditionally root is The root extracts can be used as a The plant contains Bendixen, O., Lam, J., & Cav. variabilis cooked. Contains food supplement. Presence of polyacetylenes that Kaufmann, F. (1969). (Willd.) inuline. polyacetylenes should be declared. potentially inhibit Polyacetylenes of Desf. angiogensis. Dahlia pinnata. Phytochemistry , 8(6), 1021-1024.

Daucus carota L. Apiaceae root, seed seed Seed Root rich source of EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for HERBIVORES, N. D. essential carotenoids. content. Toxicity with 0.7 ml of oil. furocoumarins: 1.5 (2008). Tania Jogesh, B. oil Content of furocoumarin should be mg/day (internal Sc.(Hons.) (Doctoral (2.63%): declared for leaf extracts used. use). Should be dissertation, Carleton e.g. consumed under University Ottawa, phenylpr medical supervision Canada).; Lawley, R., opanoids: Curtis, L., & Davis, J. e.g. (2012). The food safety methyleu hazard guidebook. genol Royal Society of (1.7%), Chemistry. beta asarone (17%) Descurainia Brassicaceae leaf, seed leaf, seed Glucosino Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Lockwood, G. B., & sophia (L.) lates: e.g. glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Afsharypuor, S. (1986). Webb ex Prantl sinigrin glycosides). Content should be (goitrogenic Comparative study of declared. glycosides) use: 5 the volatile aglucones mg/day). These of glucosinolates from in exhibit antithyroid vivo and in vitro grown activity. Descurainia sophia and Alyssum minimum using gas chromatography— mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 356, 438-440.; Chandra, A. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. (2004). Goitrogenic content of Indian cyanogenic plant food & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Dianthus Caryophyllac flower aerial Triterpene Flowers: malylated Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Gumnicka, O., & caryophyllus L. eae part saponins anthocyans. Toxic for the preparation. concentration of Oleszek, W. (1998). to dogs. No further 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Triterpene saponins from data. mg/ml with an the aerial parts of average intake of 5 Dianthus caryophyllus g of herb. var. remontant Hort. Acta societatis botanicorum Poloniae, 67(1), 65-68.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Dimocarpus Sapindacea Euphoria arilla, flower, Flower; No major safety concerns except for Fruit are susceptible Yang, B., Jiang, Y., Shi, longan Lour. e longan fruit polyphenolic ochratoxin accumulation. to decay J., Chen, F., & Ashraf, M. (Lour.) compouds; Ochratoxin content has to be caused by both (2011). Extraction and Steud. flavonoids. Fruit checked bacterial and fungal pharmacological and seed: infections. The latter properties of bioactive longanolactone, release ochratoxin compounds from ochratoxine, A, mainly, that longan (Dimocarpus polysaccharides. accumulates in the longan Lour.) fruit—A fruit pulp. review. Food Research International, 44(7), 1837-1842.; Li, J., Xie, H., Yang, B., Dong, X., Feng, L., Chen, F., & Jiang, Y. (2010). A comparative identification of ochratoxin A in longan fruit pulp by high performance liquid chromatography- fluorescence detection and electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry. Molecules, 15(2), 680- 688. Dioscorea alata Dioscoreace tuber tuber Tuber: The alkaloids are Toxic due to pyridine allkaloids and Only roots are Corley, D. G., Tempesta, L. ae pyrridinal water soluble and saponins. There ae usually small permitted in food, M. S., & Iwu, M. M. alkaloids can be removed quantities of alkaloids. But need to otherwise medicinal. (1985). Convulsant (0.9mg/1 by proper be declared on plant extracts. High doses of alkaloids from Dioscorea 00g): processing. The diosgenin type of dumetorum. Tetrahedro dioscorin proteinase inhibitor steroidal saponins n letters , 26 (13), 1615- e, is quite heat (possibly 1.5 g of 1618.; Willaman, J. J., dihydrodi stable. Purple yam saponins daily) may Fenske, C. S., & Correll, oscorine; induce D. S. (1953). Occurrence amylase/ gastrointestinal of alkaloids in proteinas disturbances and Dioscorea. Science e inhibitor exert oestrogenic (New York, NY), effects. 118(3064), 329.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Dioscorea Dioscoreace rhizome rhizome Steroidal Toxic due to pyridine allkaloids and Only roots are Corley, D. G., Tempesta, collettii Hook. f. ae saponins: saponins. There ae usually small permitted in food, M. S., & Iwu, M. M. var. hypoglauca e.g. quantities of alkaloids. But need to otherwise medicinal. (1985). Convulsant (Palib.) C. Pei & diosgenin be declared on plant extracts. High doses of alkaloids from Dioscorea C. T. Ting , diosgenin type of dumetorum. Tetrahedro yamogen steroidal saponins n letters , 26 (13), 1615- in, (possibly 1.5 g of 1618.; Willaman, J. J., saponins daily) may Fenske, C. S., & Correll, induce D. S. (1953). Occurrence gastrointestinal of alkaloids in disturbances and Dioscorea. Science exert oestrogenic (New York, NY), effects. 118(3064), 329.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Dioscorea Dioscoreace tuber tuber Steroidal Formerly used as Toxic due to pyridine allkaloids and Only roots are Corley, D. G., Tempesta, composita ae saponins: abortifacient, no saponins. There ae usually small permitted in food, M. S., & Iwu, M. M. Hemsl. e.g. further data quantities of alkaloids. But need to otherwise medicinal. (1985). Convulsant diosgenin be declared on plant extracts. High doses of alkaloids from Dioscorea , diosgenin type of dumetorum. Tetrahedro steroidal saponins n letters , 26 (13), 1615- (possibly 1.5 g of 1618.; Willaman, J. J., saponins daily) may Fenske, C. S., & Correll, induce D. S. (1953). Occurrence gastrointestinal of alkaloids in disturbances and Dioscorea. Science exert oestrogenic (New York, NY), effects. 118(3064), 329.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Dioscorea Dioscoreace Dioscore root, rhizoma root, Steroidal polysaccharides. Toxic due to pyridine allkaloids and Only roots are Corley, D. G., Tempesta, oppositifolia L. ae a rhizoma saponins: Saponins e.g. saponins. There ae usually small permitted in food, M. S., & Iwu, M. M. opposita e.g. diosgenin (if quantities of alkaloids. But need to otherwise medicinal. (1985). Convulsant Thunb. diosgenin presence in final be declared on plant extracts. High doses of alkaloids from Dioscorea , product is not diosgenin type of dumetorum. Tetrahedro higher than 3.5%, steroidal saponins n letters , 26 (13), 1615- then there is no (possibly 1.5 g of 1618.; Willaman, J. J., estrogen or saponins daily) may Fenske, C. S., & Correll, progesterone induce D. S. (1953). Occurrence activity). Edible. gastrointestinal of alkaloids in No toxicity disturbances and Dioscorea. Science described. D. exert oestrogenic (New York, NY), oppositifolia only effects. 118(3064), 329.; Raju, J., occurs in India and & Rao, C. V. (2011). the name is often Diosgenin, a steroid misapplied to the saponin constituent of American yams and fenugreek: Dioscorea emerging evidence for polystachia Turcz. , applications in a different species. medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Dioscorea Dioscoreace Dioscore Rhizome Rhizome Steroidal Toxic due to pyridine allkaloids and Only roots are Corley, D. G., Tempesta, polystachya ae a batatas saponins: saponins. There ae usually small permitted in food, M. S., & Iwu, M. M. Turcz. Decne e.g. quantities of alkaloids. But need to otherwise medicinal. (1985). Convulsant diosgenin be declared on plant extracts. High doses of alkaloids from Dioscorea , diosgenin type of dumetorum. Tetrahedro steroidal saponins n letters , 26 (13), 1615- (possibly 1.5 g of 1618.; Willaman, J. J., saponins daily) may Fenske, C. S., & Correll, induce D. S. (1953). Occurrence gastrointestinal of alkaloids in disturbances and Dioscorea. Science exert oestrogenic (New York, NY), effects. 118(3064), 329.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Dioscorea villosa Dioscoreace tuber tuber Steroid Diosgenin said to Toxic due to pyridine allkaloids and Only roots are Corley, D. G., Tempesta, L. ae saponins have a possible saponins. There ae usually small permitted in food, M. S., & Iwu, M. M. (1%-2%): estrogenic effect. quantities of alkaloids. But need to otherwise medicinal. (1985). Convulsant e.g: be declared on plant extracts. High doses of alkaloids from Dioscorea disogenin diosgenin type of dumetorum. Tetrahedro , dioscin, steroidal saponins n letters , 26 (13), 1615- dioscorin; (possibly 1.5 g of 1618.; Willaman, J. J., possible saponins daily) may Fenske, C. S., & Correll, presence induce D. S. (1953). Occurrence of gastrointestinal of alkaloids in pyrridinal disturbances and Dioscorea. Science alkaloids: exert oestrogenic (New York, NY), e.g. effects. 118(3064), 329.; Raju, J., dioscorin & Rao, C. V. (2011). e Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Diospyros Ebenaceae bark, fruit, Naphtalene Toxicity due to naphthaquinones. Principle Priya, S., Nethaji, S., & virginiana L. wood derivatives e.g. 4- Content should be stated. naphthaquinones is Sindhuja, B. (2014). GC- hydroxy-5,6- juglone which is MS Analysis of Some dimethoxynaphtha claimed to be very Bioactive Constituents lene-2- toxic by many of Diospyros carbaldehyde. studies. However, virginiana. Research Diverse toxic dose has not Journal of Pharmacy compounds:12,13- been established. and Technology , 7(4), didehydro-20,29- Juglone and 429-432.; Calabrò, S., dihydrobetulin ,7- derivatives stimulate Alzoubi, K., Bissinger, R., methyljuglone , suicidal erythrocyte Jilani, K., Faggio, C., & diospyrin,, death or eryptosis Lang, F. (2014). isodiospyrin,shinan Enhanced Eryptosis olone, lupeol . Following Juglone Unripe fruit rich in Exposure. Basic & tannins clinical pharmacology & toxicology. Diplotaxis Brassicaceae aerial part aerial Glucosino Polyphenolic Content of glucosinolate should be Bennett, R. N., Carvalho, tenuifolia (L.) DC part lates: e.g. constituents. stated. R., Mellon, F. A., Eagles, progoitrin J., & Rosa, E. A. (2007). , Identification and epiprogoi quantification of trin and glucosinolates in sprouts dimeric derived from seeds of glucosati wild Eruca sativa vin. L.(salad rocket) and Diplotaxis tenuifolia L.(wild rocket) from diverse geographical locations. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry ,55 (1), 67-74. Dipsacus Caprifoliace root The genus Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Kocsis, A., Szabó, L. F., fullonum L. ae Dipsacus contains iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Tétényi, P., & Podányi, B. mainly triterpenes declared. daily for an adult. (1990, September). and iridoids. Some Bisiridoids from Dipsacus species contain species. In International alkaloids. Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, XXIII IHC 306 (pp. 276-280). Dipsacus inermis Caprifoliace Dipsacus root The genus Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Kocsis, A., Szabó, L. F., Wall. ae asper Dipsacus contains iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Tétényi, P., & Podányi, B. Wallich. mainly triterpenes declared. daily for an adult. (1990, September). and iridoids. Some Bisiridoids from Dipsacus species contain species. In International alkaloids. Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, XXIII IHC 306 (pp. 276-280). Dipsacus Caprifoliace root The genus Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside WU, S., LIU, H., LIU, E. W., japonicus Miq. ae Dipsacus contains iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg HAO, Y., & ZHU, X. Y. mainly triterpenes declared. daily for an adult. (2009). Chemical and iridoids. Some Constituents of the species contain Plants from Dipsacus L. alkaloids. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 12, 012. Dorstenia Moraceae root aerial Furocou Root is emetic. EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Caceres, A., Rastrelli, L., contrajerva L. part marins content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 De Simone, F., De should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal Martino, G., Saturnino, used. The roots should not be use). Should be C., Saturnino, P., & consumed for food use. consumed under Aquino, R. (2001). medical supervision Furanocoumarins from the aerial parts of Dorstenia contrajerva. Fitoterapia, 72(4), 376- 381.; Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry. Drosera anglica Droseraceae whole plant whole 1,4 Naphthaquinones, like plumbagin, Plumbagin, a Steinert, J., Khalaf, H., & Huds. plant naphtoq tend to be toxic. naphthaquione, Rimpler, M. (1996). High- uinones resembles juglone, performance liquid (0.25%) : which stimulates chromatographic eg. suicidal erythrocyte separation of some ramenta death or eryptosis naturally occurring ceon, naphtoquinones and plumbagi anthraquinones. Journal n of Chromatography A, 723 (1), 206-209.; Calabrò, S., Alzoubi, K., Bissinger, R., Jilani, K., Faggio, C., & Lang, F. (2014). Enhanced Eryptosis Following Juglone Exposure. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. Drosera Droseraceae whole plant whole 1,4 Naphthaquinones, like plumbagin, Plumbagin, a Steinert, J., Khalaf, H., & intermedia plant naphtoq tend to be toxic. naphthaquione, Rimpler, M. (1996). High- Hayne uinones : resembles juglone, performance liquid eg. which stimulates chromatographic ramenta suicidal erythrocyte separation of some ceon, death or eryptosis naturally occurring plumbagi naphtoquinones and n anthraquinones. Journal of Chromatography A, 723 (1), 206-209.; Calabrò, S., Alzoubi, K., Bissinger, R., Jilani, K., Faggio, C., & Lang, F. (2014). Enhanced Eryptosis Following Juglone Exposure. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. Drosera peltata Droseraceae aerial part aerial Naphtho Naphthaquinones, like plumbagin, Plumbagin, a Steinert, J., Khalaf, H., & Thunb. part quinone tend to be toxic. naphthaquione, Rimpler, M. (1996). High- derivative resembles juglone, performance liquid s: e.g. which stimulates chromatographic isoshinan suicidal erythrocyte separation of some olone- death or eryptosis naturally occurring glucoside naphtoquinones and , anthraquinones. Journal plumbag of Chromatography one, A, 723 (1), 206-209.; droseron Calabrò, S., Alzoubi, K., e. Bissinger, R., Jilani, K., Faggio, C., & Lang, F. (2014). Enhanced Eryptosis Following Juglone Exposure. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. Drosera Droseraceae whole plant whole 1,4 Naphthaquinones, like plumbagin, Plumbagin, a Steinert, J., Khalaf, H., & ramentacea plant naphtoq tend to be toxic. naphthaquione, Rimpler, M. (1996). High- Burch ex DC uinones resembles juglone, performance liquid (0.14 - which stimulates chromatographic 0.22%) : suicidal erythrocyte separation of some eg. death or eryptosis naturally occurring ramenta naphtoquinones and ceon, anthraquinones. Journal plumbagi of Chromatography n A, 723(1), 206-209.; Calabrò, S., Alzoubi, K., Bissinger, R., Jilani, K., Faggio, C., & Lang, F. (2014). Enhanced Eryptosis Following Juglone Exposure. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. Drosera Droseraceae aerial part aerial 1,4 Naphthaquinones, like plumbagin, Plumbagin, a Steinert, J., Khalaf, H., & rotundifolia L. part naphtoq tend to be toxic. naphthaquione, Rimpler, M. (1996). High- uinone resembles juglone, performance liquid derivative which stimulates chromatographic s: e.g. suicidal erythrocyte separation of some plumbagi death or eryptosis naturally occurring n naphtoquinones and anthraquinones. Journal of Chromatography A, 723 (1), 206-209.; Calabrò, S., Alzoubi, K., Bissinger, R., Jilani, K., Faggio, C., & Lang, F. (2014). Enhanced Eryptosis Following Juglone Exposure. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. Dunaliella Dunaliellace Haemato unicellular Carotenoids eg. Naphthaquinones, like plumbagin, Plumbagin, a Steinert, J., Khalaf, H., & salina (Dunal) ae coccus alga beta- tend to be toxic. naphthaquione, Rimpler, M. (1996). High- Teodoresco salinus carotene…Phytost resembles juglone, performance liquid Dunal erols eg. which stimulates chromatographic ergosterol. No suicidal erythrocyte separation of some toxicity data death or eryptosis naturally occurring (green alga) naphtoquinones and anthraquinones. Journal of Chromatography A, 723 (1), 206-209.; Calabrò, S., Alzoubi, K., Bissinger, R., Jilani, K., Faggio, C., & Lang, F. (2014). Enhanced Eryptosis Following Juglone Exposure. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. Dysphania botrys Amaranthac Chenopo flowering top Essential Essential oil said Toxicity due to ascaridole and Contains cis- Dembitsky, V., Shkrob, I., (L.) Mosyakin & eae dium oil: not to contain related peroxides in EO. The content ascaridole (4.2%) & Hanus, L. O. (2008). Clemants botrys L. oxygenat ascaridol. of ascaridole and derivatives, and cis-isoascaridole Ascaridole and related ed However the plant carvacrol and caryophyllene oxide (2.5%) in the EO. peroxides from the sesquiter is used as an should be stated. Some cultivars may genus penoids anthelminticum contain up to 40% Chenopodium. Biomed (90%): ascaridole in EO. 2.5 Pap Med Fac Univ e.g. α- g or 3 ml of EO may Palacky Olomouc and β- be fatal. Czech Repub , 152(2), chenopo 209-215.; Monzote, L., diol Stamberg, W., Staniek, (36%), K., & Gille, L. (2009). eudesma Toxic effects of -3, ll-dien- carvacrol, 6α-ol caryophyllene oxide, (9.4%), and ascaridole from botrydiol essential oil of (9.0%), Chenopodium elemol ambrosioides on (6.5%), mitochondria. elemol Toxicology and applied acetate pharmacology, 240(3), (5.5%), γ- 337-347.; Livingston, A. E. eudesmol (1921). The comparative (5.4%) toxicity of thymol and and α- carvacrol (isothymol). and β- Public Health Reports eudesmol (1896-1970), 1317-1331. (3.7%), guaia-3, 9-dien-ll- ol (7.4%) Echinacea Echinacea root Alkamides; caffeic Content of Echinacea should not Borderline between Schulz, H. (2002). Rapid angustifolia DC. acid derivatives exceed 50 mg. Content has to be food supplement and Non-Destructive stated on product. and herbal Determination of the medicine is 50 mg Echinacoside Content in dried herb. Average Echinacea Roots by content of ATR-IR and. Planta echinacosides is 1-3 Med , 68 , 926-929. % Echinacea Compositae whole plant Polyacetylenes, Content of Echinacea should not Borderline between Schulz, H. (2002). Rapid pallida (Nutt.) (Asteraceae) polyenes e.g. exceed 50 mg. Content has to be food supplement and Non-Destructive Nutt. echinacoside. stated on product. and herbal Determination of the Bauer ketones. medicine is 50 mg Echinacoside Content in dried herb. Content Echinacea Roots by of echinacosides is ATR-IR and. Planta very llow. Med , 68 , 926-929.

Echinacea Compositae whole plant Cafeic acid Content of Echinacea should not Borderline between Schulz, H. (2002). Rapid purpurea (L.) (Asteraceae) derivatives, exceed 50 mg. Content has to be food supplement and Non-Destructive Moench alkamides, stated on product. and herbal Determination of the polysaccharides medicine is 50 mg Echinacoside Content in dried herb. Average Echinacea Roots by content of ATR-IR and. Planta echinacosides is 1-3 Med , 68 , 926-929. %

Echium Boraginacea seed oil aerial Pyrrolizidi Purified oil from Extracts containing Pyrrolizidine Senecionine, Mattocks, A. R. (1968). plantagineum L. e part ne seeds: EU alkaloids are banned. These are pyrolizidine and Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids acceptation as extremely toxic. Content should be quinolizidine alkaloids. Nature, 217, (0.3%-0.9 food 2008/558/EC stated. alkaloids are toxic at 723-728; Smith, L. W., & %): e.g. concentrations of Culvenor, C. C. J. echiumin 0.0001% (1 ppm) in (1981). Plant sources of e, adults. hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine echimidin alkaloids. Journal of e, Natural Products, 44(2), lycopsam 129-152. ine, intermidin e Elettaria Zingiberacea seed; seed Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Marongiu, B., Piras, A., & cardamomum e essential oil oil : cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.005 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Porcedda, S. (2004). (L.) Maton. phenylpr ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Comparative analysis of opanoids: should be declared for plant material (0.001%) the oil and supercritical e.g. used. CO2 extract of Elettaria methyleu cardamomum (L.) genol Maton. Journal of (0.1%) agricultural and food and chemistry, 52(20), 6278- monoterp 6282.; Council of ene Europe, Committee of etheroxid Experts on Flavouring e: 1,8- Substances. Natural cineole sources of flavourings. (up to Report No. 3. Belgium: 51.3%) Council of Europe Publishing; 2008

Eleutherococcus Araliaceae Acantho root Phenylpropane EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin European Food Safety senticosus (Rupr. panax derivatives: e.g. Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Authority. Opinion of the et Maxim.) senticosu eleutheroside B; declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Scientific Panel on food Maxim s (Rupr. et coumarins: e.g. Only roots are considered in food mg/day at body additives, flavourings, Maxim.) eleutheroside B1; supplements. weight of 60 kg). processing aids and Harms. sterols: e.g. Should be material in contact with eleutheroside A; consumed under food (AFC) on a request polysaccharides medical supervision from the Commission and glycans: e.g. related to coumarin. eleutherans, … Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Elymus repens Poaceae Agropyro rhizoma Small quantities: Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, (L.) Gould n repens polyphenolic for the preparation. concentration of C., Massiot, G., & Men- (L.) P. compounds: 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Olivier, L. L. (2002). Beauv. flavonoids, mg/ml with an Structure-activity saponins, tanins average intake of 5 relationships of saccharides. g of herb. haemolytic Possible saponins. Pharmaceutic adulteration with al biology , 40 (4), 253- chemotypes 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. containing A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. alkaloids (1961). The hemolytic (neurological anemia of human troubles) bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440.

Epilobium Onagraceae aerial part Macrocyclic Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Epilobium angustifolium; angustifolium L. ellagitannins: toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Samanta, S., Giri, S., oenothein A and consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., oenothein B, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. considered gastrointestinal C. (2004). Impact of responsible for the toxicity. Daily intake tannic acid on the activity-decrease should not exceed gastrointestinal of aromatase and 1500 mg tannins. microflora. Microbial 5-alpha-reductase ecology in health and present in prostate disease , 16 (1), 32-34. cells. Other compounds like flavonoids and sterols may contribute to the effect. Epilobium Onagraceae aerial part Macrocyclic Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Hevesi, B. T., Houghton, parviflorum ellagitannins: toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of P. J., Habtemariam, S., & Schreb. oenothein A and consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Kéry, Á. (2009). oenothein B, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Antioxidant and considered gastrointestinal antiinflammatory effect responsible for the toxicity. Daily intake of Epilobium parviflorum activity-decrease should not exceed Schreb. Phytotherapy of aromatase and 1500 mg tannins. Research, 23(5), 719- 5-alpha-reductase 724.; Samanta, S., Giri, present in prostate S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. cells. Other K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, compounds like K. C. (2004). Impact of flavonoids and tannic acid on the sterols may gastrointestinal contribute to the microflora. Microbial effect. ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Equisetum Equisetacea aerial part Anorganic Although traces of alkaloids are This plant contains Shamsa, F., Monsef, H., arvense L. e compounds: e.g. present, the content should be nicotine (pyridine) Ghamooshi, R., & silicon (10%); declared. Thiaminase content type of alkaloids Verdian-rizi, M. (2008). Flavonoids (0.2%- should also be stated. (0.255%) such as Spectrophotometric 0.9%): e.g. equisetin. Chronic determination of total caempherol, ingestion of this herb alkaloids in some Iranian quercetin; Alkaloid can decrease the medicinal plants. Thai J traces: nicotin, level of thiamin or Pharm Sci , 32 , 17-20.; methoxypyrridin; B1due to thiaminase Marion, L. (1965). The content. pyridine alkaloids. The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology V1: Chemistry and Physiology, 1, 165.; Sandhu, N. S., Kaur, S. A. R. A. B. J. I. T., & Chopra, D. I. V. N. E. E. T. (2010). Equisetum arvense: pharmacology and phytochemistry–a review. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 3(3), 146-150. Equisetum Equisetacea aerial part aerial Thiaminas Thiaminase splits Although traces of alkaloids are This plant contains Pérez Gutiérrez RM, et fluviatile L. e part e. thiamine and present, the content should be nicotine (pyridine) al, 1985.Diuretic activity Alkaloids: makes the B declared. Thiaminase content type of alkaloids of Mexican equisetum. J nicotine, vitamine inactive. should also be stated. (0.255%) such as Ethnopharmacol. 14(2- palustrine Horses are very equisetin. Chronic 3):269-722. Bruneton J. . sensitive, ruminants ingestion of this herb 2005. Plantes toxiques, less. can decrease the 618 pages, Ed. Tec& level of thiamin or Doc Lavoisier, ISBN : 2- B1due to thiaminase 7430-0806-7. Hagers content. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis 1998. Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-52688-9

Equisetum Equisetacea aerial part aerial Thiaminas Thiaminase splits Although traces of alkaloids are This plant contains Xu CF et al, 1993.Effect hyemale L. e part e. thiamine and present, the content should be nicotine (pyridine) of Equisetum hyemale Alkaloids: makes the B declared. Thiaminase content type of alkaloids on experimental nicotine, vitamine inactive. should also be stated. (0.255%) such as hyperlipemia in rats and palustrine Horses are very equisetin. Chronic its toxic test.Zhongguo (low sensitive, ruminants ingestion of this herb Zhong Yao Za Zhi. content). less. can decrease the 18(1):52-3, 64.Frohne D., level of thiamin or Pfänder HJ.and Anton R. B1due to thiaminase 2009. Plantes à risques, content. 460 pages, Ed.Tec&Doc Lavoisier ISBN : 978-2- 7430-0907-1. Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis 1998. Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-52688-9 Equisetum Equisetacea aerial part aerial Thiaminas Thiaminase splits Although traces of alkaloids are This plant contains Frohne D., Pfänder telmateia Ehrh. e part e. thiamine and present, the content should be nicotine (pyridine) HJ.and Anton R. 2009. Alkaloids: makes the B declared. Thiaminase content type of alkaloids Plantes à risques, 460 nicotine, vitamine inactive. should also be stated. (0.255%) such as pages, Ed.Tec&Doc palustrine Horses are very equisetin. Chronic Lavoisier ISBN : 978-2- (low sensitive, ruminants ingestion of this herb 7430-0907-1 content). less. can decrease the level of thiamin or B1due to thiaminase content. Erica cinerea L. Ericaceae inflorescence Absence of arbutin Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Hoste, H., Brunet, S., and toxic when 7.5 g plant material is concentration of Paolini, V., Bahuaud, D., hydroquinone. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Chauveau, S., Fouraste, Presence of be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to I., & Lefrileux, Y. (2009). polyphenolic gastrointestinal Compared in vitro compounds: toxicity. Daily intake anthelmintic effects of proanthocyanidols should not exceed eight tannin-rich plants , flavonoids. 1500 mg tannins. browsed by goats in the southern part of France. Option Méditerrenéennes, 431- 436.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Erica tetralix L. Ericaceae flower Triterpenoids with Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Hoste, H., Brunet, S., ursolic acid as the toxic when 7.5 g plant material is concentration of Paolini, V., Bahuaud, D., main compound. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Chauveau, S., Fouraste, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to I., & Lefrileux, Y. (2009). gastrointestinal Compared in vitro toxicity. Daily intake anthelmintic effects of should not exceed eight tannin-rich plants 1500 mg tannins. browsed by goats in the southern part of France. Option Méditerrenéennes, 431- 436.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Eriobotrya Rosaceae leaf, seed Cyanoge Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Baljinder, S., Seena, G., japonica nic cyanogenic glycosides (2.3 g of acid (cyanogenic Dharmendra, K., Vikas, (Thunb.) Lindl. glycoside plant extract especially leaves). compound) use: G., & Bansal, P. (2010). : Content should be declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Pharmacological amygdali (e.g.1.4 mg/day) Potential of Eriobotrya n (0.06%) japonica-An overview. Int Res J of Pharm, 1, 95- 99.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Eriodictyon Boraginacea aerial part Polyphenolic The leaf is toxic due to coumarin Limit for coumarin Kong, Y., Fu, Y. J., Zu, Y. californicum e compouds: content. Content of coumarin should use: 0.1 mg/kg G., Chang, F. R., Chen, (Hook. et Arn.) flavanones eg. be declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Y. H., Liu, X. L., ... & Torr. eriodictyol, mg/day at body Schiebel, H. M. (2010). homoeriodictyol, weight of 60 kg). Cajanuslactone, a new sterubine. Should be coumarin with anti- Bisprenylated consumed under bacterial activity from benzoic acid medical supervision pigeon pea [Cajanus derivatives: erionic cajan (L.) Millsp.] leaves. acids. Food chemistry, 121(4), 1150-1155.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36.

Erodium Geraniacea whole plant Polyphenolic acids The aerial parts contains tannins The high Fecka, I., & Cisowski, W. cicutarium L e and depsides e.g. Extracts maybe toxic when plant concentration of (2005). Tannins and 'Hérit. brevifolin material is consumed. Content of tannins (8-20%) flavonoids from the carboxylic acid, tannins should be declared for plant usually leads to Erodium cicutarium brevifolin, ellagic material used. gastrointestinal herb. Zeitschrift für acid, methyl toxicity. Daily intake Naturforschung Section gallate, gallic acid should not exceed B, 60, 555-560.; and 1500 mg tannins. Samanta, S., Giri, S., protocatechuic Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., acid . Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Eruca vesicaria L. Brassicaceae Eruca aerial part aerial Glucosino Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for D’Antuono, L. F., Cav. sativa part lates and glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Elementi, S., & Neri, R. Mill. degradat glycosides). Content should be (goitrogenic (2008). Glucosinolates in ion declared. glycosides) use: 5 Diplotaxis and Eruca products mg/day). These leaves: Diversity, e.g. exhibit antithyroid taxonomic relations and isothiocy activity. applied aspects. anates. Phytochemistry, 69(1), Sulforaph 187-199.;Chandra, A. K., ane. Mukhopadhyay, S., Seed:glu Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. coerucin. (2004). Goitrogenic content of Indian cyanogenic plant food & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Eryngium Apiaceae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & campestre L. part oil from content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 Davis, J. (2012). The fresh herb should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal food safety hazard (0.09%): used. use). Should be guidebook. Royal furocoum consumed under Society of Chemistry. arins: e.g. medical supervision bergapte n (0.014% in fruit). Polyines from falcarino ntype: e.g. falcarino n, falcarinol on

Eucalyptus dives Myrtaceae leaf, twig leaf, twig Essential Two notable EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Council of Europe, Schauer oil: 1,8 chemotypes: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.015 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Committee of Experts cineole piperitone and ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food on Flavouring (7%) cineole. Cineole should be declared for plant material (0.001%) Substances. Natural content highly used. sources of flavourings. variable. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008

Eucalyptus Myrtaceae bark, fruit, leaf and Leaf 1,8-cineole: lethal EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Lis ‐Balchin, M., & Deans, globulus Labill. leaf, essential branch essential doses as low as cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.001 (1,8-cineole) use; 10 S. G. (1997). Bioactivity oil tip oil: 0.05 ml have been ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food of selected plant monoterp reported in should be declared for plant material (0.001%) essential oils against ene humans. used. Listeria monocytogenes. etheroxid (Bruneton, 1996). Journal of Applied e: 1,8 Leaf essential oil Microbiology, 82(6), 759- cineole from subspecies 762.; Council of Europe, (62.4- maldenii F.Muell: Committee of Experts 82.2%). monoterpene on Flavouring etheroxide: 1,8 Substances. Natural cineole 68.9-80.2%. sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Eucalyptus Myrtaceae leaf, leaf leaf Leaf Essential oil often EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Elaissi, A., Rouis, Z., odorata Behr (essential oil) (essential essential falsified with cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.02 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Salem, N. A. B., oil) oil : 1,8 cheap extracts of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food Mabrouk, S., ben Salem, cineole resulting in high be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Y., Salah, K. B. H., ... & camphor or beta Khouja, M. L. (2012). phellandrene Chemical composition compounds. of 8 eucalyptus species' About 6 essential oils and the chemotypes of the evaluation of their oil exist. antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 12(1), 81.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Eucalyptus Myrtaceae leaf leaf Chemoty 7 different EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Lis ‐Balchin, M., & Deans, radiata Sieber ex pe chemotypes cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.001 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 S. G. (1997). Bioactivity DC. cineole ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food of selected plant essential should be declared for plant material (0.001%) essential oils against oil: 1,8 used. Listeria monocytogenes. cineole Journal of Applied (74%) Microbiology, 82(6), 759- 762.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Eucalyptus smithii Myrtaceae bark, fruit, leaf, Leaf EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Lucia, A., Juan, L. W., R.T.Baker leaf, essential branch essential cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.001 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Zerba, E. N., Harrand, L., oil tip oil (1.2% - ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Marcó, M., & Masuh, H. 2.2%): should be declared for plant material (0.001%) M. (2012). Validation of monoterp used. models to estimate the ene fumigant and larvicidal etheroxid activity of Eucalyptus e: 1,8- essential oils against cineole Aedes aegypti (Diptera: (70%-77%) Culicidae). Parasitology research, 110(5), 1675- 1686.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Eucommia Eucommiace bark Polyphenolic Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Takamura, C., Hirata, T., ulmoides Oliv. ae constituents: iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Ueda, T., Ono, M., tannins eg. declared. daily for an adult. Miyashita, H., Ikeda, T., Epicatechin, & Nohara, T. (2007). catechin. Iridoids from the green Chlorogenic acid. leaves of Eucommia Iridoids: ulmoides. Journal of asperuloside, natural products , 70 (8), scandoside, 1312-1316. aucubin. No toxicity. Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae bark, flower, Leaf essential oil: Toxicity due to ocimene should be Ocimene should not Oliveira, A. L., Lopes, R. L. fruit, leaf sesquiterpens eg. stated. Pure EO should not be exceed 35 ppm B., Cabral, F. A., & atractylone consumed directly (<0.01 ml of EO). (0.0035%) daily. Eberlin, M. N. (2006). (26.8%), curzerene Content should be stated. Volatile compounds (17.9%), from pitanga fruit furanoeudesmene. (Eugenia uniflora L.). Seed: lectin. Food Chemistry, 99(1), 1- 5.; Luebke, W. (2011). Ocimene. 3338-55-4 Euphrasia Orobanchac Euphrasia aerial part Iridoid glycosides Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Salama, O., & Sticher, O. rostkoviana eae officinalis e.g. aucubin, toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of (1983). [Iridoid Hayne L. catalpol consumed. Toxicity may be due to tannins in bark (8- Glucosides from ,erastoside etc; the content of iridoid glycosides (780 20%) usually leads to Euphrasia rostkoviana]. gallotannins, mg of plant extract). Content of gastrointestinal Planta medica, 47(2), tannins and iridoid glycosides should toxicity. Daily intake 90-94.; Samanta, S., Giri, be declared for plant material used. should not exceed S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. 1500 mg tannins. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, Iridoid glycoside K. C. (2004). Impact of toxicity is at 2.2 mg tannic acid on the daily for an adult. gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34.; Sodzawiczny, K., J. Wegiel, and E. Wiatr. "Content of tannins and aucuboside in Hebra Euphrasiae from southern Poland [Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne]." Herba Polonica (Poland) (1984). Euphrasia stricta Orobanchac aerial part Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Salama, O., & Sticher, O. D. Wolff ex J.F. eae toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of (1983). [Iridoid Lehm. consumed. Toxicity may be due to tannins in bark (8- Glucosides from the content of iridoid glycosides (780 20%) usually leads to Euphrasia rostkoviana]. mg of plant extract). Content of gastrointestinal Planta medica, 47(2), tannins and iridoid glycosides should toxicity. Daily intake 90-94.; Samanta, S., Giri, be declared for plant material used. should not exceed S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. 1500 mg tannins. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, Iridoid glycoside K. C. (2004). Impact of toxicity is at 2.2 mg tannic acid on the daily for an adult. gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34.; Sodzawiczny, K., J. Wegiel, and E. Wiatr. "Content of tannins and aucuboside in Hebra Euphrasiae from southern Poland [Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne]." Herba Polonica (Poland) (1984).

Evernia prunastri Parmeliacea lichen lichen Essential EO toxic due to thujone content. EO Limit for thujone Council of Europe, (L.) Ach. e oil : amount should not exceed 0.6 ml. use1.01 mg/kg Committee of Experts bicyclic Content should be declared for plant bw/day (60.6 on Flavouring monoterp material used. mg/day) Substances. Natural enes: e.g. sources of flavourings. alpha Report No. 3. Belgium: and beta Council of Europe thujones Publishing; 2008 (about 10%), camphor Exostema Rubiaceae bark Methoxylated and EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin European Food Safety caribaeum hydroxy-4- Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Authority. Opinion of the (Jacq.) Schult. phenylcoumarins. declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Scientific Panel on food mg/day at body additives, flavourings, weight of 60 kg). processing aids and Should be material in contact with consumed under food (AFC) on a request medical supervision from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Fagopyrum Polygonacea Polygonu aerial part Polyphenolic Seeds contain tannins Extracts The high Luthar, Z. (1992). esculentum e m compounds: maybe toxic when 30 g plant concentration of Polyphenol classification Moench fagopyru flavonoids e.g. material is consumed. Content of tannins in seed (8- and tannin content of m L. rutine, hyperoside, tannins should be declared for plant 20%) usually leads to buckwheat seeds quercitroside. material used. gastrointestinal (Fagopyrum esculentum Naphtodianthrone toxicity. Daily intake Moench). Fagopyrum, s: e.g. fagopyrine should not exceed 12, 36-42.; Samanta, S., (traces). 1500 mg tannins. Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Fagus sylvatica L. Fagaceae bark, fruit, bark, fruit Bark: Wood dust possibly :Toxicity due to oxalate content Oxalate intake Singh, P. P., et al. wood tannins mutagenic (plant extract: 1.5 g). Should be should not exceed "Nutritional value of (3%-4%); activity. declared. 45-90 mg/day. foods in relation to their fruit: Should be oxalic acid oxalic consumed under content." The American acid medical supervision journal of clinical (2.9%) nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152.

Fallopia japonica Polygonacea Polygonu whole plant rhizome Rhizome: High doses of Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Chen, B. Y., Kuo, C. H., (Houtt.) Ronse e m anthraqui anthraquinones (Plant extract: 2 g). Should be anthracene is 0.3 Liu, Y. C., Ye, L. Y., Chen, Dec. cuspidatu nones: may have a declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 J. H., & Shieh, C. J. m Siebold e.g. purgative effect mg daily in adults (2012). Ultrasonic- & Zucc. emodine orally. Synonym for assisted extraction of species is the botanical dietary Polygonum supplement resveratrol cuspidatum and other constituents of Polygonum cuspidatum. Journal of natural products, 75(10), 1810-1813.Integrated Risk Information System - Anthracene (CASRN 120-12-7) - http://www.epa.gov/iris /subst/0434.htm Fallopia Polygonacea Polygonu root, stem, root Anthrace Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Chen, B. Y., Kuo, C. H., multiflora e m seed ne (Plant extract: 2 g). Should be anthracene is 0.3 Liu, Y. C., Ye, L. Y., Chen, (Thunb.) K. multifloru derivative declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 J. H., & Shieh, C. J. Haraldson m Thunb. s: eg: mg daily in adults (2012). Ultrasonic- emodin, orally. Synonym for assisted extraction of physcion, species is the botanical dietary torachrys Polygonum supplement resveratrol one. multiflorum and other constituents Hydroxyc of Polygonum hromones cuspidatum. Journal of . Stilbene natural products, 75(10), glycoside 1810-1813.Integrated s. Risk Information System - Anthracene (CASRN 120-12-7) - http://www.epa.gov/iris /subst/0434.htm Ferula assa- Apiaceae root, gum Oleo gum resin: EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Iranshahy, M., & foetida L. (Umbelliferae resin sesquiterpene Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Iranshahi, M. (2011). ) coumarins: e.g. declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Traditional uses, asacoumarin A, B. mg/day at body phytochemistry and One case of weight of 60 kg). pharmacology of methaemoglobina Should be asafoetida (Ferula assa- emia described in consumed under foetida oleo-gum- an infant. Essential medical supervision resin)—A review. Journal oil (5%-20%): e.g. of ethnopharmacology, di- and 134(1), 1-10.; European polysulfides. Asa Food Safety Authority. foetida extracts Opinion of the Scientific may decrease Panel on food additives, male fertility in flavourings, processing mice. aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Ficus Moraceae bark, fruit Lectin Sterols, flavanoids, Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Babu, K., Shankar, S. G., benghalensis L. (Ficus tiglic acid for the preparation. Possible lectin in concentration of & Rai, S. (2010). benghale glycosides, latex, avoid oral ingestion. 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Comparative nsis saponins and mg/ml with an pharmacognostic agglutinin tannins. Bark average intake of 5 studies on the barks of FBA) extract shows g of herb. four Ficus species. hypoglycemic Turkish Journal of effect in Botany, 34(3), 215-224.; normoglycemic Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, rats (possibly C., Massiot, G., & Men- induced by Olivier, L. L. (2002). dimethoxy ether of Structure-activity leucopelargonidin- relationships of 3-O-'ALFA'-L- haemolytic rhamnoside, saponins. Pharmaceutic present in the al biology , 40 (4), 253- bark). Latex 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. contains a A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. proteolytic (1961). The hemolytic enzyme, ficin, anemia of human which is highly bartonellosis. Blood, irritating and toxic 17(5), 562-78.; by oral intake. Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Ficus carica L. Moraceae whole plant whole Furanoco Toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Innocenti, G., Bettero, plant umarins content. Toxicity with 300 mg of latex. furocoumarins: 1.5 A., & Caporale, G. from Content of furocoumarin should be mg/day (internal (1982). [Determination latex: e.g. declared for plant material used. use). Should be of the coumarinic psoralen consumed under constituents of Ficus and medical supervision carica leaves by HPLC]. bergapte Il Farmaco; edizione n scientifica, 37(7), 475- 485.; Damjani ć, A., & Akaci ć, B. (1974). Furocoumarins in Ficus carica. Planta medica, 26(2), 119-123.; Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry.

Ficus elastica Moraceae latex leaf Essential essential oil : The EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Ogunwande, I. A., Roxb. ex oil: e.g. main compds. cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.07 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Flamini, G., Adefuye, A. Hornem. 1,8 identified in the of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food E., Lawal, N. O., cineole leaf oil of Ficus be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Moradeyo, S., & Avoseh, (8.2%) elastica Roxb. ex N. O. (2011). Chemical Hornem. compositions of (Moraceae) were Casuarina equisetifolia 6,10,14-trimethyl-2- L., Eucalyptus toreliana pentadecanone L. and Ficus elastica (25.9%), geranyl Roxb. ex Hornem acetone (9.9%), cultivated in Nigeria. heneicosene South African Journal of (8.4%) and 1,8- Botany, 77(3), 645-649.; cineole (8.2%). Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae bark, fruit, whole Furocou Bark extract shows EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Lansky, E. P., leaf plant marines: hypoglycemic content. Toxicity with 0.016 ml of oil. furocoumarins: 1.5 Paavilainen, H. M., e.g. effect in Content of furocoumarin should be mg/day (internal Pawlus, A. D., & bergapte normoglycemic declared for plant material used. use). Should be Newman, R. A. (2008). n, rats (possibly Latex is toxic if taken internally. consumed under Ficus spp.(fig): bergapto induced by medical supervision Ethnobotany and l dimethoxy ether of potential as anticancer leucopelargonidin- and anti-inflammatory 3-O-'ALFA'-L- agents. Journal of rhamnoside, Ethnopharmacology, present in the 119(2), 195-213.; Lawley, bark). Resin R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. contains a (2012). The food safety proteolytic hazard guidebook. enzyme, ficin, Royal Society of which is highly Chemistry. irritating and toxic by oral intake. Filipendula Rosaceae Spirea aerial part aerial Flower: EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Papp, I., Simándi, B., ulmaria (L.) ulmaria L. part essential Toxicity with 0.02 ml of oil. Content of salicylates should Blazics, B., Alberti, Á., Maxim oil (0.2%) : salicylate should be declared for not exceed 15.3 mg Héthelyi, É., Sz ıke, É., & salicylate plant material used. but sensitive subjects Kéry, Á. (2008). s : e.g. may react to 2.6 mg Monitoring volatile and salicylald daily. non-volatile salicylates ehyde in Filipendula ulmaria by (75%), different methyl chromatographic salicylate techniques. (1.3%). Chromatographia, Leaf: 68(1), 125-129.; Corder, salicylate E. H., & Buckley, C. E. s: (1995). Aspirin, ethylsalic salicylate, sulfite and ylate, tartrazine induced methylsali bronchoconstriction. cylate Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Filipendula Rosaceae whole plant whole Essential Differs from F. EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Radulovi ć, N., Miši ć, M., vulgaris Moench. plant oil (0.2%): ulmaria in higher Toxicity with 0.02 ml of oil. Content of salicylates should Aleksi ć, J., ðokovi ć, D., salicylate amount of tannins salicylate should be declared for not exceed 15.3 mg Pali ć, R., & Stojanovi ć, s: e.g. plant material used. but sensitive subjects G. (2007). Antimicrobial salicine, may react to 2.6 mg synergism and gaultheri daily. antagonism of n, salicylaldehyde in spiraeine Filipendula vulgaris essential oil. Fitoterapia, 78(7), 565-570.; Corder, E. H., & Buckley, C. E. (1995). Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Foeniculum Apiaceae aerial part aerial Essential Toxicity due to fenchone should be Fenchone should Lo Cantore, P., vulgare Mill. part oil from stated. Pure EO should not be not exceed 30 ppm Iacobellis, N. S., De the aerial consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). (0.003%) daily. Marco, A., Capasso, F., part: Content should be stated. & Senatore, F. (2004). phenylpr Antibacterial activity of opanoids, Coriandrum sativum L. e.g. trans- and Foeniculum vulgare anethole, Miller var. vulgare methylch (Miller) essential oils. avicol Journal of agricultural (2.3- and food chemistry, 4.9%). 52(26), 7862-7866.; Essential Luebke, W. (2011). oil from Fenchone. 4695-62-9 the unripe seed: methylch avicol (11.9- 56.1%). Essential oil from ripe seed: methylch avicol (61.8%).

Fragaria × Rosaceae whole plant Leaf and root: Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Fossen, T., Rayyan, S., & ananassa ellagitannins, toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Andersen, Ø. M. (2004). (Weston) cathechins consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Dimeric anthocyanins Duchesne be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to from strawberry gastrointestinal (Fragaria ananassa) toxicity. Daily intake consisting of should not exceed pelargonidin 3- 1500 mg tannins. glucoside covalently linked to four flavan-3- ols. Phytochemistry, 65(10), 1421-1428.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Fragaria vesca L. Rosaceae fruit, leaf leaf Leaf: Leaf and root: Salicylate content not established. Daily dose of dietary Corder, E. H., & Buckley, salicylate ellagitannins, Content of salicylate should be salicylates should C. E. (1995). Aspirin, s (traces) cathechins (12%); declared for plant material used. not exceed 15.3 mg salicylate, sulfite and chlorogenic acid, but sensitive subjects tartrazine induced rutin and may react to 2.6 mg bronchoconstriction. hyperoside daily. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Fragaria viridis Rosaceae whole plant leaf Leaf: Chlorogenic acid, Salicylate content not established. Daily dose of dietary Corder, E. H., & Buckley, Weston salicylate rutin and Content of salicylate should be salicylates should C. E. (1995). Aspirin, s (traces) Hyperoside declared for plant material used. not exceed 15.3 mg salicylate, sulfite and but sensitive subjects tartrazine induced may react to 2.6 mg bronchoconstriction. daily. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Frangula Rhamnacea Frangula bark Hydroxya Toxicity due to athracene content. Safety limit for Integrated Risk dodonei Ard. e alnus Mill. nthracen Should be declared. anthracene is 0.3 Information System - ; e mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Anthracene (CASRN Rhamnus derivative mg daily in adults 120-12-7) - frangula s (4%-6%): orally. http://www.epa.gov/iris L. e.g. /subst/0434.htm glucofran gulins Frangula Rhamnacea Rhamnus bark Hydroxya Toxicity due to athracene content. Safety limit for Integrated Risk purshiana e purshiana nthracen Should be declared. anthracene is 0.3 Information System - Cooper DC. e mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Anthracene (CASRN derivative mg daily in adults 120-12-7) - s (4%-6%): orally. http://www.epa.gov/iris e.g. /subst/0434.htm anthraqui none-O- glucoside s: e.g. aloeemo din, chrysoph anol, emodin,; 10-C- glucosyla nthrones: e.g. aloins Fraxinus excelsior Oleaceae aerial part Coumaringlycosid EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Liu, R., Sun, Q., Sun, A., & L. es: e.g. isofraxidin, Toxicity with 0.01 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg Cui, J. (2005). Isolation aesculin, fraxin coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 and purification of plant material used. mg/day at body coumarin compounds weight of 60 kg). from Cortex fraxinus by Should be high-speed counter- consumed under current medical supervision chromatography. Journal of chromatography A, 1072(2), 195-199.; Tang, Weici, and Gerhard Eisenbrand. "Fraxinus spp." Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin . Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. 521-523; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Fraxinus ornus L. Oleaceae leaf, manna Coumaringlycosid EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Liu, R., Sun, Q., Sun, A., & es: e.g. isofraxidin, Toxicity with 0.01 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg Cui, J. (2005). Isolation aesculin; manna: coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 and purification of 70%-90% plant material used. mg/day at body coumarin compounds mannitol,fructose weight of 60 kg). from Cortex fraxinus by (2.5%), Should be high-speed counter- consumed under current medical supervision chromatography. Journal of chromatography A, 1072(2), 195-199.; Tang, Weici, and Gerhard Eisenbrand. "Fraxinus spp." Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin . Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. 521-523; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Fucus serratus L. Fucaceae thallus Polysaccharides: Toxicity of (concentrated) extracts of Edible seaweed. Bilan, M. I., Grachev, A. e.g. laminarin the seaseed due to fucoidans. However, fucoidans A., Shashkov, A. S., (19%), sulfated Content should be stated. have anti-coagulant Nifantiev, N. E., & Usov, fucanes properties and are A. I. (2006). Structure of (fucoidans); polar contraindicated in a fucoidan from the lipids: mono- and patients on brown seaweed Fucus polyesterglucosylsu conventional and serratus L. Carbohydrate lfates. Fucoidans herbal research, 341(2), 238- have anticoagulants. 245.; Chevolot, L., antithrombotic Foucault, A., Chaubet, effect. F., Kervarec, N., Sinquin, C., Fisher, A.-M., et al. (1999). Further data on the structure of brown seaweed fucans: Relationships with anticoagulant activity. Carbohydrate Research, 319, 154–165

Fucus vesiculosus Fucaceae thallus Polysaccharides: Toxicity of (concentrated) extracts of Edible seaweed. Dürig, J., Bruhn, T., L. e.g. laminarin (7%), the seaseed due to fucoidans. However, fucoidans Zurborn, K. H., sulfated fucanes Content should be stated. have anti-coagulant Gutensohn, K., Bruhn, H. (fucoidans); polar properties and are D., & Béress, L. (1997). lipids: e.g. mono- contraindicated in Anticoagulant fucoidan and patients on fractions from Fucus polyesterglucosylsu conventional and vesiculosus induce lfates; carotenoids; herbal platelet activation in sterols. Fucoidans anticoagulants. vitro. Thrombosis have research, 85(6), 479- antithrombotic 491.; Chevolot, L., effect. Foucault, A., Chaubet, F., Kervarec, N., Sinquin, C., Fisher, A.-M., et al. (1999). Further data on the structure of brown seaweed fucans: Relationships with anticoagulant activity. Carbohydrate Research, 319, 154–165 Fumaria Papaverace aerial part Benzyliso Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). officinalis L. ae quinoline Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline alkaloids dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. (protober in adults. May have Natural product reports, berines): cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, e.g. effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. protopine (1985). Safety of (38%), chloroquine in sinactine, chemosuppression of cryptopin malaria during e, pregnancy. BMJ, fumaritine 290(6480), 1466-1467. and sanguinar ine Galeopsis Lamiaceae Galeopsis aerial part Tannins (5%), Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, segetum Neck. ochroleu saponins for the preparation. concentration of C., Massiot, G., & Men- ca Lam. 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Olivier, L. L. (2002). mg/ml with an Structure-activity average intake of 5 relationships of g of herb. haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Galium aparine Rubiaceae aerial parts aerial Coumarin EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin European Food Safety L. part (up to Toxicity with 0.6 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg Authority. Opinion of the 1%) coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 Scientific Panel on food plant material used. mg/day at body additives, flavourings, weight of 60 kg). processing aids and Should be material in contact with consumed under food (AFC) on a request medical supervision from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Galium mollugo Rubiaceae aerial parts aerial Aerial EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin European Food Safety L. part, root part: Toxicity with 0.6 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg Authority. Opinion of the coumarin coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 Scientific Panel on food ; root: plant material used. mg/day at body additives, flavourings, alizarin weight of 60 kg). processing aids and type Should be material in contact with anthraqui consumed under food (AFC) on a request nonglyco medical supervision from the Commission side: related to coumarin. galiosine Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Galium Rubiaceae Asperula aerial part aerial Coumarin Iridoids: e.g. EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Kahkeshani, N., et al. odoratum (L.) odorata part s: e.g. asperulosid, Toxicity with 0.6 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg "Antioxidant and burn Scop. L. coumarini monotropein; coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 healing potential of c acid phenols: e.g. gallic plant material used. mg/day at body Galium odoratum glucoside acid, caffeic acid. weight of 60 kg). extracts." Research in , From coumarinic Should be pharmaceutical coumarin acid the toxic consumed under sciences 8.3 (2013): 197.; coumarin is medical supervision European Food Safety formed Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Galium verum L. Rubiaceae aerial part Iridoidglycosides: EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin European Food Safety e.g. asperuloside, Toxicity with 0.6 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg Authority. Opinion of the monotropeine coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 Scientific Panel on food plant material used. mg/day at body additives, flavourings, weight of 60 kg). processing aids and Should be material in contact with consumed under food (AFC) on a request medical supervision from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Garcinia × Clusiaceae fruit pericarp Pericarp: Fruit contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Yu, L., Zhao, M., Yang, mangostana L. catecholtannins toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of B., Zhao, Q., & Jiang, Y. (5%-6%); consumed. The plant material should tannins (8-20%) (2007). Phenolics from polyhydroxyxantho contain less than 450 mg of usually leads to hull of Garcinia nes: e.g. hydroxyacetic acid (HCA). Content gastrointestinal mangostana fruit and mangostin of tannins and hydroxycitric acid toxicity. Daily intake their antioxidant should be declared for plant material should not exceed activities. Food used. 1500 mg tannins. chemistry, 104(1), 176- Toxicity may also 181.; Samanta, S., Giri, arise due to the S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. content of HCA. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, There were cases K. C. (2004). Impact of where HCA was tannic acid on the added and gastrointestinal declared as microflora. Microbial originating from ecology in health and Garcinia. disease , 16 (1), 32-34.

Garcinia gummi- Clusiaceae Garcinia gum resin pericarp Pericarp: In rats: diets The content of HCA in the plant Potential Garcinia Asish, G. R., gutta (L.) Roxb.. cambogi hydroxyci containing 102 material should not exceed 450 mg toxicity in males: Parthasarathy, U., a tric acid mmol HCA/kg diet daily. testicular atrophy ZACHARIAH, J. T., (Gaernt) (30% and higher (778 and toxicity. There Gobinath, P., Mathew, Desr. compare and 1244 mg were cases where P. A., JOHNSON, G. K., & d to dried HCA/kg BW/d, HCA was added Saji, K. V. (2008). A weight) respectively) and declared as Comparative Estimation caused potent originating from of (-) Hydroxycitric acid testicular atrophy Garcinia. in Different Species of and toxicity, Garcinia. whereas diets containing 51 mmol HCA/kg diet (389 mg HCA/kg BW/d) or less did not. Accordingly, 51 mmol HCA/kg diet (389 mg HCA/kg BW/d) was deemed to be the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). Gardenia Rubiaceae Gardenia whole plant fruit Iridoid Known toxicity to Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Yu, Y., Xie, Z. L., Gao, H., jasminoides J. Ellis augusta glycoside dogs, cats, rats. iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Ma, W. W., Dai, Y., (L.) Merr. s: e.g. Geniposide at declared. daily for an adult. Wang, Y., ... & Yao, X. S. geniposid dose of (2009). Bioactive iridoid e 574 mg kg(-1) or glucosides from the fruit more could cause of Gardenia hepatic toxicity in jasminoides. Journal of rats and the natural products , 72 (8), hepatotoxicity 1459-1464. often appeared at 24-48 h after the oral administration. The hepatotoxicity was associated with oxidative stress with decrease of total superoxide dismutase activity and increase of malondialdehyde concentration in rats' livers. Subchronic toxicity study showed geniposide did not cause hepatotoxicity at the doses of 24.3 and 72.9 mg kg(-1) orally for 90 days in rats. Thus, acute hepatotoxicity of geniposide at high doses was likely to be linked to oxidative stress, while geniposide at normal dose of 24.3 mg kg(-1) or less did not cause hepatotoxicity even in the repeated dosing study. Gastrodia elata Orchidaceae whole plant 4- Toxicity due to vanilln should be vanillin content Jiankang, Liu, and Mori Blume hydroxybenzaldeh stated. Pure EO should not be should not exceed Akitane. "Antioxidant yde; polyphenols consumed directly. Content should 40 ppm (0.004%) and pro-oxidant (gastrodine, be stated. daily. activities of p- gastodigenin), hydroxybenzyl alcohol vanillin, and vanillin: effects on free radicals, brain peroxidation and degradation of benzoate, deoxyribose, amino acids and DNA." Neuropharmacology 32.7 (1993): 659-669.; Luebke, W. (2011). Vanillic acid. 121-33-5 52447-63-9 Gentiana lutea L. Gentianace rhizome, root rhizome, Xanthone Bitter substances Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Aberham, A., ae root s (1%): 2%-8%) in root iridoid glycosides (110 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Schwaiger, S., Stuppner, e.g. bark: extract). Content should be daily for an adult. H., & Ganzera, M. gentisine, secoiridoidglycosid declared. (2007). Quantitative isogentisi es: e.g. analysis of iridoids, ne gentiopicroside secoiridoids, xanthones (bitterness value: and xanthone 12000), glycosides in Gentiana amarogentin lutea L. roots by RP- (bitterness value: HPLC and LC– 58.000.000). MS. Journal of Mutagenic Pharmaceutical and potential of some Biomedical 2 Analysis , 45 (3), 437-442. hydroxyxanthones (gentisine and isogentisine) described

Geranium Geraniacea whole plant Rhizome: Root and leaf contain tannins The high Bate-Smith, E. C. (1972). maculatum L. e gallotannins + Extracts maybe toxic when 5 g plant concentration of Ellagitannin content of condensed tannins material is consumed. Content of tannins in bark (8- leaves of Geranium (10%-28%); aerial tannins should be declared for plant 20%) usually leads to species. Phytochemistry, part: gallotannins material used. gastrointestinal 11(5), 1755-1757.; up to 30%. toxicity. Daily intake Samanta, S., Giri, S., Geranium oil should not exceed Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., comes from 1500 mg tannins. Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. Pelargonium C. (2004). Impact of species. There is a tannic acid on the lot of confusion. gastrointestinal Genus and species microflora. Microbial must be well ecology in health and defind. Geraniin is disease , 16 (1), 32-34. the main hydrolysable tannin but remarkably lacks the adstringent effect of these type of tannins. Geranium Geraniacea whole plant Rhizome: tannins ( Root and leaf contain tannins The high Bate-Smith, E. C. (1972). pratense L. e 32%). Geranium oil Extracts maybe toxic when 4.5 g concentration of Ellagitannin content of comes from plant material is consumed. Content tannins in bark (8- leaves of Geranium Pelargonium of tannins should be declared for 20%) usually leads to species. Phytochemistry, species. There is a plant material used. gastrointestinal 11(5), 1755-1757.; lot of confusion. toxicity. Daily intake Samanta, S., Giri, S., Genus and species should not exceed Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., must be well 1500 mg tannins. Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. defind. Geraniin is C. (2004). Impact of the main tannic acid on the hydrolysable gastrointestinal tannin but microflora. Microbial remarkably lacks ecology in health and the adstringent disease , 16 (1), 32-34. effect of these type of tannins.

Geranium Geraniacea aerial part In root: tannins Root and leaf contain tannins The high Fodorea, C. S., Vlase, L., robertianum L. e (23%-29%). In Extracts maybe toxic when 5 g plant concentration of Suciu, S., T ăma , M., & leaves: material is consumed. Content of tannins in bark (8- Leucu Ńa, S. E. (2004). ellagitannins (5% - tannins should be declared for plant 20%) usually leads to Preliminary HPLC study 14%): e.g. geraniin material used. gastrointestinal on some polyphenols of toxicity. Daily intake Geranium robertianum should not exceed L.(Geraniaceae). 1500 mg tannins. Revista medico- chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi, 109(1), 174-178.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Geranium Geraniacea whole plant Leaf: tannins (10%- Root and leaf contain tannins The high Pantev, A., Ivancheva, sanguineum L. e 20%). Geranium oil Extracts maybe toxic when 7.5 g concentration of S., Staneva, L., & comes from plant material is consumed. Content tannins in bark (8- Serkedjieva, J. (2006). Pelargonium of tannins should be declared for 20%) usually leads to Biologically active species. There is a plant material used. gastrointestinal constituents of a lot of confusion. toxicity. Daily intake polyphenol extract from Genus and species should not exceed Geranium sanguineum must be well 1500 mg tannins. L. with anti-influenza defind. Geraniin is activity. Zeitschrift fur the main Naturforschung C- hydrolysable Journal of Biosciences, tannin but 61(7-8), 508-516.; remarkably lacks Samanta, S., Giri, S., the adstringent Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., effect of these Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. type of tannins. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Geum rivale L. Rosaceae whole plant Aerial part: gallo Root and aerial parts contain tannins The high Panizzi, L., Catalano, S., and ellagitannins Extracts maybe toxic when 5.5 g concentration of Miarelli, C., Cioni, P. L., & (7% - 17%); root: plant material is consumed. Content tannins in bark (8- Campeol, E. (2000). In tannins (16%); of tannins should be declared for 20%) usually leads to vitro antimicrobial rhizome: tannins plant material used. gastrointestinal activity of extracts and (27%). Essential oil toxicity. Daily intake isolated constituents of contains eugenol should not exceed Geum rivale. as lead 1500 mg tannins. Phytotherapy Research, component 14(7), 561-563.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Geum urbanum Rosaceae whole plant Gallo and Root and aerial parts contain tannins The high Yoshida, T., Okuda, T., L. ellagitannins. leaf: Extracts maybe toxic when 5.5 g concentration of Memon, M. U., & Shingu, tannins (20%), plant material is consumed. Content tannins in bark (8- T. (1985). Tannins of stem: tannins (4%), of tannins should be declared for 20%) usually leads to rosaceous medicinal root: tannins (18%), plant material used. gastrointestinal plants. Part 2. Gemins A, rhizomes (29%) toxicity. Daily intake B, and C, new dimeric should not exceed ellagitannins from Geum 1500 mg tannins. japonicum. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, 315-321.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Ginkgo biloba L. Ginkgoacea leaf leaf, seed Leaf: Leaf: Extracts permitted with restrictions Plant material McKenna, D. J., Jones, e (ovule) alkylphen Sesquiterpene due to ginkgolides content and the allowed up to 120 K., & Hughes, K. (2000). ols: lactones: toxic effects of seeds. mg in preparations, Efficacy, safety, and use ginkgolic bilobalide... containing of ginkgo biloba in acids: Diterpene approximately up to clinical and preclinical e.g. lactones: 0.06- 40 mg flavonol applications. Alternative bilabol, 0.23% ginkgolides. glycosides therapies in health and cardanol Ovule: human medicine , 7(5), 70-86.; s, cardols intoxication Hasler, A., Gross, G. A., and reported in Japan Meier, B., & Sticher, O. ginkgol, with some lethal (1992). Complex ginkgotox outcomes. flavonol glycosides from in. Canned and the leaves of Ginkgo boiled seeds biloba. Phytochemistry, contain only 1% of 31(4), 1391-1394. the content in fresh seeds. Also roasted seeds contain gingotoxin. Symptoms of intoxication with the seeds: vomiting, seizures and unconsciousness Glycine Max (L.) Leguminosae seed seed Soybean Content of isoflavones should be Isoflavones daily Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang Merr. agglutinin declared. intake should not PY, Katoh R. Soy (N- exceed 90 mg. isoflavone intake inhibits acetylgal These are bone resorption and actosami contraindicated in stimulates bone ne- cystic fibrosis, breast formation in specific and endometrial menopausal women: lectin), cancers, kidney meta-analysis of proteinas failure, randomized controlled e hypothyroidism and trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. inhibitors diabetes. 2008;62(2):155-161.; and other Kudou, S., Fleury, Y., toxic Welti, D., Magnolato, D., proteins. Uchida, T., Kitamura, K., Total & Okubo, K. (1991). Isoflavon Malonyl isoflavone es 945- glycosides in soybean 4208 seeds (Glycine max µg/g a.o. Merrill). Agricultural and 67-516 Biological Chemistry, µg/g 55(9), 2227-2233. daidzin, 91-1079 µg/g genistin, 12-177 µg/g glycitin, 217-768 µg/g malonyld aidzin, 43- 158 µg/g malonylgl ycitin, 64- 2446 malonylg enistin, 4.3-265 µg/g genistein Glycyrrhiza Leguminosae root root Phenylpro Glycyrrhizic acid Content of glycyrrhetinic acid and warning not to Hennell, J. R., Lee, S., glabra L. panoids: may induce derivatives should be declared. ingest more than 100 Khoo, C. S., Gray, M. J., e.g. mineralocorticoid mg/day of & Bensoussan, A. (2008). methylch effect. glycyrrhetinic acid The determination of avicol in glycyrrhizic acid in unspecifi Glycyrrhiza uralensis ed Fisch. ex DC.(Zhi Gan quantities Cao) root and the dried . aqueous extract by LC– Triterpene DAD. Journal of saponins pharmaceutical and with biomedical analysis, glycyrrhizi 47(3), 494-500.; n European Commission, (potassiu Scientific Committee on m and Food. calcium Opinion of the Scientific salts of Committee on Food on glycyrrhizi glycyrrhizinic acid and c acids) its ammonium salt. 4 as major April 2003. compone Available from: nts. http://ec.europa.eu/foo d/fs/sc/scf/out186_en.p df Glycyrrhiza Leguminosae root, rhizome, root, Triterpene Glycyrrhizic acid Content of glycyrrhetinic acid and warning not to Hennell, J. R., Lee, S., uralensis Fisch. ex (Fabaceae) stolon rhizome, saponins might induce a derivatives should be declared. ingest more than 100 Khoo, C. S., Gray, M. J., DC. stolon with mineralocorticoid mg/day of & Bensoussan, A. (2008). glycyrrhizi effect with glycyrrhetinic acid The determination of n hypertension as a glycyrrhizic acid in (potassiu consequence. Glycyrrhiza uralensis m and Fisch. ex DC.(Zhi Gan calcium Cao) root and the dried salts of aqueous extract by LC– glycyrrhizi DAD. Journal of c acids) pharmaceutical and as major biomedical analysis, compone 47(3), 494-500.; nts . European Commission, Scientific Committee on Food. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on glycyrrhizinic acid and its ammonium salt. 4 April 2003. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/foo d/fs/sc/scf/out186_en.p df Griffonia Leguminosae whole plant seed; Seed: 5- Used as weight loss Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Council of Europe, simplicifolia (DC.) root hydroxytr supplement cyanogenic glycosides. Content acid (cyanogenic Committee of Experts Baill. yptophan should be declared. compound) use: on Flavouring ; root: 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Substances. Natural cyanogly (e.g.1.4 mg/day) sources of flavourings. coside: Report No. 3. Belgium: lithosper Council of Europe moside Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Grindelia Compositae aerial part Resin with Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high El-Moghazy, A. M., camporum (Asteraceae) diterpenic acids toxic when 30 g plant material is concentration of Darwish, F. M., El-Khayat, Greene (grindelic acid), consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- E. S., & Mohamed, M. O. flavonoids, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to (2009). MACRO-AND triterpenoid gastrointestinal MICROMORPHOLOGY saponins, tannins toxicity. Daily intake OF GRINDELIA (5%) should not exceed CAMPORUM VAR. 1500 mg tannins. CAMPORUM GREENE. FAMILY ASTERACEAE, CULTIVATED IN EGYPT: LEAF, STEM AND ROOT. BULLETIN OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 32, 23-43.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Grindelia Compositae Grindelia aerial part Resin with tricyclic Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Veres, K., Roza, O., hirsutula Hook. & humilis labdane be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not Laczko-Zoeld, E., & Arn. Hook & diterpenes: consumed directly (<0.15 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm Hohmann, J. (2014). Ar. grindelane Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. Chemical composition diterpenoids: e.g. of essential oils of grindelic acid. Grindelia squarrosa and Same properties as G. hirsutula. Natural G. camporum and product G. robusta. Official communications , 9(4), monogr Komission 573-574.; Luebke, W. E and in France. (2011). alpha-pinene 80- 56-8. Grindelia robusta Compositae aerial part aerial Essential Grindelanetype Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Fraternale, D., Giamperi, Nutt. part oil (0.3%): diterpenoid acids: be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not L., Bucchini, A., & Ricci, e.g. e.g. grindelic acid consumed directly (<0.15 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm D. (2007). Essential oil camphor, (90%); acetylenes: Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. composition and methyleu e.g. matricarianol. antioxidant activity of genol aerial parts of Grindelia robusta from Central Italy. Fitoterapia, 78(6), 443-445.; Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80- 56-8.

Grindelia Compositae aerial part One study Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene El-Shamy, A. M., El- squarrosa (Pursh) reported sheep be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not Hawary, S. S., El- Dun. mortality after consumed directly (<0.1 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm Shabrawy, A. O., El- grazing G. Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. Hefnawy, H. M., & Glasl, squarrosa. Further H. (2000). Essential oil study showed that composition of three the plant Grindelia species. concentrates Journal of Essential Oil selenium from the Research, 12(5), 631- soil, up to toxic 634.; Luebke, W. (2011). levels. alpha-pinene 80-56-8. Guaiacum Zygophyllace bark, wood resin Resin Bark and wood: Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Ahmad, V. U., Perveen, officinale L. ae (gum) triterpenesaponins: for the preparation. concentration of S., & Bano, S. (1990). from the e.g. larreagenin A, 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Saponins from the bark: 15% officigenin; srerins: mg/ml with an leaves ofGuaiacum petroleu e.g.sitosterin average intake of 5 officinale. m ether g of herb. Phytochemistry, 29(10), soluble 3287-3290.; compoun Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, ds: C., Massiot, G., & Men- lignans (- Olivier, L. L. (2002). )- Structure-activity guajareti relationships of c acid, haemolytic meso- saponins. Pharmaceutic dihydrog al biology , 40 (4), 253- uajaretic 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. acid and A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. meso- (1961). The hemolytic nordihydr anemia of human oguajaret bartonellosis. Blood, ic acid. 17(5), 562-78.; 70% ether Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. soluble H., & Benno, Y. (1997). compoun Role of human intestinal ds: other Prevotella oris in lignans hydrolyzing ginseng such as saponins. Planta dehydrog medica, 63(5), 436-440. jajaretic acid, guaiacin, isoguaiac in, furoguaja cin,alpha - guajacon ic acid and its 4'- methyl ether, various tetrahydr ofurans

Guaiacum Zygophyllace bark, wood resin Resin Bark and wood: Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Ribbens, E., Burdett, B., sanctum L. ae (gum) triterpenesaponins: for the preparation. concentration of & Green, A. An from the e.g. larreagenin A, 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Ethnobotany Case.; bark: 15% officigenin; srerins: mg/ml with an Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, petroleu e.g.sitosterin average intake of 5 C., Massiot, G., & Men- m ether g of herb. Olivier, L. L. (2002). soluble Structure-activity compoun relationships of ds: haemolytic lignans (- saponins. Pharmaceutic )- al biology , 40 (4), 253- guajareti 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. c acid, A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. meso- (1961). The hemolytic dihydrog anemia of human uajaretic bartonellosis. Blood, acid and 17(5), 562-78.; meso- Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. nordihydr H., & Benno, Y. (1997). oguajaret Role of human intestinal ic acid. Prevotella oris in 70% ether hydrolyzing ginseng soluble saponins. Planta compoun medica, 63(5), 436-440. ds: other lignans such as dehydrog jajaretic acid, guaiacin, isoguaiac in, furoguaja cin,alpha - guajacon ic acid and its 4'- methyl ether, various tetrahydr ofurans Guazuma Malvaceae aerial part seed Cyanoge Contents: caffeine Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Seigler, D. S., Pauli, G. F., ulmifolia Lamk. nic (0.14%) , cyanogenic glycosides. Content acid (cyanogenic Fröhlich, R., Wegelius, E., glycoside caryophyllene, should be declared. compound) use: Nahrstedt, A., Glander, : (2R)- catechins, 0.023 mg/kg bw/day K. E., & Ebinger, J. E. taxiphyllin epicatechins, (e.g.1.4 mg/day) (2005). Cyanogenic ; Caffeine farnesol, friedelin, glycosides and (0.14%) kaurenoic acid, menisdaurin from precocene I, Guazuma ulmifolia, procyanidin B-2, Ostrya virginiana, Tiquilia procyanidin B-5, plicata, and Tiquilia procyanidin C-1, canescens. sitosterol, terpenes. Phytochemistry, 66(13), Bark: oligo and 1567-1580.; Council of polymeric Europe, Committee of proanthocyanidin Experts on Flavouring es. Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953.

Gynostemma Cucurbitace leaf Dammarane type Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Tanner, M. A., Bu, X., pentafillum ae saponins: for the preparation. concentration of Steimle, J. A., & Myers, P. (Thunb.) Makino gypenosides. 10% haemolysis is 7.3 R. (1999). The direct mg/ml with an release of nitric oxide by average intake of 5 gypenosides derived g of herb. from the herb Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Nitric oxide, 3(5), 359-365.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440.

Gypsophila Caryophyllac root Triterpeno Root extract shows Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Henry, M., Rochd, M., & paniculata L. eae id α-glucosidase for the preparation. concentration of Bennini, B. (1991). saponins inhibitor activity. 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Biosynthesis and (up to mg/ml with an accumulation of 10%): average intake of 5 saponins in Gypsophila gypsosid g of herb. paniculata. es, Phytochemistry, 30(6), saponaro 1819-1821.; sides, Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440.

Haematoxylum Leguminosae unfermented Homoisoflavanes ( Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Degani, L., Riedo, C., campechianum heartwood neoflavane toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Gulmini, M., & L. derivatives); consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Chiantore, O. (2014). tannins (10%) be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to From plant extracts to gastrointestinal historical textiles: toxicity. Daily intake characterization of should not exceed dyestuffs by GC–MS. 1500 mg tannins. Chromatographia, 77(23-24), 1683-1696.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Hamamelis Hamamelida bark, leaf leaf Essential Leaf and bark up Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Vennat, B., Pourrat, H., virginiana L. ceae oil from to 10% tannins. toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Pouget, M. P., Gross, D., the fresh consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- & Pourrat, A. (1988). leaf: (0.01 be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Tannins from Hamamelis - 0.05%): gastrointestinal virginiana: identification phenylpr toxicity. Daily intake of proanthocyanidins opanoid: should not exceed and hamamelitannin e.g. 1500 mg tannins. quantification in leaf, safrole bark, and stem extracts. (content Planta medica, 54(5), max 0.2% 454-457. Samanta, S., of the Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, volatile D. K., Pati, B. R., & oil). Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Haplopappus Compositae aerial part Resin (17%): EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin GONZÁLEZ, B., VOGEL, baylahuen Remy flavonoids, low Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg H., RAZMILIC, I., San amounts of declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 MARTÍN, J., & DOLL, U. coumarins,.. mg/day at body (2012). Biomasa, Different species weight of 60 kg). contenido de resina y are called Should be aceite esencial y su bailahu´en and consumed under variabilidad en used as subsitutes. medical supervision poblaciones naturales Chemical de las especies de identification is not droga Abstract cruda always adequate chilena due to the use of “bailahuén”(Haplopapp substitutes. us spp.). Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 11(1).; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Hebanthe Amaranthac Pfaffia root Saponins (11%): Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Rodrigues, M. V. N., de eriantha (Poir.) eae paniculat pfaffosides, pfaffic for the preparation. concentration of Paula Souza, K., Rehder, Pedersen a (Mart.) acids; Sterol 10% haemolysis is 7.3 V. L. G., Vilela, G. F., Kuntze glucosides: mg/ml with an Júnior, Í. M., Figueira, G. ecdysterones. May average intake of 5 M., & Rath, S. (2013). have estrogenic g of herb. Development of an effect. Used as analytical method for substitute for the quantification of ginseng. pfaffic acid in Brazilian ginseng (Hebanthe eriantha). Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 77, 76-82.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Hedeoma Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential Potentially toxic due to pulegone pulegone toxic level: Sleckman, B. P., Sherma, pulegioides (L.) part oil: (0.008 ml of EO). Content of 7 mg in adults and 3 J., & Mineo, L. C. (1983). Pers. monocyc eucalyptol should be declared for mg in children Determination of lic plant material used. (orally), <3.5 mg Pulegone in H. monoterp topically pulegioides and ene Peppermint Oil by Thin ketone: Layer Chromatography e.g. with pulegone Densitometry. Journal of 30-80%, Liquid bicyclic Chromatography , 6(7), monoterp 1175-1182. enes: e.g. menthofu ran and monoterp ene etheroxid e: 1,8- cineole. Hedera helix L . Araliaceae leaf leaf, fruit Triterpeno Intoxication Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, id caused by the for the preparation. concentration of C., Massiot, G., & Men- saponins fruits ('berries') . 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Olivier, L. L. (2002). (2.5%- mg/ml with an Structure-activity 5.7%): average intake of 5 relationships of e.g. g of herb. haemolytic alpha- saponins. Pharmaceutic hederin, al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Hedychium Zingiberacea flower, rhizome Rhizome Rhizome essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Joy, B., Rajan, A., & coronarium J. e rhizome essential oil:e.g. β-pinene cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.002 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Abraham, E. (2007). Koenig oil: 1,8- (10.39%, 17.4%) ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Antimicrobial activity cineole and α-terpineol should be declared for plant material (0.001%) and chemical (fresh: (8.8%, 6.7%). used. composition of essential 41.42%, Rhizome: oil from Hedychium dried: farnesanetype coronarium. 37.44%), sesquiterpenes Phytotherapy Research, and labdane-type 21(5), 439-443.; Council diterpenes: e.g. of Europe, Committee coronarins of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008

Helianthus Compositae aerial part Leaves and stem: EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Spring, O., Albert, K., & annuus L. germacranolide Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Gradmann, W. (1981). type declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Annuithrin, a new sesquiterpenelact Content of germacronalide lactones mg/day at body biologically active ones should be declared. weight of 60 kg). germacranolide from (furanoheliangolid Should be Helianthus e); flower: kauran, consumed under annuus. Phytochemistry , trachyloban and medical supervision 20 (8), 1883-1885.; atisan type Gutiérrez-Mellado, M. diterpenes; C., Edwards, R., Tena, M., Cabello, F., Serghini, K., & Jorrín, J. (1996). The production of coumarin phytoalexins in different plant organs of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Plant Physiology, 149(3), 261-266. Helianthus Compositae tuber Topinambur EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Spring, O. (1991). tuberosus L. Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Sesquiterpene lactones declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 from Helianthus mg/day at body tuberosus. Phytochemistr weight of 60 kg). y, 30 (2), 519-522.; Should be Cabello-Hurtado, F., consumed under Durst, F., Jorrín, J. V., & medical supervision Werck-Reichhart, D. (1998). Coumarins in Helianthus tuberosus: characterization, induced accumulation and biosynthesis. Phytochemistry, 49(4), 1029-1036.;Cabello- Hurtado, F., Durst, F., Jorrín, J. V., & Werck- Reichhart, D. (1998). Coumarins in Helianthus tuberosus: characterization, induced accumulation and biosynthesis. Phytochemistry, 49(4), 1029-1036. Helichrysum Compositae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Bianchini, A., Tomi, P., italicum (Roth.) part oil from cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.1 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Bernardini, A. F., Morelli, G. Don. flower: of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food I., Flamini, G., Cioni, P. L., monoterp be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) ... & Marchetti, M. ene (2003). A comparative etheroxid study of volatile e: 1,8- constituents of two cineole Helichrysum italicum (0.3 to (Roth) Guss. Don Fil 1%) subspecies growing in Corsica (France), Tuscany and Sardinia (Italy). Flavour and fragrance journal, 18(6), 487-491.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008

Helichrysum Compositae aerial part Antinociceptive Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Lourens, A. C. U., Reddy, stoechas (L.) effect in rats be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not D., Ba er, K. H. C., Moench described consumed directly (<0.08 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm Viljoen, A. M., & Van Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. Vuuren, S. F. (2004). In vitro biological activity and essential oil composition of four indigenous South African Helichrysum species. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 95(2), 253-258., Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80-56-8. Heracleum Apiaceae whole plant whole Furocou EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Pira et al., 1989, Contact sphondylium L. (Umbelliferae plant marins: content. Toxicity with 0.1 ml of oil. furocoumarins: 1.5 Dermatitis 21: 300-303.; ) e.g. Content of furocoumarin should be mg/day (internal HERBIVORES, N. D. bergapte declared for leaf extracts used. Fruit use). Should be (2008). Tania Jogesh, B. n, have no food use. consumed under Sc.(Hons.) (Doctoral isopimpin medical supervision dissertation, Carleton ellin, University Ottawa, imperator Canada).; Lawley, R., in Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry. Herniaria glabra Caryophyllac whole plant Herb: 3-9% Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Schröder, H., Schubert- L. eae triterpene for the preparation. concentration of Zsilavecz, M., Reznicek, saponins. A 10% haemolysis is 7.3 G., Cart, J., Jurenitsch, lyophylised mg/ml with an J., & Haslinger, E. (1993). aqueous extract of average intake of 5 A triterpene saponin the whole plant g of herb. from Herniaria glabra. were p.o. Phytochemistry, 34(6), administered to 1609-1613.; group of Wistar rats Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, (5 males and 5 C., Massiot, G., & Men- females/group) in Olivier, L. L. (2002). doses of 0, 1, 2, 4 Structure-activity g/kg bw. day for relationships of 90 days. haemolytic Suppression on saponins. Pharmaceutic body weight gain al biology , 40 (4), 253- between dosed 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. group and controls A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. after 90 days (> (1961). The hemolytic 20% in all dosed anemia of human groups vs. bartonellosis. Blood, controls). 17(5), 562-78.; Histopathological Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. study of liver and H., & Benno, Y. (1997). kidneys only Role of human intestinal revealed toxic Prevotella oris in effects in the hydrolyzing ginseng highest dosed saponins. Planta group. Oral LD50 medica, 63(5), 436-440. of an aqueous extract in mice was 8.5 g/kg bw. (Rhiouani et al. 2008). Herniaria hirsuta Caryophyllac aerial part Monodesmodic EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Komissarenko, N. F. L. eae saponins (3%-9%): Toxicity with 1.5 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg (1970). Coumarins of herniaria saponins coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 some species of the (aglycones: plant material used. mg/day at body genus Herniaria. medicagenic acid weight of 60 kg). Chemistry of Natural and 16-hydroxy- Should be Compounds, 6(5), 636- medicagenic consumed under 636.; European Food acid); coumarins medical supervision Safety Authority. (0.1%-0.4%): e.g. Opinion of the Scientific umbelliferone, Panel on food additives, herniarin flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Hesperis Brassicaceae aerial part aerial Glucosino Seed: benzoic Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Larsen, L. M., & Nielsen matronalis L. part lates: e.g. acid derivative : glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Sr, J. K. H (1992) Host- hesperin hesperaline. Found glycosides) (780 mg of plant extract). (goitrogenic plant recognition in in many Content should be declared. glycosides) use: 5 monophagous weevils: Brassicaceae. mg/day). These specialization of exhibit antithyroid Ceutorhynchus activity. inaffectatus to glucosinolates from its host plant Hesperis matronalis. Entomol Exp Appl, 64, 49-55.; Chandra, A. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. (2004). Goitrogenic content of Indian cyanogenic plant food & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Hierochloe Poaceae Hierochlo aerial part EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Pukalskas, A., van Beek, odorata (L.) e Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg T. A., Venskutonis, R. P., Beauv. odorata declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Linssen, J. P., van (L.) Wahl. mg/day at body Veldhuizen, A., & de weight of 60 kg). Groot, Æ. (2002). Should be Identification of radical consumed under scavengers in sweet medical supervision grass (Hierochloe odorata). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry ,50 (10), 2914- 2919.; Brown, S. A. (1962). BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE COUMARINS: III. THE ROLE OF GLYCOSIDES IN THE FORMATION OF COUMARIN BY HIEROCHLOE ODORATA. Canadian journal of biochemistry and physiology, 40(5), 607- 618.;European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Himanthalia Himanthaliac thallus CNS depressant The protein solution from this It was demonstrated Yildiz, G. A. M. Z. E., elongata (L.) S.F. eae activity described seaweed should not be consumed that the protein Dere, E., & Dere, S. Gray in mice with a as food supplement solution depresses (2014). Comparison of protein fraction at the CNS the antioxidative high doses. components of some marine macroalgae from turkey. PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, 46(2), 753-757.; Anca, J. M., Lamela, M., Cadavid, I., & Calleja, J. M. (1990). Effects of Himanthalia elongata on the central nervous system of mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 29(2), 225-231. Hippophae Eleagnacea fruit (berry oil) Carotenoids, The tannin content of leaf extracts The leaves contain Yoshida, T., Tanaka, K., rhamnoides L. e tocopherols, should be declared. The seed oil tannins. The high Chen, X. M., & Okuda, T. sterols, flavonoids, should not be consumed as a food concentration of (1991). Tannins from lipids, ascorbic supplement. tannins (8-20%) Hippophae acid, and tannins. usually leads to rhamnoides. Phytochem Berry oil : anti gastrointestinal istry , 30 (2), 663-666.; Vij, platelet toxicity. Daily intake A. G., Kishore, K., Dey, J., aggregation should not exceed Pal, K., Basu, M., & effect similar to 1500 mg tannins. The Sawhney, R. C. (2010). aspirin. seed oil exhibits Inhibitory effect of antiplatelet activity, Seabuckthorn therefore (Hippophea contraindicated in rhamnoides) on platelet patients taking aggregation and anticoagulants. oxidative stress. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 7(1). Hizikia fusiformis Sargassacea thallus Accumul Brown alga Accumulates high amounts of The toxic level of Salgado, S. G., Nieto, M. (Harvey) e ates high inorganic arsenic. Arsenic monitoring arsenic is approx. Q., & Simón, M. B. Okamura amounts is necessary before placing on the 0.15 mg/kg of plant (2006). Determination of of market. material. soluble toxic arsenic inorganic species in alga samples arsenic by microwave-assisted extraction and high performance liquid chromatography– hydride generation– inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A,1129 (1), 54-60. Hordeum vulgare Poaceae seed, root, stalk Hydroxyc Polysaccharides Extracts toxic due to coumarin Limit for coumarin Ray, H., & Hastings, P. J. L. (Gramineae) sprout oumarins e.g. starch, content. Content of coumarin should use: 0.1 mg/kg (1992). Variation within fructans; mono- be declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 flax (Linum oligosaccharides, mg/day at body usitatissimum) and proteins, weight of 60 kg). barley (Hordeum prolamines, Should be vulgare) in response to glutelins, albumins consumed under allelopathic and globulins, fatty medical supervision chemicals. Theoretical oil, vitamins, and Applied hydroxycoumarins Genetics , 84 (3-4), 460- ( only in the stalks), 465.; European Food amynes. Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Houttuynia Saururaceae whole plant root and Isoquinoli Leaf and root are Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). cordata Thunb. leaf ne food in eastern Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline alkaloids countries dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. (dioxoap in adults. May have Natural product reports, orphines) cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, : effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. e.g.norce (1985). Safety of pharadio chloroquine in ne B, and chemosuppression of aristolact malaria during am type pregnancy. BMJ, alkaloids: 290(6480), 1466-1467. e.g. cephara none B, aristolact am B, piperolac tam, Humulus lupulus Cannabace inflorescence infloresce Flavanon The flavanone is The content of 8-prenylnaringenin 8-prenylnaringenin is Milligan, S. R., Kalita, J. L. ae nce e: 8- not present in fresh should be stated. Contraindications the potent C., Pocock, V., Van De prenylnari plant but is included accordingly, if required. phytoestrogen in Kauter, V., Stevens, J. F., ngenin produced on hops (0.0058% in Deinzer, M. L., ... & De drying. Strong hops). Keukeleire, D. (2000). estrogenic effect. The endocrine activities of 8-prenylnaringenin and related hop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids. The journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism , 85 (12), 4912-4915.; Possemiers, S., Heyerick, A., Robbens, V., De Keukeleire, D., & Verstraete, W. (2005). Activation of proestrogens from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) by intestinal microbiota; conversion of isoxanthohumol into 8- prenylnaringenin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(16), 6281-6288.

Hygrophila Acanthacea leaf, root, leaf, root, Alkaloids: Triterpenes: lupeol, Major concern is the alkaloid content No detailed Raj, V. P., auriculata e seed seed asteraca hentricotane, (0.27%) information is Chandrasekhar, R. H., (Schumach.) nthine betulin, luteolin, available on toxic Vijayan, P., Dhanaraj, S. Heine and luteolin-7 - 0 – doses. A., Rao, M. C., Rao, V. asteraca retinosides J., & Nitesh, K. (2010). In nthicine vitro and in vivo in hepatoprotective udefined effects of the total amount alkaloid fraction of Hygrophila auriculata leaves. Indian journal of pharmacology , 42 (2), 99. Hymenaea Leguminosea bark,fruit, bark, Bark, fruit (peel): Major concern is the ent-halimane No detailed Fujita, E., Fuji, K., Nagao, courbaril L. e leaf, seed; seed seed: essential oil: diterpenoids content information is Y., & Node, M. (1975). resin diterpeno sesquiterpenes available on toxic The chemistry on ids ent- alpha-copaene doses. diterpenoids in halimane (11.1%), 1973. Bulletin of the type spathulenol Institute for Chemical e.g.(13R)- (10.1%) and beta- Research, Kyoto 13- selinene (8.2%), University , 53 (3), 319- hydroxy- while germacrene- 366.; Abdel-Kader, M., 1(10),14- D (31.9%), beta- Berger, J. M., ent- caryophyllene Slebodnick, C., Hoch, J., halimadie (27.1%) and Malone, S., Wisse, J. H., n-18-oic bicyclogermacren ... & Kingston, D. G. acid and e (6.5%). Lef: (2002). Isolation and clerodan polyphenolic Absolute Configuration e type derivatives of ent-Halimane diterpene Diterpenoids from s. Hymenaea courbaril from the Suriname Rain Forest 1. Journal of natural products, 65(1), 11-15.; Veggi, P. C., Prado, J. M., Bataglion, G. A., Eberlin, M. N., & Meireles, M. A. A. (2014). Obtaining phenolic compounds from jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril L.) bark by supercritical fluid extraction. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 89, 68-77. Hyssopus Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential The EO is potentially toxic due to toxic level 0.05 officinalis L. part oil from estragole. Toxicity with 0.06 ml of oil. mg/kg body weight, aerial Content of estragole should be i.e. 0.003g. Oil is toxic part: declared for plant material used. if 1 or more drops phenylpr are consumed daily. opanoids: e.g. methyleu genol (0.09- 3.8%), methylch avicol (4.8%); monoterp enes: e.g. monoterp ene etheroxid e: 1,8- cineole; biclyclic monoterp enes: e.g. pinocam phone (40%), iso- pinocam phone (30%), thujones (traces) Ilex Aquifoliacea leaf leaf Methylat Toxicity due to methylxanthine Methylxanthine Stavric, B. (1988). paraguariensis A. e ed alkaloids. Plant extracts should not alkaloids are Methylxanthines: toxicity St.-Hil. xanthine exceed 15 g daily. Content should therapeutic at dose to humans. 2. Caffeine. derivative be stated. of 270 mg (caffeine) Food and Chemical s: e.g. daily in adults. Toxicology, 26(7), 645- caffeine 662.; Gunja, N., & Brown, (0.2- J. A. (2012). Energy 2.0%), drinks: health risks and theobrom toxicity. Medical Journal ine (0.1- of Australia, 196(1), 46- 0.2%), 49. Chicago theophylli ne (0.05%) Illicium verum Schisandrace bark, fruit bark, fruit Essential The EO is potentially toxic due to toxic level 0.05 Hook. f. ae oil (0.6- estragole mg/kg body weight, 6%): i.e. 0.003g. Oil is toxic phenylpr if 1 or more drops opanoids: are consumed daily. e.g. transanet hole (75- 90%), methylch avicol (0.34- 5.04%), safrole (0.14%)

Impatiens Balsaminace aerial part aerial Naphtoq Flavonoids ( EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Bohm, B. A., & Towers, balsamina L. ae part uinones: quercetin, Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg G. H. N. (1962). A study e.g. kaempferol), declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 of phenolic compounds lawsone saponins, mg/day at body in Impatiens. Canadian and coumarins ( weight of 60 kg). Journal of Botany, 40(5), bisnaphth scopoletin), Should be 677-683.; European oquinone baccharane consumed under Food Safety Authority. derivative glycosydes ( medical supervision Opinion of the Scientific s: e.g. Hosenkosides) Panel on food additives, impatien flavourings, processing ol aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Indigofera Leguminosae leaf Contents Major concern are the alkaloid No detailed Ravichandran, R. tinctoria L. (undefined): content (approx. 2.5 %) information is PHYTOCHEMICAL Alkaloids, amino available on toxic SCREENING AND IN- acids. Considered doses. VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL safe in traditional ACTIVITY OF LEAF use. In the Genus EXTRACTS OF Indigofera some INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA species contain LINN.; Oko, A. O. (2014). the toxic non- Scientia Research proteinogenic Library ISSN 2348-0416. amino acid: Journal of Applied indospicin a strong Science And Research, hepato-toxin. In 2(1), 190-196. different studies on components some find amino acids others not. Inula britannica Compositae aerial part aerial Sesquiter Toxicity due to alantolactone and Alantolactone and Qi, J. L., Fu, Y., Shi, X. W., L. (Asteraceae) part penes derivatives. Content should be stated derivatives are toxic Wu, Y. B., Wang, Y. Z., lactones: to human red blood Zhang, D. Q., & Shi, Q. e.g. cells. W. (2008). Sesquiterpene ergolide lactones and their anti- tumor activity from the flowers of Inula britannica. Letters in Drug Design & Discovery, 5(7), 433-436.; Kousi Alzoubi, Salvatrice Calabrò, Jasmin Egler, Caterina Faggio and Florian Lang. Triggering of Programmed Erythrocyte Death by Alantolactone. Toxins 2014, 6, 3596-3612 Inula helenium L. Compositae leaf, rhizome, Essential oil (1%- alantolactone and derivatives Alantolactone and Konishi, T., Shimada, Y., root 3%) from root with derivatives are toxic Nagao, T., Okabe, H., & sesquiterpenelact to human red blood Konoshima, T. (2002). ones: e.g. cells. Antiproliferative alantolacton, sesquiterpene lactones isoalantolacton. from the roots of Inula Root: inulin (44%). helenium. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 25(10), 1370- 1372.; Kousi Alzoubi, Salvatrice Calabrò, Jasmin Egler, Caterina Faggio and Florian Lang. Triggering of Programmed Erythrocyte Death by Alantolactone. Toxins 2014, 6, 3596-3612 Ipomoea Convolvulac tuber Sweet potato Leaf toxicity may be due to high The toxic range for Antia, B. S., Akpan, E. J., batatas (L.) Poir eae oxalate content (>0.3 %). Not more oxalate is 45-90 Okon, P. A., & Umoren, I. than 14 g should be consumed daily. mg/day U. (2006). Nutritive and anti-nutritive evaluation of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) leaves. Pak. J. Nutr, 5(2), 166-168.; Singh, P. P., et al. "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Isatis tinctoria L. Brassicaceae aerial part; aerial Quinoline No side effects Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). juice part alkaloids: mentioned with Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline e.g. aerial parts. Root dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. tryptanthr contains idirubin in adults. May have Natural product reports, in. Indole which causes cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, alkaloids: poisoning. effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. e.g.isatan (1985). Safety of s A and B, chloroquine in 1-6., 3'- chemosuppression of hydroxye malaria during piglucois pregnancy. BMJ, atisine, 290(6480), 1466-1467. epiglucoi satisine. Glucosino lates: e.g.progo itrine, epi- progoitrin e, gluconap ine, glucobras sicine.

Jasminum Oleaceae flower Steroids, sugars, Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Sadhu, S. K., Khan, M. S., grandiflorum L. alkaloids, phenolic iridoid glycosides and tritpenoid toxicity is at 2.2 mg Ohtsuki, T., & Ishibashi, compounds and glycosides. Content should be daily for an adult. M. (2007). Secoiridoid tannins from fruits. declared. components from Secoiridoids. Jasminum Triterpenoid grandiflorum. Phytoche saponins. mistry , 68 (13), 1718-1721.

Jasminum Oleaceae flower floral bud Triterpeno The water extract Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside HAO, T., ZHAO, G. Q., & officinale L. id of floral buds at iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg ZHANG, S. F. (2011). saponins oral doses of 250 declared. daily for an adult. Extraction Process of and 500 mg/kg in Total Iridoid Glycosides rats produced a from Jasminum dose dependent officinale L. var. antiimplantation Grandiflorum effect but not [J]. Lishizhen Medicine complete infertility, and Materia Medica no significant Research , 6, 032. abortifacient activity, no significant change in the weight and length of the fetuses, no abnormalities in the organs of the offspring. The extract produced a significant decrease in serum progesterone levels on day 5 of pregnancy which may be responsible for the antiimplantation effect observed in this study. Jateorhiza Menisperma Menisper root root Isoquinoli Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). palmata (Lam.) ceae mum ne Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline Miers palmatu alkaloids: dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. m Lam. e.g. in adults. May have Natural product reports, berberine cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, , effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. jatrorrhizin (1985). Safety of e, chloroquine in palmatin chemosuppression of e, malaria during bisjatrorrh pregnancy. BMJ, izine 290(6480), 1466-1467. Juglans cinerea Juglandacea nut whole Naphtoq Contains Toxicity due to naphthaquinones. Principle Rink, G. (1990). Juglans L. e plant uinones: hydrojuglone. Content should be stated. naphthaquinones is cinerea L. juglone, Probably also juglone which is butternut. Silvics of North juglandin, chrysophanic claimed to be very America , 2(654), 386.; juglandini acid. Traditionally toxic by many Calabrò, S., Alzoubi, K., c acid. used to improve studies. However, Bissinger, R., Jilani, K., defecation. Side toxic dose has not Faggio, C., & Lang, F. effects described: been established. It (2014). Enhanced necrosis and stimulates suicidal Eryptosis Following difficulty to move. erythrocyte death or Juglone Exposure. Basic Mutagenicity. Nut eryptosis. & clinical is food pharmacology & toxicology.

Juglans regia L. Juglandacea aerial part Fruit, husk Naphtho Juglone is found in Toxicity due to naphthaquinones. Principle Colaric, M., Veberic, R., e and leaf quinones 29.8% of the Content should be stated. naphthaquinones is Solar, A., Hudina, M., & in fruit, surface waxes of juglone which is Stampar, F. (2005). husk and the fruit (pericarp) claimed to be very Phenolic acids, leaf: e.g. and 28.6% of the toxic by many syringaldehyde, and juglone surface waxes of studies. However, juglone in fruits of the leaves. toxic dose has not different cultivars of been established. It Juglans regia L. Journal stimulates suicidal of agricultural and food erythrocyte death or chemistry , 53 (16), 6390- eryptosis. 6396.; Calabrò, S., Alzoubi, K., Bissinger, R., Jilani, K., Faggio, C., & Lang, F. (2014). Enhanced Eryptosis Following Juglone Exposure. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology.

Jumellea Orchidaceae leaf leaf Essential Odour develops EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Sing, A. S. C., Smadja, J., fragrans oil: e.g; during drying Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Brevard, H., Maignial, L., (Thouars) Schltr. coumarin process. declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Chaintreau, A., & , Traditionnally used mg/day at body Marion, J. P. (1992). dihydroc in Europe as weight of 60 kg). Volatile constituents of oumarine replacement for Should be faham (Jumellea . Chinese tea. consumed under fragrans (Thou.) Schltr.). Diterpene medical supervision Journal of Agricultural s e.g. and Food Chemistry, kaurenes 40(4), 642-646.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Juniperus Cupressacea fruit, leaf, leaf Essential J. communis var. Alpha-pinene (24.4%) and May cause toxicity in Gonny, M., Cavaleiro, communis L. e wood oil from communis leaf phellandrene (12.6%) are high in the renal diseases and C., Salgueiro, L., & leaf: essential oil needles, and also in berries, may have Casanova, J. (2006). bicyclic contained from 0- Limitations in food use due to toxic abortifacient Analysis of Juniperus monoterp 0.4% α-thujone metabolites of EO. properties. communis subsp. alpina enes: e.g. and from 0-0.4% β- Contraindicated in needle, berry, wood beta- thujone. patients suffering and root oils by thujone Contraindications from renal disease combination of GC, (0.29%), with severe renal and pregnancy. GC/MS and sabinene disease. From 13C ‐NMR. Flavour and (40%); preclinical fragrance journal , 21 (1), fruit investigations 99-106. essential some concluded oil: e.g. that Juniperus sabinene communis extract (1.5%-12% has anti-fertility dependin and abortifacient g effect. However, whether the abortifacient ripe or compound is unripe) sabinylacetate which is absent in the ripe berries. Justicia Achanthace Adhatod whole plant leaf Quinoline Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). adhatoda ae a vasica alkaloids Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline L.Justicia Nees (leaf: 0.3- dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. adhatoda L. 2.1% on in adults. May have Natural product reports, dry cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, weight effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. basis): (1985). Safety of e.g. chloroquine in vasicine chemosuppression of (1.8%) malaria during pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Justicia Acanthacea aerial part leaf Low Estrogenic, EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Pino, J. A. (2011). pectoralis Jacq. e amounts progestagenic, Toxicity with 0.08 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg Volatile Constituents of and anti- coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 from Leaves of Justicia quinoline inflammatory plant material used. mg/day at body pectoralis Jacq. var. alkaloids: effects, explaining weight of 60 kg). tipo. Journal of Essential e.g.vasici the plant's Should be Oil Bearing Plants, 14(2), ne. traditional use in consumed under 161-163..; European Presence menopause and medical supervision Food Safety Authority. of PMS therapies. Opinion of the Scientific coumarin Panel on food additives, s: e.g. flavourings, processing coumarin aids and material in , contact with food (AFC) umbellifer on a request from the one. Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Kaempferia Zingiberacea rhizome leaf Leaf, Rhizome essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Wong, K. C., Ong, K. S., galanga L. e root: oil: 1,8 cineole, cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.02 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 & Lim, C. L. (1992). decoctio borneol, 3-carene, of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food Compositon of the n vague camphene, be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) essential oil of rhizomes traditiona kaempferol, of kaempferia galanga l kaempferide, L. Flavour and fragrance descriptio cinnamaldehyde, journal, 7(5), 263-266.; n of p- Council of Europe, possible methoxycinnamic Committee of Experts hallucino acid, ethyl on Flavouring genic cinnamate and Substances. Natural and ethyl p- sources of flavourings. aphrodisi methoxycinnamat Report No. 3. Belgium: ac effect e. The last two Council of Europe in New compounds are Publishing; 2008 Guinea. responsible for the Compou sedative effect. nd not When using a known. lipophilic extract Root caution should be essential given to the oil: e.g. possible sedative 1,8 effect. cineole Kavalama urens Malvaceae Sterculia gum Polysaccharides as Known as Karaya gum, the exudate Gray, H., & Tainter, M. L. (Roxb.) Raf. urens bulk laxative not is used as a laxative. However (1941). Colloid laxatives Roxb. absorbed by the permitted in food supplements available for clinical gut use. American Journal of Digestive Diseases , 8(4), 130-139.

Kickxia spuria (L.) Plantaginace aerial part Iridoids: e.g. Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Nicoletti, M., Serafini, M., Dumort. ae kickxioside iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Tomassini, L., Bianco, A., declared. daily for an adult. & Passacantilli, P. (1987). Iridoids in the Flora of Italy; Part 111. Kickxioside, A New Iridoid Glucoside from Kickxia spuria. Planta medica , 53 (3), 295-297. Knautia arvensis Caprifoliace aerial part Iridoids: e.g. Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Jensen, S. R., Nielsen, B. (L.) Coult. ae dipsacan; iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg J., & Dahlgren, R. (1975). triterpenesaponins declared. daily for an adult. Iridoid compounds, their (1%-1.7%) and occurrence and tannins systematic importance in the angiosperms. Bot. Noti. ser , 128 , 148-80. Lactuca indica L. Compositae aerial part root Lactucari Lactucarium has Major concern are the sesquiterpene More than 1.5 g of Kisiel, W., & Michalska, K. (milky um: sedative porperties lactones. herb may be toxic. (2006). Sesquiterpenoids juice) mixture of and is also called Not more than 0.9 g and phenolics from lactucin, lettuce opium. of lactucarium roots of Cichorium lactucopi flavonoids, should be endivia var. crispum. crin terpenoids, consumed daily. Fitoterapia, 77(5), 354- sesquiterpenelact 357.; Amorim MH, Gil da ones: lactucain A Costa RM, Lopes C, (1), B (2), and C Bastos MM. (3); furofuran Sesquiterpene lactones: lignan: lactucaside adverse health effects and toxicity mechanisms. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2013 Aug;43(7):559-79.; https://obtrandon.files.w ordpress.com/.../lactuc a-virosa-wild-lettuce.pdf Lactuca sativa L. Compositae aerial part root Lactucari Lactucarium has Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate (milky um: sedative porperties extract: 220 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its juice) mixture of and is also called 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia lactucin, lettuce opium. The Should be Pacific Journal of lactucopi amount produced consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), crin by the plant is low. medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Lagerstroemia Lythraceae leaf Gallotannins: e.g. Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Hayashi, T., Maruyama, speciosa (L.) penta-O-galloyl- toxic when plant material is concentration of H., Kasai, R., Hattori, K., Pers. glucopyranose consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Takasuga, S., Hazeki, O., be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to ... & Tanaka, T. (2002). gastrointestinal Ellagitannins from toxicity. Daily intake Lagerstroemia speciosa should not exceed as activators of glucose 1500 mg tannins. transport in fat cells. Planta medica, 68(2), 173-175.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Laminaria Laminariace thallus iodine Toxicity of (concentrated) extracts of Edible brown alga. Bryan, G. W. (1969). The digitata (Hudson) ae the seaseed due to fucoidans. However, fucoidans absorption of zinc and J.V. Lam. Content should be stated.Monitoring have anti-coagulant other metals by the of heavy metal and iodine content. properties and are brown seaweed contraindicated in Laminaria digitata. patients on Journal of the Marine conventional and Biological Association of herbal the United Kingdom, anticoagulants. 49(01), 225-243.; Fujita, Problems with heavy E., Fuji, K., Nagao, Y., & metal accumulation Node, M. (1975). The particularly Zn and chemistry on halogen uptake. diterpenoids in 1973. Bulletin of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, 53(3), 319- 366.; Moroney, N. C., O'Grady, M. N., O'Doherty, J. V., & Kerry, J. P. (2012). Addition of seaweed (Laminaria digitata) extracts containing laminarin and fucoidan to porcine diets: Influence on the quality and shelf- life of fresh pork. Meat science, 92(4), 423-429. Laminaria Laminariace thallus Salts of alginic Toxicity of (concentrated) extracts of Edible brown alga. Bengtsson, M. M., & hyperborea ae acid (laminaric the seaseed due to fucoidans. However, fucoidans Øvreås, L. (2010). (Gun.) Foslie acid, 25%), Iodine, Content should be stated.Monitoring have anti-coagulant Planctomycetes Reserve of heavy metal and iodine content. properties and are dominate biofilms on carbohydrates: contraindicated in surfaces of the kelp laminarin (47%), patients on Laminaria mannitol (5-6%), conventional and hyperborea. BMC fucoidin, mannitol herbal microbiology , 10 (1), glucoside. anticoagulants. 261.; Hopkin, R., & Kain, Problems with heavy J. M. (1978). The effects metal accumulation of some pollutants on particularly Zn and the survival, growth and halogen uptake. respiration of Laminaria hyperborea. Estuarine and coastal marine science, 7(6), 531-553.; Aquaron, R., Delange, F., Marchal, P., Lognoné, V., & Ninane, L. (2002). Bioavailability of seaweed iodine in human beings. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 48(5), 563-569. Laminaria Laminariace thallus Toxicity of (concentrated) extracts of Edible brown alga. Li, N., Zhang, Q., & Song, japonica J.E. ae the seaseed due to fucoidans. However, fucoidans J. (2005). Toxicological Areschoug Content should be stated.Monitoring have anti-coagulant evaluation of fucoidan of heavy metal and iodine content. properties and are extracted from contraindicated in Laminaria japonica in patients on Wistar rats. Food and conventional and Chemical herbal Toxicology , 43 (3), 421- anticoagulants. 426.; Yu, Q., Matheickal, Problems with heavy J. T., Yin, P., & Kaewsarn, metal accumulation P. (1999). Heavy metal particularly Zn and uptake capacities of halogen (iodine: common marine macro approx. 734 algal biomass. Water ppm)uptake. research, 33(6), 1534- 1537.; Hou, X., Chai, C., Qian, Q., Yan, X., & Fan, X. (1997). Determination of chemical species of iodine in some seaweeds (I). Science of the total environment, 204(3), 215-221. Laminaria Laminariace thallus Toxicity of (concentrated) extracts of Edible brown alga. Bryan, G. W. (1969). The palmata Bory de ae the seaseed due to fucoidans. However, fucoidans absorption of zinc and St.Vincent Content should be stated.Monitoring have anti-coagulant other metals by the of heavy metal and iodine content. properties and are brown seaweed contraindicated in Laminaria digitata. patients on Journal of the Marine conventional and Biological Association of herbal the United Kingdom, anticoagulants. 49(01), 225-243.; Fujita, Problems with heavy E., Fuji, K., Nagao, Y., & metal accumulation Node, M. (1975). The particularly Zn and chemistry on halogen uptake. diterpenoids in 1973. Bulletin of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, 53(3), 319- 366.; Moroney, N. C., O'Grady, M. N., O'Doherty, J. V., & Kerry, J. P. (2012). Addition of seaweed (Laminaria digitata) extracts containing laminarin and fucoidan to porcine diets: Influence on the quality and shelf- life of fresh pork. Meat science, 92(4), 423-429. Lamium album L. Lamiaceae aerial part Tannins: flower Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Alipieva, K. I., Taskova, (5%), leaf (14%). iridoid glycosides (850 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg R. M., Jensen, S. R., & Iridoidglycosides: extract). Content should be daily for an adult. Handjieva, N. V. (2006). e.g. lamalbide declared. Iridoid glucosides from (0.25%) Lamium album and Lamium maculatum (Lamiaceae). Biochemical systematics and ecology, 34(1), 88- 91.; Damtoft, S. (1992). Iridoid glucosides fromLamium album. Phytochemistry ,3 1(1), 175-178. Larix decidua Pinaceae aerial part, aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Council of Europe, Mill. resin part oil from cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.05 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Committee of Experts needle: of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food on Flavouring 1,8- be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Substances. Natural cineole sources of flavourings. (0.01%). Report No. 3. Belgium: Essential Council of Europe oil from Publishing; 2008 bark: monoterp ene etheroxid e: 1,8- cineole (2.09%) Larix occidentalis Pinaceae whole plant bark Resin Bark delivers Possible toxicity with resinic Organic resin Giwa, S. A., & Swan, E. P. Nutt. (distillatio arabinogalactan diterpenoids particulary isopimaric (diterpenoids) and (1975). Heartwood n delivers by extraction. acid. Content should be declared. an aqueous extract extractives of a western turpentin rich in sugars, larch tree (Larix e) partifcularly occidentalis arabinose. Nutt.). Wood and Fiber Science , 7(3), 216-221.

Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae fruit, leaf fruit, leaf Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol A.A. Isikber, M.H. Alma, oil from cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.002 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 M. Kanat, A. Karci leaf: ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Fumigant toxicity of phenylpr should be declared for plant material (0.001%) essential oils from Laurus opanoids: used. nobilis and Rosmarinus e.g. officinalis against all life methyleu stages of Tribolium genol confusum; Council of (1.7- Europe, Committee of 11.8%) Experts on Flavouring and Substances. Natural monoterp sources of flavourings. ene Report No. 3. Belgium: etheroxid Council of Europe e: 1,8- Publishing; 2008 cineole (34-53%) Lavandula × Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential Lavandin EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Lammerink, J., Wallace, intermedia part oil: e.g. cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.0125 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 A. R., & Porter, N. G. Emeric ex Loisel. bicyclic ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food (1989). Effects of harvest monoterp should be declared for plant material (0.001%) time and postharvest ene: used. drying on oil from camphor lavandin (Lavandula× (5%-10%), intermedia). New monoterp Zealand Journal of Crop ene and Horticultural etheroxid Science, 17(4), 315-326..; e: 1,8 Council of Europe, cineole Committee of Experts (3%-8%) on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Lavandula Lamiaceae flowering top aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Maia, N. B., Bovi, O. A., angustifolia Mill. (Labiatae) part oil from cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.004 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Perecin, M. B., Marques, aerial ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food M. O. M., Granja, N. P., part: should be declared for plant material (0.001%) & Trujillo, A. L. (2002, bicyclic used. August). New crops with monoterp potential to produce enes: e.g. essential oil with high thujones, linalool content helping camphor preserve rosewood-an (0.59%) endangered Amazon and species. In XXVI monoterp International ene Horticultural Congress: etheroxid The Future for Medicinal e: 1,8 and Aromatic Plants 629 cineole (pp. 39-43).; Council of (3.32- Europe, Committee of 30%) Experts on Flavouring Essential Substances. Natural oil from sources of flavourings. fresh Report No. 3. Belgium: flower: Council of Europe bicyclic Publishing; 2008 monoterp enes: e.g. camphor (13.32%) and monoterp ene etheroxid e: 1,8 cineole (5.81%)

Lavandula Lamiaceae Lavandul aerial part L. L. spica is a EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Maia, N. B., Bovi, O. A., angustifolia a vera angustifol synonym. Better to cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.004 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Perecin, M. B., Marques, subsp. DC., ia Mill. refer to L. ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food M. O. M., Granja, N. P., angustifolia Lavandul Essential angustifolia Mill should be declared for plant material (0.001%) & Trujillo, A. L. (2002, a oil (1%- instead of the used. August). New crops with officinalis 3%): subsp. potential to produce Chaix traces of essential oil with high monoterp linalool content helping ene preserve rosewood-an etheroxid endangered Amazon e: 1,8 species. In XXVI cineole International and Horticultural Congress: bicyclic The Future for Medicinal monoterp and Aromatic Plants 629 enes: (pp. 39-43).; Council of camphor Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Lavandula Lamiaceae aerial part; Essential Flowering tops EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Maia, N. B., Bovi, O. A., latifolia Medik essential oil oil: 1,8 induce a cineole) content. Toxicity with 0029 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Perecin, M. B., Marques, cineole hypoglycemic ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food M. O. M., Granja, N. P., (20%- effect in should be declared for plant material (0.001%) & Trujillo, A. L. (2002, 35%), normoglycemic used. August). New crops with camphor rats by oral potential to produce (1%-20%) gavage essential oil with high linalool content helping preserve rosewood-an endangered Amazon species. In XXVI International Horticultural Congress: The Future for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 629 (pp. 39-43).; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Lavandula Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential Fenchone has the EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Skoula, M., Abidi, C., & stoechas L. (Labiatae) part oil from Gras status. cineole) content. Toxicity with 006 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Kokkalou, E. (1996). leaf of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food Essential oil variation of (1.5%): be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Lavandula stoechas L. bicyclic ssp. stoechas growing monoterp wild in Crete (Greece). enes: e.g. Biochemical Systematics fenchone and Ecology, 24(3), 255- (39-53%), 260..; Council of Europe, camphor Committee of Experts (6-24%) on Flavouring and Substances. Natural monoterp sources of flavourings. ene Report No. 3. Belgium: etheroxid Council of Europe e: 1,8- Publishing; 2008 cineole (4%) Essential oil from flower: bicyclic monoterp enes: e.g. fenchone (21-66%), camphor (up to 26%) Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae leaf Naphtoq Henna. Lawsone: Toxicity of plant due to the presence Henna is used Chaudhary, G., Goyal, L. uinones: induction of acute of a naphthaquinone, lawsone, externally for S., & Poonia, P. (2010). e.g. hemolysis in G6PD- which is capable of causing tempoaray Lawsonia inermis lawsone deficient patients oxidative haemolysis tatooing. Internally it Linnaeus: A (2%); after cutaneous is not suitable in phytopharmacological exposure or patients with G6PD review. International ingestion. deficiency and Journal of pregnancy as Pharmaceutical aqueous extracts Sciences and Drug are potentially Research , 2(2), 91-98.; abortifacient. Kök, A. N., Ertekin, M. V., Ertekin, V., & Avci, B. (2004). Henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn.) induced haemolytic anaemia in siblings. International journal of clinical practice, 58(5), 530-532.; Perinet, I., Lioson, E., Tichadou, L., Glaizal, M., & de Haro, L. (2011). [Hemolytic anemia after voluntary ingestion of henna (Lawsonia inermis) decoction by a young girl with G6PD deficiency]. Medecine tropicale: revue du Corps de sante colonial, 71(3), 292-294.; Raupp, P., Hassan, J. A., Varughese, M., & Kristiansson, B. (2001). Henna causes life threatening haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Archives of disease in childhood, 85(5), 411-412. Lens culinaris Leguminosae seed Phenolic No major safety concern. However, The lentil is an edible Young, N. M., Leon, M. Medik. compounds contentof agglutinins (proteins) has pulse. However A., Takahashi, T., (benzoic acids to be declared. concentrated Howard, I. K., & Sage, H. and aldehydes, extracts may lead to J. (1971). Studies on a hydroxycinnamic phytohaemagglutin phytohemagglutinin acids and atin. from the lentil III. derivatives, flavan- Reaction of Lens 3-ols and culinaris hemagglutinin procyanidins) with polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and lymphocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry , 246 (6), 1596- 1601. Lepidium Brassicaceae aerial parts aerial Glucosino Sinalbin not very Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Andersson, A. A., campestre (L.) R. part lates: e.g. stable. glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Merker, A., Nilsson, P., Br. sinalbin; Glucosinolates glycosides) (105 mg of plant extract). (goitrogenic Sørensen, H., & Åman, P. seed: decrease iodine Content should be declared. glycosides) use: 5 (1999). Chemical erucic uptake in thyroid mg/day). These composition of the acid gland. Breakdown exhibit antithyroid potential new oilseed products of activity. crops Barbarea vulgaris, glucosinolates Barbarea verna and include nitriles, Lepidium campestre. isothiocyanates, Journal of the Science thiocyanates, of Food and Agriculture, epithionitriles and 79(2), 179-186.; vinyl Chandra, A. K., oxazolidinethiones. Mukhopadhyay, S., Seed oil may Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. contain erucic (2004). Goitrogenic acid which intake content of Indian should be limited. cyanogenic plant food & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Lepidium Brassicaceae aerial parts aerial Glucosino Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Embaby, I. S., coronopus (L.) part lates: glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Mohhammed, A. A. R., Al-Shehbaz benzylglu glycosides) (780 mg of plant extract). (goitrogenic MEDHAT, R., cosinolat Content should be declared. glycosides) use: 5 Mohamady, A. S. W., & es and mg/day). These Abdelhady, A. S. K. derivative exhibit antithyroid (2012). ISOLATION OF s activity. FLAVONOIDS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CORONOPUS SQUAMATUS. International Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(3).; Chandra, A. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. (2004). Goitrogenic content of Indian cyanogenic plant food & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Lepidium Brassicaceae aerial parts aerial Glucosino Leaves are Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Kaur, T., Hussain, K., Koul, latifolium L. part lates: cooked and glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates S., Vishwakarma, R., & benzylglu soaked for 2 days glycosides) (25g of plant extract). (goitrogenic Vyas, D. (2013). cosinolat before they are Safer if leaves are boiled. Content glycosides) use: 5 Evaluation of Nutritional es and eaten should be declared. mg/day). These and Antioxidant Status derivative exhibit antithyroid of Lepidium latifolium s activity. Linn.: A Novel Phytofood from Ladakh. PloS one, 8(8), e69112.; Chandra, A. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. (2004). Goitrogenic content of Indian cyanogenic plant food & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Lepidium meyenii Brassicaceae Lepidium root root Imidazole Discussion whether Toxicity due to Imidazole alkaloids. Imidazole alkaloids Cui, B., Zheng, B. L., He, Walp. peruvian alkaloids the alkaloids are Content should be stated. are therapeutic at K., & Zheng, Q. Y. (2003). um G. (0.0016- present or not dose of 15 mg Imidazole Alkaloids from Chacón 0.0123% (pilocarpine) daily in Lepidium meyenii. de in the adults. May have Journal of natural Popovici dried cardiovascular products, 66(8), 1101- root): e.g. effects 1103. lepidiline A, B and C Lepidium sativum Brassicaceae whole plant whole Glucosino Glucosinolates Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Burow, M., Bergner, A., L. plant lates: e.g. may interfere with glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Gershenzon, J., & glucotrop iodine uptake in glycosides). Content should be (goitrogenic Wittstock, U. (2007). aeolin the thyroid declared. glycosides) use: 5 Glucosinolate hydrolysis mg/day). These in Lepidium sativum–– exhibit antithyroid identification of the activity. thiocyanate-forming protein. Plant molecular biology, 63(1), 49-61.; Chandra, A. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. (2004). Goitrogenic content of Indian cyanogenic plant food & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Leptospermum Myrtaceae Leptosper flowering Essential oil: Toxicity due to nerolidol should be Nerolidol should not Demuner, A. J., Almeida petersonii subsp. mum tops geranial (29.91%), stated. Pure EO should not be exceed 8 ppm Barbosa, L. C., Petersonii. citratum neral (22.83%), consumed directly (<0.001 ml of EO). (0.0008%) daily. Gonçalves Magalhaes, (J.F.Bailey citronellal (16.72%), Content should be stated. C., Da Silva, C. J., & isopulegol (5.20%), Alvares Maltha, C. R., & C.T.White linalool (3.25%). Lelis Pinheiro, A. (2011). ) Seasonal variation in the Challinor, chemical composition Cheel & and antimicrobial A.R.Penfo activity of volatile oils of ld three species of Leptospermum (Myrtaceae) grown in Brazil. Molecules, 16(2), 1181-1191.; Luebke, W. (2011). Nerolidol. 7212- 44-4.

Leptospermum Myrtaceae bark, leaf; Essential oil: Toxicity due to nerolidol should be Nerolidol should not Brophy, J. J., Goldsack, scoparium essential oil sesquiterpene stated. Pure EO should not be exceed 8 ppm R. J., Bean, A. R., Forster, J.R.Forst. & hydrocarbons consumed directly. Content should (0.0008%) daily. P. I., & Lepschi, B. J. G.Forst. (60%): elemene, be stated. (1999). Leaf essential oils farnesene, of the genus selinene, Leptospermum calamenene and (Myrtaceae) in eastern cadinene Australia. Part 5. skeletons. Leptospermum Oxygenated continentale and allies. sesquiterpenes Flavour and fragrance and triketones journal, 14(2), 98-104.; (30%). Luebke, W. (2011). Dihydroxyacetone Nerolidol. 7212-44-4. (DHA) and methylglyoxal (MGO) Leucanthemum Compositae aerial part; Essential oil: Toxicity due to (E)-β-farnesene (E)-β-farnesene Raal, A., Kaur, H., Orav, vulgare (Vaill.) bud sesquiterpene should be stated. Pure EO should not should not exceed A., Arak, E., Kailas, T., & Lam. alcohols: nerolidol, be consumed directly (<0.03 ml of 20 ppm (0.002%) Muurisepp, M. (2011). alpha bisabolol EO). Content should be stated. daily. Content and 15.5%), farnesol composition of essential and sesquiterpene oils in some Asteraceae hydrocarbon: species. Proceedings of farnesene (38%). the Estonian Academy of Sciences, 60(1), 55- 63.; Luebke, W. (2011). (E)-β-farnesenel. 502-61- 4 21499-64-9. Levisticum Apiaceae whole plant whole Furocou EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Raal, A., Arak, E., Orav, officinale W.D.J. plant marins in cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.07 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 A., Kailas, T., & Koch root and of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food Müürisepp, M. (2008). seeds: be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Composition of the e.g. essential oil of iperatoeri Levisticum officinale n (12.82 WDJ Koch from some mg/kg), European countries. 5- Journal of Essential Oil methoxy Research, 20(4), 318- psoralen 322.; Council of Europe, (6.38 Committee of Experts mg/kg), on Flavouring psoralen Substances. Natural (3.8 sources of flavourings. mg/kg), Report No. 3. Belgium: 8- Council of Europe methoxy Publishing; 2008 psoralen (0.5 mg/kg); Furocou marin in leaf: e.g. 5- methoxy psoralen; In stem: monoterp enes: bicyclic monoterp enes: e.g. alpha and beta thujones, and monoterp ene etheroxid e: 1,8- cineole Lilium brownii F.E. Liliaceae bulb Steroidal Some L. brownii Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Mimaki, Y., & Sashida, Y. Br. ex Miellez saponins varieties contain especially for the bulb preparation. concentration of (1990). Steroidal e.g. alkaloids. Bulbs are 10% haemolysis is 7.3 saponins from the bulbs isonartho eaten in Asia mg/ml with an of Lilium brownii. genin average intake of 5 Phytochemistry, 29(7), and g of herb. 2267-2271.; nuatigeni Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, n C., Massiot, G., & Men- derivative Olivier, L. L. (2002). s. Possible Structure-activity presence relationships of of haemolytic alkaloids saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Linaria vulgaris Plantaginace leaf leaf Tricyclic iridoid glycosides: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Nikolova ‐Damyanova, Mill. ae quinazoli eg antirhinoside. iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg B., Ilieva, E., Handjieva, ne No human toxicity. declared. daily for an adult. N., & Bankova, Y. (1994). alkaloids: Attention for Quantitative thin layer e.g. abortifacient chromatography of vasicine properties of iridoid and flavonoid (syn. (pure) vasicine glucosides in species of peganin) when administered Linaria. Phytochemical (0.8% of at 2.5 - 10 mg/kg. Analysis , 5(1), 38-40. dry weight of leaves), vasicinon e and deoxyvasi cinone; Lindera Lauraceae root root Isoquinoli Leaf: flavonoids ( Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). aggregata (Sims) ne quercetin ), Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline Kosterm. alkaloids: Sesquiterpenoids dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. e.g. from root tubers, in adults. May have Natural product reports, boldine, essential oil from cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, norboldin stem. effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. e, (1985). Safety of reticuline, chloroquine in linderega chemosuppression of tine malaria during pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Litsea cubeba Lauraceae fruit bark, Isoquinoli Fruit essential oil: Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). (Lour.) Pers. stem ne 75% citral, used in Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline alkaloids perfumery. dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. (phenant in adults. May have Natural product reports, hrene cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, type): effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. e.g. (1985). Safety of litebamin chloroquine in e chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Lobaria Lobariaceae thallus thallus Usnic Lichen. Usnic acid Usnic acid and derivatives should be Usnic acid (100 mg) McEvoy, M., Gauslaa, pulmonaria (L.) acid under scrutiny for absent in extracts. Content should be is implicated in Y., & Solhaug, K. A. Hoffm. hepatotoxicity. declared. hepatotoxicity. (2007). Changes in pools Contains also of depsidones and atranorin melanins, and their function, during growth and acclimation under contrasting natural light in the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria. New Phytologist, 175(2), 271- 282.; Sanchez W, Maple JT, Burgart LJ, Kamath PS. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with use of a dietary supplement containing usnic acid. Mayo Clinic Proc 2006; 81: 541-4. Lonicera Caprifoliace flower, stem Flower High amounts are Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside HIDEAKI KAWAI, japonica Thunb. ae buds emetic and pyridinium alkaloid-coupled toxicity is at 2.2 mg MASANORI contain considered toxic. secoiridoids, particularly buds. daily for an adult. KUROYANAGI, AKIRA pyridiniu Content should be declared. UENO (1988). Iridoid m glucosides from alkaloid- Lonicera japonica coupled Thunb. Chem Pharm secoiridoi Bull , 36 (9), 3664-3666. ds. Triterpeno id saponins Lotus Leguminosae whole plant flowers Flowers: isoflavones present Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Scriber, J. M. (1978). cornicolatus L. cyanoge at 15µg/g cyanogenic glycosides and acid (cyanogenic Cyanogenic glycosides nic isoflavones. Content should be compound) use: in Lotus corniculatus. glycoside declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Oecologia, 34(2), 143- s (e.g.1.4 mg/day). 155.; Council of Europe, Isoflavones daily Committee of Experts intake should not on Flavouring exceed 90 mg. Substances. Natural These are sources of flavourings. contraindicated in Report No. 3. Belgium: cystic fibrosis, breast Council of Europe and endometrial Publishing; 2008; cancers, kidney Cressey, P., Saunders, failure, D., & Goodman, J. hypothyroidism and (2013). Cyanogenic diabetes. glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953.; Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang PY, Katoh R. Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(2):155-161. Lotus Leguminosae aerial part Proanthocyanidins, Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Scriber, J. M. (1978). corniculatus tannins cyanogenic glycosides and acid (cyanogenic Cyanogenic glycosides subsp. isoflavones. Content should be compound) use: in Lotus corniculatus. corniculatus L. declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Oecologia, 34(2), 143- (e.g.1.4 mg/day). 155.; Council of Europe, Isoflavones daily Committee of Experts intake should not on Flavouring exceed 90 mg. Substances. Natural These are sources of flavourings. contraindicated in Report No. 3. Belgium: cystic fibrosis, breast Council of Europe and endometrial Publishing; 2008; cancers, kidney Cressey, P., Saunders, failure, D., & Goodman, J. hypothyroidism and (2013). Cyanogenic diabetes. glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953.; Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang PY, Katoh R. Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(2):155-161. Luma chequen Myrtaceae Eugenia bark, flower, leaf Leaf Leaf essential oil: EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Vallverdú, C., Vila, R., (Molina) A.Gray chequen leaf essential monoterpenic cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.01 ml (1,8-cineole) use; 10 Tomi, F., Carhuapoma, Mol. oil: hydrocarbons of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food M., Casanova, J., & monoterp (68.8 %), be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Cañigueral, S. (2006). enic containing α- Composition of the hydrocar pinene (57.3 %) essential oil from leaves bons and β-pinene (6.2 and twigs of Luma (68.8 %): %) oxygenated chequen. Flavour and monoterp hydrocarbons fragrance journal, 21(2), ene (18.9 %), 241-243.; Council of etheroxid emphasizing 1,8 Europe, Committee of e: 1,8 cineol (7.5 %), Experts on Flavouring cineole linalool (3.7 %), Substances. Natural (7.5 %) and trans-verbenol sources of flavourings. (2.2 %), Report No. 3. Belgium: sesquiterpenes (3.0 Council of Europe %), with β-selinene Publishing; 2008 (1.3% ) and β- cariofilene oxide (0.9%), and a non terpenic fraction (3.0%). Lycium Solanaceae Lycium fruit root Root: Fruit: Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Juan, T. J. T. X. Y., & barbarum L. halimifoliu cyclic polysaccharides, content Extract content should not intake should not Wenming, W. C. L. m Mill. peptides, carotenoids, exceed 50 mg anthraquinones daily. exceed 50 mg daily. (2002). Toxic Effect of licyumins vitamine C, non- Should be declared. Should be Anthracene Stress on A–D. proteinogenic consumed under Two Species of Marine Spermine amino acids: medical supervision Microalgae [J]. Journal alkaloids taurine and γ- of Ocean University of kukoamin aminobutyric acid, Qingdao, 6, 012.; es A and betaine Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). B (trimethylglycine). A review of the toxicity polydroxy Traces of atropine and carcinogenicity of lated (19 ppb w/w) anthraquinone piperidin derivatives. Toxicology, e 57(3), 227-240. alkaloids, fagomine (62) and 6- deoxyfag omine. Anthraqui nones: physcion, emodin, 1,3,6- trihydroxy -2- methylan thraquino ne.

Lycium chinense Solanaceae fruit root Spermine Fruit is food Toxicity of root exrracts due to Flavonoids and Funayama, S., Yoshida, Mill. alkaloid spermine alkaloids (e.g. kukoamine carotenoids with a K., Konno, C., & Hikino, in root. A). Fruit extracts are allowed as food safe profile in fruit. H. (1980). Structure of Polyhydro supplements. kukoamine A, a xy hypotensive principle of alkaloids Lycium chinense root (calystegi barks1. Tetrahedron nes) in Letters , 21 (14), 1355- the root 1356.; Qian, J. Y., Liu, D., & Huang, A. G. (2004). The efficiency of flavonoids in polar extracts of Lycium chinense Mill fruits as free radical scavenger. Food Chemistry, 87(2), 283-288.; Kim, H. P., Lee, E. J., Kim, Y. C., Kim, J., Kim, H. K., Park, J. H., ... & Kim, Y. C. (2002). Zeaxanthin dipalmitate from Lycium chinense fruit reduces experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 25(3), 390-392. Lycopersicon Solanaceae Solanum fruit unripe Steroidal Tomato Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate esculentum Mill. lycopersi fruit, leaf alkaloid extract: 125 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its cum L., glycoside 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia Lycopersi s: e.g. Should be Pacific Journal of con licoperosi consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), lycopersi des F-H medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. cum (L.) "Nutritional value of H. Karst. foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Lycopus Lamiaceae L. mollis aerial part aerial In a herb Tannins (10%). EO toxic due to coumarin and Limit for coumarin Sharipov, S. N., Goryaev, europaeus L. A.Kern., part from Studies on rats camphor content. Toxicity with 5 ml use: 0.1 mg/kg M. I., Khazanovich, R. L., Lycopus Uzbekista show reduction in of oil. Content of coumarin should be bw/day; (e.g. 6 Pulatova, T. P., & menthifoli n levels of thyroid declared for plant material used. mg/day at body Sharipova, F. S. (1969). us Mabille undefine hormones when weight of 60 kg). Essential oil from d unoxidized hot Should be Lycopus europaeus. alkaloids water extract is consumed under Chemistry of Natural (0.24%). In used. Oxidation medical supervision Compounds, 5(4), 266- same renders the extract 266.; European Food herb inactive. Safety Authority. coumarin Opinion of the Scientific es (0.12%) Panel on food additives, but not flavourings, processing found in aids and material in European contact with food (AFC) species. on a request from the Essential Commission related to oil (0.2%) coumarin. Question of aerial number EFSA-Q-2003- parts 118. The EFSA Journal contains 2004;104:1-36. camphor however quantity not specified. Lycopus Lamiaceae aerial part Antithyrotropic. It EO toxic due to coumarin and Limit for coumarin Sharipov, S. N., Goryaev, virginicus Michx. also lowers camphor content. Toxicity with 5 ml use: 0.1 mg/kg M. I., Khazanovich, R. L., prolactin level, of oil. Content of coumarin should be bw/day; (e.g. 6 Pulatova, T. P., & when this is declared for plant material used. mg/day at body Sharipova, F. S. (1969). elevated. The weight of 60 kg). Essential oil from antithyrotropic Should be Lycopus europaeus. effect is attributed consumed under Chemistry of Natural to the ester-like medical supervision Compounds, 5(4), 266- derivatives of 266.; European Food caffeic and Safety Authority. hydroxycinnamic Opinion of the Scientific acids. Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Lysimachia Primulaceae aerial part Chemical info Saponin content has to be specifed Saponin blood Podolak, I., vulgaris L. scarce. No toxicity for the preparation. concentration of Koczurkiewicz, P., described 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Galanty, A., & Michalik, mg/ml with an M. (2013). Cytotoxic average intake of 5 triterpene saponins from g of herb. The plant the underground parts contains also of six Lysimachia L. flavonoids with a species. Biochemical safe profile. Systematics and Ecology, 47, 116-120.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440.; Yasukawa, K., & Takido, M. (1988). Quercetin 3- rhamnosyl (1 → 2) galactoside from Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica. Phytochemistry, 27(9), 3017-3018. Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae summitas Tannins (3%-6%). Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Becker, H., Scher, J. M., L. Hypoglycemic toxic when plant material is concentration of Speakman, J. B., & activity on rats with consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Zapp, J. (2005). ether extract of be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Bioactivity guided flowering tops. gastrointestinal isolation of antimicrobial toxicity. Daily intake compounds from should not exceed Lythrum salicaria. 1500 mg tannins. Fitoterapia, 76(6), 580- 584.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Macadamia Proteaceae fruit, seed seed Cyanoge Only the seeds of Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Dahler, J. M., ternifolia F. Muell nic M. integrifolia and cyanogenic glycosides. Content acid (cyanogenic Mcconchie, C., & glycoside M. tetraphylla are should be declared. compound) use: Turnbull, C. G. N. (1995). s free of 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Quantification of cyanogenic (e.g.1.4 mg/day) cyanogenic glycosides glycosides. in seedlings of three Macadamia seeds Macadamia have a strong (Proteaceae) species. allergenic Australian Journal of potential. Botany, 43(6), 619-628.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Magnolia Magnoliacea Michelia flower; bark, Possible Essential oil : e.g. β- Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). champaca (L.) e champa essential oil leaf, root presence elemene, β- Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline Baill. ex Pierre ca L. of caryophyllene, α- dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. isoquinoli humulene, β- in adults. May have Natural product reports, ne selinene, and α- cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, alkaloids: cadinol. Essential effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. magnocu oil used in (1985). Safety of rarine, perfumery. Plant chloroquine in magnoflo used as chemosuppression of rine contraceptive, malaria during and abortifacient. pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Magnolia Magnoliacea bark, flower bark Isoquinoli Bark: lignans: Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). officinalis Rehder e ne honokiol 28.7-37.3 Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline & Wilson alkaloids: mg/g, magnolol: dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. e.g. 33.0-60.6 mg/g. in adults. May have Natural product reports, magnocu The lignans may cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, rarine inhibit platelet effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. aggregation.Sedat (1985). Safety of ive effect; To avoid chloroquine in in pregnancy chemosuppression of (cytotoxicity). malaria during pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Malus domestica Rosaceae Malus whole plant seed Seed: Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate Borkh. sylvestris cyanoge extract: 150 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its (L.) Mill. nic 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia var. glycoside Should be Pacific Journal of domestic : consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), a (Borkh.) amygdali medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. Mansf n "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Malus pumila Mill. Rosaceae bud, flower, seed Seed: Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate fruit, leaf cyanoge extract: 150 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its nic 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia glycoside Should be Pacific Journal of : consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), amygdali medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. n "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Malus sylvestris Rosaceae bud, flower, seed, leaf Cyanoge Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate (L.) Mill. subsp. fruit, leaf nic extract: 150 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its sylvestris glycoside 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia s Should be Pacific Journal of consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Mammea Calophyllace flower,fruit,le bark Bark and Mammea E/BB EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Crombie, L., Jones, R. americana L. ae af latex: coumarins. Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg C., & Palmer, C. J. isoprenyl Isoprenylated declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 (1987). Synthesis of the ated dihydroxycoumari Seeds are toxic and should not be mg/day at body Mammea coumarins. coumarin ns. The acetoxy consumed weight of 60 kg). Part 1. The coumarins of s: e.g. substituted Should be the mammea A, B, and mammea coumarins show consumed under C series. Journal of the s high insecticidal medical supervision Chemical Society, property. Seeds Perkin Transactions 1, are toxic to 317-331.; European mammals. Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36.

Mangifera indica Anacardiace whole plant Bark: gum-resin; Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Balangcod, T. D., L. ae tannins (16%-20%). content (not more than 50 mg intake should not Vallejo, V. L., Patacsil, Gum resin is a skin anthraquinones in plant extracts). exceed 50 mg daily. M., Apostol, O., Laruan, irritant. Very high Should be declared. Should be L. M. V., Manuel, J., ... & doses of bark consumed under Gutierrez, R. M. (2012). extract might medical supervision Phytochemical impair liver screening and function in Wistar Antibacterial activity of rats. Bark contains selected medicinal up to 20% tannins. plants of Bayabas, Sablan, Benguet Province, Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon, Philippines. Indian J Tradit Knowle, 11(4), 580-585.; Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). A review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Manihot Eupharbiace root root Cyanoge Root toxicity may be due to the Limit for hydrocyanic Chandra, A. K., esculenta Crantz ae nic content of cyanogenic glycosides (4 acid (cyanogenic Mukhopadhyay, S., glycoside g of plant extract). Content should compound) use: Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. s from be declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day (2004). Goitrogenic root: e.g. (e.g.1.4 mg/day) content of Indian linamarin, cyanogenic plant food lotaustrali & their in vitro anti- n thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Manilkara Sapotaceae Achras flower, fruit bark, Leaf and Seed causes Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Mahajan, R. T., & zapota (L.) sapota L. seed bark: abdominal cyanogenic glycosides (780 mg of acid (cyanogenic Badgujar, S. B. (2008). P.Royen alkaloids complaints. Fruit is plant extract). Content should be compound) use: Phytochemical (not food and rich in declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day investigations of some defined); proanthocyanidins (e.g.1.4 mg/day) laticiferous plants Saponins: belonging to Khandesh e.g. region of Maharashtra. saponitin; Ethnobotanical leaflets, Seed: 2008(1), 151.; Council of cyanoge Europe, Committee of nic Experts on Flavouring glycoside Substances. Natural s (?) sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Marchantia Marchantiac thallose thallose Macrocy For these Conent of bibenzyl derivatives should Liverwort contains Markham, K. R., & Porter, polymorpha L. eae clic bisbibenzyls be declared. several flavonoids. I. J. (1974). Flavonoids of bisbibenz antifungal, Contains also the liverwort Marchantia ylethers: antimicrobial, bibenzyl derivatives polymorpha. Phytoche e.g. antimalarial, such as marcanthins. mistry , 13 (9), 1937-1942.; riccardin anticancer As for dibenzyls, Friederich, S., Rueffer, C, properties are marcanthins may M., Asakawa, Y., & Zenk, marcanth described. cause irritation of M. H. (1999). ins the digestive tract. Cytochromes P-450 catalyze the formation of marchantins A and C in Marchantia polymorpha. Phytochemistry, 52(7), 1195-1202.; Marrubium Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Labdane Marrubiin is Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Kadri, A., Zarai, Z., Békir, vulgare L. part diterpene possibly an be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not A., Gharsallah, N., : e.g. artefact produced consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm Damak, M., & Gdoura, marrubiin when isolating Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. R. (2013). Chemical (0.3%-1%) premarubbiin. composition and Marrubiin is a weak antioxidant activity of sedative. Very high Marrubium vulgare L. doses of marrubiin essential oil from Tunisia. might induce African Journal of arrythmia (?). Biotechnology, 10(19), 3908-3914.; Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80- 56-8. Marsdenia Apocynacea Marsdeni bark bark Bark: EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin European Food Safety cundurango e a mixture of Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Authority. Opinion of the Rchb.f. (Asclepiadac reichenb steroidal declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Scientific Panel on food eae) achii glycoside mg/day at body additives, flavourings, Triana s : weight of 60 kg). processing aids and conduran Should be material in contact with go- consumed under food (AFC) on a request glycoside medical supervision from the Commission s (A…E); related to coumarin. Essential Question number EFSA- oil: Q-2003-118. The EFSA benzopyr Journal 2004;104:1-36. one: e.g. coumarin Marsdenia Apocynacea Gymnem leaf leaf Acid The compounds EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin European Food Safety sylvestris (Retz.) e a soluble are proven to Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Authority. Opinion of the P.I.Forst. sylvestre polyol- normalize blood declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Scientific Panel on food (Retz) polyhydr sugar mg/day at body additives, flavourings, R.Br. oxy cyclic concentrations. weight of 60 kg). processing aids and compoun Should be material in contact with d: consumed under food (AFC) on a request condurito medical supervision from the Commission l A; related to coumarin. triterpene Question number EFSA- saponins: Q-2003-118. The EFSA gymnemi Journal 2004;104:1-36. c acids. Matricaria Compositae Matricari aerial part; Essential oil (0,3– Toxicity due to α-bisabolol should be α-bisabolol should Tolouee, M., Alinezhad, chamomilla L. a recutita essential oil 1,5% ): a-bisabolol, stated. Pure EO should not be not exceed 30 ppm S., Saberi, R., Eslamifar, L. ; bisabololoxiden A, consumed directly (<0.005 ml of EO). (0.003%) daily. A., Zad, S. J., Jaimand, Chamomi B und C, Content should be stated. K., ... & Razzaghi- lla bisabolonoxid. Abyaneh, M. (2010). recutita Sesquiterpenlacto Effect of Matricaria (L.) nes chamomilla L. flower Rauschert (Guajanolides): essential oil on the e.g. matricin (0.03- growth and 0,2%) ultrastructure of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. International journal of food microbiology, 139(3), 127-133.; Luebke, W. (2011). α-bisabolol. 515- 69-5 21090-60-8. Medicago sativa Leguminosae aerial part aerial Pyrrolidin Contains The herb contains coumestans Coumestans are Spencer, R. R., Bickoff, E. L. (Fabaceae) part e coumestan (phytoestrogens). Content should be derivatives of M., Lundin, R. E., & alkaloids derivatives: e.g. 4'- stated. The seed are not coumarins, with Knuckles, B. E. (1966). in the 0- recommended in food supplements. phytoestrogenic New Alfalfa seeds: methylcoumestrol, effects. The seeds Compounds, Lucernol e.g. 3'- contain pyrrolidine and Sativol, Two New stachydri methoxycoumestr alkaloids Coumestans from ne ol, Alfalfa (Medicago (0.18%), sativa). Journal of homosta Agricultural and Food chydrine; Chemistry , 14 (2), 162- and 165.; Phillips, D. A., aromatic Joseph, C. M., & nitro- Maxwell, C. A. (1992). derivative Trigonelline and s: e.g. stachydrine released trigonellin from alfalfa seeds e (0.36%) activate NodD2 protein in Rhizobium meliloti. Plant physiology, 99(4), 1526-1531. Melilotus Leguminosae aerial part aerial Presence Contains coumarin EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Brown, S. A., Towers, G. altissimus Thuill. part of free derivatives Toxicity with 2.4 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg H. N., & Wright, D. coumarin coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 (1960). Biosynthesis of possible plant material used. mg/day at body the coumarins. Tracer weight of 60 kg). studies on coumarin Should be formation in Hierochloe consumed under odorata and Melilotus medical supervision officinalis. Canadian journal of biochemistry and physiology, 38(2), 143-156.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Melilotus Fabaceae flowering top flowering Coumaric Coumarin may be EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Brown, S. A., Towers, G. officinalis (L.) top and formed from Toxicity with 2.4 ml of oil. Content of use: 0.1 mg/kg H. N., & Wright, D. Lam. melilotic melilotoside upon coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 (1960). Biosynthesis of acid drying. Coumarin plant material used. mg/day at body the coumarins. Tracer may be livertoxic weight of 60 kg). studies on coumarin Should be formation in Hierochloe consumed under odorata and Melilotus medical supervision officinalis. Canadian journal of biochemistry and physiology, 38(2), 143-156.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36.

Melissa officinalis Lamiaceae aerial part, Dried herb The EO is potentially toxic due to toxic level 0.05 Sadraei, H., Ghannadi, L. essential oil contains only 0.02 - estragole. Toxicity with 0.003 ml of oil. mg/kg body weight, A., & Malekshahi, K. 0.2% of essential Content of estragole should be i.e. 0.003g (2003). Relaxant effect oil. The EO has declared for plant material used. of essential oil of Melissa sedative officinalis and citral on properties. From 2g rat ileum EO on, the heart contractions. Fitoterapia rate decreases , 74 (5), 445-452. and there is a hypotensive effect. Melittis Lamiaceae aerial part Coumarin EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Maggi, F., Barboni, L., melissophyllum L. (2,6-7,0 Toxicity with 2.4 g of dried herb. use: 0.1 mg/kg Caprioli, G., Papa, F., g/kg in Content of coumarin should be bw/day; (e.g. 6 Ricciutelli, M., Sagratini, fresh declared for plant material used. mg/day at body G., & Vittori, S. (2011). leaves weight of 60 kg). HPLC quantification of and 0,3- Should be coumarin in bastard 2,5 g/kg consumed under balm (Melittis in dry medical supervision melissophyllum L., leaves) Lamiaceae). Fitoterapia, 82(8), 1215- 1221.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Mentha Lamiaceae whole plant whole Essential Potentially toxic due to menthofuran. menthofuran toxic aquatica L. plant oil: Content of menthofuran should be level: 7 mg in adults essential monocyc declared for plant material used. and 3 mg in children oil lic (orally), <3.5 mg monoterp topically ene ketone: pulegone and bicyclic monoterp ene: menthofu ran Mentha arvensis Lamiaceae aerial part, aerial Essential Leaves of M. Potentially toxic due to pulegone. pulegone toxic level: L. essential oil part oil (1%- arvensis possess Content of pulegone should be 7 mg in adults and 3 1.6%): reversible declared for plant material used. mg in children menthol antifertility (orally), <3.5 mg (25%- property without topically 40%), adverse toxicity in menthon male mice. (15%- 30%), menthofu ran (>1%) and pulegone (0.2% - 3.5%)

Mentha spicata Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- pulegone toxic level: E. Sertkaya, K. Kaya, S. L. part oil: cineole) and pulegone content. 7 mg in adults and 3 Soylu.a Acaricidal monocyc Toxicity with 0.002 ml of oil for mg in children activities of the essential lic eucalyptol. Contents of eucalyptol (orally), <3.5 mg oils from several monoterp should be declared for plant material topically. Limit for medicinal plants against ene used. eucalyptol (1,8- the carmine spider mite ketone: cineole) use; 10 (Tetranychus e.g. mg/kg of food cinnabarinus Boisd.) pulegone (0.001%) (Acarina: (1.7-1.9%) Tetranychidae).; and Council of Europe, monoterp Committee of Experts ene on Flavouring etheroxid Substances. Natural e: 1,8- sources of flavourings. cineole Report No. 3. Belgium: (6-6.8%). Council of Europe Essential Publishing; 2008 oil chemoty pe carvone: 1,8- cineole (0.5%). Essential oil chemoty pe dihydroc arvyl acetate: 1,8- cineole (2.2%) Mentha x Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential Essential oil main Potentially toxic due to pulegone Pulegone toxic level: E. Sertkaya, K. Kaya, S. piperita L. part oil (0.5%- components: 50% and menthofuran. Toxicity with 0.005 7 mg in adults and 3 Soylu Acaricidal 4%): - 70% of the oil : ml due to eucalyptol. Content of mg in children activities of the essential monoterp menthol, menthon, eucalyptol, pulegone and (orally), <3.5 mg oils from several ene menthylacetate. menthofuran should be declared for topically. Limit for medicinal plants against etheroxid Essential oil often plant material used. eucalyptol (1,8- the carmine spider mite e: 1,8- adulterated with cineole) use; 10 (Tetranychus cineole added mg/kg of food cinnabarinus Boisd.) (2.4- menthofuran and (0.001%) (Acarina: 18.5%); menthol. Tetranychidae) Industrial monocyc Crops and Products, 31 lic (2010), pp. 107–1121 monoterp ene ketones: e.g. pulegone (0.1- 5.4%); bicyclic monoterp ene: menthofu ran (0.1- 7.4%); Mentzelia Losaceae Mentzelia whole plant Hetero-oligomeric Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Catalano, S., Flamini, G., cordifolia scabra iridoids: e.g. iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Bilia, A. R., Morelli, I., & Dombey ex Urb. Kunth tricoloroside declared. daily for an adult. Nicoletti, M. (1995). & Gilg methyl ester, Iridoids from Mentzelia acerifolioside cordifolia. Phytochemistr y, 38 (4), 895-897. Menyanthes Menyanthac leaf leaf Anthraqui EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Ciaceri, G. (1972). trifoliata L. eae nones: Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Chromatographic e.g. declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 identification of emodin, mg/day at body coumarin derivatives in aloe- weight of 60 kg). Menyanthes trifoliata L. emodin, Should be Fitoterapia.; European chrysoph consumed under Food Safety Authority. anol; medical supervision Opinion of the Scientific Coumarin Panel on food additives, s: e.g. flavourings, processing coumarin aids and material in , contact with food (AFC) scopoleti on a request from the n Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Mesembryanthe Aizoaceae Gasoul leaf whole Oxalic Possible presence :Toxicity due to oxalate content. Oxalate intake Voelcker, A. (1853, mum crystallinum crystallinu plant acid of alkaloids, but Should be declared. should not exceed January). V. On the L. m (L.) not confirmed 45-90 mg/day. Watery Secretion of the Rothm.; Should be Leaves and Stems of the Cryophyt consumed under Ice-plant um medical supervision (Mesembryanthemum crystallinu crystallinum, L.). In m (L.) Transactions of the N.E.Br. Botanical Society of Edinburgh (Vol. 4, No. 1- 4, pp. 43-45). Taylor & Francis Group.; Singh, P. P., et al. "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Mespilus Rosaceae whole plant seed Cyanoge Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Dolezal, M., Velíšek, J., germanica L. nic cyanogenic glycosides (780 mg of acid (cyanogenic Famfulikova, P., Le glycoside plant extract). Content should be compound) use: Quéré, J. L., & Étiévant, s declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day P. X. (2003). Aroma of (e.g.1.4 mg/day) less-known wild fruits. In Flavour Research at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century-Proceedings of the 10th Weurman Flavour Research Symposium, Beaune, France, 25-28 June, 2002. (pp. 576-579). Editions Tec & Doc.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Mikania amara Compositae bark, leaf Coumarin May potentiate EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Rehder, V. L. G., (Vahl.) Willd. (11%) anticoagulant Toxicity with 0.016 ml of oil. Content use: 0.1 mg/kg Sartoratto, A., & effect of coumarin should be declared for bw/day; (e.g. 6 Rodrigues, M. V. N. plant material used. mg/day at body (2006). Essencial oils weight of 60 kg). composition from Should be leaves, inflorescences consumed under and seeds of Mikania medical supervision laevigata Schultz Bip. ex Baker and Mikania glomerata Sprengel. Rev. Bras. Pl. Med, 8, 116-118.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Myrica cerifera L. Myricaceae root Flavonoids: e.g. Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Paul, B. D., Rao, G. S., & myricetin, toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Kapadia, G. J. (1974). myricitrin. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Isolation of myricadiol, Taraxerane-type be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to myricitrin, taraxerol, and triterpene: e.g. gastrointestinal taraxerone from Myrica taraxerol, toxicity. Daily intake cerifera L. root bark. taraxerone. Rich in should not exceed Journal of tannins. 1500 mg tannins. pharmaceutical Antiandrogenic Contraindicated in sciences, 63(6), 958-959.; effects: The males due to anti- Samanta, S., Giri, S., aqueous ethanol androgenic activity Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., extract of the bark of aqueous- Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. of Myrica rubra ethanolic extracts of C. (2004). Impact of has shown 5- the bark cortex. tannic acid on the alpha-reductase gastrointestinal inhibitory activity in microflora. Microbial vitro and anti- ecology in health and androgenic disease , 16 (1), 32-34.; activity in vivo in Matsuda, H., Yamazaki, animal study. M., Matsuo, K., These effects were ASANUMA, Y., & KUBO, attributed to three M. (2001). Anti- constituents: androgenic Activity of myricanone, Myricae Cortex. myricanol, and Isolation of Active myricetin. Myrica Constituents from Bark cerifera contains of Myrica rubra. the same Biological and molecules. M. pharmaceutical bulletin, cerifolia also 24(3), 259-263. demonstrated a high level (>80%) of antithrombin activity. Mitchella repens Rubiaceae aerial part Alkaloids Plant: Mitchella is Plant contains tannins Extracts The high Perkowska, C. Student L. (unspecifi reputed to maybe toxic when plant material is concentration of Projects Quantitative ed), promote an easy consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Research Proposal saponins, labour by aiding be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Mother's Cordial and tannins contraction of the gastrointestinal the Length of Labor in womb during toxicity. Daily intake Nulliparous Women. childbirth. Berries should not exceed Chicago; Samanta, S., are eaten but are 1500 mg tannins. Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, tasteless. D. K., Pati, B. R., & Considered safe . Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Momordica Cucurbitace fruit, leaf seed, Cucurbit Leaves are rich Leaves consumed as food (cooked). saponin blood Karumi, Y., Onyeyili, P. balsamina L. ae root ane source of proteins However seeds may be toxic due concentration of A., & Ogugbuaja, V. O. triterpeno and are eaten terpenoid saponins. Saponin content 10% haemolysis is 7.3 (2004). Identification of ids: cooked. has to be specifed for the mg/ml with an active principles of M. momordi preparation. average intake of 5 balsamina (Balsam cosides g of herb. Seed Apple) leaf extract. J and extracts may be Med Sci, 4(3), 179-182.; momordi antispermatogenic, Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, cines. androgenic and C., Massiot, G., & Men- Seeds: a abortifacient. Olivier, L. L. (2002). lectin: Structure-activity momodin relationships of . haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Momordica Cucurbitace fruit, leaf seed, Cucurbit Seed: Fruit consumed as food (cooked). saponin blood Oishi, Y., Sakamoto, T., charantia L. ae root ane antispermatogenic However seeds may be toxic due concentration of Udagawa, H., Taniguchi, triterpeno and androgenic terpenoid saponins. Saponin content 10% haemolysis is 7.3 H., Kobayashi-Hattori, K., ids: activities. Seed has to be specifed for the mg/ml with an Ozawa, Y., & Takita, T. momordi extract: induces preparation. average intake of 5 (2007). Inhibition of cosides abortion g of herb. Seed increases in blood and extracts may be glucose and serum momordi antispermatogenic, neutral fat by cines. androgenic and Momordica charantia Seeds: a abortifacient. saponin fraction. lectin: Bioscience, momodin biotechnology, and . biochemistry, 71(3), 735- 740.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Monarda Lamiaceae aerial part Essential oil: thymol Toxicity due to thymol should be thymol content Carnat, A. P., Lamaison, didyma L. stated. Pure EO should not be should not exceed J. L., & Rémery, A. consumed directly (<0.05 ml of EO). 100 ppm (0.01%) (1991). Composition of Content should be stated. daily. leaf and flower essential oil from Monarda didyma L. cultivated in France. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 6(1), 79-80.; Luebke, W. (2011). Thymol. 89-83-8 Monarda Lamiaceae aerial part Essential oil : Toxicity due to thymol should be thymol content Mazza, G., & Marshall, H. punctata L. thymol (20%); not stated. Pure EO should not be should not exceed H. (1992). Geraniol, to be used during consumed directly (<0.05 ml of EO). 100 ppm (0.01%) linalool, thymol and pregnancy Content should be stated. daily. carvacrol-rich essential oils from Monarda hybrids. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 4(4), 395-400.; Luebke, W. (2011). Thymol. 89-83- 8 Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae fruit fruit and Iridoid Some reports on Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Shotipruk, A., L. leaf glycoside hepatotoxicity of content (Plant extract 1.1 g). Should intake should not Kiatsongserm, J., s: e.g. Noni juice. be declared. exceed 50 mg daily. Pavasant, P., Goto, M., morindac However more Should be & Sasaki, M. (2004). in; recent studies consumed under Pressurized hot water anthraqui revealed no medical supervision extraction of nones: danger. anthraquinones from e.g. 1, 3- the roots of Morinda dimethox citrifolia. Biotechnology y- progress, 20(6), 1872- anthraqui 1875.; Sendelbach, L. E. none, 1, (1989). A review of the 2- toxicity and dihydroxy carcinogenicity of - anthraquinone anthraqui derivatives. Toxicology, none 57(3), 227-240. Morinda Rubiaceae whole plant root Anthraqui Terpenoids: e.g. Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Qi, G. A. O. (2008). officinalis F.C. nones: asperuloside content (Plant extract 1.1 g). Should intake should not Study on the Extraction How e.g. 1,6- tetraacetate, be declared. exceed 50 mg daily. of Anthraquinone from dihydroxy Should be Morinda officinalis How -2,4- consumed under by Microwave Method dimethox medical supervision [J]. Journal of Anhui yanthraq Agricultural Sciences, uinone, 21, 108.; Sendelbach, L. 1,6- E. (1989). A review of the dihydroxy toxicity and -2- carcinogenicity of methoxy anthraquinone anthraqui derivatives. Toxicology, none, 57(3), 227-240. methyliso alizarin. Moringa oleifera Moringacea whole plant whole Benzylami Antifertility Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Fahey, J. W. (2005). Lam. e plant nes described. Intake glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Moringa oleifera: A (0.1%): of 600mg/kg BW of glycosides). Content should be (goitrogenic Review of the Medical e.g. an aqueous leaf declared. glycosides) use: 5 Evidence for Its moringine extract shows mg/day). These Nutritional, Therapeutic, , some antifertility exhibit antithyroid and Prophylactic moringini effect (decreased activity. Properties. Part 1. Trees ne; implantation of the for life Journal, 1(5), 1- glucosinol eggs) in rats. 15.;Chandra, A. K., ates: e.g. Decreased Mukhopadhyay, S., niazinin A implantation Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. , niazinin effect also (2004). Goitrogenic B, described for root content of Indian niazimicin extract. cyanogenic plant food and & their in vitro anti- niaziminin thyroidal activity. Indian A and B Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Morus alba L. Moraceae fruit, leaf leaf, Polyhydro leaf extract: Toxicity due to piperidine alkaloids. Piperidine alkaloids Cheeke, P. R. (1989). unripe xylated antidopaminergic Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Toxicants of plant origin: fruit, root piperidin activity. 1- dose of 15 mg Alkaloids (Vol. 1). CRC e Deoxynojirimycin (pilocarpine) daily in Press. alkaloids (DNJ) is a potent adults. (0.8%) : a-glycosidase e.g. 1- inhibitor and is deoxynoji abundant in Morus rimycin spp. (mulberry trees) leaves and roots. The alkaloid can induce hallucination. However, high amounts are needed. In the ripe fruits the alkaloid is absent.

Murraya koenigii Rutaceae bark, leaf, leaf, seed Seed: Leaves are used as Toxicity due to indole alkaloids. Indole alkaloids are Duke, J. A. (L.) Spreng. root d'un carbazol spice (curry) Content should be stated. therapeutic at dose (2008). Duke's buisson e of 2 mg daily in handbook of medicinal adulte. alkaloids: adults. May have plants of Latin America. e.g. cardiovascular CRC Press koenimbi effects ne, kurryam; Leaf: indole alkaloids: e.g. mahanin e, mahanibi ne; Musa x Musaceae Musa x fruit, leaf, In leaf and stem: Leaf contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Marie-Magdeleine, C., paradisiaca L. sapientu root tannins (5%-10%) toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Boval, M., Philibert, L., (pro sp.) m L. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins (8-20%) Borde, A., & Archimède, be declared for plant material used. usually leads to H. (2010). Effect of gastrointestinal banana foliage (Musa x toxicity. Daily intake paradisiaca) on should not exceed nutrition, parasite 1500 mg tannins. infection and growth of lambs. Livestock Science, 131(2), 234- 239.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Myrciaria dubia Myrtaceae Psidium fruit fruit: camu-camu Fruit contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Zanatta, C. F., Cuevas, (H.B.K.) dubium fruit has the toxic when plant material is concentration of E., Bobbio, F. O., McVaugh H.B.K. highest vitamin C consumed. Content of tannins should tannins (8-20%) Winterhalter, P., & content of known be declared for plant material used. usually leads to Mercadante, A. Z. plants vit C: 2.5%- gastrointestinal (2005). Determination of 3%). Leaf: aldose toxicity. Daily intake anthocyanins from reductase should not exceed camu-camu (Myrciaria inhibiting activity 1500 mg tannins. dubia) by HPLC-PDA, due to the HPLC-MS, and NMR. ellagitannins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(24), 9531-9535.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Myrica gale L. aerial part essential Essential Volatile oil (0.4- EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Skene, K. R., Sprent, J. I., oil oil: e.g. 0.7%): e.g. alpha- cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.01 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Raven, J. A., & 1,8 pinene, delta- of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food Herdman, L. (2000). cineole. cadinene. be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Myrica gale L. Journal of gamma-cadinene, Ecology, 88(6), 1079- limonene, beta- 1094.; Council of myrcene, alpha- Europe, Committee of phellandrene, Experts on Flavouring beta- Substances. Natural phellandrene, 1.8- sources of flavourings. cineole, nerolidol, Report No. 3. Belgium: p-cymene. alpha- Council of Europe copaene, beta- Publishing; 2008 caryophyllene. Rich in tannins. Myristica fragrans Myristicacea mace, seed mace, Essential Toxicity due to myristicin l should be Myristicin in the Luebke, W. (2011). Houtt. e seed oil from stated. Pure EO should not be essential oil of Myristicin. 607-91-0 seed: consumed directly (<0.85 ml of EO). nutmeg should not phenylpr Content should be stated. exceed 342 mg opanoids: daily. e.g. elimicin (up to 7.5%), myristicin (1.3% in the seed and 2.7% in mace), safrole

Myrtus communis Myrtaceae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol B. Conti, A. Canale, A. L. part oil: cineole) and methyl chavicol (1,8-cineole) use; 10 Bertoli, F. Gozzini, L. phenylpr content. Toxicity with 0.004 ml of oil mg/kg of food Pistelli Essential oil opanoids: for eucalyptol. Contents of (0.001%) composition and methylch eucalyptol should be declared for larvicidal activity of six avicol plant material used. Mediterranean (58-88 aromatic plants against ppm), the mosquito Aedes methyleu albopictus (Diptera: genol Culicidae) Parasitology (0.2%-6%) Research, 107 (2010), pp. 1455–146 Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Nasturtium Brassicaceae aerial part Glucosino Glucosinolates Potentially toxic due to pulegone pulegone toxic level: officinale R. lates: might interfere with 7 mg in adults and 3 Brown unstable iodine uptake in mg in children gluconast the thyroid (orally), <3.5 mg urtines for topically 90% convertin g in phenylet hyl isothiocy anate. Volatile constitue nts of the dried leaves: 2- phenylet hyl isothiocy anate (72.9%), pulegone (8.0%), heptyl isothiocy anate (4.9%) and 4- phenylbu tyl isothiocy anate (3.2%); the main volatile constitue nts of the stems: 2- phenylet hyl isothiocy anate (83.5%), 4- phenylbu tyl isothiocy anate (6.9%), pulegone (2.2%) and sec- butyl isothiocy anate (1.9%). Nelumbo Nelumbonac whole plant seed Seed: The alkaloids show Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). nucifera Gaertn. eae bisbenzyli antihypertensive Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline soquinolin and antiarrythmic dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. e effect. Neferine in adults. May have Natural product reports, alkaloids: has antiplatelet cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, e.g; aggregation effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. liensinine, effect. (1985). Safety of isoliensini chloroquine in ne, chemosuppression of neferine. malaria during Leaves pregnancy. BMJ, contain 290(6480), 1466-1467. the aporphin e alkaloids nuciferine , reomerin e and nerenyuf erine Nepeta cataria Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential Essential oil main Toxicity due to beta-caryophyllene beta-caryophyllene Heuskin, S., Godin, B., L. part oil : compounds: oxide should be stated. Pure EO oxide should not Leroy, P., Capella, Q., bicyclic nepetalactones should not be consumed directly exceed 5 ppm Wathelet, J. P., monoterp (<0.03 ml of EO). Content should be (0.0005%) daily. Verheggen, F., ... & enes: e.g. stated. Lognay, G. (2009). Fast camphor gas chromatography characterisation of purified semiochemicals from essential oils of Matricaria chamomilla L.(Asteraceae) and Nepeta cataria L.(Lamiaceae). Journal of Chromatography A, 1216(14), 2768-2775.; Luebke, W. (2011). beta- caryophyllene oxide. 1139-30-6 105120-46-5 Nepeta tenuifolia Lamiaceae leaf leaf Essential Potentially toxic due to pulegone pulegone toxic level: Benth. oil (0.2%- 7 mg in adults and 3 0.7%): mg in children e.g. (orally), <3.5 mg pulegone topically

Nephelium Sapindacea fruit Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Samanta, S., Giri, S., lappaceum L. e toxic when 40 g plant material is concentration of Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to C. (2004). Impact of gastrointestinal tannic acid on the toxicity. Daily intake gastrointestinal should not exceed microflora. Microbial 1500 mg tannins. ecology in health and Fruit peel contains disease , 16 (1), 32-34.; polyphenols with Maran, J. P., safe profile. Manikandan, S., Nivetha, C. V., & Dinesh, R. (2013). Ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Nephelium lappaceum L. fruit peel using central composite face centered response surface design. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. Ocimum Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Estragole toxic level Maia, N. B., Bovi, O. A., basilicum L. part oil from cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.016 0.05 mg/kg body Perecin, M. B., Marques, leaf and ml of oil and estragole (0.003 ml) weight, i.e. 0.003; M. O. M., Granja, N. P., flowering Limit for eucalyptol & Trujillo, A. L. (2002, top: (1,8-cineole) use; 10 August). New crops with phenylpr mg/kg of food potential to produce opanoids: (0.001%) essential oil with high e.g. linalool content helping methylch preserve rosewood-an avicol endangered Amazon (20-50%), species. In XXVI methyleu International genol Horticultural Congress: (2%), The Future for Medicinal safrole; and Aromatic Plants 629 monoterp (pp. 39-43).; Council of enes: Europe, Committee of monoterp Experts on Flavouring ene Substances. Natural etheroxid sources of flavourings. e: 1,8- Report No. 3. Belgium: cineole Council of Europe (7.7- 10%) Publishing; 2008 and bicyclic monoterp enes: e.g. camphor (1%), alpha- and beta- thujones Ocimum Lamiaceae aerial parts aerial Essential Shows mutagenic The EO is potentially toxic due to toxic level 0.05 Nakamura, C. V., Ueda- gratissimum L. part oil from and carcinogenic estragole (0.06 ml of EO) mg/kg body weight, Nakamura, T., Bando, E., the bud: effects in rodents. i.e. 0.003g Melo, A. F. N., Cortez, D. phenylpr Main compounds A. G., & Dias Filho, B. P. opanoids: in this species: (1999). Antibacterial e.g. essential oil activity of Ocimum methylch (0.15%): thymol gratissimum L. essential avicol, (48%) and eugenol oil. Memórias do methyleu (25%) Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, genol 94(5), 675-678. (9.835pp m) Essential oil from the bud: phenylpr opanoids: e.g. methylch avicol, methyleu genol (9.835pp m) Essential oil from the bud: phenylpr opanoids: e.g. methylch avicol, methyleu genol (9.835pp m) Essential oil from the bud: phenylpr opanoids: e.g. methylch avicol, methyleu genol (9.835pp m) Essential oil from the bud: phenylpr opanoids: e.g. methylch avicol, methyleu genol (9.835pp m) Essential oil from the bud: phenylpr opanoids: e.g. methylch avicol, methyleu genol (9.835pp m) Ocimum Lamiaceae Ocimum whole plant whole Essential The EO is potentially toxic due to toxic level 0.05 Kothari, S. K., tenuiflorum L. (Labiatae) sanctum plant oil : estragole mg/kg body weight, Bhattacharya, A. K., & L. phenylpr i.e. 0.003g Ramesh, S. (2004). opanoids: Essential oil yield and methylch quality of methyl avicol eugenol rich Ocimum (39.950 tenuiflorum Lf (syn. O. ppm in sanctum L.) grown in leaf), south India as methyleu influenced by method genol of harvest. Journal of (15-100 chromatography ppm in A, 1054 (1), 67-72. plant and 50ppm in leaf) Olea europaea Oleaceae bud, fruit, Secoiridoid: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Ranalli, A., Contento, S., L. leaf; essential oleuropein (6%-9%) iridoid glycosides (24 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Lucera, L., Di Febo, M., oil of dry weight of extract). A higher amount may be daily for an adult. Marchegiani, D., & Di leaves accepted in herbl (leaf) teas Content Leaves are of a Fonzo, V. (2006). Factors should be declared. safety concern. affecting the contents Fruits are edible and of iridoid oleuropein in relatively safe. olive leaves (Olea europaea L.). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 54 (2), 434- 440. Olea europaea Oleaceae bark, fruit, Secoiridoid: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Ranalli, A., Contento, S., L. subsp. leaf, oil oleuropein (6%-9%) iridoid glycosides (24 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Lucera, L., Di Febo, M., europaea of dry weight of extract). A higher amount may be daily for an adult. Marchegiani, D., & Di leaves accepted in herbl (leaf) teas Content Leaves are of a Fonzo, V. (2006). Factors should be declared. safety concern. affecting the contents Fruits are edible and of iridoid oleuropein in relatively safe. olive leaves (Olea europaea L.). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 54 (2), 434- 440.

Ononis spinosa L. Leguminosae Ononis whole plant root Isoflavon Content of isoflavones should be Isoflavones daily Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang vulgaris es: e.g. declared. intake should not PY, Katoh R. Soy "Rouy, formonon exceed 90 mg. isoflavone intake inhibits p.p.C" etin (3mg These are bone resorption and - contraindicated in stimulates bone 6mg/100 cystic fibrosis, breast formation in g dry and endometrial menopausal women: weight), cancers, kidney meta-analysis of genistein failure, randomized controlled (1.7 mg - hypothyroidism and trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 3.8mg/10 diabetes. 2008;62(2):155-161.; 0 g dry Pietta, P., Mauri, P., weight), Manera, E., & Ceva, P. (1990). Determination of isoflavones from Ononis spinosa L. extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet diode-array detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 513, 397-400. Ononis spinosa Leguminosae Ononis root root Isoflavon Content of isoflavones should be Isoflavones daily Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang subsp. hircina arvensis L. es: e.g. declared. intake should not PY, Katoh R. Soy (Jacq.) Gams formonon exceed 90 mg. isoflavone intake inhibits etin (3mg These are bone resorption and - contraindicated in stimulates bone 6mg/100 cystic fibrosis, breast formation in g dry and endometrial menopausal women: weight), cancers, kidney meta-analysis of genistein failure, randomized controlled (1.7 mg - hypothyroidism and trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 3.8mg/10 diabetes. 2008;62(2):155-161.; 0 g dry Pietta, P., Mauri, P., weight), Manera, E., & Ceva, P. (1990). Determination of isoflavones from Ononis spinosa L. extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet diode-array detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 513, 397-400. Onopordon Compositae aerial part Sesquiterpene Toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin European Food Safety acanthium L. lactones: e.g. Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Authority. Opinion of the onopordopicrin. declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Scientific Panel on food Polyines mg/day at body additives, flavourings, weight of 60 kg). processing aids and Should be material in contact with consumed under food (AFC) on a request medical supervision from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36.; Bogs, H. U., & Bogs, U. (1965). On the contents of Onopordon acanthium L. 1. Coumarins and flavones. Die Pharmazie, 20(11), 706. Ophioglossum Ophioglossa aerial part aerial Thiaminas Used externally. The plant (fern) material is safe if Unless well Singh, H. B. (2003). vulgatum L. ceae part e. Juice of the leaves screened for possible fern characterised, it is Economically viable Possible drunk against carcinogens (e.g. ptaquiloside) not advisable to pteridophytes of India. presence internal bleeding. market products for In Pteridology in the of Glycosylated and this fern. New Millennium (pp. ptaquilosi acylated flavonols. 421-446). Springer de Galactosyldiacylgl Netherlands. ycerol derivatives. Thiaminase destroyed by cooking. Some ferns contain carcinogens (e.g. ptaquiloside). No reports of toxicity for this species but caution Ophiopogon Asparagace tuber Steroidal saponins: Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Cheng, Z. H., Wu, T., & japonicus ae e.g. ruscogenin for the preparation. concentration of Yu, B. Y. (2006). Steroidal (Thunb.) Ker and 10% haemolysis is 7.3 glycosides from tubers Gawl. ophiopogonins; mg/ml with an of Ophiopogon homoisoflavonoids average intake of 5 japonicus: Note. Journal : e.g. g of herb. of Asian natural ophiopogonanone products research, 8(6), s 555-559.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Opopanax Apiaceae whole plant; whole Furocou EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Curini, M., Cravotto, G., chironius (L.) gum resin plant; marins content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 Epifano, F., & Giannone, W.D.J.Koch gum resin and should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal G. (2006). Chemistry dihydrofu used. use). Should be and Biological Activity rocoumar consumed under of Natural and Synthetic ins: medical supervision Prenyloxycoumarins†. e.g.herac Current medicinal lenin, chemistry, 13(2), 199- imperator 222.; Lawley, R., Curtis, in L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry. Origanum Lamiaceae aerial part Essential oil: Toxicity due to carvacrol and Some cultivars may Livingston, A. E. (1921). compactum carvacrol (36.46%), cymene in EO. The content of contain high The comparative Bentham thymol (29.74%),p- carvacrol and derivatives should be amount of carvacrol toxicity of thymol and cymene (24.31%) stated. in EO. 2.5 g or 3 ml of carvacrol (isothymol). EO may be fatal. Public Health Reports (1896-1970), 1317-1331.

Origanum Lamiaceae aerial part Essential oil: Toxicity due to carvacrol and Some cultivars may Livingston, A. E. (1921). dictamnus L. thymol, cymene, cymene in EO. The content of contain high The comparative carvacrol carvacrol and derivatives should be amount of carvacrol toxicity of thymol and stated. in EO. 2.5 g or 3 ml of carvacrol (isothymol). EO may be fatal. Public Health Reports (1896-1970), 1317-1331.

Origanum Lamiaceae Majorana aerial part aerial Essential The EO is potentially toxic due to Estragole toxic level majorana L. hortensis part oil: estragole, carvacrol and 0.05 mg/kg body Moench. bicyclic caryophyllene oxide weight, i.e. 0.003g. monoterp EO. 2.5 g or 3 ml of enes: e.g. EO may be fatal. camphor (2%) and phenylpr opanoids: e.g. methylch avicol (96-550 ppm). Origanum Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Baranauskien ÷, R., vulgare L. part oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.5 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Venskutonis, P. R., bicyclic of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food Dewettinck, K., & Verhé, monoterp be declared for plant material used. (0.001%). EO. 2.5 g or R. (2006). Properties of ene: 3 ml of EO may be oregano (Origanum beta- fatal. vulgare L.), citronella thujone (Cymbopogon nardus (0-0.6% ), G.) and marjoram monoterp (Majorana hortensis L.) ene flavors encapsulated etheroxid into milk protein-based e: 1,8- matrices. Food cineole Research International, (0-6.5%) 39(4), 413-425.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Orthosiphon Lamiaceae leaf Toxicity due to beta-caryophyllene beta-caryophyllene Hossain, M. A., Ismail, Z., aristatus (Blume) oxide should be stated. Pure EO oxide should not Rahman, A., & Kang, S. Miq. should not be consumed directly exceed 5 ppm C. (2008). Chemical (<0.02 ml of EO). Content should be (0.0005%) daily. EO is composition and anti- stated. present in leaves fungal properties of the and stems. essential oils and crude extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Industrial crops and products, 27(3), 328- 334.; Luebke, W. (2011). beta-caryophyllene oxide. 1139-30-6 105120- 46-5 Orthosiphon Lamiaceae aerial part Used as O. Toxicity due to beta-caryophyllene beta-caryophyllene Hossain, M. A., Ismail, Z., aristatus var. staminaeus. oxide should be stated. Pure EO oxide should not Rahman, A., & Kang, S. aristatus Prolonged use of should not be consumed directly exceed 5 ppm C. (2008). Chemical high doses should (<0.02 ml of EO). Content should be (0.0005%) daily. EO is composition and anti- be avoided as it stated. present in leaves fungal properties of the reduces serum and stems. essential oils and crude sodium levels. extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Industrial crops and products, 27(3), 328- 334.; Luebke, W. (2011). beta-caryophyllene oxide. 1139-30-6 105120- 46-5

Oryza sativa L. Poaceae seed, root, Rice bran extract Young plants are toxicity due to High doses of Suzuki, H., Fujioka, S., (study LEE Seung- steroidal saponins. Content should steroidal saponins Takatsuto, S., Yokota, T., HO): cyanidine-3- be stated that the plant material is (possibly 1.5 g of Murofushi, N., & Sakurai, O-b - mature.. saponins daily) may A. (1995). Biosynthesis of glucopyranoside, induce brassinosteroids in peonidine-3-O-b - gastrointestinal seedlings of glucopyranoside, disturbances and Catharanthus roseus, pelargonidine-3-O- exert oestrogenic Nicotiana tabacum, b - effects. and Oryza sativa. glucopyranoside, Bioscience, protocatechuic biotechnology, and acid and ferulic biochemistry, 59(2), 168- acid were 172.; Zava, D. T., contained 1.49%, Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, 0.30%, 0.30%, 0.47% M. (1998). Estrogen and and 0.24%, progestin bioactivity of respectively. foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Oxalis acetosella Oxalidaceae aerial part leaf Oxalic Cooking :Toxicity due to oxalate content Oxalate intake Šircelj, H., Mikuli č- L. acid decreases the (plant extract: 300 mg). Should be should not exceed Petkovšek, M., & Bati č, F. oxalic acid declared. 45-90 mg/day. (2010). Antioxidants in amount. Should be spring leaves of Oxalis Contraindicated in consumed under acetosella L. Food case of gout, medical supervision chemistry, 123(2), 351- arthritis, kidney 357.; Singh, P. P., et al. stones "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Pachira Malvaceae leaf, seed Naphtoq Cooked young Toxicity of plant due to the presence Internally it is not Paula, V. F., Rocha, M. aquatica Aubl. uinones: leaves and seeds of a naphthaquinone, aquatidial, suitable in patients E., Barbosa, L. C. D. A., & e.g. are eaten. No which is capable of causing with G6PD Howarth, O. W. (2006). aquatidia further chemical oxidative haemolysis deficiency and Aquatidial, a new bis- l information pregnancy as Norsesquiterpenoid from aqueous extracts Pachira aquatica Aubl. are potentially Journal of the Brazilian abortifacient. Heat Chemical Society, 17(7), treated young 1443-1446.; Raupp, P., leaves and seeds Hassan, J. A., are eaten. Varughese, M., & Kristiansson, B. (2001). Henna causes life threatening haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Archives of disease in childhood, 85(5), 411-412. Pachira insignis Malvaceae seed Bark Guiana chestnut. Toxicity of plant due to the presence Internally it is not Paula, V. F., Rocha, M. (SW.) Savigny contains Seeds are eaten of a naphthaquinone, aquatidial, suitable in patients E., Barbosa, L. C. D. A., & alkaloids which is capable of causing with G6PD Howarth, O. W. (2006). (undefine oxidative haemolysis deficiency and Aquatidial, a new bis- d)no pregnancy as Norsesquiterpenoid from good info aqueous extracts Pachira aquatica Aubl. on the are potentially Journal of the Brazilian bark. abortifacient. Seeds Chemical Society, 17(7), are safe to eat. 1443-1446.; Raupp, P., Hassan, J. A., Varughese, M., & Kristiansson, B. (2001). Henna causes life threatening haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Archives of disease in childhood, 85(5), 411-412. Padus avium var. Rosaceae Prunus bark whole Cyanoge Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Uusitalo, M. (2004). avium padus L. plant nic cyanogenic glycosides (70 mg of acid (cyanogenic European bird cherry glycoside plant extract). Seed extracts are compound) use: (Prunus padus L.)-a s (0.1%- more toxic (28 mg of seed extracts 0.023 mg/kg bw/day biodiverse wild plant for 2%): allowed). Content should be (e.g.1.4 mg/day) horticulture.; Halarewicz, prunasin, declared. A., & Gabry ś, B. (2012). prulaurasi Probing behavior of bird n cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) on native bird cherry Prunus padus L. and alien invasive black cherry Prunus serotina Erhr. in Europe and the role of cyanogenic glycosides. Arthropod- Plant Interactions, 6(4), 497-505.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Paeonia Paeoniacea Paeonia flower, root, Root: paeoniflorin Content of paeoniflorin in th3e roots Paeoniflorin Grant; Ramasamy (April lactiflora Pall. e albiflora seed (3%-9%); paeonol should be declared. has antiandrogenic 2012). "An Update on Pall., (0.03%); properties and root Plant Derived Anti- Paeonia benzoylpaeoniflori has abortifaciet Androgens". Internation chinensis n (0.04%). activity. Due to its al Journal of L. Vilmorin According hypoglycaemic Endocrinology and traditional use, the effects, it may Metabolism 10 (2): 497– root has interact with 502.; Hsu, F. L., Lai, C. W., abortifacient hypoglycaemic & Cheng, J. T. (1997). activity. drugs. Antihyperglycemic effects of paeoniflorin and 8- debenzoylpaeoniflorin, glucosides from the root of Paeonia lactiflora. Planta medica, 63(4), 323-325. Paeonia Paeoniacea flower, root Root: e.g. Content of paeoniflorin in th3e roots Paeoniflorin Grant; Ramasamy (April officinalis L. e paeoniflorine, should be declared. has antiandrogenic 2012). "An Update on paeonol, properties and root Plant Derived Anti- paeonine, has abortifaciet Androgens". Internation albiflorine activity. Due to its al Journal of hypoglycaemic Endocrinology and effects, it may Metabolism 10 (2): 497– interact with 502.; Hsu, F. L., Lai, C. W., hypoglycaemic & Cheng, J. T. (1997). drugs. Antihyperglycemic effects of paeoniflorin and 8- debenzoylpaeoniflorin, glucosides from the root of Paeonia lactiflora. Planta medica, 63(4), 323-325. Paeonia x Paeoniacea root May interact with Content of paeoniflorin in th3e roots Paeoniflorin Grant; Ramasamy (April suffruticosa e antidiabetic should be declared. has antiandrogenic 2012). "An Update on Andrews medicines (?) properties and root Plant Derived Anti- has abortifaciet Androgens". Internation activity. Due to its al Journal of hypoglycaemic Endocrinology and effects, it may Metabolism 10 (2): 497– interact with 502.; Hsu, F. L., Lai, C. W., hypoglycaemic & Cheng, J. T. (1997). drugs. Antihyperglycemic effects of paeoniflorin and 8- debenzoylpaeoniflorin, glucosides from the root of Paeonia lactiflora. Planta medica, 63(4), 323-325. Palmaria Palmariacea Fucus thallus iodine (70µg/g) Desmosterol and Iodine content This brown alga Steinberg, D., & Avigan, palmata e palmatus should be declared. contains J. (1960). Studies of (Linnaeus) Weber L., desmosterol, a cholesterol biosynthesis & Mohr Rhodyme precursor of II. The role of nia cholesterol. Caution desmosterol in the palmata with biosynthesis of (L.) hypercholesterolae cholesterol. Journal of Greville mia. P. palmata is Biological preferred over Chemistry , 235 (11), Laminaria species as 3127-3129.; Ma, Y. C., the latter may Blunden, G., Barwell, C. accumulate more J., & Yang, M. H. (1995). iodine. 7-oxo-desmosterol from Palmaria palmata. Botanica marina, 38(1- 6), 133-134.; Phaneuf, D., Côté, I., Dumas, P., Ferron, L. A., & LeBlanc, A. (1999). Evaluation of the contamination of marine algae (seaweed) from the St. Lawrence River and likely to be consumed by humans. Environmental research, 80(2), S175-S182. Panax ginseng Araliaceae root, leaf, Triterpene Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Tang, W., & Eisenbrand, C.A. Mey. berry saponins: for the preparation. Root considered concentration of G. (1992). Panax ginsenosides; as food supplement. 10% haemolysis is 7.3 ginseng CA Mey (pp. Antidiabetic effect mg/ml with an 711-737). Springer Berlin probably due to average intake of 5 Heidelberg.; the g of herb. Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, polysaccharides. C., Massiot, G., & Men- Their amount is Olivier, L. L. (2002). much higher in the Structure-activity berries with a more relationships of potent effect as a haemolytic result. saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Panax Araliaceae leaf, root, Triterpene Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Lau, A. J., Woo, S. O., & notoginseng seed saponins: for the preparation. concentration of Koh, H. L. (2003). Analysis (Burkill) F.H. ginsenosides 10% haemolysis is 7.3 of saponins in raw and Chen. mg/ml with an steamed Panax average intake of 5 notoginseng using high- g of herb. performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1011(1), 77-87.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Panax Araliaceae leaf, root, Interchangable Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Kondo, N., Shoji, J., & pseudoginseng seed with notoginseng? for the preparation. concentration of Tanaka, O. (1973). Wall. 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Studies on the mg/ml with an constituents of average intake of 5 Himalayan ginseng, g of herb. Panax pseudoginseng. I. The structures of the saponins. i. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Panax Araliaceae root, leaf, Triterpene Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Assinewe, V. A., Baum, quinquefolius L. seed saponins: for the preparation. concentration of B. R., Gagnon, D., & ginsenosides; 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Arnason, J. T. (2003). Antidiabetic affect mg/ml with an Phytochemistry of wild probably due to average intake of 5 populations of Panax the g of herb. quinquefolius L.(North polysaccharides. American ginseng). Their amount is Journal of agricultural much higher in the and food chemistry, berries with a more 51(16), 4549-4553.; potent effect as a Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, result. C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology, 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Panicum Poaceae flower, fruit Common millet Toxicity due to oxalate (plant extract: Oxalate intake Rahman, M. M., & miliaceum L. 1.9 g) content. Should be declared. should not exceed Kawamura, O. (2011). 45-90 mg/day. Oxalate accumulation in forage plants: Some. Agronomic, Climatic and Genetic Aspects. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 24, No. 3 : 439 - 448; Singh, P. P., et al. "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152.

Panzerina lanata Leguminosae Panzeria aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Olennikov, D. N., & (L.) Soják lanata part oil : cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.04 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Tankhaeva, L. M. (2011). (L.) monoterp of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food Chemical study of Bunge. enes: e.g. be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Panzerina lanata. camphor Chemistry of Natural (12%), 1,8 Compounds, 47(5), 802- cineole 804.; Council of Europe, (2.4%) Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Papaver rhoeas Papaverace flower Alkaloids (0.1%): Toxicity due to isoquinoline alkaloids Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). L. ae e.g. (rhoeadine). Content should be are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline rhoeadine(0.06%). stated. dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. Alkaloids present in in adults. May have Natural product reports, the whole plant. cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, Flowers have a effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. mild sedative (1985). Safety of effect. P. rhoeas chloroquine in does not contain chemosuppression of morphine or malaria during codeine. pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Parmelia saxatilis Parmeliacea thallus Usnic Usnic acid under Usnic acid and derivatives should be Usnic acid (100 mg) Rankovi ć, B., Miši ć, M., & (L.) Ach. e acid scrutiny for absent in extracts. Content should be is implicated in Sukdolak, S. (2008). The hepatotoxicity. declared. hepatotoxicity. antimicrobial activity of Lichen Contains also substances derived from atranorin the lichens Physcia aipolia, Umbilicaria polyphylla, Parmelia caperata and Hypogymnia physodes. World journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 24(7), 1239-1242.; Sanchez W, Maple JT, Burgart LJ, Kamath PS. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with use of a dietary supplement containing usnic acid. Mayo Clinic Proc 2006; 81: 541-4. Parthenium Compositae aerial part aerial anthraqui Steroids, saponins, Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). hysterophorus L. part nones, reducing sugars content (not more than 50 mg in the intake should not A review of the toxicity and tannins. The plant extracts daily). Should be exceed 50 mg daily. and carcinogenicity of methanolic extract declared. Should be anthraquinone of Partenium consumed under derivatives. Toxicology, hysterphorus at a medical supervision 57(3), 227-240. dose of 3 and 5 mg/kg shows highly significant skeletal muscle relaxant activity up to 30min of duration in animals. Parthenocissus Vitaceae Ampelop aerial part, leaf, oxalic Antimalarial Toxicity due to oxalate content. Oxalate intake Singh, P. P., et al. tricuspidata sis bud berry acid activity of the Should be declared. should not exceed "Nutritional value of (Siebold et tricuspida stilbenes present 45-90 mg/day. foods in relation to their Zucc.) Planch. ta (piceid, resveratrol, Should be oxalic acid Siebold et longistylins). Leaf consumed under content." The American Zucc. and berry are toxic medical supervision journal of clinical causing stomach nutrition 25.11 (1972): irritation and 1147-1152.Calmes, J., kidney damage. Pommerol, P. D., Pulou, Possible cause R., & Carles, J. (1970). may be the Structure et repartition presence of oxalic des cristaux d'oxalate acid. de calcium chez la vigne vierge (Parthenocissus tricuspidata Planchon). Acad Sci Compt Rend Ser D.; Pastinaca sativa Apiaceae root whole Whole Root is food EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for HERBIVORES, N. D. L. plant plant content. Toxicity with 0.1 ml of oil. furocoumarins: 1.5 (2008). Tania Jogesh, B. essential Content of furocoumarin should be mg/day (internal Sc.(Hons.) (Doctoral oil: declared for leaf extracts used. Roots use). Should be dissertation, Carleton furocoum are edible consumed under University Ottawa, arins: e.g. medical supervision Canada).; Lawley, R., psoralen, Curtis, L., & Davis, J. angelicin, (2012). The food safety bergapte hazard guidebook. n, Royal Society of imperator Chemistry. in, xanthoto xol Paullinia cupana Sapindacea seed seed Methylat The EO is potentially toxic due to Estragole toxic level Stavric, B. (1988). Kunth e ed estragole and caffeine content. Plant 0.05 mg/kg body Methylxanthines: toxicity xanthine extracts should not exceed 6 g daily. weight, i.e. 0.003g. to humans. 2. Caffeine. derivative Methylxanthine Food and Chemical s: e.g. alkaloids are Toxicology, 26(7), 645- caffeine therapeutic at dose 662.; Gunja, N., & Brown, (3.0-4.8% of 270 mg (caffeine) J. A. (2012). Energy dry daily in adults. drinks: health risks and weight). toxicity. Medical Journal Essential of Australia, 196(1), 46- oil: 49. Chicago phenylpr opanoids: e.g. methylch avicol, anethole.

Pedalium murex Pedaliaceae aerial part Flavanoids: e.g. Toxicity due to diosgenin type of High doses of Patel, D. K., Laloo, D., L. pedalitin, pedalin, steroidal saponins. Content should diosgenin type of Kumar, R., & Hemalatha, diosmetin, dinatin. be stated. steroidal saponins S. (2011). Pedalium Triterpenoids: e.g. (possibly 1.5 g of murex Linn.: an overview α-amyrin acetate, saponins daily) may of its rubusic acid, induce phytopharmacological ursolic acid, and gastrointestinal aspects. Asian Pacific lupeol acetate. disturbances and journal of tropical Steroids: e.g. β- exert oestrogenic medicine, 4(9), 748-755.; sitosterol. effects. Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. Sapogenins: e.g: (2011). Diosgenin, a diosgenin steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Pelargonium Geraniacea aerial part aerial Aliphatic MHA is also known 1,3- Zhang, Y., Woods, R. M., graveolens L'Herit e part alkaloid: as DMAA (1,3 Dimethylamylamine Breitbach, Z. S., & methylhe dimethylamylamin (DMAA) is not Armstrong, D. W. (2012). xaneami e) en is considered generally found in 1, 3 ‐Dimethylamylamine ne (MHA) a party drug. It is Pelargonium (DMAA) in supplements NOT present in P. products, although and geranium products: graveolens and some studies claim natural or when present it the presence in the synthetic?. Drug testing has been added. oil and plant parts. and analysis , 4(12), 986- Oil should be However, possible 990.; Di Lorenzo, C., checked to be adulteration of Moro, E., Dos Santos, A., MHA free products with DMAA Uberti, F., & Restani, P. is possible. Therefore (2013). Could 1, 3 total alkaloid dimethylamylamine content should be (DMAA) in food declared for safety supplements have a reasons. It was natural origin?. Drug reported that 30 mg testing and analysis, per daily dose was 5(2), 116-121.; Li, J. S., found in some food Chen, M., & Li, Z. C. supplements. (2012). Identification and quantification of dimethylamylamine in geranium by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical chemistry insights, 7, 47. Pelargonium Geraniacea Pelargoni aerial part Citronellol and 1,3- Zhang, Y., Woods, R. M., radens H.E. e um menthone are the Dimethylamylamine Breitbach, Z. S., & Moore radula main compounds (DMAA) is not Armstrong, D. W. (2012). (Cav.) in the essential oil. generally found in 1, 3 ‐Dimethylamylamine L'Hér. Pelargonium (DMAA) in supplements products, although and geranium products: some studies claim natural or the presence in the synthetic?. Drug testing oil and plant parts. and analysis , 4(12), 986- However, possible 990.; Di Lorenzo, C., adulteration of Moro, E., Dos Santos, A., products with DMAA Uberti, F., & Restani, P. is possible. Therefore (2013). Could 1, 3 total alkaloid dimethylamylamine content should be (DMAA) in food declared for safety supplements have a reasons. It was natural origin?. Drug reported that 30 mg testing and analysis, per daily dose was 5(2), 116-121.; Li, J. S., found in some food Chen, M., & Li, Z. C. supplements. (2012). Identification and quantification of dimethylamylamine in geranium by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical chemistry insights, 7, 47. Pelargonium Geraniacea whole plant root Essential 1,3- Zhang, Y., Woods, R. M., sidoides DC. e oil: Dimethylamylamine Breitbach, Z. S., & phenylpr (DMAA) is not Armstrong, D. W. (2012). opanoids: generally found in 1, 3 ‐Dimethylamylamine e.g. Pelargonium (DMAA) in supplements methyleu products, although and geranium products: genol some studies claim natural or (4.3%) the presence in the synthetic?. Drug testing and oil and plant parts. and analysis , 4(12), 986- elemicin However, possible 990.; Di Lorenzo, C., (3.6%) adulteration of Moro, E., Dos Santos, A., products with DMAA Uberti, F., & Restani, P. is possible. Therefore (2013). Could 1, 3 total alkaloid dimethylamylamine content should be (DMAA) in food declared for safety supplements have a reasons. It was natural origin?. Drug reported that 30 mg testing and analysis, per daily dose was 5(2), 116-121.; Li, J. S., found in some food Chen, M., & Li, Z. C. supplements. (2012). Identification and quantification of dimethylamylamine in geranium by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical chemistry insights, 7, 47. Persea Lauraceae leaf Essential The EO of the leaves is potentially Estragole toxic level Sagrero ‐Nieves, L., & americana Mill. oil: toxic due to estragole (<0.003 ml of 0.05 mg/kg body Bartley, J. P. (1995). phenylpr EO) weight, i.e. 0.003g Volatile components of opanoids: avocado leaves (Persea e.g. americana Mill) from the methyleu Mexican race. Journal genol (3- of the Science of Food 85%) and Agriculture , 67 (1), 49-51. Persicaria Polygonacea Polygonu rhizome Rhizome: tannins Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Theo. Holm. (1927). bistorta (L.) e m bistorta (21%); cycloartane toxic when 7 g plant material is concentration of Polygonum: Sectio Samp. L. type tritepenoids: consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Tovara. Botanical e.g. friedelin, 5- be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Gazette, 1-26.; glutinen-3-one and gastrointestinal Samanta, S., Giri, S., friedelinol. toxicity. Daily intake Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., should not exceed Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. 1500 mg tannins. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Persicaria Polygonacea Polygonu aerial part Tannins, flavonoids, Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Hameed, I., Dastagir, G., maculosa Gray e m triterpenes toxic when plant material is concentration of & Hussain, F. (2008). persicaria consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Nutritional and L. be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to elemental analyses of gastrointestinal some selected toxicity. Daily intake medicinal plants of the should not exceed family Polygonaceae. 1500 mg tannins. Pak. J. Bot, 40(6), 2493- 2502.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Petiveria alliacea Phytolaccac leaf, root Root: EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Rocha, A. B., & Da Silva, L. eae benzaldehyde, Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg J. B. (1969). Thin layer benzoic acid, declared for plant material used. Not bw/day; (e.g. 6 chromatographic coumarin, suitable in pregnancy and children mg/day at body analysis of coumarins isoarborinol,. Leaf: under 12 years of age. weight of 60 kg). and preliminary test for benzyl-2- Should be some active substance hydroxyethyl- consumed under in the root of Petiveria trisulfide, medical supervision alliacea L. Revista da polyphenols, Faculdade de Farmácia isothiocyanates. e Odontologia de Tannins. Araraquara, 3(1), 65.; Abortifacient. European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Petroselinum Apiaceae whole plant whole Furocou EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Chaudhary, S. K., Ceska, crispum (Mill.) plant marins in content. Toxicity with 0.014 ml of oil. furocoumarins: 1.5 O., Tétu, C., Warrington, Nyman ex A.W. leaf: e.g. Content of furocoumarin should be mg/day (internal P. J., Ashwood-Smith, M. Hill psoralen declared for plant material used. use). Oxalate intake J., & Poulton, G. A. (3.2- Oxalate may be present (up to 750 should not exceed (1986). Oxypeucedanin, 10.5%), mg allowed in extracts daily). 45-90 mg/day. a Major Furocoumarin in bergapte Should be Parsley, Petroselinum n (6.4- consumed under crispum. Planta medica, 14.7%), 8- medical supervision (6), 462-464.; Lawley, R., methoxy Curtis, L., & Davis, J. psoralen (2012). The food safety (0.53- hazard guidebook. 5.3%), Royal Society of isopimpin Chemistry.; Bsc, S. N. ellin (1.6- (1999). Oxalate content 8.0%). of foods and its effect Parsley on humans. Asia Pacific leaf oil: Journal of Clinical phenylpr Nutrition, 8(1), 64-74.; opanoids: Singh, P. P., et al. e.g. "Nutritional value of myristicin foods in relation to their (1.5-14%), oxalic acid apiole content." The American (0.9- journal of clinical 8.1%). nutrition 25.11 (1972): Common 1147-1152. parsley seed oil: phenylpr opanoids: e.g. myristicin (2.4-37%), elemicin (8.8%), apiole (11-67%) . Italian parsley seed oil: phenylpr opanoids: e.g. myristicin (0.7-40%), elemicin (0-2%), apiole (30-68%). Curly parsley seed oil: phenylpr opanoids: myristicin (45-62%), elemicin (0-12.2%), apiole (0- 7.2%) . Peucedanum Apiaceae whole plant root Furocou EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Khaled, S. A., Szendrei, ostruthium (L.) W. marins in content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 K., Novak, I., & Reisch, J. Koch root: e.g. should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal (1975). Coumarin pucedani used. use). Should be glycosides from n, consumed under Peucedanum imperator medical supervision ostruthium. in, Phytochemistry, 14(5), oxypeuc 1461-1462.; Lawley, R., edanin Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry. Peumus boldus Monimiacea leaf leaf Isoquinoli EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Vila, R., Valenzuela, L., Molina e ne cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.008 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Bello, H., Cañigueral, S., alkaloids: ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Montes, M., & Adzet, T. e.g. should be declared for plant material (0.001%) (1999). Composition and boldine, ; used. antimicrobial activity of leaf the essential oil of essential Peumus boldus leaves. oil (2%- Planta medica, 65(2), 4%): 178-179.; Council of monoterp Europe, Committee of ene Experts on Flavouring peroxide: Substances. Natural ascaridol sources of flavourings. e (16- Report No. 3. Belgium: 38%), Council of Europe monoterp Publishing; 2008 ene etheroxid e: 1,8- cineole (11-39%) Phaseolus Leguminosae seed seed Cyanoge Potential toxicity may be due to the Limit for hydrocyanic Sotelo, A., Sousa, H., & vulgaris L. nic content of cyanogenic glycosides acid (cyanogenic Sanchez, M. (1995). glycoside (70 g of plant extract). Content compound) use: Comparative study of : should be declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day the chemical linamarin (e.g.1.4 mg/day) composition of wild and (20 cultivated beans mg/kg). (Phaseolus vulgaris). Lectins Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 47(2), 93-100.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Phellodendron Rutaceae bark bark Isoquinoli Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). amurense Rupr. ne Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline alkaloids: dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. e.g. in adults. May have Natural product reports, berberine cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, (major effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. alkaloid, (1985). Safety of up to 8%), chloroquine in palmitine chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. BMJ, 290(6480), 1466-1467. Phillyrea latifolia Oleaceae leaf Rich source of Potential toxicity may be due to the Iridoid glycoside Damtoft, S., Franzyk, H., L. oleuropeoside. content of seciridoid glycosides. toxicity is at 2.2 mg & Jensen, S. R. (1993). Phenylpropanoid Content should be declared. daily for an adult. Biosynthesis of glycosides: secoiridoid glucosides in e.g.salidroside, Oleaceae. syringin and Phytochemistry, 34(5), coniferin and 1291-1299. lignans: e.g. phillyrin Phlebodium Polypodiace Polypodiu leaf, rhizome Lectins (no Toxicity due to phytoecdysones. The fern contains Das, K., & Einstein, J. W. aureum (L.) J. ae m agglutinizing Content should be stated. phytoecdysones (2007). Samambaia-The Sm. leucatom effect), flavonoids, (possibly 1.5 g of future focus for Indian os Poir. phytoecdysones, saponins daily) may researchers in the induce treatment of psoriasis. gastrointestinal Thai Journal of disturbances and Pharmaceutical exert oestrogenic Sciences, 31(1-2).; Zava, effects. D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Phyllanthus Phyllanthace flowering top aerial Indolizidin Hydrolisable Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Igwe, C. U., Nwaogu, L. amarus ae part e tannins: amariin, cyanogenic glycosides (10 mg of acid (cyanogenic A., & Ujuwondu, C. O. Schumach. & alkaloids: amariinic acid, plant extract). Content should be compound) use: (2007). Assessment of Thonn. e.g. amarulone, declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day the hepatic effects, securinin corilagin, (e.g.1.4 mg/day) phytochemical and e, elaeocarpusin, proximate compositions norsecuri furosin, geraniin, of Phyllanthus amarus. nine, geraniinic acid B, African Journal of epibubbi glucopyranose Biotechnology, 6(6).; aline and and Council of Europe, isobubbia glucopyranoside Committee of Experts line. derivatives on Flavouring Seed: (phyllanthusiin D Substances. Natural cyanoge and repandusinic sources of flavourings. nic acid). Major Report No. 3. Belgium: glycoside lignans: e.g. Council of Europe s phyllanthin, Publishing; 2008; hypophyllanthin Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Phyllanthus Phyllanthace Emblica aerial part polyphenols: e.g. Roots contain tannins Extracts maybe The high Damodaran, M., & Nair, emblica L. ae officinalis tannins: gallic toxic when plant material is concentration of K. R. (1936). A tannin Gaertn. acid, ellagic acid; consumed. Content of tannins should tannins (8-20%) from the Indian benzopyran be declared for plant material used. usually leads to gooseberry (Phyllanthus tannins: e.g. gastrointestinal emblica) with a chebulagininc toxicity. Daily intake protective action on acid should not exceed ascorbic acid. 1500 mg tannins. Biochemical Journal, 30(6), 1014.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Phyllanthus niruri Phyllanthace whole plant whole Lignans: Antifertility effect Roots contain tannins Extracts maybe The high Markom, M., Hasan, M., L. ae plant e.g. seen in rats at high toxic when plant material is concentration of Daud, W. R. W., Singh, phyllanthi doses of water consumed. Content of tannins should tannins (8-20%) H., & Jahim, J. M. (2007). n, extract of whole be declared for plant material used. usually leads to Extraction of niranthin plant. No adverse gastrointestinal hydrolysable tannins effects up to toxicity. Daily intake from Phyllanthus niruri 100mg/Kg of the should not exceed Linn.: Effects of solvents aquous extract in 1500 mg tannins. and extraction rats. Antifertility May also have methods. Separation effects often seen oestrogenic activity. and Purification in plants having an Technology, 52(3), 487- antimalarial effect. 496.; Samanta, S., Giri, The lignans are S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. phytoestrogens. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Picea abies (L.) Pinaceae needle, needle, Essential Oil: bornyl EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Grabmer, W., Karst. branch tip cone oil : 1,8 acetate, cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.025 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Kreuzwieser, J., cineole limonene, ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Wisthaler, A., Cojocariu, camphene, alpha- should be declared for plant material (0.001%) C., Graus, M., pinene used. Rennenberg, H., ... & Hansel, A. (2006). VOC emissions from Norway spruce (Picea abies L.[Karst]) twigs in the field—results of a dynamic enclosure study. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 128- 137.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Picramnia Picramniace bark bark Anthraqui Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Solis, P. N., Ravelo, A. G., antidesma Sw. ae nones content (not more than 50 mg intake should not Gonzalez, A. G., Gupta, and anthraquinones in plant extracts exceed 50 mg daily. M. P., & Phillipson, J. D. anthrone daily). Should be declared. Should be (1995). Bioactive glycoside consumed under anthraquinone s: e.g. medical supervision glycosides from mayoside Picramnia antidesma , saroside, ssp. fessonia. aloe- Phytochemistry, 38(2), emodin 477-480.; Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). A review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Pimenta dioica Myrtaceae Pimenta berry; essential Berry: Berry: EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Jrrovetz, L., Buchbauer, (L.) Merr. officinalis essential oil oil monoterp galoylglycosides cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.3 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 G., Stoilova, I., Lindl. ene of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food Krastanov, A., etheroxid be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Stoyanova, A., & e: 1,8 Schmidt, E. (2007). Spice cineole, plants: chemical phenylpr composition and opanoid: antioxidant properties of methyleu Pimenta Lindl. essential genol; oils, part 1: Pimenta Leaf: dioica (L.) Merr. leaf oil methyleu from Jamaica. genol NUTRITION-VIENNA-, 31(2), 55.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Pimenta Myrtaceae leaf leaf Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Bello, A., Rodriguez, M. racemosa (Mill.) oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.005 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 L., Castiñeira, N., J.W.Moore phenylpr ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Urquiola, A., Rosado, A., opanoids: should be declared for plant material (0.001%) & Pino, J. A. (1995). methylch used. Chemical Compositon avicol of the Leaf Oil of (30- Pimenta racemosa 10.745 (Mill.) J. Moore from ppm), Western Cuba. Journal methyleu of Essential Oil Research, genol 7(4), 423-424.; Council of (4.31- Europe, Committee of 14.65 Experts on Flavouring ppm) Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Pimpinella Apiaceae seed seed Furocou The EO is potentially toxic due to toxic level 0.05 Carratù, B., Federici, E., anisum L. marins in estragole mg/kg body weight, Gallo, F. R., Geraci, A., traces. i.e. 0.003g Guidotti, M., Multari, G., Essential ... & Sanzini, E. (2010). oil: Plants and parts of phenylpr plants used in food opanoids: supplements: an e.g. approach to their safety methylch assessment. Annali avicol (1- dell'Istituto superiore di 5%). sanità,46(4), 370-388. Pimpinella major Apiaceae root root Furocou EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Reichling, J., & Galati, E. (L.) Huds. marins: content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 M. (2004). 5 Chemical e.g. should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal Constituents of the pimpinelli used. use). Should be Genus Pimpinella. n, consumed under Illicium, Pimpinella and sphondin medical supervision Foeniculum, 69.; Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry.; Carratù, B., Federici, E., Gallo, F. R., Geraci, A., Guidotti, M., Multari, G., ... & Sanzini, E. (2010). Plants and parts of plants used in food supplements: an approach to their safety assessment. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanità,46(4), 370-388. Pimpinella Apiaceae whole plant root Furocou EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Reichling, J., & Galati, E. saxifraga (Umbelliferae marins in content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 M. (2004). 5 Chemical L.Pimpinella ) root should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal Constituents of the saxifraga L. (0.025%): used. use). Should be Genus Pimpinella. e.g. consumed under Illicium, Pimpinella and angelicin, medical supervision Foeniculum, 69.; Lawley, pimpinelli R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. n, (2012). The food safety sphondin, hazard guidebook. imperatoi Royal Society of n, Chemistry.; Carratù, B., bergapte Federici, E., Gallo, F. R., n, Geraci, A., Guidotti, M., isoberga Multari, G., ... & Sanzini, pten, E. (2010). Plants and isopimpin parts of plants used in ellin, food supplements: an peuceda approach to their safety nin, assessment. Annali scopoleti dell'Istituto superiore di n, sanità,46(4), 370-388. umbellifer on, umbellipr enin, xanthoto xin

Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae needle; oleo Seed oil: increase Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Lee, J. H., Yang, H. Y., Siebold & Zucc. resin satiety hormone be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not Lee, H. S., & Hong, S. K. production consumed directly (<0.06 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm (2008). Chemical Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from cones of Pinus koraiensis. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 18(3), 497-502.; Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80-56-8. Pinus Pinaceae needle; oleo Bark contains Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Krauze-Baranowska, M., massoniana resin proanthocyanidin be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not Mardarowicz, M., Lamb. es. Essential oil: consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm Wiwart, M., Poblocka, L., e.g. alpha and Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. & Dynowska, M. (2002). beta pinene, Antifungal activity of the myrcene, essential oils from some camphene, species of the genus limonene,… Pinus. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C, 57(5/6), 478-482.; Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80-56-8. Pinus mugo Turra Pinaceae Pinus bud (cone), Essential oil: Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Stevanovic, T., Garneau, montana needle, monoterpenes: be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not F. X., Jean, F. I., Gagnon, Mill. sprout; e.g. d-limonene, 3- consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm H., Vilotic, D., Petrovic, essential oil carene, alpha and Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. S., ... & Pichette, A. beta pinene also (2005). The essential oil esters and composition of Pinus aldehydes. Used mugo Turra from Serbia. as flavouring Flavour and fragrance ingredient at level journal, 20(1), 96-97.; of 0.001%. Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80-56-8. Pinus pinaster Ait. Pinaceae Pinus bark, seed, Bark: catechines, Toxicity due to beta-pinene should beta-pinene Ratola, N., Lacorte, S., maritima leaf, bud proanthocyanidins be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not Barceló, D., & Alves, A. Lam. (cone); ; needle: essential consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). exceed 100 ppm (2009). Microwave- essential oil oil (0.2%): e.g. Content should be stated. (0.01%) daily. assisted extraction and beta pinene (32%- ultrasonic extraction to 50%), germacrene determine polycyclic (14%), camphene aromatic hydrocarbons (2%-9%), alpha in needles and bark of pinene (8%), alpha Pinus pinaster Ait. and terpineol (5%); Pinus pinea L. by GC– cone: essential oil MS. Talanta, 77(3), 1120- (0.2%-0.5%): e.g. 1128.; Luebke, W. (2011). bornylacetate, beta-pinene 127-91-3. cadinene, alpha pinene Pinus pinea L. Pinaceae cone, essential oil: e.g. Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Ratola, N., Lacorte, S., needle, alpha and beta be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not Barceló, D., & Alves, A. seed; oleo pinene, myrcene, consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm (2009). Microwave- resin camphene, Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. assisted extraction and limonene,… ultrasonic extraction to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in needles and bark of Pinus pinaster Ait. and Pinus pinea L. by GC– MS. Talanta, 77(3), 1120- 1128.; Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80-56-8. Pinus sylvestris L. Pinaceae bark, bud, Essential oil Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Mumm, R., Schrank, K., fruit, leaf, (needle) : alpha be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not Wegener, R., Schulz, S., shoot; pinene (10%-50%), consumed directly (<0.03 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm & Hilker, M. (2003). essential oil camphene (12%) Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. Chemical analysis of volatiles emitted by Pinus sylvestris after induction by insect oviposition. Journal of chemical ecology, 29(5), 1235-1252.; Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80-56-8. Piper aduncum Piperaceae Piper aerial part leaf Essential Formerly used as EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Guerrini, A., Sacchetti, L. angustifol oil (leaf): an abortifacient cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 G., Rossi, D., Paganetto, ium Ruiz phenylpr thujone content. Toxicity with 0.07 ml mg/kg of food G., Muzzoli, M., & Pav. opanoids: of oil. (0.001%). Mentioned Andreotti, E., ... & Bruni, e.g. dill- as an abortifacient. R. (2009). Bioactivities of apiole Piper aduncum L. and (35-90%) Piper obliquum Ruiz & Pavon (Piperaceae) essential oils from eastern Ecuador. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 27(1), 39-48.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Pohlit, A. M., Quinard, E. L. J., Nunomura, S. M., Tadei, W. P., Hidalgo, A. D. F., Pinto, A. C. D. S., ... & Graça, Y. R. (2004). Screening of plants found in the State of Amazonas, Brazil for activity against Aedes aegypti larvae. Acta amazonica, 34(1), 97- 105. Piper longum L. Piperaceae fruit fruit, leaf Fruit: Leaf extract Toxicity due to piperidine alkaloids. Piperidine alkaloids Cheeke, P. R. (1989). piperidin reported to display Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Toxicants of plant origin: e central nervous dose of 15 mg Alkaloids (Vol. 1). CRC alkaloids: system depression (pilocarpine) daily in Press. e.g. however the adults. piperine, responsible pipernon molecules are still aline unknown. Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae fruit, fruit, oil Piperidine Toxicity due to piperidine alkaloids. Piperidine alkaloids Cheeke, P. R. (1989). oleoresin, oil alkaloids: Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Toxicants of plant origin: e.g. dose of 15 mg Alkaloids (Vol. 1). CRC piperine, (pilocarpine) daily in Press. piperidin adults. e piperdine ; Pistacia lentiscus Anacardiace Lentiscus leaf, resin, Resin: e.g. α- Toxicity due to alpha-pinene, beta- alpha-pinene Magiatis, P., Melliou, E., L. ae vulgaris twig pinene, β- pinene, pinene should be stated. Pure EO content should not Skaltsounis, A. L., Fourr. , limonene, terpene- should not be consumed directly exceed 160 ppm Chinou, I. B., & Mitaku, S. Terebinth 4-ol and (<0.02 ml of EO). Content should be (0.016%) daily. beta- (1999). Chemical us terpeneol7. stated. pinene content composition and lentiscus Essential oil from should not exceed antimicrobial activity of (L.) leaves: e.g. β- 100 ppm (0.01%) the essential oils of Moench caryophylline daily. Pistacia lentiscus var. (31%), germacrene chia. Planta medica, (12%) and γ- 65(8), 749-752.; Luebke, cadinene(6%). W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80-56-8.; Luebke, W. (2011). beta-pinene 127- 91-3. Pistacia Anacardiace bark, gall, Bark: tannins (14%- Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Samanta, S., Giri, S., terebinthus L. ae leaf 25%); gall: tannins toxic when 6 g plant material is concentration of Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., (50%-60%); leaf: consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. tannins (9%-10%); be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to C. (2004). Impact of Leaf essential oil: EO (0.08 ml) may be toxic due to gastrointestinal tannic acid on the e.g. α-pinene alpha-pinene and related terpenes. toxicity. Daily intake gastrointestinal (19.97%), sabinene should not exceed microflora. Microbial (15.43%), β-pinene 1500 mg tannins. ecology in health and (8.57%) , terpinen- alpha-pinene disease , 16 (1), 32-34.; 4-ol (9.65%),… content should not Luebke, W. (2011). exceed 160 ppm alpha-pinene 80-56-8. (0.016%) daily.

Pistacia vera L. Anacardiace bark resin, Resin: triterpene Leaves and resin contains tannins The high Hosseinzadeh, H., ae seed acids: e.g. Extracts maybe toxic when 15 g concentration of Tabassi, S. A. S., masticadienolic plant material is consumed. Content tannins in bark (8- Moghadam, N. M., acid; triterpenes: of tannins should be declared for 20%) usually leads to Rashedinia, M., & Mehri, e.g. beta amyron, plant material used. Fruit do not gastrointestinal S. (2012). Antioxidant dammarendiol; contain tannins. toxicity. Daily intake activity of Pistacia vera bark and leaf: should not exceed fruits, leaves and gum tannins (up to 1500 mg tannins. extracts. Iranian journal 50%); seed (nut): of pharmaceutical polymeric research: IJPR, 11(3), proanthocyanidin 879.; Samanta, S., Giri, es S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Pisum sativum L. Leguminosae pod, seed Lectins in crude Plant material should be heat treated Lectins and Trowbridge, I. S. (1974). plant, destroyed to destroy lectins and allergens. allergens (Vicilin and Isolation and chemical by heating Otherwise there is no major safety convicilin, etc.) characterization of a concern. present in fresh mitogenic lectin from material. Pisum sativum. Journal of Biological Chemistry , 249 (18), 6004-6012.; Sanchez‐Monge, R., Lopez ‐Torrejón, G., Pascual, C. Y., Varela, J., Martin ‐Esteban, M., & Salcedo, G. (2004). Vicilin and convicilin are potential major allergens from pea. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 34(11), 1747- 1753. Plantago afra L. Plantaginace Plantago husk, seed Concomitant Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Rønsted, N., Göbel, E., ae psyllium L. intake of iridoid glycosides (7 g of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Franzyk, H., Jensen, S. R., medicines should extract). Content should be daily for an adult. & Olsen, C. E. (2000). be avoided declared. Chemotaxonomy of Plantago. Iridoid glucosides and caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides. Phytochemistry, 55(4), 337-348. Plantago Plantaginace seed seed Iridoid glycoside; Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Rosłon, W., Osi ńska, E., arenaria Waldst. ae mucilages iridoid glycosides (1.1 g of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Geszprych, A., Tokarska, et Kit. extract). Content should be daily for an adult. J., & Orli ński, P. EFFECT declared. OF CHOSEN AGRONOMIC FACTORS ON THE YIELD AND RAW MATERIAL QUALITY OF THREE POPULATIONS OF GREATER PLANTAIN (PLANTAGO MAJOR L.). Plantago Plantaginace aerial part Iridoid Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Harvey, J. A., Van lanceolata L. ae monoterpenes, iridoid glycosides (125 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Nouhuys, S., & Biere, A. mucilages, extract). Content should be daily for an adult. (2005). Effects of flavonoids, caffeic declared. quantitative variation in acid esters, allelochemicals in tannins, Plantago lanceolata on hydrocoumarins, development of a saponins, silicic generalist and a acid specialist herbivore and their endoparasitoids. Journal of Chemical Ecology , 31 (2), 287-302. Plantago major Plantaginace aerial part Polysaccharides, Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Rosłon, W., Osi ńska, E., L. ae lipids, caffeic acid iridoid glycosides (120 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Geszprych, A., Tokarska, derivatives, extract). Content should be daily for an adult. J., & Orli ński, P. EFFECT flavonoids, iridoid declared. OF CHOSEN glycosides and AGRONOMIC FACTORS terpenoids. ON THE YIELD AND RAW MATERIAL QUALITY OF THREE POPULATIONS OF GREATER PLANTAIN (PLANTAGO MAJOR L.). Plantago media Plantaginace whole plant Iridoids: e.g. Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Rosłon, W., Osi ńska, E., L. ae aucibin (root, leaf iridoid glycosides (1.1 g of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Geszprych, A., Tokarska, (0.19%), seed: extract). Content should be daily for an adult. J., & Orli ński, P. EFFECT (0.13%)); declared. OF CHOSEN flavonoids: e.g. AGRONOMIC FACTORS luteolin ON THE YIELD AND RAW MATERIAL QUALITY OF THREE POPULATIONS OF GREATER PLANTAIN (PLANTAGO MAJOR L.). Plantago Plantaginace seed Mucilage, fatty oil Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Rønsted, N., Göbel, E., orbignyana ae iridoid glycosides (11 g of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Franzyk, H., Jensen, S. R., Steinh. ex Decne. extract). Content should be daily for an adult. & Olsen, C. E. (2000). declared. Chemotaxonomy of Plantago. Iridoid glucosides and caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides. Phytochemistry, 55(4), 337-348. Plantago ovata Plantaginace Plantago seed Mucilage, fatty oil Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Rønsted, N., Göbel, E., Forssk. ae ispaghula iridoid glycosides (2.2 g of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Franzyk, H., Jensen, S. R., Roxb. ex extract). Content should be daily for an adult. & Olsen, C. E. (2000). Fleming declared. Chemotaxonomy of Plantago. Iridoid glucosides and caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides. Phytochemistry, 55(4), 337-348. Polygala vulgaris Polygalacea Polygala aerial part Bidesmosidic Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Klein Júnior, L. C., & L. e comosa saponins for the preparation. concentration of Faloni de Andrade, S. Schkuhr (aucuparine 10% haemolysis is 7.3 (2012). A derivatives) and mg/ml with an pharmacognostic xanthones. average intake of 5 approach to the Prolonged use or g of herb. Polygala genus: high doses may phytochemical and lead to gastro- pharmacological intestinal irritation. aspects. Chemistry & biodiversity, 9(2), 181- 209.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Polygala Polygalacea root Triterpenoid Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Klein Júnior, L. C., & tenuifolia Willd. e saponins: e.g. for the preparation. concentration of Faloni de Andrade, S. onjisaponins A, E, F, 10% haemolysis is 7.3 (2012). A and G. Similar mg/ml with an pharmacognostic composition to average intake of 5 approach to the P.senega. g of herb. Polygala genus: Prolonged use or phytochemical and high doses may pharmacological lead to gastro- aspects. Chemistry & intestinal irritation. biodiversity, 9(2), 181- 209.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Polygonatum Lilliaceae rhizome Steroidal Toxic due to saponins. Need to be High doses of Deng, Y., He, K., Ye, X., odoratum (Mill.) saponines; declared on plant extracts. diosgenin type of Chen, X., Huang, J., Li, Druce chelidonic acid. steroidal saponins X., ... & Li, P. (2012). No cardiac (possibly 1.5 g of Saponin rich fractions glycosides present saponins daily) may from Polygonatum as in older induce odoratum (Mill.) Druce literature stated gastrointestinal with more potential disturbances and hypoglycemic effects. exert oestrogenic Journal of effects. ethnopharmacology, 141(1), 228-233.; Willaman, J. J., Fenske, C. S., & Correll, D. S. (1953). Occurrence of alkaloids in Dioscorea. Science (New York, NY), 118(3064), 329.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Polygonum Asparagace aerial part Flavonoids: e.g. Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Samanta, S., Giri, S., aviculare L. ae avicularine, toxic when 40 g plant material is concentration of Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., hyperoside; consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. gallotannins (3.6%); be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to C. (2004). Impact of gastrointestinal tannic acid on the toxicity. Daily intake gastrointestinal should not exceed microflora. Microbial 1500 mg tannins. ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34.; Hsu, C. Y. (2006). Antioxidant activity of extract from Polygonum aviculare L. Biological research, 39(2), 281-288. Populus alba L. Salicaceae bark,bud, bark Salicylate Bud and leaf: EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Singh, A. P. (2005). leaf s: salicin polyphenolic Toxicity with 600 mg of extract salicylates should Salicin: A Natural glycoside compounds e.g. 7- Content of salicylate should be not exceed 15.3 mg Analgesic. s; 0 - declared for plant material including but sensitive subjects Ethnobotanical Leaflets, methylaromadend EO used. may react to 2.6 mg 2005(1), 39.; Corder, E. rin daily. H., & Buckley, C. E. (1995). Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Populus Salicaceae bark,bud, bark Salicylate Bud: EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Singh, A. P. (2005). balsamifera L. leaf s: salicin sesquiterpenes, n- Toxicity with 600 mg of extract salicylates should Salicin: A Natural glycoside alkanes, aliphatic Content of salicylate should be not exceed 15.3 mg Analgesic. ; acids, cinnamic declared for plant material including but sensitive subjects Ethnobotanical Leaflets, esters; leaf: EO used. may react to 2.6 mg 2005(1), 39.; Corder, E. phenolic daily. H., & Buckley, C. E. derivatives (1995). Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275.

Populus nigra L. Salicaceae bark, bud Buds : EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Singh, A. P. (2005). benzoylsalicin. Toxicity with 600 mg of extract salicylates should Salicin: A Natural Bark: salicylalcohol Content of salicylate should be not exceed 15.3 mg Analgesic. glycoside: salicin declared for plant material including but sensitive subjects Ethnobotanical Leaflets, (2.4%), salicortin EO used. may react to 2.6 mg 2005(1), 39.; Corder, E. and their benzoyl daily. H., & Buckley, C. E. derivatives: e.g. (1995). Aspirin, populin, salicylate, sulfite and tremulodin tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Populus tremula Salicaceae bark, bud Buds : EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Singh, A. P. (2005). L. benzoylsalicin Toxicity with 600 mg of extract salicylates should Salicin: A Natural Bark: salicylalcohol Content of salicylate should be not exceed 15.3 mg Analgesic. glycoside: salicin declared for plant material including but sensitive subjects Ethnobotanical Leaflets, (2.4%), salicortin EO used. may react to 2.6 mg 2005(1), 39.; Corder, E. and their benzoyl daily. H., & Buckley, C. E. derivatives: e.g. (1995). Aspirin, populin, salicylate, sulfite and tremulodin. Might tartrazine induced interfere with bronchoconstriction. anticoagulants. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275.

Populus Salicaceae bark, bud Buds : EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Singh, A. P. (2005). tremuloides benzoylsalicin. Toxicity with 600 mg of extract salicylates should Salicin: A Natural Michx. Bark: salicylalcohol Content of salicylate should be not exceed 15.3 mg Analgesic. glycoside: salicin declared for plant material including but sensitive subjects Ethnobotanical Leaflets, (2.4%), salicortin EO used. may react to 2.6 mg 2005(1), 39.; Corder, E. and their benzoyl daily. H., & Buckley, C. E. derivatives: e.g. (1995). Aspirin, populin, salicylate, sulfite and tremulodin tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Portulaca Portulacace aerial part aerial Oxalic Betalaine alkaloids Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate oleracea L. ae part acid (300 ppm): extract: 2.5 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its (1.7%) betanidine, 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia betanine, Should be Pacific Journal of oleracine I, II. consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), Biogenic amines : medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. e.g. dopa, "Nutritional value of dopamine, foods in relation to their noradrenalin oxalic acid (2.5mg/g fresh content." The American herb). Fatty oil: journal of clinical omega 3. nutrition 25.11 (1972): Mucilages. 1147-1152. Vitamins. Potentilla Rosaceae whole plant Rich in tannins (1% Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Schimmer, O., & anserina L. to 5%) toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Lindenbaum, M. (1995). consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Tannins with be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to antimutagenic gastrointestinal properties in the herb of toxicity. Daily intake Alchemilla species and should not exceed Potentilla anserina. 1500 mg tannins. Planta medica, 61(2), 141-145.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34.; Potentilla Rosaceae whole plant Aerial part: Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Tomczyk, M., & Latté, K. argentea L. tannins, toxic when 10 g plant material is concentration of P. (2009). Potentilla—A proanthocyanidins consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- review of its , flavonoids e.g. be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to phytochemical and quercetin. gastrointestinal pharmacological Rhizoma: tannins: toxicity. Daily intake profile. Journal of ellagic (10-15% should not exceed Ethnopharmacology, e.g. agrimoniine, 1500 mg tannins. 122(2), 184-204.; pedunculagine, Samanta, S., Giri, S., levigatines) and Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., condensed: Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. catechins C. (2004). Impact of polymers(15-20%); tannic acid on the triterpenic acids gastrointestinal (ursolic, tormentillic microflora. Microbial derivatives). ecology in health and Hypoglycaemic disease , 16 (1), 32-34. activity. Human DNA topoisomerase inhibitors and cytotoxic effect. Potentilla erecta Rosaceae whole plant Rich in tannins (15 Rhizome contains tannins Extracts The high Tomczyk, M., & Latté, K. (L.) Raeusch. to 20%) maybe toxic when 7.5 g plant concentration of P. (2009). Potentilla—A material is consumed. Content of tannins in rhizome (8- review of its tannins should be declared for plant 20%) usually leads to phytochemical and material used. gastrointestinal pharmacological toxicity. Daily intake profile. Journal of should not exceed Ethnopharmacology, 1500 mg tannins. 122(2), 184-204.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Potentilla reptans Rosaceae rhizoma Tannins: ellagic Rhizome contains tannins Extracts The high Gürbüz, I., Özkan, A. M., L. (10-15% e.g. maybe toxic when 7.5 g plant concentration of Yesilada, E., & Kutsal, O. agrimoniine, material is consumed. Content of tannins in rhizome (8- (2005). Anti-ulcerogenic pedunculagine, tannins should be declared for plant 20%) usually leads to activity of some plants levigatines) and material used. gastrointestinal used in folk medicine of condensed: toxicity. Daily intake Pinarbasi (Kayseri, catechins should not exceed Turkey). Journal of polymers (15-20%); 1500 mg tannins. ethnopharmacology, triterpenic acids 101(1), 313-318.; (ursolic, Samanta, S., Giri, S., tormentillic) Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Prangos Apiaceae fruit fruit Coumarin Fruit essential oil EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Tada, Y., Shikishima, Y., pabularia Lindl. s: e.g. (2%) Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Takaishi, Y., Shibata, H., osthol, declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Higuti, T., Honda, G., ... isoimpera mg/day at body & Ohmoto, Y. (2002). torin. weight of 60 kg). Coumarins and γ- Furanoco Should be pyrone derivatives from umarins : consumed under Prangos pabularia: e.g. medical supervision antibacterial activity xanthoto and inhibition of xin, cytokine release. aviprin Phytochemistry, 59(6), 649-654.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Primula elatior Hill Primulaceae flower, root Flower: Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Yayli, N. (2001). polyphenolic for the preparation. concentration of Triterpenoid saponin derivatives 10% haemolysis is 7.3 from Primula elatior (flavonoids) . mg/ml with an subsp. meyeri. Journal of Flower and root: average intake of 5 Asian natural products triterpenic g of herb. research, 3(4), 347-352.; saponins (type Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, oleane:2- 10%) e.g. C., Massiot, G., & Men- primulic acid, Olivier, L. L. (2002). primacrosaponine, Structure-activity priverosaponins relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440.

Primula officinalis Primulaceae leaf Root: triterpenic Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Grecu, L., & Cucu, V. (L.) Hill. saponins (5%-10%): for the preparation. concentration of (1975). Saponine aus e.g. primulic acid, 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Primula officinalis and p. acetylpriverogenin mg/ml with an elatior. Saponins from s. Aerial part: average intake of 5 Primula officinalis and p. benzoquinone: g of herb. elatior Pl. Med, 27, 247- primine (2- 253.; Voutquenne, L., methoxy-6-n- Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., pentyl-p- & Men-Olivier, L. L. benzoquinone). (2002). Structure-activity Primine is relationships of responsible for haemolytic contact dermatitis. saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440.

Primula veris L. Primulaceae flower, root Triterpenesaponins Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Çalis, I., Yürüker, A., (4 - 10%), amount for the preparation. concentration of Rüegger, H., Wright, A. during spring twice 10% haemolysis is 7.3 D., & Sticher, O. (1992). as high as in mg/ml with an Triterpene saponins from autumn. No harm average intake of 5 Primula veris subsp. when dose g of herb. macrocalyx and Primula respected. elatior subsp. meyeri. Prolonged use or Journal of Natural high doses may Products, 55(9), 1299- lead to gastro- 1306.; Voutquenne, L., intestinal irritation. Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440.

Protium Burseraceae oleo resin oleo resin Essential Rich in alpha Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene A. L. Rüdiger et al. 2007. guianense oil: e.g. pinene. Some oils be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not PHCOG REV.: Plant (Aubl.) dill apiole contain up to 25% consumed directly. Content should exceed 160 ppm Review The Chemistry Marchand (upt ot dill apiole which is be stated. (0.016%) daily. and Pharmacology of 25%) an abortifacient. the South America Used as incense. genus Protium Burm. f. Smoke is inhaled (Burseraceae)Pharmac as analgesic. ognosy Reviews 1 (1): 93-104; Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80- 56-8. Protium Burseraceae oleo resin, oleo resin Essential Rich in alpha Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene A. L. Rüdiger et al. 2007. heptaphyllum wood oil: e.g. pinene. Some oils be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not PHCOG REV.: Plant (Aubl.) dill apiole contain up to 25% consumed directly. Content should exceed 160 ppm Review The Chemistry Marchand (upt ot dill apiole which is be stated. (0.016%) daily. and Pharmacology of 25%) an abortifacient. the South America used as incense. genus Protium Burm. f. Smoke is inhaled (Burseraceae)Pharmac as analgesic. ognosy Reviews 1 (1): Wood formerly 93-104; Luebke, W. used to treat (2011). alpha-pinene 80- syphilis 56-8.

Protium icicariba Burseraceae oleo resin oleo resin Essential Rich in alpha Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene A. L. Rüdiger et al. 2007. (DC.) Marchand oil: e.g. pinene. Some oils be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not PHCOG REV.: Plant dill apiole contain up to 25% consumed directly. Content should exceed 160 ppm Review The Chemistry (upt ot dill apiole which is be stated. (0.016%) daily. and Pharmacology of 25%) an abortifacient. the South America Used as incense. genus Protium Burm. f. Smoke is inhaled (Burseraceae)Pharmac as analgesic ognosy Reviews 1 (1): 93-104; Luebke, W. (2011). alpha-pinene 80- 56-8. Prunella vulgaris Lamiaceae aerial part Antioestrogenic Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Kojima, H., Sato, N., L. (Labiatae) activity probably Content should be stated. steroidal saponins Hatano, A., & Ogura, H. by activating the (possibly 1.5 g of (1990). Sterol glucosides aryl hydrocarbon saponins daily) may from Prunella vulgaris. receptor inducing induce Phytochemistry, 29(7), a faster gastrointestinal 2351-2355.; Zava, D. T., breakdown of disturbances and Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, estrogen. exert oestrogenic M. (1998). Estrogen and Compounds not effects. progestin bioactivity of identified. foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378.; Rocha, A. L. L., Reis, F. M., & Petraglia, F. (2012). New trends for the medical treatment of endometriosis. Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 21(7), 905-919. Prunus africana Rosaceae Pygeum bark bark, Cyanoge Sterols (sitosterols) Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Potter, D. (2011). Prunus. (Hook. f.) africanu leaf, fruit nic and triterpenes cyanogenic glycosides. Content acid (cyanogenic In Wild Crop Relatives: kalkman m Hook. glycoside (ursolic cid); on should be declared. compound) use: Genomic and Breeding f. s : e.g. cites list; not to 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Resources (pp. 129-145). amygdali take by pregnant (e.g.1.4 mg/day) Springer Berlin n women, children Heidelberg.; Council of and adolescents Europe, Committee of and children belos Experts on Flavouring 12 y Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Prunus Rosaceae Prunus bud, seed, oil seed Cyanoge Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Potter, D. (2011). Prunus. amygdalus dulcis nic cyanogenic glycosides (400 mg of acid (cyanogenic In Wild Crop Relatives: Batsch. (Mill.) D. glycoside plant extract, particularly the leaves). compound) use: Genomic and Breeding A. Webb s: e.g. Content should be declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Resources (pp. 129-145). prunasin (e.g.1.4 mg/day) Springer Berlin (300-3400 Heidelberg.; Council of mg Europe, Committee of HCN/kg) Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Prunus Rosaceae fruit, leaf, seed Cyanoge Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Sefer F, Misirli A, Gülcan armeniaca L. seed nic cyanogenic glycosides (20 mg of acid (cyanogenic R. A research on glucoside plant extract, particularly the compound) use: phenolic and : e.g. kernels). Content should be 0.023 mg/kg bw/day cyanogenic amygdali declared. (e.g.1.4 mg/day) compounds in sweet n (up to and bitter apricot 6.5%) kernels. Acta Horticulturae 2006; 701: 167-169. ; Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Prunus avium (L.) Rosaceae fruit, stalk seed Cyanoge Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Nahrstedt, A. (1972). Zur L. nic cyanogenic glycosides. Content acid (cyanogenic cyanogenese von glycoside should be declared. compound) use: Prunus avium. s : e.g. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Phytochemistry, 11(11), amygdali (e.g.1.4 mg/day) 3121-3126.; Council of n Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Prunus Rosaceae bark, bud, seed Cyanoge Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Jabeen, Q., & Aslam, N. domestica L. flower, fruit, nic cyanogenic glycosides. Content acid (cyanogenic (2001). The leaf diglucosi should be declared. compound) use: pharmacological de : (R)- 0.023 mg/kg bw/day activities of prunes: The amygdali (e.g.1.4 mg/day) dried plums. Res J Med n and Plant, 5, 1508-1511.; monoglu Council of Europe coside: Publishing; 2008; (R)- Cressey, P., Saunders, prunasin D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Prunus dulcis Rosaceae Amygdal bud, seed, oil Almond Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Dicenta, F., Martínez- (Mill.) D. A. Webb us cyanogenic glycosides (400 mg of acid (cyanogenic Gómez, P., Grané, N., communi plant extract, particularly the leaves). compound) use: Martín, M. L., León, A., s L. Content should be declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Cánovas, J. A., & (e.g.1.4 mg/day) Berenguer, V. (2002). Relationship between cyanogenic compounds in kernels, leaves, and roots of sweet and bitter kernelled almonds. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 50(7), 2149-2152.; Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Prunus Rosaceae leaf leaf, fruit Cyanoge Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Ben-Yehoshua, S., & laurocerasus L. nic cyanogenic glycosides (400 mg of acid (cyanogenic Conn, E. E. (1964). glycoside plant extract, particularly the leaves). compound) use: Biosynthesis of prunasin, s,: Content should be declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day the cyanogenic prunasin (e.g.1.4 mg/day) glucoside of peach. (0.5- Plant physiology, 39(3), 2.5%), 50- 331.; Council of Europe 210 mg Publishing; 2008; HCN/100 Cressey, P., Saunders, gm) D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Prunus persica Rosaceae fruit, leaf, seed Cyanoge Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Backheet, E. Y., Farag, S. (L.) Stokes seed nic cyanogenic glycosides (400 mg of acid (cyanogenic F., Ahmed, A. S., & glycoside plant extract, particularly the leaves). compound) use: Sayed, H. M. (2003). s: e.g. Content should be declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Flavonoids and prunasin (e.g.1.4 mg/day) cyanogenic glycosides (470 mg from the leaves and HCN/Kg) stem bark of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Meet Ghamr) peach local cultivar in Assiut region. BULLETIN OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES-ASSIUT UNIVERSITY, 26(1), 55-66.; Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Prunus serotina Rosaceae bark, leaf bark, Cyanoge Teratogenic Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Swain, E., Li, C. P., & Ehrh. leaf, seed nic effects of Prunus cyanogenic glycosides (400 mg of acid (cyanogenic Poulton, J. E. (1992). glycoside serotina (leaves plant extract, particularly the leaves). compound) use: Development of the s: (R)- and bark) have Content should be declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day potential for amygdali been reported in (e.g.1.4 mg/day) cyanogenesis in n (seeds) swine. maturing black cherry and (R)- Compound(s) not (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) prunasin defined but may fruits. Plant physiology, (leaves). be due to 98(4), 1423-1428.; levels of cyanogenic Council of Europe cyanide glycosides. Publishing; 2008; in the Cressey, P., Saunders, leaves as D., & Goodman, J. high as (2013). Cyanogenic 1600-2120 glycosides in plant- ppm based foods available have in New Zealand. Food been Additives & detected Contaminants: Part ) . A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Prunus spinosa L. Rosaceae aerial part Flavonol EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Irizar, A. C., Fernandez, heterosides, Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg M. F., González, A. G., & coumarins, declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Ravelo, A. G. (1992). proanthoyanidins, mg/day at body Constituents of Prunus traces of weight of 60 kg). spinosa. Journal of cyanogenic Should be Natural Products, 55(4), glycosides consumed under 450-454.; European medical supervision Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA-Q-2003- 118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Psidium guajava Myrtaceae bark, fruit, Leaf, bar, root : Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Balangcod, T. D., L. leaf, root tannins (10%-30%). content (not more than 50 mg intake should not Vallejo, V. L., Patacsil, In some anthraquinones in plant extracts). exceed 50 mg daily. M., Apostol, O., Laruan, publications stem Should be declared. Should be L. M. V., Manuel, J., ... & bark is said to consumed under Gutierrez, R. M. (2012). contain medical supervision Phytochemical anthraquinones in screening and others not. Antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants of Bayabas, Sablan, Benguet Province, Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon, Philippines. Indian J Tradit Knowle, 11(4), 580-585.; Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). A review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Psidium Myrtaceae Psidium fruit, leaf Tannins; Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Balangcod, T. D., guineense Sw. araca proanthocyanidin content (not more than 50 mg intake should not Vallejo, V. L., Patacsil, Raddi es No more info on anthraquinones in plant extracts). exceed 50 mg daily. M., Apostol, O., Laruan, compounds found. Should be declared. Should be L. M. V., Manuel, J., ... & Traditionally used consumed under Gutierrez, R. M. (2012). for digestive tract medical supervision Phytochemical screening and Antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants of Bayabas, Sablan, Benguet Province, Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon, Philippines. Indian J Tradit Knowle, 11(4), 580-585.; Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). A review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Pterocarpus Leguminosae sap Flavonoids; Toxicity of EO due to anisoin (>70%). Anisoin is a stilbene- LIU, Z. Q., ZHANG, R., erinaceus Poir. isoflavones: e.g. Content of isoflavones should be like substance with ZHANG, Z. H., XAO, H. Y., formononetin; No declared. potential & LIANG, J. L. (2010). toxicity by oral use oestrogenic activity. Analysis on Components of ethanolic stem Isoflavones daily of Microwave-assist bark extract. intake should not Extracted Volatile Oil of exceed 90 mg. Pterocarpus These are Erinaceus. Resource contraindicated in Development & cystic fibrosis, breast Market , 3, 006.; Ma DF, and endometrial Qin LQ, Wang PY, Katoh cancers, kidney R. Soy isoflavone intake failure, inhibits bone resorption hypothyroidism and and stimulates bone diabetes. formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(2):155-161.; Sanoh, S., Kitamura, S., Sugihara, K., Fujimoto, N., & Ohta, S. (2003). Estrogenic activity of stilbene derivatives. Journal of health science, 49(5), 359-367. Pterocarpus Leguminosae wood (sap) Pterocarpanes: Content of isoflavones should be Pterocarpans are Wong, E. (1970). indicus Willd. e.g. pterocarpin, declared. derivatives of Structural and pterocarpol, isoflavonoids. biogenetic relationships pterostilben, Isoflavones daily of isoflavonoids. In pterofuran. intake should not Fortschritte der Chemie Pterostilben exceed 90 mg. Organischer possibly These are Naturstoffe/Progress in responsible for contraindicated in the Chemistry of hypoglycemic cystic fibrosis, breast Organic Natural properties. and endometrial Products (pp. 1-73). cancers, kidney Springer Vienna.; Ma DF, failure, Qin LQ, Wang PY, Katoh hypothyroidism and R. Soy isoflavone intake diabetes. inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(2):155-161. Pterocarpus Fabaceae flower, heart bark Kino Heartwood rich in Low toxicity but resin contains The high Gayathri, M., & marsupium Roxb. wood, leaf, exsudate tannins in flavonoids: e.g. tannins. Extracts maybe toxic when concentration of Kannabiran, K. (2009). gum-resin gum-resin marsupsin, plant material is consumed. Content tannins in bark (8- Antimicrobial activity of pterosupsin, of tannins should be declared for 20%) usually leads to Hemidesmus indicus, plant material used. gastrointestinal Ficus bengalensis and toxicity. Daily intake Pterocarpus marsupium should not exceed roxb. Indian Journal of 1500 mg tannins. pharmaceutical sciences, 71(5), 578.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Pterocarpus Leguminosae Pterocarp resin seed Indole Tannin content of Toxicity due to indole alkaloids. Indole alkaloids are Duke, J. A. officinalis Jacq. us draco alkaloids: the resin: 34% Content should be stated. therapeutic at dose (2008). Duke's L. e.g. of 2 mg daily in handbook of medicinal hypophor adults. May have plants of Latin America. in cardiovascular CRC Press effects

Pterocarpus Leguminosae wood Benzoxantenone Content of isoflavones should be Camphor toxic level Kumar, N., santalinus L. f. derivatives (red declared. EO toxicity may be due to 30 mg/kg body Ravindranath, B., & pigments): e.g. carmphor and isoflavone contents. weight, i.e. 1.8 g. Seshadri, T. R. (1974). santalins A and B Pterocarpans and Terpenoids of (red), santalin Y stilbenes are Pterocarpus santalinus (yellow); derivatives of heartwood. Phytochemi Isoflavonoids: isoflavonoids. stry , 13 (3), 633-636.; e.g.santal, Isoflavones daily pterocarpine, intake should not homopterocarpine exceed 90 mg. ; Stilbene These are derivatives: contraindicated in e.g.pterostilbene; cystic fibrosis, breast Volatile oil (traces): and endometrial e.g. cedroI (cedar cancers, kidney camphor (up to failure, 50%), pterocarpol, hypothyroidism and isopterocarpol, diabetes. eudesmol Pueraria Leguminosae Flower and Root Also malonylesters Content of isoflavones should be Isoflavones daily Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang montana var. root Isoflavon of the isoflavones declared. intake should not PY, Katoh R. Soy lobata (Willd.) es: e.g. are present. exceed 90 mg. isoflavone intake inhibits Sanjappa & puerarin These are bone resorption and Pradeep (60%), contraindicated in stimulates bone daidzein, cystic fibrosis, breast formation in daidzin and endometrial menopausal women: cancers, kidney meta-analysis of failure, randomized controlled hypothyroidism and trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. diabetes. 2008;62(2):155-161.; Kirakosyan, A., Kaufman, P. B., Warber, S., Bolling, S., Chang, S. C., & Duke, J. A. (2003). Quantification of major isoflavonoids and L- canavanine in several organs of kudzu vine (Pueraria montana) and in starch samples derived from kudzu roots. Plant Science, 164(5), 883-888. Pueraria Leguminosae flower, root root Stem: Root claimed to Content of isoflavones should be Isoflavones daily Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang tuberosa (Willd.) = Fabaceae isoflavon have declared. intake should not PY, Katoh R. Soy DC. es; root: contraceptive exceed 90 mg. isoflavone intake inhibits pterocar properties These are bone resorption and pans: e.g. contraindicated in stimulates bone tuberosin cystic fibrosis, breast formation in and endometrial menopausal women: cancers, kidney meta-analysis of failure, randomized controlled hypothyroidism and trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. diabetes. 2008;62(2):155-161.; Bhutani, S. P., Chibber, S. S., & Seshadri, T. R. (1969). Components of the roots of Pueraria tuberosa: isolation of a new isoflavone-C- glycoside (Di-O- acetylpuerarin). Indian journal of chemistry. Pulmonaria Boraginacea root whole Pyrrolizidi Extracts containing Pyrrolizidine Senecionine, Mattocks, A. R. (1968). officinalis L. e plant ne alkaloids are banned. These are pyrolizidine and Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids: extremely toxic. Content should be quinolizidine alkaloids. Nature, 217, intermedi stated. alkaloids are toxic at 723-728; Smith, L. W., & ne, concentrations of Culvenor, C. C. J. lycopsam 0.0001% (1 ppm) in (1981). Plant sources of ine, adults. hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine symphitin alkaloids. Journal of e Natural Products, 44(2), 129-152. Punica granatum Lythraceae flower, fruit, bark, root Pericarp: The press juice of Toxicity due to piperidine alkaloids. Piperidine alkaloids Cheeke, P. R. (1989). L. (Punicaceae seed bark, tannins leaves of young Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Toxicants of plant origin: ) pericarp (25% to plants of dose of 15 mg Alkaloids (Vol. 1). CRC 28%): Pomegranate (pilocarpine) daily in Press. gallotann contains an adults. The high ins: e.g. alkaloid having a concentration of punicalin structure similar to tannins in willow bark (granatin that of γ-coniceine (8-20%) usually leads e D), (2-n-propyl-1- to gastrointestinal punicala piperideine), one toxicity gin of the major (granatin alkaloids of e C), Hemlock (Conium granatine maculatum L.). The s A –B pericarp Bark, root: hydroalcoholic piperidin extract is e genotoxic in vitro alkaloids and in vivo. (rind: 0.4% , root bark: 0.8%): e.g. isopelletie rine,N- methyliso pelletierin e, pseudop elletierine Pericarp: tannins (25% to 28%): gallotann ins: e.g. punicalin (granatin e D), punicala gin (granatin e C), granatine s A –B

Pyrola Ericaceae leaf aerial Naphtoq Content of arbitin and other Presence of arbutin LIU, R. X., ZHANG, Y. J., rotundifolia L. part uinones: naphthaquinones should be and other LI, B. J., FENG, D. L., e.g. declared. naphthaquinones. ZHENG, W. T., ZHAN, H. arbutin, X., & LU, Y. G. (2013). homoarb Determination of the utin, Arbutin contents of Pyrola rotundifolia L in the northeast region. Heilongjiang Medicine and Pharmacy , 2, 013. Pyrus communis Rosaceae bark, fruit, leaf Leaf: Bark: friedelins Content of arbitin and other Presence of arbutin Grisdale, S. K., & Towers, L. leaf hydroxyq naphthaquinones should be and other G. H. N. (1960). uinone: declared. naphthaquinones. Biosynthesis of arbutin arbutin from some phenylpropanoid compounds in Pyrus communis. Nature , 188 , 1130-1131. Quercus alba L. Fagaceae bark, fruit Tannins: dehydro Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Mämmelä, P., (nut or and deoxy- toxic when plant material is concentration of Savolainen, H., Lindroos, gland), leaf ellagitanins, ellagic consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- L., Kangas, J., & acids, flavan be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Vartiainen, T. (2000). polymers eg. gastrointestinal Analysis of oak tannins epicatechol, toxicity. Daily intake by liquid epigallocatechol should not exceed chromatography- 1500 mg tannins. electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 891(1), 75-83.;; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Quercus Fagaceae bark, fruit Tannins: ellagic Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Mämmelä, P., coccifera L. (gland), leaf derivatives toxic when plant material is concentration of Savolainen, H., Lindroos, (cocciferins, consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- L., Kangas, J., & pedunculagin, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Vartiainen, T. (2000). castalagin, gastrointestinal Analysis of oak tannins acutissimin) flavan toxicity. Daily intake by liquid polymers eg. should not exceed chromatography- epicatechol, 1500 mg tannins. electrospray ionisation epigallocatechol mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 891(1), 75-83.;; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Quercus ilex L. Fagaceae bark, fruit Tannins: ellagic Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Mämmelä, P., (nutgall), leaf derivatives, flavan toxic when plant material is concentration of Savolainen, H., Lindroos, polymers eg. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- L., Kangas, J., & epicatechol, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Vartiainen, T. (2000). epigallocatechol, gastrointestinal Analysis of oak tannins proanthocyanidin toxicity. Daily intake by liquid polymers should not exceed chromatography- 1500 mg tannins. electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 891(1), 75-83.;; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Quercus Fagaceae bark, fruit Tannins: ellagic, Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Mämmelä, P., infectoria G. (nutgall), leaf flavan polymers toxic when plant material is concentration of Savolainen, H., Lindroos, Olivier eg. epicatechol, consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- L., Kangas, J., & epigallocatechol. be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Vartiainen, T. (2000). Possible CNS gastrointestinal Analysis of oak tannins depressant effect. toxicity. Daily intake by liquid should not exceed chromatography- 1500 mg tannins. electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 891(1), 75-83.;; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Quercus petraea Fagaceae bark, fruit Ellagitannins e.g. Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Mämmelä, P., (Matt.) Liebl. (gland), leaf pedunculagin, toxic when plant material is concentration of Savolainen, H., Lindroos, vescalagin, consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- L., Kangas, J., & castalagin, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Vartiainen, T. (2000). acutissimius. gastrointestinal Analysis of oak tannins Triterpene saponins toxicity. Daily intake by liquid glycosides: type should not exceed chromatography- oleanane 1500 mg tannins. electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 891(1), 75-83.;; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Quercus Fagaceae bark, fruit Bark: tannins (8%- Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Mämmelä, P., pubescens Willd. (nutgall), leaf 20%): ellagitannins, toxic when plant material is concentration of Savolainen, H., Lindroos, flavan polymers consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- L., Kangas, J., & eg. epicatechol, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Vartiainen, T. (2000). epigallocatechol gastrointestinal Analysis of oak tannins toxicity. Daily intake by liquid should not exceed chromatography- 1500 mg tannins. electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 891(1), 75-83.;; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Quercus serrata Fagaceae Quercus bark, fruit No specific info on Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Mämmelä, P., subsp. serrata glandulife (nutgall), leaf chemistry. toxic when plant material is concentration of Savolainen, H., Lindroos, ra Blume Probably: consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- L., Kangas, J., & ellagitannins, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Vartiainen, T. (2000). flavan polymers gastrointestinal Analysis of oak tannins eg. epicatechol, toxicity. Daily intake by liquid epigallocatechol should not exceed chromatography- 1500 mg tannins. electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 891(1), 75-83.;; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Quercus suber L. Fagaceae bark, fruit Tannins: ellagic, Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Mämmelä, P., (nutgall), leaf flavan polymers toxic when plant material is concentration of Savolainen, H., Lindroos, eg. epicatechol, consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- L., Kangas, J., & epigallocatechol be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Vartiainen, T. (2000). gastrointestinal Analysis of oak tannins toxicity. Daily intake by liquid should not exceed chromatography- 1500 mg tannins. electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 891(1), 75-83.;; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Quillaja Quillajaceae Quillaja bark bark Calciumo Triterpenoid Toxic due to quillaia saponins. Toxic saponin toxic level: Gruenwald J, Brendeler saponaria Molina (Rosaceae) smegma xalate saponins (quillaia with plant extracts exceeding 350 60 mg in adults daily T, Jaenicke C, Fleming T dermos (11%) saponins) 8%-17%. mg. Oxalate may also enhance (orally). Should be (Ed.). Physicians’ desk DC. Irritation of mucosa toxicity consumed under reference (PDR) for when in high doses medical supervision herbal medicines.2. over long period. Ed.Montvale-w Jersey: Medical Economics Company; 2000.; Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Quillaia extracts. In: Safety evaluation of certain food additives. Geneva: WHO; 2002. (WHO Food Additives Series n. 48). Avalaible from: www.inchem.org/docu ments/jecfa/jecmono/v 48je03.htm Rehmannia Plantaginace root Iridoids: e.g. Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Nishimura, H., Sasaki, H., glutinosa ae catalpol, iridoid glycosides (780 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Morota, T., Chin, M., & (Gaertn.) DC. rehmanosides, extract). Content should be daily for an adult. Mitsuhashi, H. (1989). Six aucubin. declared. iridoid glycosides from Rehmannia glutinosa. Phytochemistr y, 28 (10), 2705-2709.; Albach, D. C., Li, H. Q., Zhao, N., & Jensen, S. R. (2007). Molecular systematics and phytochemistry of Rehmannia (Scrophulariaceae). Biochemical systematics and ecology, 35(5), 293- 300. Rehmannia Plantaginace root Iridoids: e.g. Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Nishimura, H., Sasaki, H., glutinosa ae catalpol, aucubin, iridoid glycosides (780 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Morota, T., Chin, M., & (Gaertn.) DC. rehmanniosides. extract). Content should be daily for an adult. Mitsuhashi, H. (1989). Six Terpenoids: e.g. declared. iridoid glycosides from rehmaionosides Rehmannia glutinosa. Phytochemistr y, 28 (10), 2705-2709.; Albach, D. C., Li, H. Q., Zhao, N., & Jensen, S. R. (2007). Molecular systematics and phytochemistry of Rehmannia (Scrophulariaceae). Biochemical systematics and ecology, 35(5), 293- 300. Rhamnus alpina Rhamnacea bark, fruit bark Hydroxya Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Cooper, J. C. Uses of L. e nthracen (plant extract: 200 mg). Should be anthracene is 0.3 Cascara.; Integrated e declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Risk Information System - derivative mg daily in adults Anthracene (CASRN s: orally. 120-12-7) - emodin, http://www.epa.gov/iris dianthron /subst/0434.htm es Rhamnus Rhamnacea whole plant whole Hydroxya Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Cooper, J. C. Uses of cathartica L. e plant nthracen (plant extract: 200 mg). Should be anthracene is 0.3 Cascara.; Integrated e declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Risk Information System - derivative mg daily in adults Anthracene (CASRN s: orally. 120-12-7) - cascarosi http://www.epa.gov/iris des and /subst/0434.htm free anthraqui nones: e.g. emodin, aloe- emodin Rheum australe Polygonacea Rheum leaf, rhizoma leaf, Rhizome: Purgative at high Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Cooper, J. C. Uses of D. Don e emodii rhizoma 1,8- dosage (plant extract: 200 mg). Should be anthracene is 0.3 Cascara.; Integrated Wall. ex hydroxya declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Risk Information System - Meisn. nthracen mg daily in adults Anthracene (CASRN e orally. 120-12-7) - derivative http://www.epa.gov/iris s: e.g. /subst/0434.htm emodin, alo- emodin, rheine; leaf: oxalic acid Rheum officinale Polygonacea radix, radix, Hydroxya Purgative at high Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Cooper, J. C. Uses of Baill. e rhizome rhizome nthracen dosage (plant extract: 200 mg). Should be anthracene is 0.3 Cascara.; Integrated e declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Risk Information System - derivative mg daily in adults Anthracene (CASRN s: (2.2%- orally. 120-12-7) - 6%): http://www.epa.gov/iris anthraqui /subst/0434.htm nones: rhein, emodin,..; dianthron es: sennoside s A, B, palmidin C,… Rheum Polygonacea root, rhizoma root, Hydroxya Different other Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Kosikowska, U., Smolarz, palmatum L. e rhizoma nthracen Rheum species are (plant extract: 490 mg). Should be anthracene is 0.3 H., & Malm, A. (2010). e used from which declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Antimicrobial activity derivative the most important mg daily in adults and total content of s: (2.2%- is Rheum orally. polyphenols of Rheum L. 6%): tanguticum. species growing in anthraqui Poland. Open Life nones: Sciences, 5(6), 814-820.; rhein, Integrated Risk emodin,..; Information System - dianthron Anthracene (CASRN es: 120-12-7) - sennoside http://www.epa.gov/iris s A, B, /subst/0434.htm palmidin C,…

Rheum Polygonacea Rheum rhizoma, rhizome, Rhizome: Oxalic acid as Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Paneitz, A., & rhabarbarum L. e undulatu stalk stalk 1,8- kidney irritant. (plant extract: 30 g). May contain anthracene is 0.3 Westendorf, J. (1999). m L. hydroxya Anthraquinones: high amount of oxalic acid. Should mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Anthranoid contents of nthracen laxative but be declared. mg daily in adults rhubarb (Rheum e purgative at high orally. Oxalate undulatum L.) and other derivative dosage intake should not Rheum species and their s e.g. exceed 45-90 toxicological relevance. emodin, mg/day. Should be European Food alo- consumed under Research and emodin, medical supervision Technology, 210(2), 97- rheine; 101..; Integrated Risk hydroxysti Information System - lbenes: Anthracene (CASRN e.g. 120-12-7) - rhapontic http://www.epa.gov/iris oside. /subst/0434.htm Stalk: oxalic acid, methyl- branche d alcohols e.g. 2- methylbu tenol and acids Rheum Polygonacea leaf, rhizome leaf, Rhizome: Laxative, Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Kosikowska, U., Smolarz, rhaponticum L. e rhizome 1,8- purgative at high (plant extract: 900 mg). Should be anthracene is 0.3 H., & Malm, A. (2010). hydroxya dosage declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Antimicrobial activity nthracen mg daily in adults and total content of e orally. Should be polyphenols of Rheum L. derivative consumed under species growing in s e.g. medical supervision Poland. Open Life emodin, Sciences, 5(6), 814-820.; alo- Integrated Risk emodin, Information System - rheine; Anthracene (CASRN hydroxysti 120-12-7) - lbenes http://www.epa.gov/iris :e.g. /subst/0434.htm Rhaponti coside; leaf: oxalic acid Rheum x Polygonacea Rheum x leaf, rhizoma leaf, 1,8- Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Kosikowska, U., Smolarz, hybridum Murray e rhabarba rhizoma hydroxya (plant extract: 900 mg). Should be anthracene is 0.3 H., & Malm, A. (2010). rum L. nthracen declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Antimicrobial activity e mg daily in adults and total content of derivative orally. Should be polyphenols of Rheum L. s e.g. consumed under species growing in emodin, medical supervision Poland. Open Life alo- Sciences, 5(6), 814-820.; emodin, Integrated Risk rheine; Information System - hydroxysti Anthracene (CASRN lbenes: 120-12-7) - e.g. http://www.epa.gov/iris rhapontic /subst/0434.htm oside; leaf: oxalic acid Rhodiola Crassulacea root, essential Phenylpropanoid Toxicity due to geraniol should be Geraniol should not Lei, Y., Nan, P., Tsering, crenulata (Hook. e oil glycoside stated. Pure EO should not be exceed 80ppm T., Bai, Z. H. A. N. K. U. I., f. & Thomson) e.g.salidroside, consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). (0.008%) daily. Tian, C. H. U. N. J. I. E., & Ohba dihydrobenzofuran Content should be stated. Zhong, Y. A. N. G. neo-lignans (2003). Chemical glycosides, composition of the polysaccharides, essential oils of two gallic acid, Rhodiola species from triterpens and Tibet. Zeitschrift fur sterols. Essential oil: Naturforschung C- monoterpenes e.g. Journal of Biosciences, geraniol (53.3%), 58(3-4), 161-164.; citronellol (5.3%), Luebke, W. (2011). linalol (2.4%) Geraniol. 106-24-1 8007- 13-4. Rhus aromatica Anacardiace root bark essential Root bark Tannins (8%). Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Reichling, J., Neuner, A., Aiton ae oil essential toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Sharaf, M., Harkenthal, oil (0.01%- consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- M., & Schnitzler, P. 0.07%): be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to (2009). Antiviral activity e.g. safrol gastrointestinal of Rhus aromatica toxicity. Daily intake (fragrant sumac) extract should not exceed against two types of 1500 mg tannins. herpes simplex viruses in cell culture. Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 64(8), 538- 541.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Rhus coriaria L. Anacardiace leaf Leaf tannins: 21%- Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Kosar, M., Bozan, B., ae 28% toxic when 5 g plant material is concentration of Temelli, F., & Baser, K. H. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- C. (2007). Antioxidant be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to activity and phenolic gastrointestinal composition of sumac toxicity. Daily intake (Rhus coriaria L.) should not exceed extracts. Food 1500 mg tannins. Chemistry, 103(3), 952- 959.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Rhus glabra L. Anacardiace fruit Tannins Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Ozturk, D., Ozkan, C. O., ae toxic when 11 g plant material is concentration of Atalay, A. I., & Kamalak, consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- A. (2006). The effect of be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to species and site on the gastrointestinal condensed tannin toxicity. Daily intake content of shrub and should not exceed tree leaves. Research 1500 mg tannins. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1(1), 41-44.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Ribes nigrum L. Grossulariace bud, fruit, Leaf: flavonoids, Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate ae leaf prodelphinidins. extract: 50 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its Fruit: anthocyanins 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia (250mg/100 g fresh Should be Pacific Journal of fruit) consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152.

Ribes rubrum L. Grossulariace fruit, leaf fruit: phenolic Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Foo, L. Y., & Porter, L. J. ae compounds toxic when plant material is concentration of (1981). The structure of anthocyanins, consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- tannins of some edible proanthocyanidins be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to fruits.Journal of the , flavonol gastrointestinal Science of Food and glycosides e.g. toxicity. Daily intake Agriculture, 32(7), 711- rubrumin, should not exceed 716.; Samanta, S., Giri, dehydrorubrumin. 1500 mg tannins. S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. Leaf: tannins. Fruit K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, edible (organic K. C. (2004). Impact of acids, vitamine C). tannic acid on the Leaf: no toxicity gastrointestinal info microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Robinia Leguminosae flower, seed bark, Seed and Toxalbumins Extracts only acceptable as food Toxalbumins, robin Hui, A., Marraffa, J. M., & pseudoacacia L. (Fabaceae) seed bark: destroyed by supplements if plant material is and phasin are very Stork, C. M. (2004). A toxalbumi heating heated. Content of toxalbumins poisonous. Fresh rare ingestion of black ns: robin should be checked. plant extract may locust tree. Clinical (1,6% in be lethal. Toxicology , 42 (1), 93-95. bark), phasin Roccella Rocellaceae Roccella thallus Presence Lichen. Contains Usnic acid and derivatives should be Usnic acid (100 mg) Parrot, D., Peresse, T., phycopsis Ach. tinctoria of usnic para-depsides: absent in extracts. Content should be is implicated in Hitti, E., Carrie, D., DC. acid? e.g. erythrin, declared. hepatotoxicity. Grube, M., & Tomasi, S. lecanoric acid, Contains also (2015). Qualitative and roccellic acid atranorin Spatial Metabolite Profiling of Lichens by a LC–MS Approach Combined With Optimised Extraction. Phytochemical Analysis, 26(1), 23-33.Sanchez W, Maple JT, Burgart LJ, Kamath PS. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with use of a dietary supplement containing usnic acid. Mayo Clinic Proc 2006; 81: 541-4. Rosa canina L. Rosaceae flower, fruit, Flower: essential oil Fruit contains tannins. Extracts may The high Demir, F., & Özcan, M. leaf, seed (0.02%) with mono- be toxic plant material is consumed. concentration of (2001). Chemical and sesqui and Content of tannins should be tannins in bark (8- technological properties diterpenes. Fruit: declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to of rose (Rosa canina L.) vitamin C, gastrointestinal fruits grown wild in carotenoids, toxicity. Daily intake Turkey. Journal of Food anthocyanes, should not exceed Engineering, 47(4), 333- flavonoids; leaf: 1500 mg tannins. 336.; Samanta, S., Giri, catechine, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. gallocatechines, K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, ellagitannins; root: K. C. (2004). Impact of triterpenesaponins tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease, 16 (1), 32-34. Rosa gallica L. Rosaceae flower, fruit, Flower: essential oil Petals contains tannins. Extracts may The high Ochir, S., Nishizawa, M., leaf, seed (0.02%) with mono- be toxic plant material is concentration of Park, B. J., Ishii, K., sesqui and consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Kanazawa, T., Funaki, diterpenes. Fruit: be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to M., & Yamagishi, T. vitamin C, gastrointestinal (2010). Inhibitory effects carotenoids, toxicity. Daily intake of Rosa gallica on the anthocyanes, should not exceed digestive enzymes. flavonoids; leaf: 1500 mg tannins. Journal of natural catechine, medicines, 64(3), 275- gallocatechines, 280.; Samanta, S., Giri, ellagitannins; root: S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. triterpenesaponins K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Rosa moschata Rosaceae flower, fruit, Flower: essential oil Fruit contains tannins. Extracts may The high Ali, N., Alam, H., Khan, Mill. leaf, seed (0.02%) with mono- be toxic plant material is consumed. concentration of A., Ahmed, G., Shah, W. sesqui and Content of tannins should be tannins in bark (8- A., Nabi, M., & Junaid, diterpenes. Fruit: declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to M. (2014). vitamin C, gastrointestinal Antispasmodic and carotenoids, toxicity. Daily intake antidiarrhoeal activity of anthocyanes, should not exceed the fruit of Rosa flavonoids; leaf: 1500 mg tannins. moschata (J). BMC catechine, complementary and gallocatechines, alternative medicine, ellagitannins; root: 14(1), 485.; Samanta, S., triterpenesaponins Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Rosa rubiginosa Rosaceae flower, fruit, Fruit contains tannins. Extracts may The high Samanta, S., Giri, S., L. leaf be toxic plant material is consumed. concentration of Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Content of tannins should be tannins in bark (8- Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to C. (2004). Impact of gastrointestinal tannic acid on the toxicity. Daily intake gastrointestinal should not exceed microflora. Microbial 1500 mg tannins. ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34.

Rosa x Rosaceae Rosa flower, fruit, Fruit contains tannins. Extracts may The high Himesh, S. O. N. I., damascena Mill. gallica f. leaf be toxic plant material is consumed. concentration of Nanda, S. A. H. U., trigintipet Content of tannins should be tannins in bark (8- Singhai, A. K., & Malik, J. ala Dieck declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to (2012). RADICAL gastrointestinal SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES toxicity. Daily intake AND NATURAL should not exceed INDICATOR ACTIVITY OF 1500 mg tannins. AQUEOUS AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Rosa Damascena. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 4(5), 581-586.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Rosmarinus Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential Potentially toxic due to pulegone (0.7 pulegone toxic level: Council of Europe, 2005. officinalis L. part oil from ml of EO) 7 mg in adults and 3 Active principles the herb: mg in children (constituents of bicyclic (orally), <3.5 mg chemical concern) monoterp topically contained in natural enes: e.g. sources of flavourings. camphor Natural sources of and flavourings (Rep No 3), monoterp Council of Europe, ene (2008). etheroxid e: 1,8- cineole (13 to 31%) . Essential oil from the leaf: monoterp ene etheroxid e: 1,8- cineole (11.2- 47%) and bicyclic monoterp enes: e.g. camphor (13-31%) and monocyc lic monoterp ene ketone: pulegone (0.98%) Rubia cordifolia Rubiaceae root 1,3- Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Itokawa, H., Ibraheim, Z. L. Dihydroxy content (not more than 50 mg intake should not Z., Qiao, Y. F., & Takeya, -2- anthraquinones in plant extracts). exceed 50 mg daily. K. (1993). hydroxym Should be declared. Should be Anthraquinones, ethyl- consumed under naphthohydroquinones 9,10- medical supervision and anthraqui naphthohydroquinone none: dimers from Rubia lucidin cordifolia and their cytotoxic activity. CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN-TOKYO-, 41, 1869-1869.; Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). A review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Rubus caesius L. Rosaceae aerial part Food No major concern - Fruit are edible. Presence of Gudej, J., & Tomczyk, M. Leaves may contain tannins (max. 35 polyphenols with a (2004). Determination of g of plant material). Tannin should be safe profile. Flavonoids, Tannins and declared. Ellagic acid in leaves fromRubus L. species. Archives of pharmacal research, 27(11), 1114- 1119.; Benvenuti, S., Pellati, F., Melegari, M. A., & Bertelli, D. (2004). Polyphenols, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, and radical scavenging activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia. Journal of Food Science , 69 (3), FCT164- FCT169. Rubus chingii var. Rosaceae Rubus fruit Triterpenic No major concern - Fruit are edible. Presence of Gudej, J., & Tomczyk, M. suavissimus (S. suavissim derivatives e.g. Leaves may contain tannins. Tannin polyphenols with a (2004). Determination of Lee) L.T. Lu us S. Lee oleanic, ursolic should be declared. safe profile. Flavonoids, Tannins and acids. Diterpene Ellagic acid in leaves glycosides. No fromRubus L. species. specific references Archives of pharmacal on var. suavissimus research, 27(11), 1114- but only chingii. 1119.; Benvenuti, S., Pellati, F., Melegari, M. A., & Bertelli, D. (2004). Polyphenols, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, and radical scavenging activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia. Journal of Food Science , 69 (3), FCT164- FCT169. Rubus fruticosus Rosaceae whole plant Fruit: anthocyans: No major concern - Fruit are edible. Presence of Gudej, J., & Tomczyk, M. L. e.g. cyanidin-3- Leaves may contain tannins (max. 23 polyphenols with a (2004). Determination of glucoside, g of plant material). Tannin should be safe profile. Flavonoids, Tannins and cyanidin-3- declared. Ellagic acid in leaves rutinoside, fromRubus L. species. cyanidin-3- Archives of pharmacal xyloside, cyanidin- research, 27(11), 1114- 3- 1119.; Benvenuti, S., malonylglucoside. Pellati, F., Melegari, M. Phenolics: e.g. A., & Bertelli, D. (2004). ellagic acid, Polyphenols, catechin, anthocyanins, ascorbic epicatechin, rutin acid, and radical (quercetin-3- scavenging activity of rutinoside), and Rubus, Ribes, and quercetin. Aronia. Journal of Food Science , 69 (3), FCT164- FCT169. Rubus idaeus L. Rosaceae leaf, fruit Fruit: vitamins, No major concern - Fruit are edible. Presence of Gudej, J., & Tomczyk, M. ellagitannins. Leaf: Leaves may contain tannins (max. 24 polyphenols with a (2004). Determination of ellagitannins g of plant material). Tannin should be safe profile. Flavonoids, Tannins and declared. Ellagic acid in leaves fromRubus L. species. Archives of pharmacal research, 27(11), 1114- 1119.; Benvenuti, S., Pellati, F., Melegari, M. A., & Bertelli, D. (2004). Polyphenols, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, and radical scavenging activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia. Journal of Food Science , 69 (3), FCT164- FCT169. Rumex acetosa Polygonacea whole plant whole Leaf: Leaf: tannins (7%- Toxicity due to oxalate and Oxalate intake Singh, P. P., et al. L. e plant oxalates 15%). Leaf: some anthraquinone content. Should be should not exceed "Nutritional value of (0.3%); anthraquinones declared. 45-90 mg/day. foods in relation to their root: detected. Anthraquinone oxalic acid anthraqui intake should not content." The American nones: exceed 50 mg daily. journal of clinical e.g. nutrition 25.11 (1972): emodin, 1147-1152.;Sendelbach, physcion, L. E. (1989). A review of rhein the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Rumex Polygonacea whole plant whole Leaf: Leaf: tannins (4%- Toxicity due to oxalate and Oxalate intake Singh, P. P., et al. acetosella L. e plant oxalates 10%). Leaf: some anthraquinone content. Should be should not exceed "Nutritional value of (0.3%); anthraquinones declared. 45-90 mg/day. foods in relation to their root: detected. Anthraquinone oxalic acid anthraqui intake should not content." The American nones: exceed 50 mg daily. journal of clinical e.g. nutrition 25.11 (1972): emodin, 1147-1152.;Sendelbach, physcion, L. E. (1989). A review of rhein the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Rumex alpinus L. Polygonacea whole plant whole Oxalic Toxicity due to oxalate and Oxalate intake Singh, P. P., et al. e plant acid; anthraquinone content. Should be should not exceed "Nutritional value of anthraqui declared. 45-90 mg/day. foods in relation to their none Anthraquinone oxalic acid derivative intake should not content." The American s: e.g. exceed 50 mg daily. journal of clinical emodin, nutrition 25.11 (1972): physcion 1147-1152.;Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). A review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240.; Bohner, A. (2005). Rumicetum alpine Berger 1922– species composition, soilchemical properties, and mineral element content. Wulfenia, 12, 113-126.

Rumex Polygonacea Rumex whole plant whole Oxalic Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Rada, K., & Brazdova, V. conglomeratus e acutus plant acid; content (not more than 50 mg intake should not (1972). [Anthracene Murray Sm. hydroxym anthraquinones in plant extracts). exceed 50 mg daily. derivatives in various ethylanth Should be declared. Should be Rumex species (Rumex raquinon consumed under conglomeratus MURR., es medical supervision Rumex hymenosepalus TORREY, Rumex orientalis)]. Ceskoslovenska farmacie, 21(7), 302- 305.; Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). A review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Rumex crispus L. Polygonacea whole plant whole Leaf: Leaf: tannins (3%- Toxicity due to oxalate and Oxalate intake Rahman, M. M., & e plant oxalates; 6%). Leaf: some anthraquinone content. Should be should not exceed Kawamura, O. (2011). root: anthraquinones declared. 45-90 mg/day. Oxalate accumulation anthraqui detected. Anthraquinone in forage plants: Some. nones intake should not Agronomic, Climatic (1%-2.5%): exceed 50 mg daily. and Genetic Aspects. e.g. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. emodin, Vol. 24, No. 3 : 439 - 448 physcion, ;Sendelbach, L. E. rhein (1989). A review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Rumex longifolius Polygonacea whole plant whole oxalic Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). DC. e plant acid; content (not more than 50 mg intake should not A review of the toxicity anthraqui anthraquinones in plant extracts). exceed 50 mg daily. and carcinogenicity of none Should be declared. Should be anthraquinone derivative consumed under derivatives. Toxicology, s medical supervision 57(3), 227-240.

Rumex Polygonacea whole plant whole Calciumo Tannins (12%-20%) Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Fairbairn, J. W., & obtusifolius L. e plant xalate, ; content (not more than 50 mg intake should not Muhtadi, F. J. (1972). The anthraqui anthraquinones in plant extracts). exceed 50 mg daily. biosynthesis and none Should be declared. Should be metabolism of derivative consumed under anthraquinones in s: e.g. medical supervision Rumex obtusifolius. emodine, Phytochemistry, 11(1), physcion, 215-219.; Sendelbach, L. aloe- E. (1989). A review of the emodin toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology, 57(3), 227-240. Rumex patientia Polygonacea whole plant whole Root: Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate L. e plant anthraqui extract: 6 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its nones: 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia e.g. Should be Pacific Journal of nepodin , consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), chrysoph medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. anol, "Nutritional value of emodin, foods in relation to their physcion oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Rumex Polygonacea whole plant whole Oxalic Toxicity due to anthraquinone Anthraquinone Sendelbach, L. E. (1989). sanguineus L. e plant acid, content (not more than 50 mg intake should not A review of the toxicity anthraqui anthraquinones in plant extracts). exceed 50 mg daily. and carcinogenicity of none Should be declared. Should be anthraquinone derivative consumed under derivatives. Toxicology, s: e.g. medical supervision 57(3), 227-240. chrysoph anol; Ruscus aculeatus Asparagace whole plant rhizome Steroidal saponins: Toxic due to saponins. Need to be High doses of Mimaki, Y., Kuroda, M., L. ae e.g; ruscogenin, declared on plant extracts. diosgenin type of Kameyama, A., neoruscogenin. steroidal saponins Yokosuka, A., & Sashida, (possibly 1.5 g of Y. (1998). Steroidal saponins daily) may saponins from the induce underground parts of gastrointestinal Ruscus aculeatus and disturbances and their cytostatic activity exert oestrogenic on HL-60 effects. cells. Phytochemistry, 48 (3), 485-493.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Ruscus Asparagace leaf, rhizome Steroidal Toxic due to saponins. Need to be High doses of De Combarieu, E., hypoglossum L. ae glycosides declared on plant extracts. diosgenin type of Falzoni, M., Fuzzati, N., steroidal saponins Gattesco, F., Giori, A., (possibly 1.5 g of Lovati, M., & Pace, R. saponins daily) may (2002). Identification of induce Ruscus steroidal gastrointestinal saponins by HPLC-MS disturbances and analysis. Fitoterapia, exert oestrogenic 73(7), 583-596.; effects. Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men- Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Sabatia angularis Gentianance aerial part Iridoids: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Jensen, S. R., & (L.) Pursh ae gentiopicroside, iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Schripsema, J. (2002). erythrocentaurin, declared. daily for an adult. Chemotaxonomy and gentiopicrin pharmacology of Gentianaceae. Gentian aceae-Systematics and Natural History , 5, 574- 631. Saccharina Laminariace Laminaria thallus Fucoidans, Toxicity of (concentrated) extracts of Edible seaweed. Bilan, M. I., Grachev, A. latissima (L.) ae saccharin mannitol, alginic the seaseed due to fucoidans. However, fucoidans A., Shashkov, A. S., Kelly, C.E.Lane, a (L.) J.V. acid, sum lipids Content should be stated. have anti-coagulant M., Sanderson, C. J., C.Mayes, Druehl Lam. properties and are Nifantiev, N. E., & Usov, & G.W.Saunders contraindicated in A. I. (2010). Further patients on studies on the conventional and composition and herbal structure of a fucoidan anticoagulants. preparation from the brown alga Saccharina latissima. Carbohydrate research, 345(14), 2038- 2047.; Chevolot, L., Foucault, A., Chaubet, F., Kervarec, N., Sinquin, C., Fisher, A.-M., et al. (1999). Further data on the structure of brown seaweed fucans: Relationships with anticoagulant activity. Carbohydrate Research, 319, 154–165 Salix alba L. Salicaceae bark, bud, bark, leaf Salicylate Salix intake EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Kenstaviciene, P., flower, leaf s: e.g. possibly Toxicity with 120 mg of extract. salicylates should Nenortiene, P., salicin, associated with Content of salicylate should be not exceed 15.3 mg Kiliuviene, G., salicortin Reyes syndrome ? declared for plant material used but sensitive subjects Zevzikovas, A., Lukosius, May induce or including EO. may react to 2.6 mg A., & Kazlauskiene, D. increase pre-natal daily. (2008). Application of jaundice. Possible high-performance liquid interference with chromatography for anticoagulants. research of salicin in bark of different varieties of Salix. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 45(8), 644- 651.; Corder, E. H., & Buckley, C. E. (1995). Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275.

Salix caprea L. Salicaceae bark Salicylate Salix intake EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Kenstaviciene, P., s: e.g. possibly Toxicity with 120 mg of extract. salicylates should Nenortiene, P., salicin, associated with Content of salicylate should be not exceed 15.3 mg Kiliuviene, G., salicortin, Reyes syndrome ? declared for plant material used but sensitive subjects Zevzikovas, A., Lukosius, tremulaci May induce or including EO. may react to 2.6 mg A., & Kazlauskiene, D. n increase pre-natal daily. (2008). Application of jaundice. Possible high-performance liquid interference with chromatography for anticoagulants. research of salicin in bark of different varieties of Salix. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 45(8), 644- 651.; Corder, E. H., & Buckley, C. E. (1995). Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Salix fragilis L. Salicaceae bark, leaf Salicylic Salix intake EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Wagner, S., Ureña, A., glycoside possibly Toxicity with 600 mg of extract. salicylates should Reich, E., & Merfort, I. s : eg associated with Content of salicylate should be not exceed 15.3 mg (2008). Validated HPTLC salicortin, Reyes syndrome ? declared for plant material used but sensitive subjects methods for the acetylsali May induce or including EO. may react to 2.6 mg determination of salicin cortin, increase pre-natal daily. in Salix sp. and of tremulaci jaundice. Possible harpagoside in n in interference with Harpogophytum concentr anticoagulants. procumbens. Journal of ation pharmaceutical and from 1% - biomedical analysis, 8% 48(3), 587-591.; Corder, E. H., & Buckley, C. E. (1995). Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Salix pentandra Salicaceae bark, leaf Salicylic Salix intake EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Förster, N., Ulrichs, C., L. glycoside possibly Toxicity with 600 mg of extract. salicylates should Zander, M., Kätzel, R., & s : eg associated with Content of salicylate should be not exceed 15.3 mg Mewis, I. (2012). salicortin, Reyes syndrome ? declared for plant material used but sensitive subjects Influence of the season acetylsali May induce or including EO. may react to 2.6 mg on the salicylate and cortin, increase pre-natal daily. phenolic glycoside tremulaci jaundice. Possible contents in the bark of n in interference with Salix daphnoides, Salix concentr anticoagulants. pentandra, and Salix ation purpurea. Journal of from 3% - Applied Botany and 8% Food Quality, 82(1), 99- 102.; Corder, E. H., & Buckley, C. E. (1995). Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275.

Salix purpurea L. Salicaceae bark, leaf bark, leaf Salicylate EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Förster, N., Ulrichs, C., s: e.g. Toxicity with 600 mg of extract. salicylates should Zander, M., Kätzel, R., & salicin, Content of salicylate should be not exceed 15.3 mg Mewis, I. (2012). salicortin declared for plant material used but sensitive subjects Influence of the season including EO. may react to 2.6 mg on the salicylate and daily. phenolic glycoside contents in the bark of Salix daphnoides, Salix pentandra, and Salix purpurea. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 82(1), 99- 102.; Corder, E. H., & Buckley, C. E. (1995). Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Salvia miltiorrhiza Lamiaceae leaf, root leaf, root Diterpenes: EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Maia, N. B., Bovi, O. A., Bunge tanshinones: e.g. cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Perecin, M. B., Marques, cryptotanshinone, thujone content. Toxicity with 0.03 ml mg/kg of food M. O. M., Granja, N. P., isotanshinone, of oil. (0.001%) & Trujillo, A. L. (2002, August). New crops with potential to produce essential oil with high linalool content helping preserve rosewood-an endangered Amazon species. In XXVI International Horticultural Congress: The Future for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 629 (pp. 39-43).; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Salvia officinalis Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Maia, N. B., Bovi, O. A., L. part oil from cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Perecin, M. B., Marques, leaf: thujone content. Toxicity with 0.03 ml mg/kg of food M. O. M., Granja, N. P., bicyclic of oil. (0.001%) & Trujillo, A. L. (2002, monoterp August). New crops with enes: potential to produce e.g.alpha essential oil with high -thujone linalool content helping (12-65%), preserve rosewood-an beta- endangered Amazon thujone species. In XXVI (1.2- International 35.6%) Horticultural Congress: (total The Future for Medicinal thujone and Aromatic Plants 629 content (pp. 39-43).; Council of 30-60%), Europe, Committee of camphor Experts on Flavouring (4.4-30%) Substances. Natural and sources of flavourings. monoterp Report No. 3. Belgium: ene Council of Europe etheroxid Publishing; 2008 e: 1,8- cineole (8-22.5%); phenylpr opanoids: e.g. methylch avicol

Salvia officinalis Lamiaceae Salvia aerial part; aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Maia, N. B., Bovi, O. A., subsp. lavandulif essential oil part oil: e.g. cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Perecin, M. B., Marques, lavandulifolia olia Vahl monoterp thujone content. Toxicity with 0.001 mg/kg of food M. O. M., Granja, N. P., (Vahl) Gams ene ml of oil. (0.001%) & Trujillo, A. L. (2002, etheroxid August). New crops with e: 1,8 potential to produce cineole; essential oil with high bicyclic linalool content helping monoterp preserve rosewood-an enes: e.g. endangered Amazon camphor, species. In XXVI thujones International (0.5%) Horticultural Congress: The Future for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 629 (pp. 39-43).; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Salvia pratensis L. Lamiaceae whole plant; leaf, stem Leaf and Root; abietane EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Maia, N. B., Bovi, O. A., essential oil stem: diterpenoids. cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Perecin, M. B., Marques, essential Aerial part: thujone content. Toxicity with 0.013 mg/kg of food M. O. M., Granja, N. P., oil polyphenolic ml of oil. (0.001%) & Trujillo, A. L. (2002, (0.073%): compounds e.g; August). New crops with 1,8 flavonoids potential to produce cineole essential oil with high (leaf: 8%, linalool content helping stem: preserve rosewood-an 10%), endangered Amazon thujones species. In XXVI (leaf International alpha Horticultural Congress: thujone: The Future for Medicinal 5.7%, and Aromatic Plants 629 beta (pp. 39-43).; Council of thujone: Europe, Committee of 10,8%, Experts on Flavouring stem: Substances. Natural alpha sources of flavourings. thujone: Report No. 3. Belgium: 0.9%, Council of Europe beta Publishing; 2008 thujone:2 %), camphor (1%) Salvia sclarea L. Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Maia, N. B., Bovi, O. A., (Labiatae) part oil from cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Perecin, M. B., Marques, the herb: thujone content. Toxicity with 0.03 ml mg/kg of food M. O. M., Granja, N. P., monoterp of oil. (0.001%) & Trujillo, A. L. (2002, ene August). New crops with etheroxid potential to produce e: 1,8 essential oil with high cineole linalool content helping (3.23%) preserve rosewood-an and endangered Amazon bicyclic species. In XXVI monoterp International enes: e.g. Horticultural Congress: camphor The Future for Medicinal (1%). and Aromatic Plants 629 Essential (pp. 39-43).; Council of oil from Europe, Committee of the Experts on Flavouring flower: Substances. Natural 1,8 sources of flavourings. cineole Report No. 3. Belgium: (traces), Council of Europe camphor. Publishing; 2008 Sambucus Adoxaceae bark, fruit, bark, Aerial Fresh plant: Low toxicity. Maybe due to the Limit for hydrocyanic Buhrmester, R. A., canadensis L. leaf fruit, leaf part: vomiting and content of cyanogenic glycosides acid (cyanogenic Ebinger, J. E., & Seigler, cyanoge laxative. but content should be declared. compound) use: D. S. (2000). Sambunigrin nic Sambunigrin Fresh plant may induce vomiting and 0.023 mg/kg bw/day and cyanogenic glycoside destroyed by laxative effects. (e.g.1.4 mg/day) variability in populations s: eg heating. of Sambucus sambunig canadensis rin L.(Caprifoliaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 28(7), 689- 695.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953.

Sambucus ebulus Adoxaceae whole plant aerial Aerial Proteins: nigrine b, Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Shokrzadeh, M., & L. part part: ebuline I: cyanogenic glycosides particularly acid (cyanogenic Saravi, S. (2010). The cyanoge Ribosome sambunigrin. Content should be compound) use: chemistry, nic inactivating declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day pharmacology and glycoside proteins. Fresh (e.g.1.4 mg/day) clinical properties of s: eg plant: vomiting, Sambucus ebulus: a sambunig laxative. review. J Med Plants rin Res, 4(2), 95-103.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953.

Sambucus nigra Adoxaceae whole plant whole Cyanoge Presence of lectins Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Jensen, S. R., & Nielsen, L. plant nic in the branches cyanogenic glycosides (800 mg of acid (cyanogenic B. J. (1972). Cyanogenic glycoside plant extract particularly leaves). compound) use: glucosides in Sambucus : S- Content should be declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day nigra L. Acta Chemica sambunig (e.g.1.4 mg/day) Scandinavica, 27(7), rin (3 to 2661-2662.; Council of 17 mg Europe, Committee of HCN /100 Experts on Flavouring g fresh Substances. Natural weight in sources of flavourings. leaf and Report No. 3. Belgium: 3 mg Council of Europe HCN / Publishing; 2008; 100g of Cressey, P., Saunders, fruit) D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Sanguisorba Rosaceae aerial part Flavonoids, Plant contains tannins Extracts The high Lamaison, J. L., Carnat, minor Scop. tannins, triterpene maybe toxic when plant material is concentration of A., & Petitjean-Freytet, glycosides. Food consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- C. (1989, December). be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to [Tannin content and gastrointestinal inhibiting activity of toxicity. Daily intake elastase in Rosaceae]. should not exceed In Annales 1500 mg tannins. pharmaceutiques francaises (Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 335-340).; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Sanguisorba Rosaceae whole plant Flavonoids, Plant contains tannins Extracts The high NONAKA, G. I., officinalis L. ellagitannins (8%), maybe toxic when 18 g plant concentration of ISHIMARU, K., TANAKA, triterpene material is consumed. Content of tannins in bark (8- T., & NISHIOKA, I. (1984). glycosides. Sterols tannins should be declared for plant 20%) usually leads to Tannins and Related material used. gastrointestinal Compounds. XVII.” toxicity. Daily intake Galloylhamameloses should not exceed from Castanea crenata 1500 mg tannins. L. and Sanguisorba officinalis L. Chem Pharm. Bull, 32(2), 483- 489.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Sanicula elata Apiaceae Sanicula leaf, root Triterpenesaponins: Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Matsushita, A., Miyase, Buch.-Ham. ex D. europae e.g. saniculosides for the preparation. concentration of T., Noguchi, H., & Don a L. 10% haemolysis is 7.3 Vander Velde, D. (2004). mg/ml with an Oleanane Saponins average intake of 5 from Sanicula e lata var. g of herb. c hinensis. Journal of natural products, 67(3), 377-383.; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Santalum album Santalaceae bark, wood; Wood essential oil Toxicity due to Z-α-santalol should be Z-α-santalol should Howes, M. J. R., L. essential oil (3-5%): e.g. stated. Pure EO should not be not exceed 35 ppm Simmonds, M. S., & Kite, santalols (cis consumed directly (<0.007 ml of EO). (0.0035 %) daily. G. C. (2004). Evaluation alpha-santaloI Content should be stated. of the quality of (50%). cis-beta- sandalwood essential santalol (20%). oils by gas epi-beta-santalol chromatography–mass (4%) spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1028(2), 307-312.; Luebke, W. (2011). Z-α- santalol. 106-24-1 8007- 13-4. Santolina Asteraceae flowering aerial Essential The amount of EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Grosso, C., Figueiredo, chamaecypariss top, leaf, part oil : camphor can go cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.07 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 A. C., Burillo, J., Mainar, us L. seed camphor up to 25% of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food A. M., Urieta, J. S., (2%), 1,8 according the be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Barroso, J. G., ... & cineole, cultivation place Palavra, A. M. (2009). artemisia Supercritical fluid ketone extraction of the volatile (up to oil from Santolina 35%), chamaecyparissus. Journal of separation science, 32(18), 3215- 3222.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Saponaria Caryophyllac whole plant Triterpenoid Toxic due to quillaia saponins saponin toxic level: Gruenwald J, Brendeler officinalis L. eae saponins: 60 mg in adults daily T, Jaenicke C, Fleming T saponarioside A (orally). Should be (Ed.). Physicians’ desk and B (major) and consumed under reference (PDR) for others. These medical supervision herbal medicines.2. saponins are also Ed.Montvale-w Jersey: called sapotoxins Medical Economics as they are among Company; 2000.; Joint the most irritating FAO/WHO Expert saponins. Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Quillaia extracts. In: Safety evaluation of certain food additives. Geneva: WHO; 2002. (WHO Food Additives Series n. 48). Avalaible from: www.inchem.org/docu ments/jecfa/jecmono/v 48je03.htm Saposhnikovia Apiaceae Siler root root Root Seed: hyperoside Root EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Okuyama, E., divaricata divaricat essential (8%); content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 Hasegawa, T., (Turcz.) Schischk um oil (0.1%) : should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal Matsushita, T., Fujimoto, (Turcz.) furanoco used. use). Should be H., Ishibashi, M., & Benth. & umarins : consumed under Yamazaki, M. (2001). Hook. f. e.g. medical supervision Analgesic components psoralen, of saposhnikovia root bergapte (Saposhnikovia n divaricata). CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN-TOKYO-, 49(2), 154-160.; Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry. Sargassum Sargassacea Hizikia thallus thallus Potentiall Hiziki algae may Content of fucoidans should be Brown seaweed. Yokoi, K., & Konomi, A. fusiforme e fusiformis y toxic concentrate stated. Heavy metals (esp. As) and Presence of (2012). Toxicity of so- (Harvey) Setchell (Harvey) inorganic arsenic iodine should be monitored. fucoidans. called edible hijiki Okamura arsenicu Accumlation of seaweed (Sargassum m heavy metals, fusiforme) containing amount particularly As, and inorganic iodine. Risk of arsenic. Regulatory thyrotoxicosis. toxicology and pharmacology , 63 (2), 291-297.; Yushan, L., Zheng, C., & Jun, Y. (1996). DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENTS OF IODINE AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN SEVEN ALGAE OF SARGASSUM SP.[J]. Chinese Journal of Marine Drugs, 4, 010.; Ale, M. T., Mikkelsen, J. D., & Meyer, A. S. (2011). Important determinants for fucoidan bioactivity: A critical review of structure-function relations and extraction methods for fucose- containing sulfated polysaccharides from brown seaweeds. Marine drugs, 9(10), 2106-2130.

Sarracenia Sarraceniace leaf, rhizome Iridoid glucoside: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Hu, J. F., Starks, C. M., purpurea L. ae morroniside. iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Williams, R. B., Rice, S. Flavonoid: declared. daily for an adult. M., Norman, V. L., Olson, hyperoside. K. M., ... & Eldridge, G. R. (2009). Secoiridoid glycosides from the pitcher plant sarracenia alata. Helvetica Chimica Acta , 92 (2), 273-280. Satureja hortensis Lamiaceae flowering Aerial part: Toxicity due to carvacrol and Some cultivars may Livingston, A. E. (1921). L. top, seed essential oil (0.2%- cymene in EO. The content of contain high The comparative 3%) : e.g. carvacrol and derivatives should be amount of carvacrol toxicity of thymol and carvacrol (67.00%), stated. in EO. 2.5 g or 3 ml of carvacrol (isothymol). γ-terpinene EO may be fatal. Public Health Reports (15.3%), and p- (1896-1970), 1317-1331. cymene (6.73%), α–terpinene (1.29%), β– caryophyllene (1.90%) and β– bisabolene (1.01%)

Satureja Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Kustrak, D., Kuftinec, J., montana L. part oil: cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.005 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Blazevic, N., & Maffei, M. monoterp ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food (1996). Comparison of ene should be declared for plant material (0.001%) the essential oil etheroxid used. composition of two e: 1,8- subspecies of Satureja cineole montana. Journal of (0.59%) Essential Oil Research, and 8(1), 7-13.; Council of bicyclic Europe, Committee of monoterp Experts on Flavouring enes: e.g. Substances. Natural camphor sources of flavourings. (0.21%) Report No. 3. Belgium: and Council of Europe phenylpr Publishing; 2008 opanoids: e.g. methyleu genol (25 -415 ppm). Satureja thymbra Lamiaceae aerial part; Essential oil: Toxicity due to carvacrol and Some cultivars may Livingston, A. E. (1921). L. essential oil monoterpenes cymene in EO. The content of contain high The comparative e.g.: terpineol, carvacrol and derivatives should be amount of carvacrol toxicity of thymol and para-cymene; stated. in EO. 2.5 g or 3 ml of carvacrol (isothymol). sequiterpenes e.g. EO may be fatal. Public Health Reports caryophyllene; (1896-1970), 1317-1331. phenols e.g.: thymol, carvacrol Schinus molle L. Anacardiace fruit, leaf, There is no urushiol Toxicity due to the presence of α- The berry oil Maffei, M., & Chialva, F. ae resin present. Leaf: and β-phellandrene. Toxic dose is contains a high (1990). Essential oils from isoquercitrine 6-O- not yet established. amount of α- and β- Schinus molle L. berries p- phellandrene and and leaves. Flavour and hydroxybenzoaat, limonene (30.2%, Fragrance Journal , 5(1), 2-O- -L- 9.6% and 9.3% 49-52. rhamnopyranosyl- respectively) hyperine, 6-O- gallaat, galluszuur, methylgallaat, chlorogeenzuur, 2- -L- rhamnopyranosyl- hyperine, quecetine, 3-O- - D- neohesperidoside, miquelianine, quercetine 3-O- - D- galacturonopyran oside, isoquercetrine, hyperine, isoquecitrine 6- gallaat, hyperine 6-O-gallaat en catechine. Scorzonera Compositae root Food Declaration that the plant is not Crown galls due A. Bagni, N., Fracassini, D. hispanica L. infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens contain S., & Corsini, E. (1972). tumefaciens or does not have any spermidine and Tumors of Scorzonera galls. putrescine, toxic hispanica: their content polyamines. in polyamines. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie , 67 ( 1), 19-23.

Scrophularia Scrophularia root Iridoids: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Li, Y. M., Jiang, S. H., ningpoensis ceae harpagoside, iridoid glycosides (1.25 g of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Gao, W. Y., & Zhu, D. Y. Helmsl. harpagide,… extract). Content should be daily for an adult. (1999). Iridoid glycosides declared. from Scrophularia ningpoensis. Phytochem istry , 50 (1), 101-104. Scutellaria Lamiaceae leaf, root leaf, root O- Long term Content of wogonin in roots should Wogonin acts at Hui, K. M., Huen, M. S., baicalensis methylat administration of be declared. benzodiazepine Wang, H. Y., Zheng, H., Georgi ed 120 mg of wogonin sites. It is an Sigel, E., Baur, R., ... & flavone: per kg to rats anxiolytic and can Xue, H. (2002). Anxiolytic wogonin resulted in heart interfere with BZD effect of wogonin, a injury. Wogonin is therapy. benzodiazepine only present in receptor ligand isolated small amounts in from Scutellaria the root. baicalensis Georgi. Biochemical pharmacology , 64 (9), 1415-1424. Scutellaria Lamiaceae whole plant Often adulterated Content of wogonin in roots should Wogonin acts at Bergeron, C., Gafner, S., lateriflora L. with Teucrium be declared. benzodiazepine Clausen, E., & Carrier, D. chamaedys and T sites. It is an J. (2005). Comparison of canadense. anxiolytic and can the chemical Teucrium is known interfere with BZD composition of extracts for hepatotoxicity therapy. from Scutellaria due to the lateriflora using presence of furano accelerated solvent diterpenoid extraction and neoclerodanes. S. supercritical fluid laterifolia contains extraction versus flavonoids: standard hot water or baicaleine, 70% ethanol baicalin, laterifolin extraction. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry ,53 (8), 3076- 3080. Sedum acre L. Crassulacea aerial part aerial Alpha Toxicity due to piperidine alkaloids. Piperidine alkaloids Cheeke, P. R. (1989). e part substitute Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Toxicants of plant origin: d dose of 15 mg Alkaloids (Vol. 1). CRC piperidin (pilocarpine) daily in Press. e adults. alkaloids : e.g. sedacrine Sedum album L. Crassulacea leaf Possible In some Sedum Toxicity due to piperidine alkaloids. Piperidine alkaloids Cheeke, P. R. (1989). e presence species presence Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Toxicants of plant origin: of of alkaloids dose of 15 mg Alkaloids (Vol. 1). CRC piperidin (pilocarpine) daily in Press. e adults. alkaloids Selenicereus Cactaceae Cereus flower Flower: Selenicereus extracts should prove to This cactus contains BENTLEY, K. (1982). 1 g- grandiflorus (L.) grandiflor glucosilated be free from alkaloids. hordenine as its Phenylethylamines 3- Britton & Rose us (L.) Mill. flavonoids major Methoxytyramine and phenylalkylamine heliamine have been alkaloid isolated from Backebegia 1 2 militaris, salicifoline from Magnolia sprengeri, tyramine and 3 N- methyltyramine from Coryphantha missouriensis, and hordenine 3 4 from C. missouriensis, Papaver litwlnowii, Selenicereus pteranthus. The Alkaloids , 13 , 122.; Brown, S. D., Massingill, J. L., & Hodgkins, J. E. (1968). Cactus alkaloids. Phytochemistry, 7(11), 2031-2036. Senna Leguminosae Cassia leaf, pod Hydroxya No toxicity by Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Integrated Risk alexandrina Mill. , (Fabaceae) acutifolia leaf, pod nthracen normal use (plant extract 720 mg). Should be anthracene is 0.3 Information System - Delile, eglycosid (emodin and declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Anthracene (CASRN Cassia es (2.5% potential emodin mg daily in adults 120-12-7) - alexandri in leaves, too low to be of orally. http://www.epa.gov/iris na 2.2% in concern). /subst/0434.htm (Garsault) pods): Thell., e.g Cassia sennoside angustifol s, ia M.Vahl , Cassia senna L., Senna acutifolia (Delile) Batka, Senna alexandri na Garsault, Senna angustifol ia (Vahl) Batka.

Senna obtusifolia Fabaceae whole plant whole Anthraqui Seeds deliver Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Integrated Risk (L.) H.S.Irwin & plant nones: cassia gum and (plant extract 300 mg). Should be anthracene is 0.3 Information System - Barneby e.g. are roasted to be declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Anthracene (CASRN emodin used as coffee mg daily in adults 120-12-7) - substitute; orally. http://www.epa.gov/iris /subst/0434.htm

Senna Leguminosae bark, leaf seed Unknown Seeds: Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Integrated Risk occidentalis (L.) phytotoxi hepatoencephalo (plant extract 300 mg). Should be anthracene is 0.3 Information System - Link n pathy syndrome in declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Anthracene (CASRN horses after mg daily in adults 120-12-7) - ingestion. orally. http://www.epa.gov/iris Alcoholic extract /subst/0434.htm orally to rats in acute and subacute toxicity studies showed no toxicity. Cases of encephalopathy in children described. Senna tora (L.) Leguminosae leaf, seed Seed: leaf: polyphenols, Toxicity due to athracene content Safety limit for Integrated Risk Roxb. anthraqui ononitol. (plant extract 300 mg). Should be anthracene is 0.3 Information System - none Anthraquinones: declared. mg/kg/day, i.e. 18 Anthracene (CASRN derivative at high doses mg daily in adults 120-12-7) - s: e.g. purgative orally. http://www.epa.gov/iris emodin, /subst/0434.htm chrysobtu sin, alatermin , cassiasid e…tetra methoxy- methyl- anthraqui nones. Sequoiadendron Taxodiaceae leaf, essential leaf Leaf: resin Toxicity due to α-terpineol should be α-terpineol should Levinson, A. S., Lemoine, giganteum oil and stated. Pure EO should not be not exceed 40 ppm G., & Smart, E. C. (1971). (Lindl.) essential consumed directly. Content should (0.004 %) daily. Volatile oil from foliage J.Buchholz oil. be stated. of Sequoiadendron Essential giganteum: change in oil: composition during monoterp growth. Phytochemistry, enes: e.g. 10(5), 1087-1094.; safrole, Luebke, W. (2011). α- 1,8 terpineol. 89-83-8. cineole, O- methyleu genol, elemicin, Serenoa repens Arecaceae Serenoa fruit fruit Lipido-sterolic Fruit extracts are allowed for food n-hexane Plosker, G. L., & (W.Bartram) serrulata fraction: reported use. lipidosterolic extract Brogden, R. N. (1996). Small (Michx.) anti-androgenic exhibits anti- Serenoa repens G. and anti- androgenic activity (Permixon®). Drugs & Nicholson estrogenic activity. in men, and anti- aging , 9(5), 379-395. ; Serenoa oestrogenic activity. serrulata (Michx.) Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks .; Sabal serrulata (Michx.) Schult.f. Sesamum Pedaliaceae Sesamum seed Fatty oil, lignans, Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Oakenfull, D., & Potter, indicum L. orientale steroids Content should be stated. steroidal saponins J. D. (2001). L. (possibly 1.5 g of Determination of the saponins daily) may saponin content of induce foods. CRC Handbook gastrointestinal of Dietary Fiber in disturbances and Human Nutrition, 127- exert oestrogenic 130.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. effects. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Seseli tortuosum Apiaceae aerial part Plant contains EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Abyshev, A. Z., & L. coumarin Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Abyshev, D. Z. (1983). derivatives: declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 The coumarin campestrinol, mg/day at body composition ofSeseli tortuosin , weight of 60 kg). tortuosum. Chemistry of tortuosinin, Should be Natural Compounds, tortuosinol,tortuosi consumed under 19(6), 668-672.; din. Essential oil: medical supervision European Food Safety e.g. α-pinene Authority. Opinion of the (35.9%), sabinene Scientific Panel on food (8.8%), (E)- additives, flavourings, sesquilavandulol processing aids and (8.4%) and β- material in contact with pinene (7.0%). food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Sideritis syriaca L. Lamiaceae aerial part Leaf oil: Toxicity due to α-bisabolol should be α-bisabolol in Armata, M., Gabrieli, C., hexadecanoic stated. Pure EO should not be essential oil should Termentzi, A., Zervou, M., acid (31.1%), epi- consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). not exceed 30 ppm & Kokkalou, E. (2008). alpha-bisabolol Content should be stated. (0.003%) daily. Constituents of Sideritis (14.5%), benzyl Extracts from aerial syriaca. ssp. syriaca benzoate (7.5%), parts contain (Lamiaceae) and their and (E)- polyphenols with a antioxidant caryophyllene safe profile. activity. Food (6.4%). chemistry, 111(1), 179- Inflorescences: 186.; Luebke, W. (2011). epi-alpha- α-bisabolol. 515-69-5 bisabolol (25.7%), 21090-60-8.; Tirillini, B., benzyl benzoate Pellegrino, R., Menghini, (17.7%), L., Pagiotti, R., & hexadecanoic Menghini, A. (2001). acid (7.8%), Composition of the oil of Sideritis syriaca L. from Italy. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 13(6), 444- 445. Sigesbeckia Compositae Sigesbec leaf, root Diterpenoids: e.g. Toxicity due to α‐‐‐Farnesene should α‐Farnesenel should Heinrich, G., Pfeifhofer, orientalis L. kia orientalin A, and B be stated. Pure EO should not be not exceed 20 ppm H. W., Stabentheiner, E., serrata consumed directly (<0.04 ml of EO). (0.002 %) daily. & Sawidis, T. (2002). DC. Content should be stated. Glandular hairs of Sigesbeckia jorullensis Kunth (Asteraceae): morphology, histochemistry and composition of essential oil. Annals of botany, 89(4), 459-469.; Luebke, W. (2011). α‐Farnesene. 502-61-4 21499-64-9. Silaum silaus (L.) Apiaceae fruit, root fruit Essential Root: phtalides. Possible toxicity due to myristicin Chizzola, R. (2008). Shinz Et Thell. oil: e.g. should be stated. Pure EO should not Variability of the volatile myristicin be consumed directly. Content oil composition in a (major should be stated. population of Silaum compoun silaus from Eastern d) Austria. Natural Product Communications , 3(7), 1141-1144. Silybum Compositae aerial part Herb: flavonoids, Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Abu-zaiton, A. S. (2013). marianum (L.) steroids, polyynes, Content should be stated. steroidal saponins Evaluating the Effect of Gaertn. organic acids. (possibly 1.5 g of Silybum marianum Seed: saponins daily) may Extract on Blood flavonolignans: induce Glucose, Liver and sylimarin: e.g. gastrointestinal Kidney Functions in silibinin, isosilibinin, disturbances and Diabetic Rats. silicristin and exert oestrogenic Advanced Studies in silidianin effects. Biology, 5(10), 447-454.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Simarouba Simaroubace cortex cortex Quassinoi Some toxicity from Seed oil of Simarouba is safe. The edible oil of Polonsky, J. (1973). amara Aubl. ae ds: e.g. the wood in dogs Aqueous extracts of the seed or Simarouba glauca Quassinoid bitter acetylgla and horses other plant parts are toxic and does not contain principles. In Fortschritte ucarubin therefore not advisable as food quassinoids. der Chemie e, supplements. Although the toxic Organischer glaucaru bitter quassinoids Naturstoffe (pp. 101- binone are found in the 150). Springer Vienna.; seeds (= 2%), they Wright, C. W., O'Neill, M. are not extracted in J., Phillipson, J. D., & the oil. Warhurst, D. C. (1988). Use of microdilution to assess in vitro antiamoebic activities of Brucea javanica fruits, Simarouba amara stem, and a number of quassinoids. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 32(11), 1725-1729.; Rout, P. K., Rao, Y. R., Jena, K. S., Sahoo, D., & Ali, S. (2014). Safety evaluation of Simarouba glauca seed fat. Journal of food science and technology, 51(7), 1349- 1355. Sisymbrium Brassicaceae Erysimum aerial part aerial Young Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Di Sotto, A., Vitalone, A., officinale (L) officinale part leaves: glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Nicoletti, M., Piccin, A., Scop. L. cardioact glycosides). Content should be (goitrogenic & Mazzanti, G. (2010). ive declared. glycosides) use: 5 Pharmacological and steroid mg/day). These phytochemical study on glycoside exhibit antithyroid a Sisymbrium officinale s (0.05%): activity. Scop. extract. Journal of e.g. ethnopharmacology, corchoro 127(3), 731-736.; side and Chandra, A. K., helvetico Mukhopadhyay, S., side; Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. glucosinol (2004). Goitrogenic ates: e.g. content of Indian sinigrin, cyanogenic plant food glucoputr & their in vitro anti- anjivin, thyroidal activity. Indian gluconap Journal of Medical in, Research, 119, 180-185.; glucococ Williamson G. (2008) hlearin, Glucosinolates from glucoche Brassica vegetables:risks irolin, and benefits. University glucobras of Leeds. sicin and (http://www.tekno.dk/p neogluco df/projekter/STOA- brassicin. human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Sium latifolium L. Apiaceae aerial part aerial Essential These Toxicity due to alpha-pinene should alpha-pinene Letchamo, W., Korolyuk, part oil (7%): polyacetylenes be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not E. A., & Tkachev, A. V. polyacet cause consumed directly (<0.12 ml of EO). exceed 160 ppm (2005). Chemical ylenes gastroenteritis, Content should be stated. (0.016%) daily. Screening of Essential Oil vomiting, Bearing Flora of Siberia diarrhoea, III. Composition of the weakness, nausea, Essential Oil of Sium bradycardia and latifolium L. Tops from muscle paralysis. Altai Region. Journal of Toxic to sheep Essential Oil causing acute Research,17(4), 396- gastro-enteritis. 397.; Luebke, W. (2011). Cattle show signs alpha-pinene 80-56-8. of stupor and sometimes they suddenly die. Smilax Smilacaceae Smilax rhizome, root Steroidal saponins Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Challinor, V. L., Parsons, aristolochiifolia medica (0.5%-3%): e.g. Content should be stated. steroidal saponins P. G., Chap, S., White, E. Mill. Schltdl. et disporoside A (possibly 1.5 g of F., Blanchfield, J. T., Cham. saponins daily) may Lehmann, R. P., & De induce Voss, J. J. (2012). gastrointestinal Steroidal saponins from disturbances and the roots of Smilax sp.: exert oestrogenic structure and effects. bioactivity. Steroids, 77(5), 504-511.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Smilax aspera L. Smilacaceae rhizome, root, Presence of Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Challinor, V. L., Parsons, (Liliaceae) shootroot steroidal saponins: Content should be stated. steroidal saponins P. G., Chap, S., White, E. e.g. curillin G, (possibly 1.5 g of F., Blanchfield, J. T., asparagoside E, saponins daily) may Lehmann, R. P., & De asparoside B that induce Voss, J. J. (2012). are poorly gastrointestinal Steroidal saponins from absorbed disturbances and the roots of Smilax sp.: exert oestrogenic structure and effects. bioactivity. Steroids, 77(5), 504-511.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Smilax china L. Smilacaceae whole plant Steroidal saponins; Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Challinor, V. L., Parsons, catechins, Content should be stated. steroidal saponins P. G., Chap, S., White, E. (possibly 1.5 g of F., Blanchfield, J. T., saponins daily) may Lehmann, R. P., & De induce Voss, J. J. (2012). gastrointestinal Steroidal saponins from disturbances and the roots of Smilax sp.: exert oestrogenic structure and effects. bioactivity. Steroids, 77(5), 504-511.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Smilax cordifolia Smilacaceae rhizome, root Steroidal saponins Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Challinor, V. L., Parsons, Humb. & Bonpl. Content should be stated. steroidal saponins P. G., Chap, S., White, E. ex Willd. (possibly 1.5 g of F., Blanchfield, J. T., saponins daily) may Lehmann, R. P., & De induce Voss, J. J. (2012). gastrointestinal Steroidal saponins from disturbances and the roots of Smilax sp.: exert oestrogenic structure and effects. bioactivity. Steroids, 77(5), 504-511.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Smilax glabra Smilacaceae rhizome, root Flavonol Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Challinor, V. L., Parsons, Roxb. glucosides: e.g. Content should be stated. steroidal saponins P. G., Chap, S., White, E. isoengetitin, (possibly 1.5 g of F., Blanchfield, J. T., isoastilbin and saponins daily) may Lehmann, R. P., & De astilbin. Steroidal induce Voss, J. J. (2012). saponins: e.g. gastrointestinal Steroidal saponins from smilagenin. High disturbances and the roots of Smilax sp.: dose of saponins exert oestrogenic structure and and long term use effects. bioactivity. Steroids, might irritate 77(5), 504-511.; Zava, D. gastrointestinal T., Dollbaum, C. M., & system. Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Smilax officinalis Smilacaceae root Steroidal saponins: Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Challinor, V. L., Parsons, Kunth sarsaporin,parallin, Content should be stated. steroidal saponins P. G., Chap, S., White, E. sarsasapogenin, (possibly 1.5 g of F., Blanchfield, J. T., neotigogenin that saponins daily) may Lehmann, R. P., & De are poorly induce Voss, J. J. (2012). absorbed gastrointestinal Steroidal saponins from disturbances and the roots of Smilax sp.: exert oestrogenic structure and effects. bioactivity. Steroids, 77(5), 504-511.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Smilax Smilacaceae Smilax rhizome, root Steroidal saponins Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Challinor, V. L., Parsons, purhampuy Ruiz febrifuga Content should be stated. steroidal saponins P. G., Chap, S., White, E. Kunth (possibly 1.5 g of F., Blanchfield, J. T., saponins daily) may Lehmann, R. P., & De induce Voss, J. J. (2012). gastrointestinal Steroidal saponins from disturbances and the roots of Smilax sp.: exert oestrogenic structure and effects. bioactivity. Steroids, 77(5), 504-511.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Smilax regelii Smilacaceae rhizome, root Steroidal saponins Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Challinor, V. L., Parsons, Killip & C.V. Content should be stated. steroidal saponins P. G., Chap, S., White, E. Morton (possibly 1.5 g of F., Blanchfield, J. T., saponins daily) may Lehmann, R. P., & De induce Voss, J. J. (2012). gastrointestinal Steroidal saponins from disturbances and the roots of Smilax sp.: exert oestrogenic structure and effects. bioactivity. Steroids, 77(5), 504-511.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Solanum Solanaceae Solanum fruit, root whole Glycosidi The ripe fruit Toxicity due to steroidal saponins in High doses of Aubert, S., Daunay, M. melongena L. ovigerum plant, c contains only seeds and leaves. Content should be steroidal saponins C., & Pochard, E. (1989). Dun. unripe steroidal traces of alkaloids stated. Ripe fruit has traces of (possibly 1.5 g of Saponins and steroidic fruit alkaloids: and is consumed saponins saponins daily) may alcaloids of egg-plant e.g. as food (eggplant) induce (Solanum melongena solanine , gastrointestinal L.). 1. Food interest solasodin disturbances and analytical methodology, e exert oestrogenic localisation in fruit effects. [Solanaceae, alkaloids, sensory quality]. Agronomie (France).; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Solanum Solanaceae tuber tuber Glycosidi Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate tuberosum L. c extract: 30 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its steroidal Only tubers are edible. Avoid green 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia alkaloids: parts and shoots. Should be Pacific Journal of solanine consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), in shoot medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. and "Nutritional value of green foods in relation to their part oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Solidago Compositae aerial part Flavonoids (1.4%), Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Bader, G., Wray, V., & virgaurea L. anthocyanidins, for the preparation. concentration of Hiller, K. (1995). The main saponins (2.4%) , 10% haemolysis is 7.3 saponins from the aerial phenolic mg/ml with an parts and the roots of glucosides, average intake of 5 Solidago virgaurea diterpenes, phenol g of herb. subsp. virgaurea. Planta carboxylic acids, medica, 61(2), 158-161.; catechols (10 – Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, 15%), C., Massiot, G., & Men- polysaccharides. Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Sorbus Rosaceae aerial part seed Cyanoge Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Ebinger, J. E., & aucuparia L. nic cyanogenic glycosides. Content acid (cyanogenic Bergman, D. L. (1987, glycoside should be declared. compound) use: January). Cyanogenesis s 0.023 mg/kg bw/day in Woody Ornamentals. (e.g.1.4 mg/day) In Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science (Vol. 97, pp. 109-114).; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Sorghum bicolor Poaceae grain, young shoot Shoot: Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Møller, B. L., & Conn, E. (L.) Moench shoot cyanoge cyanogenic glycosides (35 mg of acid (cyanogenic E. (1980). The nic plant extract). Content should be compound) use: biosynthesis of derivative declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day cyanogenic glucosides s (HCN: (e.g.1.4 mg/day) in higher plants. 240mg/10 Channeling of 0g) intermediates in dhurrin biosynthesis by a microsomal system from Sorghum bicolor (linn) Moench. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 255(7), 3049-3056.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Spatholobus Leguminosae stem Isoflavon Content of isoflavones should be Isoflavones daily Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang suberectus Dunn. es: e.g. declared. intake should not PY, Katoh R. Soy formonon exceed 90 mg. isoflavone intake inhibits etin, These are bone resorption and daidzein, contraindicated in stimulates bone calycosin cystic fibrosis, breast formation in and endometrial menopausal women: cancers, kidney meta-analysis of failure, randomized controlled hypothyroidism and trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. diabetes. 2008;62(2):155-161.; Lee, M. H., Lin, Y. P., Hsu, F. L., Zhan, G. R., & Yen, K. Y. (2006). Bioactive constituents of Spatholobus suberectus in regulating tyrosinase- related proteins and mRNA in HEMn cells. Phytochemistry, 67(12), 1262-1270.

Spergularia rubra Caryophyllac aerial part Non-acylated C- Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Vinholes, J., Grosso, C., (L.) J.Presl & C. eae glycosyl flavones extract: 630 mg). Should be should not exceed Andrade, P. B., Gil- Presl. (38%), C-glycosyl declared. 45-90 mg/day. Izquierdo, A., Valentão, flavones acylated Should be P., De Pinho, P. G., & with aromatic consumed under Ferreres, F. (2011). In acids (36%), C- medical supervision vitro studies to assess the glycosyl flavones antidiabetic, anti- acylated with cholinesterase and aliphatic acids antioxidant potential of (13%) and 10% Spergularia rubra. Food corresponded to Chemistry, 129(2), 454- C-glycosyl flavones 462.; Singh, P. P., et al. with a mixed "Nutritional value of acylation. Organic foods in relation to their acids: oxalic, citric, oxalic acid malic, quinic and content." The American fumaric acids and journal of clinical fatty acids: nutrition 25.11 (1972): azelaic, myristic, 1147-1152. palmitic, linoleic, linolenic and stearic acids. Spinacia Amaranthac leaf leaf Oxalic Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate oleracea L. eae acid (1%) extract: 3 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia Should be Pacific Journal of consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. "Nutritional value of foods in relation to their oxalic acid content." The American journal of clinical nutrition 25.11 (1972): 1147-1152. Stachys officinalis Lamiaceae Betonica aerial part Leaf: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Radnai, E., Dobos, A., (L.) Trevis. officinalis phenylethanoid iridoid glycosides (0.88 ml of EO). toxicity is at 2.2 mg Veres, K., Tòth, L., L. glycosides: e.g. Content should be declared) daily for an adult. Mathé, I., Janicsak, G., betonyosides A-F. & Blunden, G. (2003). Roots: diterpene Essential oils in some glycoside.g. Stachys species growing betonicosides A-D in Hungary. Acta Hort , 597 , 137-142. Stachys recta L. Lamiaceae aerial part Iridoids: e.g. Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Lenherr, A., Meier, B., & ajugoside, iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Sticher, O. (1984). aucubin, declared. daily for an adult. Modern HPLC as a Tool harpagide for Chemotaxonomical derivatives. Investigations: Iridoid Flavonoids and Glucosides and acylated Acetylated Flavonoids flavonoids in the Group of Stachys recta1. Planta medica , 50 (5), 403-409. Stachys sylvatica Lamiaceae aerial part Aerial part: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Radnai, E., Dobos, A., L. essential oil (0.001- iridoid glycosides (0.88 ml of EO). toxicity is at 2.2 mg Veres, K., Tòth, L., 0.007%): e.g. Content should be declared) daily for an adult. Mathé, I., Janicsak, G., pinenes & Blunden, G. (2003). Essential oils in some Stachys species growing in Hungary. Acta Hort , 597 , 137-142. Stemmacantha Asteraceae Rhaponti root Ecdysteroids; Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Timofeev, N. P. (2008). carthamoides cum polypodines A and Content should be stated. steroidal saponins ECDYSTEROIDS: USAGE (Willd.) Dittrich cartham B. Synonym: (possibly 1.5 g of IN MEDICINE, SOURCES, oides Leuzea saponins daily) may AND BIOLOGICAL (Willd.) carthamoides, induce ACTIVITY (REVIEW). Iljin Rhaponticum gastrointestinal Functional Foods for carthamoides. disturbances and Chronic Diseases: exert oestrogenic Advances in the effects. Development of Functional Foods, 171.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Styphnolobium Leguminosae Sophora leaf, flower pod, Seed: Pods: abortifacient Extracts, particularly from the seeds, Senecionine, Kite, G. C., & japonicum (L.) (Fabaceae) japonica seed quinolizidi effect reported. containing Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are pyrolizidine and Pennington, R. T. (2003). Schott L. ne Seed highly toxic. banned. These are extremely toxic. quinolizidine Quinolizidine alkaloid alkaloids: Flower is a source Content should be stated. alkaloids are toxic at status of Styphnolobium e.g. of rutin concentrations of and Cladrastis cytisine, 0.0001% (1 ppm) in (Leguminosae). N-methyl adults. Biochemical systematics cytisine, and ecology, 31(12), matrine, 1409-1416.; Mattocks, A. sophorine R. (1968). Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Nature, 217, 723-728; Smith, L. W., & Culvenor, C. C. J. (1981). Plant sources of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Journal of Natural Products, 44(2), 129-152.

Styrax benzoides Styracaceae balsamic Benzoic acid (15- Toxicity due to benzoic acid should Benzoic acid Modugno, F., Ribechini, Craib. resin 45 %) and be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not E., & Colombini, M. P. coniferylbenzoate consumed directly (<0.05 ml of EO). exceed 250 ppm (2006). Aromatic Resin (15-60%), vanillin Content should be stated. (0.025%) daily. This Characterisation by Gas (<5%), benzyl extract may be chromatography–mass benzoate (<2%), 2- highly allergenic. spectrometry: raw and hydroxy-1- archaeological phenylethanone materials. Journal of and 1-(4-hydroxy- Chromatography A, 3-methoxyphenyl)- 1134(1), 298-304.; 2-propanone. Luebke, W. (2011).. Highly allergenic. Benzoic acid. 65-85-0 8013-63-6 Styrax tonkinensis Styracaceae balsamic Benzoic acid (15- Toxicity due to benzoic acid should Benzoic acid Hovaneissian, M., (Pierre) Craib ex resin 45 %) and be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not Archier, P., Mathe, C., Hartwich coniferylbenzoate consumed directly (<0.05 ml of EO). exceed 250 ppm Culioli, G., & (15-60%), vanillin Content should be stated. (0.025%) daily. This Vieillescazes, C. (2008). (<5%), benzyl extract may be Analytical investigation benzoate (<2%), 2- highly allergenic. of styrax and benzoin hydroxy-1- balsams by phenylethanone HPLC ‐PAD ‐fluorimetry and 1-(4-hydroxy- and GC ‐MS. 3-methoxyphenyl)- Phytochemical Analysis, 2-propanone. 19(4), 301-310.; Luebke, Highly allergenic. W. (2011).. Benzoic acid. 65-85-0 8013-63-6 Symplocarpus Araceae Spathye leaf, root leaf, root Leaf, Endangered plant. Toxicity due to oxalate (root) and n- Oxalate intake Singh, P. P., et al. foetidus (L.) ma root: hydroxytryptamine (leaf) content. should not exceed "Nutritional value of Salisb. ex foetida calciumo Should be declared. 45-90 mg/day. foods in relation to their W.Barton (L.) Raf. xalate. Should be oxalic acid Root: consumed under content." The American indole medical supervision journal of clinical alkaloids: nutrition 25.11 (1972): biogenic 1147-1152.; Duke, J. A. amines: (2002). Handbook of e.g. medicinal herbs. CRC tryptamin press. e derivative s Syringa vulgaris L. Oleaceae aerial part Fliederoside, Potential toxicity may be due to the Average content of Ahmad, M., & Aftab, K. oleuropein, content of seciridoid glycosides and echinacosides is 1-3 (1995). Hypotensive lilacoside, rutin, echinacosides mainly. Content %. Iridoid glycoside action of syringin from syringin should be declared. toxicity is at 2.2 mg Syringa (eleutheroside B), daily for an adult. vulgaris. Phytotherapy acteoside, Research , 9(6), 452-454.; echinacoside AHMAD, M., Salama, O., & Sticher, O. (1987). ISOLATION OF ECHINACOSIDE FROM THE WHITE FLOWERS OF SYRINGA-VULGARIS. JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF PAKISTAN, 9(3), 451-454.; Schulz, H. (2002). Rapid and Non-Destructive Determination of the Echinacoside Content in Echinacea Roots by ATR-IR and. Planta Med, 68, 926-929. Syzygium Myrtaceae Caryophy flower bud flower Essential The EO is potentially toxic due to toxic level 0.05 aromaticum (L.) llus (clove) bud oil: estragole mg/kg body weight, Merr. et L.M. aromatic (clove) phenylpr i.e. 0.003g Perry us L., opanoids: Eugenia e.g. caryophy methylch llata avicol Thunb. (59.3%), (nom. methyleu illeg.) genol Mansfeld (310-340 ppm) Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae bark, Bark :ellagitannins, Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Zhang, L. L., & Lin, Y. M. (L.) Skeels fruit,leaf,seed ferlic acid, lignans toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of (2009). Antioxidant e.g. cuminiresinol, consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- tannins from Syzygium syzygiresinols A,B. be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to cumini fruit. African Fruit: ellagitannins, gastrointestinal Journal of anthocyanins toxicity. Daily intake Biotechnology, 8(10).; peptidoglycans. should not exceed Samanta, S., Giri, S., Leaf essential oil 1500 mg tannins. Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., (0.04%): Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. epicarveol, C. (2004). Impact of myrtenol. tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Syzygium jambos Myrtaceae fruit, leaf whole Bark: Polyphenols: Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Morton, J. 1987. Rose (L.) Alston plant alkaloid: flavonoid cyanogenic glycosides and acid (cyanogenic Apple. p. 383–386. In: jambosin glycosides: e.g. alkaloids. Content should be compound) use: Fruits of warm climates. e; bark, myristicin; declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Julia F. Morton, Miami, leaf, root, dihydrochalcones: (e.g.1.4 mg/day) FL.; Council of Europe, seed: e.g. phloretin, Committee of Experts unknwon myrigalone; on Flavouring amount hydrolyzable Substances. Natural of tannins (12%) sources of flavourings. cyanoge Report No. 3. Belgium: nic Council of Europe glycoside Publishing; 2008; s Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Syzygium Myrtaceae leaf phenolic Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Council of Europe, malaccense (L.) derivatives: cyanogenic glycosides and acid (cyanogenic Committee of Experts Merr. Et L. M. flavonoids e.g. alkaloids. Content should be compound) use: on Flavouring Perry. myricitrin, declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day Substances. Natural mearnsitrin; (e.g.1.4 mg/day) sources of flavourings. catechin Report No. 3. Belgium: derivatives Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953. Tagetes erecta L. Compositae aerial part whole Flower, Alpha-terthienyl is EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Kagan, J., Gabriel, R., & (Asteraceae) plant leaf, root: considered to be content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 Reed, S. A. (1980). polyines : the phototoxic should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal ALPHA ‐TERTHIENYL, A e.g. principle. used. use). Should be NON ‐PHOTODYNAMIC alpha- consumed under PHOTOTOXIC terthienyl. medical supervision COMPOUND. Essential Photochemistry and oil from Photobiology, 31(5), flower: 465-469.; Lawley, R., tagetone Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (50-60%), (2012). The food safety furocoum hazard guidebook. arins (?), Royal Society of methyleu Chemistry. genol (?) Tagetes minuta L. Compositae aerial part Root: EO toxic due to furanocoumarin Limit for Colvard, M. D., Cordell, polyacetylenes: content. Content of furocoumarin furocoumarins: 1.5 G. A., Villalobos, R., thiophene should be declared for plant material mg/day (internal Sancho, G., Soejarto, D. derivatives; flowers used. use). Should be D., Pestle, W., ... & rich in carotenoids consumed under Michel, J. (2006). Survey medical supervision of medical ethnobotanicals for dental and oral medicine conditions and pathologies. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 107(1), 134-142.; Lawley, R., Curtis, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The food safety hazard guidebook. Royal Society of Chemistry. Tamarix gallica L. Tamaricacea bark, bud, Leaves and flowers contain tannins The high Ksouri, R., Falleh, H., e gum Extracts maybe toxic when 8.5 g concentration of Megdiche, W., Trabelsi, plant material is consumed. Content tannins (10-17%) N., Mhamdi, B., Chaieb, of tannins should be declared for usually leads to K., ... & Abdelly, C. plant material used. gastrointestinal (2009). Antioxidant and toxicity. Daily intake antimicrobial activities should not exceed of the edible medicinal 1500 mg tannins. halophyte Tamarix gallica L. and related polyphenolic constituents. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(8), 2083-2091.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Tanacetum Compositae aerial part Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Bagci, E., Kursat, M., balsamita L. oil from cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.006 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Kocak, A., & Gur, S. the aerial ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food (2008). Composition and parts at should be declared for plant material (0.001%) antimicrobial activity of full used. the essential oils of flowering Tanacetum balsamita L. stage: subsp. balsamita and T. monocyc chiliophyllum (Fisch. et lic Mey.) Schultz Bip. var. monoterp chiliophyllum ene (Asteraceae) from ketone: Turkey. Journal of carvone Essential Oil Bearing (51%); Plants, 11(5), 476-484.; bicyclic Council of Europe, monoterp Committee of Experts enes: on Flavouring beta- Substances. Natural thujone sources of flavourings. (20.8%), Report No. 3. Belgium: alpha- Council of Europe thujone Publishing; 2008 (3.2%); monoterp ene etheroxid e: 1,8- cineole (4.4%) Tanacetum Compositae aerial part aerial Sesquiter Potentially toxic due to camphor (2.5 camphor toxic level Mohsenzadeh, F., parthenium (L.) part pene g of extract). May also contain 30 mg/kg body Chehregani, A., & Amiri, Sch. Bip. lactone: eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) in EO. weight, i.e. 1.8 g. H. (2011). Chemical parthenol Content of camphor and eucalyptol Limit for eucalyptol composition, ide. should be declared for plant material (1,8-cineole) use; 10 antibacterial activity Essential used. mg/kg of food and cytotoxicity of oil: (0.001%). essential oils of bicyclic Tanacetum parthenium monoterp in different enes: e.g. developmental stages. camphor Pharmaceutical biology, (42-64%) 49(9), 920-926.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008

Tanacetum Compositae aerial part Essential Potentially toxic due to camphor (2 g camphor toxic level Judzentiene, A., & vulgare L. oil (0.12- of extract). May also contain 30 mg/kg body Mockute, D. (2005). The 0.18%): eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) in EO (0.002 weight, i.e. 1.8 g. inflorescence and leaf bicyclic ml of oil). Content of eucalypto and Limit for eucalyptol essential oils of monoterp camphorl should be declared for (1,8-cineole) use; 10 Tanacetum vulgare L. enes: plant material used. mg/kg of food var. vulgare growing camphor (0.001%). wild in Lithuania. (up to Biochemical systematics 90%), and ecology, 33(5), 487- thujones 498.; Council of Europe, (up to Committee of Experts 80%) and on Flavouring monoterp Substances. Natural ene sources of flavourings. etheroxid Report No. 3. Belgium: e: 1,8- Council of Europe cineole. Publishing; 2008 Taraxacum Asteraceae whole plant Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Mir, M. A., Sawhney, S. officinale Web. Content should be stated. steroidal saponins S., & Jassal, M. M. S. (possibly 1.5 g of (2013). Qualitative and saponins daily) may quantitative analysis of induce phytochemicals of gastrointestinal Taraxacum officinale. disturbances and Wudpecker Journal of exert oestrogenic Pharmacy and effects. Pharmacology, 2(1), 01- 05.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Terminalia Combretace fruit Hydrolyzable Fruit contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Pfundstein, B., El bellerica ae tannins (20%-25%) toxic when 6 g plant material is concentration of Desouky, S. K., Hull, W. (Gaertn.) Roxb. consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- E., Haubner, R., Erben, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to G., & Owen, R. W. gastrointestinal (2010). Polyphenolic toxicity. Daily intake compounds in the fruits should not exceed of Egyptian medicinal 1500 mg tannins. plants (Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia horrida): characterization, quantitation and determination of antioxidant capacities. Phytochemistry, 71(10), 1132-1148.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Terminalia Combretace fruit Fruit contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Juang, L. J., Sheu, S. J., chebula Retz. ae toxic when 6 g plant material is concentration of & Lin, T. C. (2004). consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Determination of be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to hydrolyzable tannins in gastrointestinal the fruit of Terminalia toxicity. Daily intake chebula Retz. by should not exceed high ‐performance liquid 1500 mg tannins. chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Journal of separation science, 27(9), 718-724.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Thalictrum Ranunculace root root Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). flavum L. ae Isoquinoli Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline ne dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. alkaloids: in adults. May have Natural product reports, berberine cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, , effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. pseudob (1985). Safety of erberine. chloroquine in Bisbenzyli chemosuppression of soquinolin malaria during s: e.g. pregnancy. BMJ, thalfoetid 290(6480), 1466-1467. ine Theobroma Malvaceae seed seed Purine Catechin tannins Toxicity due to oxalate content (plant Oxalate intake Bsc, S. N. (1999). Oxalate cacao L. alkaloids (10%). From which extract: 5 g). Should be declared. should not exceed content of foods and its (3%-4%): 8% oligomeric 45-90 mg/day. effect on humans. Asia e.g. proanthocyanidin Should be Pacific Journal of theobrom es. consumed under Clinical Nutrition, 8(1), ine (2.8%- medical supervision 64-74.; Singh, P. P., et al. 3.5%), "Nutritional value of caffeine foods in relation to their (0.1%- oxalic acid 0.4%); content." The American Isoquinoli journal of clinical ne nutrition 25.11 (1972): alkaloids: 1147-1152. e.g. salsonlinol . Oxalate: up to 1%.

Thlaspi arvense L. Brassicaceae seed aerial Glucosino Phytoalexins: Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Lüthy, J., & Benn, M. H. part lates: e.g. e.g.wasalexin A glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates (1977). Thiocyanate allylgluco and arvelexin glycosides) (780 mg of plant extract). (goitrogenic formation from sinolate Content should be declared. glycosides) use: 5 glucosinolates: a study mg/day). These of the autolysis of exhibit antithyroid allylglucosinolate in activity. Thlaspi arvense L. seed flour extracts. Canadian journal of biochemistry, 55(10), 1028-1031.; Chandra, A. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. (2004). Goitrogenic content of Indian cyanogenic plant food & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Thymus Lamiaceae aerial part There are EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Asdadi, A., Alilou, H., satureioides numerous cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.3 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Akssira, M., Hassani, L. M. Coss. chemotypes and of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food I., Chebli, B., & Moutaj, therefore the be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) R. (2014). Chemical essential oil Composition and composition can Anticandidal Effect of present a different Three Thymus Species chemical profile . Essential Oils from Example: borneol Southwest of Morocco type: essential oil against the Emerging 1.5% with borneol Nosocomial (36.2%), a-terpineol Fluconazole-Resistant (17.1%), terpinen-4- Strains. Journal of ol (6.7%), b- Biology, Agriculture and caryophyllene Healthcare, 4(11), 16- (4.9%), bornyl 26.; Council of Europe, acetate (3.0%), Committee of Experts camphene (4.4%), on Flavouring g-terpinene (4.4%), Substances. Natural thymol (2.5%), sources of flavourings. carvacrol (2.2%), Report No. 3. Belgium: a-pinene (1.7%) Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Thymus serpyllum Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential Essential oil: thymol EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Raal, A., Paaver, U., L. part oil: (58.8%), p-cymene cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.02 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Arak, E., & Orav, A. monoterp (5.7%), thymol of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food (2004). Content and ene methyl ether be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) composition of the etheroxid (4.0%), borneol essential oil of Thymus e: 1,8- (3.8%), sabinene serpyllum L. growing wild cineole (3.4%), gamma- in Estonia. Medicina terpinene (3.4%) (Kaunas), 40(8), 795- and carvacrol 800.; Council of Europe, methyl ether Committee of Experts (3.2%). on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Thymus vulgaris L. Lamiaceae aerial part Essential oil EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Lee, S. J., Umano, K., containing cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.4 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Shibamoto, T., & Lee, K. phenols, of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food G. (2005). Identification predominantly be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) of volatile components thymol and/or in basil (Ocimum carvacrol, and basilicum L.) and thyme terpenoids; leaves (Thymus vulgaris glycosides of L.) and their antioxidant phenolic properties. Food monoterpenoids, Chemistry, 91(1), 131- eugenol and 137.; Council of Europe, aliphatic alcohols; Committee of Experts flavonoids, among on Flavouring which thymonin, Substances. Natural cirsilineol and 8- sources of flavourings. methoxy-cirsilineol Report No. 3. Belgium: are characteristic; Council of Europe biphenyl Publishing; 2008 compounds of monoterpenoid origin; caffeic and rosmarinic acid; Different chemotypes exist. Thymus zygis L. Lamiaceae aerial part aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Ozcan, M., & Chalchat, part oil 0.5- cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.05 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 J. C. (2004). Aroma 1.2%): of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food profile of Thymus vulgaris e.g. 1,8 be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) L. growing wild in Turkey. cineole Bulg. J. plant physiol, (20%), 30(3-4), 68-73.; Council camphor of Europe, Committee (3.9%). of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Tilia americana L. Malvaceae aerial part Polyphenols: Leaf and flower extracts - no major Presence of Marrassini, C., Anesini, flavonoides e.g. safety concern. polyphenols with a C., & Ferraro, G. (2011). quercetin, safe profile. HPLC fingerprint of a kaempferol… flower extract of Tilia× viridis and correlation with antiproliferative and antioxidant activity. Phytotherapy Research , 25 (10), 1466- 1471.

Tilia cordata Mill. Malvaceae whole plant Leaf, flower: Leaf and flower extracts - no major Presence of Hurrell, R. F., Reddy, M., arabinogalactans, safety concern. polyphenols with a & Cook, J. D. (1999). flavanoids, safe profile. Inhibition of non-haem ellagitannins; bark: iron absorption in man tannins, by polyphenolic- leucoanthocyans; containing wood: beverages. British sesquiterpenes: Journal of e.g. 7 hydroxy Nutrition , 81 (04), 289- calamenen 295. Tilia platyphyllos Malvaceae whole plant Leaf, flower: Leaf and flower extracts - no major Presence of Ivanova, D., Gerova, D., Scop. arabinogalactans, safety concern. polyphenols with a Chervenkov, T., & flavanoids, safe profile. Yankova, T. (2005). ellagitannins; bark: Polyphenols and tannins, antioxidant capacity of leucoanthocyans; Bulgarian medicinal wood: plants. Journal of sesquiterpenes: Ethnopharmacology , 96 e.g. 7 hydroxy (1), 145-150. calamenen Tilia tomentosa Malvaceae Tilia whole plant Leaf, flower: Leaf and flower extracts - no major Presence of Peev, C. I., Antal, D., Moench argentea arabinogalactans, safety concern. polyphenols with a Vlase, L., Dehelean, C., DC. flavanoids, safe profile. & Szabadai, Z. (2006). ellagitannins; bark: The content in tannins, polyphenols of silver leucoanthocyans; linden (Tilia tomentosa) wood: foliar buds. FARMACIA- sesquiterpenes: BUCURESTI-, 54 (2), 79. e.g. 7 hydroxy calamenen Tilia x europaea Malvaceae Tilia x bark, flower, Polyphenolic Leaf and flower extracts - no major Presence of Horie, T., Masuda, K., L. (Tiliaceae) vulgaris B. leaf, seed compounds: e.g. safety concern. polyphenols with a Okada, M., & Takahashi, Heyne flavonoids safe profile. K. (2004). U.S. Patent (kaempferol Application 11/002,054 . glycoside..), mucilages, tannins, essential oil (0.038- 0.05%). Seed (28- 58% fatty oil) Trachyspermum Apiaceae seed (fruit Essential oil (2%- Toxicity due to thymol should be thymol content Shankaracharya, N. B., ammi (L.) pod); 4%) : thymol (35%- stated. Pure EO should not be should not exceed Nagalakshmi, S., Naik, J. Sprague essential oil 60%), dillapiole consumed directly (<0.02 ml of EO). 100 ppm (0.01%) P., & Rao, L. J. M. (2000). (9%), γ-terpinene, Content should be stated. daily. Studies on chemical para-cymene, and and technological α- and β-pinene. T. aspects of ajowan ammi seed used (Trachyspermum ammi for abortion. There (L.) Syn. Carum was a high risk of copticum Hiern) seeds. potential human Journal of Food Science fetotoxicity of ten and Technology, 37(3), plants including T. 277-281.; Luebke, W. ammi, based on (2011). Thymol. 89-83-8 teratogenicity observed in rat foetuses. Tragopogon Compositae root Bibenzyl Toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin Braca, A., Bader, A., & porrifolius L. derivatives and Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg De Tommasi, N. (2012). isohydrocoumarins declared for plant material used. The bw/day; (e.g. 6 Plant and Fungi 3, 4- . Root is food. The roots are safe to consume. mg/day at body Dihydroisocoumarins: root latex can be weight of 60 kg). Structures, Biological used as chewing Should be Activity, and Taxonomic gum consumed under Relationships. Studies in medical supervision Natural Products Chemistry, 37, 191.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Trichilia catigua Meliaceae bark Due to the The leaf contains tropane alkaloids of Atropine and De Simone, R., A. Juss. vernacular name the atropine/cocaine group. Daily related tropane Margarucci, L., & De catuaba, a lot of dose of 0.1 mg is considered to be alkaloids are toxic at Feo, V. (2008). Tropane confusion and/or therapeutic. Content should be concentrations of alkaloids: an falsifications are stated. 0.4 to 0.6 mg in overview. Pharmacolog described. About adults. yonline , 1, 70-89.; da 50% of the Silva, C. V., Velozo, E. S., catuaba on the & Borges, F. M. (2012). market is not Phytochemistry of some Trichililia catigua. Brazilian plants with Some of the aphrodisiac activity. Trichilia species INTECH Open Access contain tropane Publisher. alkaloids which are absent in T. catigua. Trichosanthes Cucurbitace fruit (pericarp root Root: Trichosanthin: Products are safe if heat treated. Trichosanthin , an Leung, K. N., Yeung, H. kirilowii Maxim. ae and seed) polypepti inhibits protein Protein content and heat treatment abortifacient, W., & Leung, S. O. des: e.g. synthesis and should be declared. immunosuppressive (1986). The trichosant decreases and anti-tumor immunomodulatory and hin progesterone. protein found in the antitumor activities of Used as root. It is heat trichosanthin-an abortifacient inactivated and is abortifacient protein (however only by not absorbed as it is isolated from tian-hua- IP administration); denatured in the fen (Trichosanthes trichosanthine is stomach. kirilowii). Asian Pacific destroyed by heat Trichosanthin exerts journal of allergy and and by stomach abortifacient and immunology/launched acid and anti-progesterone by the Allergy and proteases. effects when given Immunology Society of Absorption is via IP route. Thailand , 4(2), 111-120. therefore nearly zero. Tridax Compositae aerial part Aerial part: Test for coagulation time should be Fresh juice and Kawsar, M. H., Sikder, M. procumbens L. sulfated considered if extracts are to be organic xtract A. A., Rana, M. S., polysaccharides. placed on the market. exhibits Nimmi, I., & Rashid, M. A. They have an anticoagulant (2011). Studies of anticoagulant activity. thrombolytic, effect reaching antioxidant and the efficacy of cytotoxic properties of heparin. two Asteraceous plants of Bangladesh. Banglades h Pharmaceutical Journal , 14 (2), 103-106.; Kale, M. A., Shahi, S. R., Somani, V. G., Shamkuwar, P. B., & Dhake, A. S. (2008). Hemostatic activity of the leaves of Tridax procumbens Linn. International journal of green pharmacy, 2(1), 54. Trifolium arvense Leguminosae aerial part aerial Isoflavon Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for hydrocyanic Crush, J. R., & Caradus, L. part es: e.g. cyanogenic glycosides (1.2 g of acid (cyanogenic J. R. (1995). formonon plant extract particularly aerial compound) use: Cyanogenesis potential etin, parts). Content should be declared. 0.023 mg/kg bw/day and iodine biochani (e.g.1.4 mg/day) concentration in white n A; clover (Trifolium repens cyanoge L.) cultivars. New nic Zealand Journal of glycoside Agricultural Research, s 38(3), 309-316.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008; Cressey, P., Saunders, D., & Goodman, J. (2013). Cyanogenic glycosides in plant- based foods available in New Zealand. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (11), 1946-1953.

Trifolium Leguminosae aerial part aerial Leaf, Toxicity may be due to the content of Isoflavones presribed Del Giorno, C., Da campestre part root, stem isoflavones. May contain also in post menopausal Fonseca, A. M., Bagnoli, Schreb. isoflavon cyanogenic glycosides. Content women. V. R., de Assis, J. S., es: e.g. should be declared. Therapeutic at 40-80 Soares Jr, J. M., & genistein. mg/day. Baracat, E. C. (2010). Flower Effects of Trifolium only pratense on the traces of climacteric and sexual isoflavon symptoms in es postmenopausal women. Revista da Associaçao Médica Brasileira, 56(5), 558-562. Trifolium repens L. Leguminosae aerial part aerial Isoflavon Extract toxic due to coumarin Contains little or no Corkill, L. D. (1940). part es: e.g. content. Content of coumarin and isoflavones but Cyanogenesis in White ononin, isoflavonesshould be declared for contains Clover (Trifolium repens genistin, plant material used. coumestans. L.). I. Cyanogenesis in daidzin Isoflavones presribed Single Plants. New in post menopausal Zealand Journal of women. Science and Therapeutic at 40-80 Technology, Section mg/day. Limit for A, 22 , 65B-67B.;Del coumarin use: 0.1 Giorno, C., Da Fonseca, mg/kg bw/day; (e.g. A. M., Bagnoli, V. R., de 6 mg/day at body Assis, J. S., Soares Jr, J. weight of 60 kg). M., & Baracat, E. C. (2010). Effects of Trifolium pratense on the climacteric and sexual symptoms in postmenopausal women. Revista da Associaçao Médica Brasileira, 56(5), 558-562.; European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to coumarin. Question number EFSA- Q-2003-118. The EFSA Journal 2004;104:1-36. Trigonella Leguminosae aerial part seed Steroid Toxicity due to diosgenin type of High doses of Bohannon, M. B., caerulea (L.) Ser. saponins: steroidal saponins. Content should diosgenin type of Hagemann, J. W., Earle, e.g be stated. steroidal saponins F. R., & Barclay, A. S. diosgenin (possibly 1.5 g of (1974). Screening seed , saponins daily) may of Trigonella and three protodios induce related genera for cin; gastrointestinal diosgenin. proteinas disturbances and Phytochemistry, 13(8), e exert oestrogenic 1513-1514.; Raju, J., & inhibitors effects. Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Trigonella Leguminosae seed seed Seed: Seed: 30% of seeds Toxicity due to diosgenin type of High doses of Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. foenum- steroidal in the diet causes steroidal saponins. Content should diosgenin type of (2011). Diosgenin, a graecum L. saponins reduced male be stated. steroidal saponins steroid saponin (2%-3%): fertility in rabbits (possibly 1.5 g of constituent of yams and e.g. and abnormal saponins daily) may fenugreek: emerging diosgenin development of induce evidence for , foetuses in rabbits. gastrointestinal applications in yamogen Ethanol extract disturbances and medicine. Bioactive in; showed the most exert oestrogenic Compounds in proteinas important anti effects. Seeds have Phytomedicine, 125.; e implantation pronounced effects Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. inhibitors. effect. on male M., & Blen, M. (1998). Leaf: (anti)fertility. Estrogen and progestin steroidal bioactivity of foods, saponins: herbs, and spices. e.g. Experimental Biology diosgenin and Medicine, 217(3), glycoside 369-378. s Trillium erectum Melanthiace rhizome Steroidal saponins: Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Hayes, P. Y., Lehmann, L. ae e.g. bethosides, Content should be stated. steroidal saponins R., Penman, K., Kitching, pennogenins (possibly 1.5 g of W., & De Voss, J. J. saponins daily) may (2009). Steroidal induce saponins from the roots gastrointestinal of Trillium erectum (Beth disturbances and root). Phytochemistry, exert oestrogenic 70(1), 105-113.; Raju, J., effects. & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Triticum aestivum Poaceae Triticum aerial part Proteins; Special warning should be included Wheat contains Julian, E. A., Johnson, L. vulgare polysaccharides; for patients allergic to wheat. tricin, a G., Johnson, D. K., & Vill. ; oil: e.g. glycoflavonoid Donnelly, B. J. (1971). Triticum triacylglycerols (yellow coloration). The glycoflavonoid sativum Some individuals are pigments of wheat, Lam. allergic to wheat Triticum aestivum, products. leaves. Phytochemistry ,1 0(12), 3185-3193.; Weichel, M., Glaser, A. G., Ballmer-Weber, B. K., Schmid-Grendelmeier, P., & Crameri, R. (2006). Wheat and maize thioredoxins: a novel cross-reactive cereal allergen family related to baker's asthma. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 117(3), 676-681. Triticum Poaceae fruit Special warning should be included Wheat contains Anderson, J. A. (1933). dicoccon for patients allergic to wheat. tricin, a THE YELLOW COLORING (Schrank.) glycoflavonoid MATTER OF KHAPLI Schübl. (yellow coloration). WHEAT, TRITICUM Some individuals are DICOCCUM: III. THE allergic to wheat CONSTITUTION OF products. TRICIN. Canadian Journal of Research , 9(1), 80-83.; Weichel, M., Glaser, A. G., Ballmer-Weber, B. K., Schmid-Grendelmeier, P., & Crameri, R. (2006). Wheat and maize thioredoxins: a novel cross-reactive cereal allergen family related to baker's asthma. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 117(3), 676-681. Triticum durum Poaceae Triticum shoot, seed aerial Tricin (5,7,4'- Special warning should be included Wheat contains Zhou, J. M., & Ibrahim, R. Desf. (Gramineae) turgidum part trihyroxy-3',5'- for patients allergic to wheat. tricin, a K. (2010). Tricin—a L. subsp. dimethoxyflavone) glycoflavonoid potential multifunctional durum is an efficient (yellow coloration). nutraceutical. (Desf.) chemopreventive Some individuals are Phytochemistry Reviews, Husnot agent and present allergic to wheat 9(3), 413-424.; Weichel, in rice, oat, maize, products. M., Glaser, A. G., and wheat Ballmer-Weber, B. K., Schmid-Grendelmeier, P., & Crameri, R. (2006). Wheat and maize thioredoxins: a novel cross-reactive cereal allergen family related to baker's asthma. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 117(3), 676-681. Triticum spelta L. Poaceae shoot, seed aerial Special warning should be included Wheat contains Julian, E. A., Johnson, (Gramineae) part for patients allergic to wheat. tricin, a G., Johnson, D. K., & glycoflavonoid Donnelly, B. J. (1971). (yellow coloration). The glycoflavonoid Some individuals are pigments of wheat, allergic to wheat Triticum aestivum, products. leaves. Phytochemistry ,1 0(12), 3185-3193.; Weichel, M., Glaser, A. G., Ballmer-Weber, B. K., Schmid-Grendelmeier, P., & Crameri, R. (2006). Wheat and maize thioredoxins: a novel cross-reactive cereal allergen family related to baker's asthma. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 117(3), 676-681. Triticum turgidum Poaceae shoot, seed aerial Special warning should be included Wheat contains ALSALEH, A. L. (Gramineae) part for patients allergic to wheat. tricin, a IDENTIFICATION OF QTL glycoflavonoid FOR GRAIN QUALITY (yellow coloration). TRAITS IN DURUM WHEAT Some individuals are (Triticum turgidum var. allergic to wheat durum L.) MAPPING products. POPULATION DERIVED FROM KUNDURU X CHAM1.; Weichel, M., Glaser, A. G., Ballmer- Weber, B. K., Schmid- Grendelmeier, P., & Crameri, R. (2006). Wheat and maize thioredoxins: a novel cross-reactive cereal allergen family related to baker's asthma. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 117(3), 676-681. Tropaeolum Tropaeolace aerial part aerial Glucosino Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Underhill, L. E. W., & majus L. ae part lates: e.g. glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Wetter, L. R. (1969). glucotrop glycosides) 1.2 g of plant extract). (goitrogenic Biosynthesis of mustard aeolin Content should be declared. glycosides) use: 5 oil glucosides: sodium (benzylgl mg/day). These phenylacetothiohydroxi ucosinola exhibit antithyroid mate and te) activity. desulfobenzylglucosinol ate, precursors of benzylglucosinolate in Tropaeolum majus. Plant physiology, 44(4), 584- 590.; Chandra, A. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. (2004). Goitrogenic content of Indian cyanogenic plant food & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Tropaeolum Tropaeolace leaf, Glucosino Toxicity may be due to the content of Limit for Underhill, L. E. W., & minus L. ae immature lates: e.g. glucosinolates (goitrogenic glucosinolates Wetter, L. R. (1969). fruit glucotrop glycosides) 1.2 g of plant extract). (goitrogenic Biosynthesis of mustard aeoline, Content should be declared. glycosides) use: 5 oil glucosides: sodium benzyl mg/day). These phenylacetothiohydroxi isothiocy exhibit antithyroid mate and ante. activity. desulfobenzylglucosinol Curcubit ate, precursors of acines B, benzylglucosinolate in D, E, in Tropaeolum majus. Plant immature physiology, 44(4), 584- fruit 590.; Chandra, A. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., Lahari, D., & Tripathy, S. (2004). Goitrogenic content of Indian cyanogenic plant food & their in vitro anti- thyroidal activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119, 180-185.; Williamson G. (2008) Glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables:risks and benefits. University of Leeds. (http://www.tekno.dk/p df/projekter/STOA- human- health/brussels_may08_ williamson.pdf). Tsuga Pinaceae aerial part; Tannins (8%-15%), Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Kincaid, J. A. (2007). Canadensis (L.) resin stilbene toxic when 10 g plant material is concentration of Compositional and Carrière derivatives: picea consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- Environmental tannols, be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to Characteristics of Tsuga gastrointestinal Canadensis (L.) Carr. toxicity. Daily intake Forests in the Southern should not exceed Appalachian 1500 mg tannins. Mountains, USA 1. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 134(4), 479-488.; Samanta, S., Giri, S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34. Turnera diffusa Passifloracea aerial part leaf, resin Leaf: According the EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Alcaraz-Meléndez, L., Wild. ex Schult. e essential British Herbal cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.01 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Delgado-Rodríguez, J., oil (0.5%- Compendium no of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food & Real-Cosío, S. (2004). 1%): 1,8 cinole is be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) Analysis of essential oils monoterp present in the from wild and ene essential oil. micropropagated etheroxid Alkaloids not plants of damiana e: 1,8 present in the leaf (Turnera diffusa). cineole but present in the Fitoterapia, 75(7), 696- (10%); wood. 701.; Council of Europe, resin Committee of Experts (14%); on Flavouring hydroqui Substances. Natural none sources of flavourings. glycoside Report No. 3. Belgium: s (0.2%- Council of Europe 0.7%): Publishing; 2008 e.g. arbutin; cyanoge nic glycoside s (0.26%) : tetraphylli ne B (barterin)

Uncaria gambir Rubiaceae aerial part, leaf, Catechin tannins Toxicity due to indole alkaloids. Indole alkaloids are Duke, J. A. (Hunter) Roxb. shoot shoot (20%-50%): e.g. Content should be stated. therapeutic at dose (2008). Duke's gambirines A1-A3. of 2 mg daily in handbook of medicinal Beta carboline adults. May have plants of Latin America. type indole cardiovascular CRC Press.; Merlini, L., alkaloids (traces): effects Nasini, G., & Haddock, e.g. gambirtanine R. E. (1972). Indole alkaloids from Uncaria gambir. Phytochemistry, 11(4), 1525-1526. Uncaria Rubiaceae Nauclea hook leaf, Hook: Toxicity due to indole alkaloids. Indole alkaloids are Duke, J. A. rhynchophylla rhynchop hook tetracycli Content should be stated. therapeutic at dose (2008). Duke's (Miq.) Miq. ex hylla Miq. (thorn) c of 2 mg daily in handbook of medicinal Havil. oxindole adults. May have plants of Latin America. alkaloids: cardiovascular CRC Press.; Merlini, L., e.g. effects Nasini, G., & Haddock, rhyncoph R. E. (1972). Indole ylline, alkaloids from Uncaria isorhynco gambir. Phytochemistry, phylline; 11(4), 1525-1526. leaf: glycosidic indole alkaloids: e.g. vincoside lactam, strictosidi ne Uncaria Rubiaceae bark, stem, root Pentacyc Toxicity due to indole alkaloids. Indole alkaloids are Duke, J. A. Tomentosa root lic Content should be stated. therapeutic at dose (2008). Duke's (Willd. ex Schult.) oxindole of 2 mg daily in handbook of medicinal DC. alkaloids: adults. May have plants of Latin America. e.g. cardiovascular CRC Press.; Merlini, L., pteropodi effects Nasini, G., & Haddock, ne, R. E. (1972). Indole spacioph alkaloids from Uncaria ylline, gambir. Phytochemistry, uncarine 11(4), 1525-1526. F; tetracycli c oxindole alkaloids: e.g. rhynchop hylline, isorhynch ophylline Undaria Alariaceae Alaria thallus thallus Fucoxanthin and Toxicity of (concentrated) extracts of Edible seaweed. Chevolot, L., Foucault, pinnatifida pinnatifid fucoidans. Some the seaseed due to fucoidans. However, fucoidans A., Chaubet, F., (Harvey) Suringar a Harvey fucoidans have a Content should be stated. have anti-coagulant Kervarec, N., Sinquin, C., strong properties and are Fisher, A.-M., et al. anticoagulation contraindicated in (1999). Further data on effect. patients on the structure of brown conventional and seaweed fucans: herbal Relationships with anticoagulants. anticoagulant activity. Carbohydrate Research, 319, 154–165 Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae whole plant Stings of the fresh Nettle species usually consumed in Some patients are Gülçin, I., Küfrevio ǧlu, Ö. plant: histamine, salads. However as extracts, they hypersensitive to Đ., Oktay, M., & serotonin, may contain toxic agglutinins. Urtiaceae family Büyükokuro ǧlu, M. E. acetylcholine, Protein content of extracts should be species. (2004). Antioxidant, formic acid, stated. antimicrobial, antiulcer leukotriens (LTB4, and analgesic activities LTC4, of nettle (Urtica dioica LID4).Flavonoids L.). Journal of (0.7-1.8%): e.g. Ethnopharmacology , 90 rutin, isoquercitrin (2), 205-215. ; Wagner, (0.02%), astragalin. H., Geiger, W. N., Boos, kaempferol-3-0- G., & Samtleben, R. rutinoside. Silicic (1995). Studies on the acid (I% -4%); binding of Urtica dioica potassium ions agglutinin (UDA) and (0.6%), nitrates (1.5 other lectins in an in vitro to 3%).Root: sterols: epidermal growth factor e.g. beta-sitosterol receptor test. (0.03 to 0.06%); Phytomedicine, 1(4), lectins (0.1%): UDA 287-290. (Urtica dioica agglutinin, isolectine mixture); Polysaccharides: glucans, glucogalacturona ns, acidic arabinogalactans; lignans: including secoisolariciresinol- 9"O-glucoside (0.004%), neo-olivil (0.003%), neo-0Iivil- 4-0-g1ucoside (0.004%). Urtica urens L. Urticaceae whole plant Stings of the fresh Nettle species usually consumed in Some patients are Marrassini, C., Acevedo, plant: histamine, salads. However as extracts, they hypersensitive to C., Miño, J., Ferraro, G., serotonin, may contain toxic agglutinins. Urtiaceae family & Gorzalczany, S. (2010). acetylcholine, Protein content of extracts should be species. Evaluation of formic acid, stated. antinociceptive, leukotriens (LTB4, antinflammatory LTC4, activities and LID4).Flavonoids phytochemical analysis (0.7-1.8%): e.g. of aerial parts of Urtica rutin, isoquercitrin urens L. Phytotherapy (0.02%), astragalin. Research , 24 (12), 1807- kaempferol-3-0- 1812.; Lapinskaya, E. S., rutinoside. Silicic & Kopyt’ko, Y. F. (2008). acid (I% -4%); Composition of the potassium ions lipophilic fraction of (0.6%), nitrates (1.5 stinging nettle (Urtica to 3%).Root: sterols: dioica L. and U. urens L.) e.g. beta-sitosterol homeopathic matrix (0.03 to 0.06%); tinctures. lectins (0.1%): UDA Pharmaceutical (Urtica dioica chemistry journal, 42(12), agglutinin, 699-702. isolectine mixture); Polysaccharides: glucans, glucogalacturona ns, acidic arabinogalactans; lignans: including secoisolariciresinol- 9"O-glucoside (0.004%), neo-olivil (0.003%), neo-0Iivil- 4-0-g1ucoside (0.004%). Usnea barbata Parmeliacea thallus thallus Dibenzof Usnic acid might Usnic acid and derivatives should be Usnic acid (100 mg) Guo, L., Shi, Q., Fang, J. (L.) Weber ex e uran increase bleeding absent in extracts. Content should be is implicated in L., Mei, N., Ali, A. A., F.H.Wigg. derivative time (?). Usnic acid declared. hepatotoxicity. Lewis, S. M., ... & Frankos, s: e.g. under scrutiny for Contains also V. H. (2008). Review of usnic hepatotoxicity atranorin usnic acid and Usnea acid barbata toxicity. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 26(4), 317-338.; Sanchez W, Maple JT, Burgart LJ, Kamath PS. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with use of a dietary supplement containing usnic acid. Mayo Clinic Proc 2006; 81: 541-4. Usnea longissima Parmeliacea thallus thallus Dibenzof Usnic acid might Usnic acid and derivatives should be Usnic acid (100 mg) Cansaran, D., Kahya, D., Ach. e uran increase bleeding absent in extracts. Content should be is implicated in Yurdakulol, E., & Atakol, derivative time (?). Usnic acid declared. hepatotoxicity. O. (2006). Identification s: e.g. under scrutiny for Contains also and quantitation of usnic hepatotoxicity atranorin usnic acid from the acid lichen Usnea species of Anatolia and antimicrobial activity. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C, 61(11/12), 773.; Sanchez W, Maple JT, Burgart LJ, Kamath PS. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with use of a dietary supplement containing usnic acid. Mayo Clinic Proc 2006; 81: 541-4. Usnea plicata Parmeliacea thallus thallus Dibenzof Lichen acids: Usnic acid and derivatives should be Usnic acid (100 mg) PDR for Herbal Wiggers e uran usnic, thamnolic or absent in extracts. Content should be is implicated in Medicines. 2004 derivative hirtellic, usnaric or declared. hepatotoxicity. Thomson ed. ISBN: 1- s: e.g. salazinic, lobaric, Contains also 56363-5125-7; Sanchez usnic stictinic, atranorin W, Maple JT, Burgart LJ, acid protocetraric, Kamath PS. Severe everminic, hepatotoxicity barbatinic or associated with use of a rhizonic, diffractaic dietary supplement or dirhiazonic, and containing usnic acid. barbatolic acids. Mayo Clinic Proc 2006; Lichens 81: 541-4. accumumalate heavy metals. Usnic acid under scrutiny for possible hepatotoxicity

Vaccinium Ericaceae Vacciniu fruit, leaf Toxicity of leaf extracts due to Iridoid glycoside myrtilloïdes m salicylates, quinolizidine alkaloids toxicity is at 2.2 mg Michx. angustifol and iridoid glycosides. Not advisable daily for an adult. ium var. for internal use. Fruits are edible and Daily dose of dietary myrtilloid relatively safe. Do not overconsume. salicylates should es not exceed 15.3 mg (Michx.) but sensitive subjects House may react to 2.6 mg daily.

Vaccinium Ericaceae fruit, leaf leaf Leaf: Fruit: edible Toxicity of leaf extracts due to Iridoid glycoside corymbosum L. possible (organic acids) salicylates, quinolizidine alkaloids toxicity is at 2.2 mg presence and iridoid glycosides. Not advisable daily for an adult. of for internal use. Fruits are edible and Daily dose of dietary hydroqui relatively safe. Do not overconsume. salicylates should none not exceed 15.3 mg derivative but sensitive subjects s may react to 2.6 mg daily.

Vaccinium Ericaceae berry Proanthocyanidins, Toxicity of leaf extracts due to Iridoid glycoside macrocarpon vitamin C, salicylates, quinolizidine alkaloids toxicity is at 2.2 mg Aiton triterpenoids, and iridoid glycosides. Not advisable daily for an adult. catechins, lectins for internal use. Fruits are edible and Daily dose of dietary relatively safe. Do not overconsume. salicylates should not exceed 15.3 mg but sensitive subjects may react to 2.6 mg daily. Vaccinium Ericaceae fruit, leaf Leaf: catechin Toxicity of leaf extracts due to Iridoid glycoside Corder, E. H., & Buckley, myrtillus L. tannins (1%-7%) salicylates, quinolizidine alkaloids toxicity is at 2.2 mg C. E. (1995). Aspirin, including and iridoid glycosides. Not advisable daily for an adult. salicylate, sulfite and oligomeric for internal use. Fruits are edible and Daily dose of dietary tartrazine induced proanthocyandins. relatively safe. Do not overconsume. salicylates should bronchoconstriction. Flavonoids: e.g. not exceed 15.3 mg Safe doses and case avicularin, but sensitive subjects definition in hyperoside. may react to 2.6 mg epidemiological Iridoids: e.g. daily. studies. Journal of asperuloside, clinical monotropein. epidemiology , 48 (10), Phenolic acids: 1269-1275. e.g. salicylic acid. Quinolizidine alkaloids: e.g. myrtine, epimyrtine. Fruit: acids: e.g. quinic acid (3-5%),malic acid, citric acid. Tannins (5-12%): catechin tannins, oligomeric procyanidins. Anthocyanosides (0.1% -0.5%): e.g. delphinidines Vaccinium Ericaceae Oxycocc fruit Toxicity of leaf extracts due to Iridoid glycoside oxycoccos L. us salicylates, quinolizidine alkaloids toxicity is at 2.2 mg palustris and iridoid glycosides. Not advisable daily for an adult. Pers. for internal use. Fruits are edible and Daily dose of dietary relatively safe. Do not overconsume. salicylates should not exceed 15.3 mg but sensitive subjects may react to 2.6 mg daily. Vaccinium Ericaceae fruit, leaf Fruit: Fruit: vertigo, visual Toxicity of leaf extracts due to Iridoid glycoside uliginosum L. unknown troubles… but salicylates, quinolizidine alkaloids toxicity is at 2.2 mg toxic controversial and iridoid glycosides. Not advisable daily for an adult. constitue because could be for internal use. Caution with fruits Daily dose of dietary nts due to the though+A1005:B1005 edible and salicylates should presence of fungi : relatively safe. Do not overconsume. not exceed 15.3 mg Sclerotinia but sensitive subjects megalospora may react to 2.6 mg daily.

Vaccinium vitis- Ericaceae fruit, leaf fruit, leaf Hydroqui Tannins Toxicity of leaf extracts due to Iridoid glycoside Hokkanen, J., Mattila, S., idaea L. none (condensed) (10%- salicylates, quinolizidine alkaloids toxicity is at 2.2 mg Jaakola, L., Pirttila ,̈ A. M., glycoside 20%) and iridoid glycosides. Not advisable daily for an adult. & Tolonen, A. (2009). s: arbutin for internal use. Fruits are edible and Daily dose of dietary Identification of (3-5%), relatively safe. Do not overconsume. salicylates should phenolic compounds pyroside not exceed 15.3 mg from lingonberry (6'-acetyl- but sensitive subjects (Vaccinium vitis-idaea arbutin), may react to 2.6 mg L.), bilberry (Vaccinium hydroqui daily. myrtillus L.) and hybrid none bilberry (Vaccinium x gentiobio intermedium Ruthe L.) side, 2-0- leaves. Journal of caffeoyla agricultural and food rbutin. chemistry , 57 (20), 9437- 9447. Valerianella Caprifoliace Valeriana leaf Field salad. Food No major safety concerns. Tissue culture grown Kittipongpatana, N., locusta (L.) ae locusta L. Valerianella may be Davis, D. L., & Porter, J. Laterr. induced to produce R. (2002). Methyl valipotriates. jasmonate increases the production of valepotriates by transformed root cultures of Valerianella locusta. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture , 71 (1), 65-75. Vanilla planifolia Orchidaceae fruit, oleoresin Flavour Toxicity due to vanilln should be vanillin content Pérez-Silva, A., Odoux, Jacks. ex components: stated. Pure EO should not be should not exceed E., Brat, P., Ribeyre, F., Andrews vanillin, vanillic consumed directly (<0.2 ml of EO). 40 ppm (0.004%) Rodriguez-Jimenes, G., acid, p- Content should be stated. daily. Robles-Olvera, V., ... & hydroxybenzoic Günata, Z. (2006). GC– acid, and p- MS and GC– hydroxybenzaldeh olfactometry analysis of yde aroma compounds in a representative organic aroma extract from cured vanilla (Vanilla planifolia G. Jackson) beans. Food chemistry, 99(4), 728-735.; Luebke, W. (2011). Vanillic acid. 121-33-5 52447-63-9 Verbascum Scrophularia aerial part Mucilages, Iridoid Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Klimek, B., Olszewska, M. densiflorum ceae glycosides: e.g. iridoid glycosides (290 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg A., & Tokar, M. (2010). Bertol. aucubin, catalpol; extract). Content should be daily for an adult. Simultaneous phenylethanoid declared. determination of glycosides: flavonoids and e.g.verbascoside; phenylethanoids in the triterpene flowers of Verbascum saponins: e.g. densiflorum and V. verbascosaponin phlomoides by high ‐performance liquid chromatography. Phyto chemical analysis , 21 (2), 150-156. Verbascum Scrophularia flower Polyphenols: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Klimek, B. (1996). phlomoides L. ceae phenylethanolids; iridoid glycosides (290 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Hydroxycinnamoyl ester flavonoids: e.g. extract). Content should be daily for an adult. glycosides and saponins apiosylverbascosid declared. from flowers of e. Iridoid ester: e.g. Verbascum specioside. phlomoides. Phytochem Saponins: e.g. istry , 43 (6), 1281-1284. desrhamnosylverb ascoscosaponins. Verbascum Scrophularia aerial part Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside No, C. (1991). Iridoid thapsus L. ceae iridoid glycosides (290 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg glycosides from extract). Content should be daily for an adult. Verbascum thapsus declared. L. Chem. Pharm. Bull , 39 (12), 3261-3264.

Verbena Verbenacea aerial part Iridoids: Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Everaldo Attard, officinalis L. e e.g.verbenalin iridoid glycosides (100 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg Henrietta Attard, (0.15%), hastatosid extract). Content should be daily for an adult. Antoine Tanti, Jurgen (0.08%). declared. Azzopardi, Mario Phenylpropanoid Sciberras, Victor Pace, (0.8%): e.g. Neville Buttigieg, verbascoside. Andrew Mangion Verbenalin said to Randon, Bernardette have a Rossi, Marie Josette galactgogue and Parnis, Karin Vella, emmenagogue Michelle Zammit, effect. Anthony Serracino Inglott (2015) he Phytochemical Constitution of Maltese Medicinal Plants: Propagation, Isolation and Pharmacological Testing. Phytochemicals. In Tech publishers. Veronica Plantaginace whole plant Iridoids and bis- Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Küpeli, E., Harput, U. S., anagallis- ae sesquiterpenes: iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Varel, M., Yesilada, E., & aquatica L. e.g. aquatosides, declared. daily for an adult. Saracoglu, I. (2005). veronicoside, Bioassay-guided catalposide…aqu isolation of iridoid aticol glucosides with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities from Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Journal of ethnopharmacology , 10 2(2), 170-176. Veronica Plantaginace aerial part Iridoid Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Jensen, S. R., Opitz, S. E. beccabunga L. ae monoterpenes: iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg W., & Gotfredsen, C. H. e.g. aucubin declared. daily for an adult. (2011). A new (0.8%). Flavonoids: phenylethanoid e.g. scutellarin triglycoside in Veronica glycosides beccabunga L. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology , 39 (3), 193-197. Veronica Plantaginace whole plant Polyphenols e.g; Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Jensen, S. R., Albach, D. chamaedrys L. ae luteolin, acteoside. iridoid glycosides (100 mg of plant toxicity is at 2.2 mg C., Ohno, T., & Grayer, Steroidal extract). Content should be daily for an adult. R. J. (2005). Veronica: spirostane declared. iridoids and cornoside glycosides: e. g. as chemosystematic chamaedrosides markers. Biochemical systematics and ecology , 33 (10), 1031- 1047. Veronica Plantaginace aerial part Iridoids (0.5%-1%): Toxicity may be due to the content of Iridoid glycoside Afifi ‐Yazar, F. Ü., & officinalis L. ae e.g. aucubin, iridoid glycosides. Content should be toxicity is at 2.2 mg Sticher, O. (1980). catalpol and declared. daily for an adult. Verproside, a new esters thereof iridoid glucoside from Veronica officinalis L.(Scrophulariaceae). H elvetica Chimica Acta , 63 (7), 1905-1907. Viburnum Adoxaceae aerial part Flavonoids and EO toxic due to coumarin content. Limit for coumarin European Food Safety lantana L. biflavonoids: e.g. Content of coumarin should be use: 0.1 mg/kg Authority. Opinion of the amentoflavone; declared for plant material used. bw/day; (e.g. 6 Scientific Panel on food coumarines; mg/day at body additives, flavourings, iridoids; weight of 60 kg). processing aids and diterpenes;saponin Should be material in contact with s; phenolic consumed under food (AFC) on a request compounds: e.g. medical supervision from the Commission chlorogenic acid. related to coumarin. Gastro-intestinal Question number EFSA- troubles if Q-2003-118. The EFSA immature fruits are Journal 2004;104:1-36. consumed. Viburnum opulus Adoxaceae aerial part Bark: catechins, Bark contains tannins Extracts maybe The high Jones, E., & L. fatty acid, 0.3% toxic when 15 g plant material is concentration of Wheelwright, N. T. essential oil with consumed. Content of tannins should tannins in bark (8- (1987). Seasonal 50% acids be declared for plant material used. 20%) usually leads to changes in the fruits of valerenic acid,…): Essential oil should not be consumed. gastrointestinal Viburnum opulus, a Fruit: saponins, toxicity. Daily intake fleshy-fruited tannins. Eating of should not exceed temperate-zone shrub. fresh berries might 1500 mg tannins. EO Canadian Journal of induce in 10% of contsins same Botany, 65(11), 2291- cases in children constituents as those 2296.; Samanta, S., Giri, vomiting, found in Valeriana S., Parua, S., Nandi, D. diarrhoea (e.g. valerenic acid). K., Pati, B. R., & Mondal, (saponins) K. C. (2004). Impact of tannic acid on the gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial ecology in health and disease , 16 (1), 32-34.; Wang, Y., Jin, L., Yu, S., Shi, Q., Gu, Y., & Kiyota, H. (2010). Chemical constituents of plants from the genus Valeriana. Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry, 7(2), 161-172. Vicia ervilia (L.) Leguminosae seed seed non L-canavanine: a Toxicity due to the content of Declaration that the Enneking, D., Lahlou, A., Willd. proteinog potent arginine canavarine. Content should be plant material has Noutfia, A., & enic antimetabolite. declared (alongside additional heat been autoclaved Bounejmate, M. (1995). alpha May induce treatment) before it was A note on Vicia ervilia amino Lupus-like formulated. cultivation, utilisation acid: L- automimmunity. and toxicity in canavani This non biogenic Morocco. Al ne amino acid can Awamia , 89 , 141-148. only be destroyed by autoclaving. Vicia faba L. Leguminosae seed Pyrimidin In case of No major safety concerns Contrindicated with Crépon, K., Marget, P., e congenital deficit patients with G6PD Peyronnet, C., derivative of G6PD deficiency. Carrouée, B., Arese, P., s: e.g. development of & Duc, G. (2010). vicioside favism: vomiting, Nutritional value of faba (0.4%- ictere, bean (Vicia faba L.) 0.8%) and hemoglobinury seeds for feed and convicine food. Field Crops (0.1%- Research , 115 (3), 329- 0.6¨%) 339.

Viola odorata L. Violaceae aerial part Salicylic acid EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Anca, T., Philippe, V., with flower (traces), Toxicity with 0.016 ml of oil. Content salicylates should Ilioara, O., & Mircea, T. mucilages, of salicylate should be declared for not exceed 15.3 mg (2009). Composition of flavonoids, plant material used. but sensitive subjects essential oils of Viola anthocyanins may react to 2.6 mg tricolor and V. arvensis derivatives daily. from Romania. Chemistry of natural compounds, 45(1), 91- 92.; Corder, E. H., & Buckley, C. E. (1995). Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Viola palustris L. Violaceae aerial part Chemical profile EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Anca, T., Philippe, V., not very well Toxicity with 0.016 ml of oil. Content salicylates should Ilioara, O., & Mircea, T. studied but in the of salicylate should be declared for not exceed 15.3 mg (2009). Composition of family of plant material used. but sensitive subjects essential oils of Viola Violaceae no may react to 2.6 mg tricolor and V. arvensis toxicity expected. daily. from Romania. Chemistry of natural compounds, 45(1), 91- 92.; Corder, E. H., & Buckley, C. E. (1995). Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite and tartrazine induced bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275.

Viola tricolor L. Violaceae aerial part Flavonoids: e.g. EO toxic due to salicylate content. Daily dose of dietary Anca, T., Philippe, V., rutosid (23%). Toxicity with 0.016 ml of oil. Content salicylates should Ilioara, O., & Mircea, T. Triterpene saponins of salicylate should be declared for not exceed 15.3 mg (2009). Composition of (5.2%): ursolic acid. plant material used. but sensitive subjects essential oils of Viola Carotenoids: e.g. may react to 2.6 mg tricolor and V. arvensis violaxanthin daily. from Romania. (zeaxanthindiepoxi Chemistry of natural de) (75%). compounds, 45(1), 91- Anthocyanes: 92.; Corder, E. H., & violanin (33%). Buckley, C. E. (1995). Essential oil Aspirin, salicylate, sulfite (0.008%): e.g. and tartrazine induced methylsalicylate bronchoconstriction. Safe doses and case definition in epidemiological studies. Journal of clinical epidemiology , 48 (10), 1269-1275. Vitex agnus- Lamiaceae whole plant whole Essential Signs of possible EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Stojkovi ć, D., Sokovi ć, castus L. (Labiatae) plant oil from liver toxicity were cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.004 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 M., Glamo člija, J., fruit observed in rats in ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Džami ć, A., Ćiri ć, A., (0.72%): two repeat-dose should be declared for plant material (0.001%). Plant Risti ć, M., & Grubiši ć, D. monoterp toxicity studies on used. extracts should be (2011). Chemical ene extracts of the fruit. less than 330 mg for composition and etheroxid This effect has not food use. antimicrobial activity of e: 1,8- been confirmed Vitex agnus-castus L. cineole yet by other fruits and leaves (16-18%) studies. essential oils. Food and Powdered seeds Chemistry, 128(4), 1017- bicyclic resulted in a slight 1022.; Council of monoterp reduction in the Europe, Committee of enes: e.g. number of foetuses Experts on Flavouring sabinene when administered Substances. Natural (7-17%) to pregnant rats in sources of flavourings. Essential doses of 1 or 2 Report No. 3. Belgium: oil from mg/kg from days Council of Europe leaf 1-10 of pregnancy. Publishing; 2008 0.56%): A lactation monoterp inhibiting effect enes: e.g. (decrease of 1,8- prolactin) was cineole,(2 seen in lactating 2-33%) female rats dosed and with a Vitex agnus- sabinene castus (2-18%), preparation. In Essential vitro studies with oil from cells from rat flower: pituitaries showed monoterp that an extract enes: e.g. had a dose- 1,8- dependent cineole ( lowering effect of 13.5%) prolactin. and sabinene (5.7% ) Vitex trifolia L. Lamiaceae fruit Similar to V. Agnus EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Zai-bo, Y., & Chao, Z. castus. Iridoids and cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.07 ml (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 (2006). Analysis of flavonoids. No info of oil. Content of eucalyptol should mg/kg of food chemical constituents of on prolactine be declared for plant material used. (0.001%) the essential oil from effect as with Vitex trifolia L. var. Agnus castus simplicifolia Cham. by SPME-GC-MS. Journal of Henan University (Medical Science), 4, 004.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Withania Solanaceae whole plant whole In leaf: Toxicity due to piperidine alkaloids. Piperidine alkaloids Cheeke, P. R. (1989). somnifera (L.) plant steroidal Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Toxicants of plant origin: Dunal lactones: dose of 15 mg Alkaloids (Vol. 1). CRC withanoli (pilocarpine) daily in Press. des adults. in root: piperidin e alkaloids: anaferine , anahygri ne and various alkaloids including withanine , somniferi ne, somnine, tropineIn leaf: steroidal lactones: withanoli des in root: piperidin e alkaloids: anaferine , anahygri ne and various alkaloids including withanine , somniferi ne, somnine, tropine Xeranthemum Compositae flower Toxicity due to beta-pinene should beta-pinene Skaltsa, H. D., Lazari, D. annuum L. be stated. Pure EO should not be content should not M., & Constantinidis, T. consumed directly (<0.06 ml of EO). exceed 100 ppm (2000). Composition of Content should be stated. (0.01%) daily. the essential oil of Xeranthemum annuum L. from Greece. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12(6), 742-744.; Luebke, W. (2011). beta-pinene 127-91-3. Yucca Asaparagac aerial part Steroid saponins: Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Dragalin, I. P., & Kintia, P. filamentosa L. eae e.g. Content should be stated. steroidal saponins K. (1975). Steroidal sarsasapogenin , (possibly 1.5 g of saponins of Yucca tigogenin (1,4% in saponins daily) may filamentosa: Yuccoside leaves). induce C and protoyuccoside Polysaccharides. gastrointestinal C. Phytochemistry, disturbances and 14(8), 1817-1820.; Raju, exert oestrogenic J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). effects. Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Yucca schidigera Asaparagac aerial part Steroid saponins: Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Wang, Y., McAllister, T. Roezl ex Ortgies eae e.g. Content should be stated. steroidal saponins A., Yanke, L. J., & sarsasapogenin, (possibly 1.5 g of Cheeke, P. R. (2000). tigogenin. saponins daily) may Effect of steroidal Polysaccharides. induce saponin from Yucca gastrointestinal schidigera extract on disturbances and ruminal microbes. exert oestrogenic Journal of Applied effects. Microbiology, 88(5), 887- 896.; Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (2011). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin constituent of yams and fenugreek: emerging evidence for applications in medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378.

Zanthoxylum Rutaceae fruit bark, Possible EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Weyerstahl, P., acanthopodium seed presence cineole) content. Toxicity with 0.006 (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Marschall, H., DC. of ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol mg/kg of food Splittgerber, U., Son, P. benzyliso should be declared for plant material (0.001%) T., Giang, P. M., & Kaul, quinoline used. V. K. (1999). Constituents alkaloids. of the essential oil from Essential the fruits of Zanthoxylum oil: 1,8 rhetsoides Drake from cineole Vietnam and from the (7.7%) aerial parts of Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. from India. Flavour and fragrance journal, 14(4), 225-229.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Zanthoxylum Rutaceae bark, seed bark, Benzyliso Lignans: asarinin Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). americanum Mill. seed quinoline and sesamin Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline alkaloids: dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. e.g. in adults. May have Natural product reports, magnoflo cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, rine; effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. benzo(c) (1985). Safety of phenanth chloroquine in ridine chemosuppression of alkaloids: malaria during e.g. pregnancy. BMJ, chelerythr 290(6480), 1466-1467. ine, Zanthoxylum Rutaceae bark, fruit, bark, Benzyliso Essential oil may Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). armatum DC. seed seed quinoline contain alpha Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline alkaloids: thujone dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. e.g. in adults. May have Natural product reports, magnoflo cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, rine; effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. benzo(c) (1985). Safety of phenanth chloroquine in ridine chemosuppression of alkaloids: malaria during e.g. pregnancy. BMJ, chelerythr 290(6480), 1466-1467. ine, Zea mays L. Poaceae flower, fruit Essential oil (0.2%): Toxicity due to carvacrol and Some cultivars may Livingston, A. E. (1921). (cornsilk) e.g. carvacrol. cymene in EO. In general, low contain high The comparative alphaterpineol, amounts of EO in extracts, i.e. no amount of carvacrol toxicity of thymol and menthol, thymol. hazard. In case EO is used content of in EO. 2.5 g or 3 ml of carvacrol (isothymol). Flavonoids: e.g. carvacrol and derivatives should be EO may be fatal. Public Health Reports maysin, maysin-3'- stated. (1896-1970), 1317-1331. ethylether.Saponin s (2-3%). Alkaloids (0.05%): e.g. 6- methoxybenzoxaz olinone. Zingiber Zingiberacea rhizome An increased Generally non toxic. The EO should Powdered root <200 Ali, B. H., Blunden, G., officinale Rosc. e percentage of notbe consumed directly. mg can be Tanira, M. O., & resorbed considered as a Nemmar, A. (2008). implantations were food supplement. Some phytochemical, found in both pharmacological and dosed groups of toxicological properties pregnant rats of ginger (Zingiber receiving an officinale Roscoe): a infusion made from review of recent 20 g/l or 50 g/l research. Food and freshly grated chemical ginger compared Toxicology ,46 (2), 409- to a control group 420. (P <0.05). No signs of maternal toxicity were observed, neither were any gross morphological malformations in the treated foetuses. Ziziphus jujuba Rhamnacea aerial part seed, Seed: Triterpenes Toxicity due to quinoline alkaloids. Quinoline alkaloids Michael, J. P. (2002). Mill. e stem bark dammar probably Content should be stated. are therapeutic at Quinoline, quinazoline ane-type responsible for a dose of 42 mg daily and acridone alkaloids. triterpene sedative effect. in adults. May have Natural product reports, oligoglyc cardiovascular 19(6), 742-760.; Wolfe, osides: effects M. S., & Cordero, J. F. e.g. (1985). Safety of jujubosid chloroquine in es A1 & C chemosuppression of and malaria during acetyljuju pregnancy. BMJ, boside 290(6480), 1466-1467. B1. Stem bark : isoquinoli ne alkaloids: e.g. isoboldin e, norisobol dine, asimilobin e, juziphine, juzirine

Cordyceps Ophiocordyc Paecilom fungus Nucleotides Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Wu, T. N., Yang, K. C., sinensis (Berk.) ipitaceae yces (adenosine), Content should be stated. Heavy steroidal saponins Wang, C. M., Lai, J. S., Sacc. hepiali polysaccharides, metal content should be declared. (possibly 1.5 g of Ko, K. N., Chang, P. Y., & Q.T. Chen sterols saponins daily) may Liou, S. H. (1996). Lead & R.Q. induce poisoning caused by Dai gastrointestinal contaminated disturbances and Cordyceps, a Chinese exert oestrogenic herbal medicine: two effects. Caution with case reports. Science of the accumulation of the total heavy metals, environment, 182(1), particularly Pb. 193-195.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Ganoderma Ganodermat fungus Reishi. Aqueous Only aqueous extract is permitted in The aqueous extract Wanmuang, H., lucidum (Curtis) aceae extract is OK. Pure food supplements. The dried herbal contains triterpene Leopairut, J., P. Karst. powder is under substance shows hepatotoxicity. antioxidants. Safe to Kositchaiwat, C., scrutiny for extract powdered Wananukul, W., & eventual material with boiling Bunyaratvej, S. (2007). hepatotoxicity for water. Fatal fulminant hepatitis the moment, associated with although up to Ganoderma lucidum now only 2 case (Lingzhi) mushroom reports exist. powder. JOURNAL- MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THAILAND , 90 (1), 179.; Zhu, M., Chang, Q., Wong, L. K., Chong, F. S., & Li, R. C. (1999). Triterpene antioxidants from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytotherapy Research, 13(6), 529- 531. Grifola frondosa Meripilaceae fruiting body fruiting Contains Polysaccharide- Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Ishizuka, T., Yaoita, Y., & (Dicks.) Gray body alphaglu peptides with Content should be stated. steroidal saponins Kikuchi, M. (1997). Sterol cosidase cytotoxic activity. (possibly 1.5 g of constituents from the inhibitor Mushroom also saponins daily) may fruit bodies of Grifola named Maitake induce frondosa (Fr.) SF Gray. gastrointestinal Chemical and disturbances and pharmaceutical bulletin, exert oestrogenic 45(11), 1756-1760.; Zava, effects. D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Grifola umbellata Meripilaceae fruiting body fruiting Polysaccharides Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. (Pers.) Pilat body and steroids with Content should be stated. steroidal saponins (2011). Diosgenin, a cytotoxic activity. (possibly 1.5 g of steroid saponin saponins daily) may constituent of yams and induce fenugreek: emerging gastrointestinal evidence for disturbances and applications in exert oestrogenic medicine. Bioactive effects. Compounds in Phytomedicine, 125.; Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Lasiosphaeria Lasiosphaeria fruiting body Ergostanes : e.g. Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. Ergostanes are Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. gigantea Batch ceae ergosta-4,6,8 Content should be stated. steriodal glycosides. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Ex Pers. (14),22-tetraen-3- High doses of Estrogen and progestin one. Edible steroidal saponins bioactivity of foods, mushroom. (possibly 1.5 g of herbs, and spices. saponins daily) may Experimental Biology induce and Medicine, 217(3), gastrointestinal 369-378. disturbances and exert oestrogenic effects. Lentinula edodes Marasmiace fungus Shiitake. Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. Ergostanes are Rivera, A., Benavides, O. (Berk.) Pegler ae Polysaccharides: Content should be stated. steriodal glycosides. L., & Rios-Motta, J. lentinans High doses of (2009). (22 E)-Ergosta-6, steroidal saponins 22-diene-3β, 5 α, 8 α-triol: (possibly 1.5 g of A new polyhydroxysterol saponins daily) may isolated from Lentinus induce edodes (Shiitake). gastrointestinal Natural product disturbances and research, 23(3), 293- exert oestrogenic 300.; Zava, D. T., effects. Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Monascus Monascacea microfungi May Major concern is the production of Blanc, P. J., Loret, M. O., purpureus e produce the mycotoxin, citrinin & Goma, G. (1995). citrinin Production of citrinin by (mycotoxi various species of n) Monascus. Biotechnolog y Letters , 17 (3), 291-294. Pleurotus Pleurotacea fungus Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. Ergostanes are Chobot, V., Opletal, L., ostreatus (Jacq. : e Content should be stated. steriodal glycosides. Jáhodá ř, L., Patel, A. V., Fr.) P. Kumm High doses of Dacke, C. G., & steroidal saponins Blunden, G. (1997). (possibly 1.5 g of Ergosta-4, 6, 8, 22- saponins daily) may tetraen-3-one from the induce edible fungus, Pleurotus gastrointestinal ostreatus (oyster disturbances and fungus). Phytochemistry, exert oestrogenic 45(8), 1669-1671.; Zava, effects. D. T., Dollbaum, C. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378. Polyporus Polyporacea Grifola fungus Ecdysterones: e.g. Toxicity due to steroidal saponins. High doses of Raju, J., & Rao, C. V. umbellatus e umbellat polyporusterone A, Content should be stated. Heavy steroidal saponins (2011). Diosgenin, a (Pers.) Fr. a (Pers.) B, C, D, E, F and G; metal content should be declared. (possibly 1.5 g of steroid saponin Pilát polysaccharides; saponins daily) may constituent of yams and ergone induce fenugreek: emerging gastrointestinal evidence for disturbances and applications in exert oestrogenic medicine. Bioactive effects. Caution with Compounds in the accumulation of Phytomedicine, 125.; heavy metals, Zava, D. T., Dollbaum, C. particularly Cd. M., & Blen, M. (1998). Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(3), 369-378.; Semreen, M. H., & Aboul-Enein, H. Y. (2011). Determination of heavy metal content in wild-edible mushroom from Jordan. Analytical Letters, 44(5), 932-941. Wolfiporia Polyporacea Poria sclerotium Triterpenoid acids Saponin content has to be specifed saponin blood Wang, Y., Li, T., Zhao, Y., extensa (Peck) e cocos F. (tumulosic for the preparation. concentration of Zhang, J., & Liu, H. Ginns A. Wolf derivatives, 10% haemolysis is 7.3 (2012). Contents of poriacosones of mg/ml with an some metabolites in the lanostane type) average intake of 5 peel and flesh of the polysaccharides g of herb. medicinal mushroom Wolfiporia cocos (FA Wolf) Ryvarden et Gilb.(Higher Basidiomycetes). International journal of medicinal mushrooms, 14(1).; Voutquenne, L., Lavaud, C., Massiot, G., & Men-Olivier, L. L. (2002). Structure-activity relationships of haemolytic saponins. Pharmaceutic al biology , 40 (4), 253- 262.; Reynafarje, C. É. S. A. R., & Ramos, J. O. S. É. (1961). The hemolytic anemia of human bartonellosis. Blood, 17(5), 562-78.; Hasegawa, H., Sung, J. H., & Benno, Y. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta medica, 63(5), 436-440. Achillea atrata L. Compositae whole plant whole Essential Tannins. Used for EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Risti ć, M., Sokovi ć, M., plant oil: 1,8 liquors cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Grubiši ć, D., & cineole camphor content. Toxicity with 0.010 mg/kg of food Kovacevi ć, N. (2004). ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol (0.001%) Chemical analysis and should be declared for plant material antifungal activity of the used. essential oil of Achillea atrata L. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 16(1), 75-78.; Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Flavouring Substances. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing; 2008

Achillea erba- Compositae aerial part aerial Essential Coumarins, EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Council of Europe, rotta All. part; oil: flavones, cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Committee of Experts essential monoterp sesquiterpene camphor content. Toxicity with 0.010 mg/kg of food on Flavouring oil enes: eg. lactones of the ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol (0.001%) Substances. Natural 1,8 germacrane type. should be declared for plant material sources of flavourings. cineole, Tannins used. Report No. 3. Belgium: camphor Council of Europe Publishing; 2008

Achillea erba- Compositae aerial part; aerial Essential formerly name was EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Council of Europe, rotta subsp. essential oil part; oil: A. moschata cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Committee of Experts moschata essential monoterp camphor content. Toxicity with 0.010 mg/kg of food on Flavouring (Wulfen) oil enes: eg. ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol (0.001%) Substances. Natural I.Richardson 1,8 should be declared for plant material sources of flavourings. cineole, used. Report No. 3. Belgium: camphor Council of Europe Publishing; 2008 Achillea maritima Compositae Diotis aerial part; aerial Essential EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Council of Europe, (L.) Ehrend. & candidissi essential oil part; oil: cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Committee of Experts Y.P.Guo ma Desf.; essential monoterp camphor content. Toxicity with 0.010 mg/kg of food on Flavouring Otanthus oil enes ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol (0.001%) Substances. Natural maritimus (73%): should be declared for plant material sources of flavourings. (L.) e.g. used. Report No. 3. Belgium: Hoffmann camphor Council of Europe s. & Link (16%), 1,8 Publishing; 2008 cineole

Achillea nana L. Compositae aerial part; aerial Essential Essential oil rich in EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Council of Europe, essential oil part; oil: trans and cis- cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Committee of Experts essential monoterp isoeugenol camphor content. Toxicity with 0.010 mg/kg of food on Flavouring oil enes: eg. ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol (0.001%) Substances. Natural 1,8 should be declared for plant material sources of flavourings. cineole, used. Report No. 3. Belgium: camphor Council of Europe Publishing; 2008

Achillea Compositae aerial part, Root, leaf Essential Tannins EO toxic due to eucalyptol (1,8- Limit for eucalyptol Council of Europe, ptarmica L. root and oil : cineole) content and possibly (1,8-cineole ) use; 10 Committee of Experts flower mono- camphor content. Toxicity with 0.010 mg/kg of food on Flavouring and ml of oil. Content of eucalyptol (0.001%) Substances. Natural bicyclic should be declared for plant material sources of flavourings. monoterp used. Report No. 3. Belgium: enoids Council of Europe (β- Publishing; 2008 myrcene) , monocyc lic monoterp enoids (isopuleg ol, 1,8- cineole, 1,4- cineole, 4- carvome nthenol, 4- terpineol, α- terpineol, β- terpineol) , and bicyclic monoterp enoids (thujone, isoborneo l, isobornyl acetate, camphor ). Acid amides, polyphen ols.