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INDEX COMPILED BY RALPH FERRARA AND EVE TALLMAN Mountains are listed by their official names and ranges; quotation marks indicate unofficial names. Ranges and geographic locations are also indexed. Unnamed peaks (e.g. Peak 2,340) are listed under P. Abbreviations are used for some states and countries and for the following: Article: art.; Cordillera: C.; Mountains: Mts.; National Park: Nat’l Park; Obituary: obit. Most per- sonnel are listed for major articles. Expedition leaders and persons supplying information in Climbs and Expeditions are also cited here. Indexed photographs are listed in bold type. Reviewed books are listed alphabetically under Book Reviews. Araiz, Iñaki 288 A Arbones, Toni 362-3 Aberger, Johann 227 Arch Canyon (UT) 176 Abi Gamin (Central Garhwal, India) 381 Arches Nat’l Park (UT) 175 Achey, Jeff 181, 271 Ares Tower (WA) 157 Ackroyd, Peter 391-3, 476-7 Argan Kangri (Ladakh, India) 369-70 Aconcagua (Argentina) 304-7, 306 Argentiere Peak “P.9,620” (Tordrillo Mts., AK) 210, 210 Acopán Tepui (Venezuela) 296-8 Argentina 302-24 Adamant Group (Selkirk Mts., CAN) 233-4 Arizona 174 Afghanistan 344-6 Armed Forces, P.(Tajikistan) 352-3 Africa 332-9 Arran, Anne 296-8 Agdlerussakasit (Greenland) 266-9 Arran, John 296-8 Agrada (Siberia, Russia) 343-4 Arunachal Pradesh (India) 386-7 Ak Su (Kyrgyzstan) 350-2, 351 Asgard, Mt. (Baffin Is., CAN) 222 Akela Qilla “CB 46” (Lahul, India) 373-4 Ashagiri (Lahul, India) 374 Aklangam (Kashgar Range, China) 418 Ashlu, Mt. (B.C., CAN) 230 Alaska 186-218 Asnococha (C. Apolobamba, Peru) 295 Alaska Range (AK) 186-211 Athearn, Lloyd 465-7 Alberta, Mt. (Canadian Rockies, CAN) 238-9 Athos Spire (Coast Mts., CAN) 228 Almirante Nieto, Cerro 320-1 Atkinson, Bill 481-2 Alpamayo (C. Blanca, Peru) 277 Atlas Mts. (Morocco) 332 Altan, Folco Doro 139, 151 Avellano Tower (Chilean Patagonia) 307-8 Ama Dablam (Nepal) 388 Azuke, Garo 385-6 Amelunxen, Conny 292-3 Amotsang (Damodar Himal, Nepal) 393 Ancohuma (C. Real, Bolivia) 301 B Babanov, V. art. 24-33, 26, 29, 31; 126, 240, 244 5,406-7 Anderson River (B.C., CAN) 231 Babu Chiri (Tshering) 405 Anderson, Dave 231, 307-8 Bachman, Cerro (Chile) 302 Anderson, Hauge 248-51 Bader Valley (Paine, Patagonia) 323 Anderson, Jerry 171-2 Baffin Icefield Traverse (Baffin Is., CAN) 222-4;map 223 Andres, Alain 385-6 Baffin Island (CAN) 222-4 Andrews, Mt.“P.13,790’” (Alaska Range, AK) 194-5 Bagov, Valeri 361 Ang Rita Sherpa 437-8 Bailey Trail (Arunachal Pradesh, India) 386-7 Anker, Conrad 100, 325, 376, 378-9, 434-5 Balchen, Mt. (Hayes Range, AK) 187, 188 Annapurna Himal (Nepal) art. 106-115; 394 Baldwin, Ralph 332-5 Annapurna III (Nepal) art. 106-115, 106; 394 Balezin, Valery 343 Antarctic Peninsula (Antarctica) 329-31 Baltoro Muztagh (Pakistan) 366 Antarctica art. 60-73; 325-31 Baroness (Greenland) 269-70 Anthamatten, Simon 380-1 Barrill, Mt. (Ruth Gorge, AK) 200, 204 Antofalla (Argentina) 302 Beckey, Fred 229, 231-2 Api-Nampa-Saipal region (Nepal) 388-9 Belcourt, Bill 122 Appleyard, Bob 254 Belczynski, Chris 206-7, 321-3, 323 Aragorn, Mt. (B.C., CAN) 230 487 Bell Mtn. (ID) 184-5 Kenneth Conboy 465-7 Benegas, Damian art. 14-23; 407-8 The Stettner Way: The Life and Climbs of Joe Benegas, Willie art. 14-23, 22; 407-8 and Paul Stettner by Jack Gorby 458-9 Benoist, Stéphane art. 90-4, 377 Tenzing: Hero of Everest by Ed Douglas 442-3 Benowitz, Jeff Apple 188-9, 206 Under a Sheltering Sky: Journeys to Mountain Bentley, Tony 163 Heartlands by Colin Monteath 462-3 Bertoglio, Valerio 283 Where the Mountain Casts its Shadow: The Beu-tse (Tibet) 429-30, 429 Dark Side of Extreme Adventure by Maria Beyer, Jim 222 Coffey 445-7 Bhagirathi (Gangotri, India) 380 With a Camera in My Hands: William O. Field, Bhagirathi III (Gangotri, India) 367, 380-1 Pioneer Glaciologist by William O. Field 464-5 Biggar, John 294-5 Yosemite: Half a Century of Dynamic Rock Birch Mtn. (Sierra Nevada, CA) 170-1 Climbing by Alexander Huber 460 Birkuti (Damodar Himal, Nepal) 392 Borah Peak (ID) 184 Bjørnstad, Eric 174-5 Borbon, Ray 231-2 Black Canyon of the Gunnison (CO) 178-81 Borkolday Range (Kyrgyzstan) 347-9 Blackhorn, Mt. (Coast Mts., CAN) 232-3 Bouchard, John 472-4 Blade, The (Coast Mts., CAN) 228 Bow Valley (Canadian Rockies, CAN) 238 Blanchard, Barry 32, 122, 125, 239 Bowers, Bean 312-4, 315 Blockhouse (WA) 163 Bowles, Mt. (Antarctica) 330 Bogino, Pierre 301 Bracali, Dario 303 Bohórquez, Antonio Gómez 277-8, 282-3, 284 Bradley, Mt. 205 Bolivia 300-1 Bragg, John 139, 143, 148-9, 153-4 Bonanza Peak (WA) 160-1, 160 Bransby, Ben 312-4, 315-6 Bonatti, Walter 139, 151 Bravo, Claudio 303 Bonete Chico (Argentina) 302 Brayshaw, Drew 229-31 Bonnington, Sir Christian 369, 383 Brazier, Jay 157 Book Reviews 440-69 Britannia, Mt. (Danco Is., Antarctica) 66 The Beckoning Silence by Joe Simpson 449-5 Broderick, Sam 409-10 C. Bonnington’s Everest by C. Bonnington 440-2 Brown, Katie 463-4 Dougal Haston: The Philosophy of Risk Brown, Mt. (MT) 185 by Jeff Connor 450-52 Buchwald, Kurt 160-2 Everest: 50 Years on Top of the World, Buckner, Mt. (WA) 157 The Official History by George Band 440-2 Bugaboos (Purcell Mts., B.C. CAN) 234-7 Everest: Summit of Achievement Buhler, Carlos 214-6, 275-7 by Stephen Venables 440-2 Buil, Cecilia 267-9 Frank Smythe: The Six Alpine/Himalayan Bullock, Nick 51, art. 52-5; 285, 396-8 Climbing Books by Frank Smythe 454-6 Bunker, Mark art. 34-9, 39; 158 Good Morning Midnight: Life and Death in the Burcham, John 255-7 Wild by Chip Brown 467-9 Burdet, Denis 362-3 Himalayan Quest: Ed Viesturs on the 8,000 Burdick, David 162, 453-4 Meter Giants by Ed Viesturs 467 Burke, Phil 146, 149-50, 153 Himalayan Vignettes: Garwhal and Sikkim Burney, Mt. (Patagonia, Chile) 324 Treks by Kekii Naoroji 452-3 Burns, Cameron 435, 458-9 Imperial Ascent: Mountaineering, Masculinity, Butler, The (Greenland) 266-7 and Empire by Peter L. Bayers 444-5 Byers, Dr. Alton 436-8 Mount McKinley’s West Buttress: The First Ascent - Brad Washburn’s Logbook, 1951 459-60 C Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills, 7th ed. Caldwell, Tommy 165, 168-9, 178 edited by Steven M. Cox and Kris Fulsaas 456-7 California 165-74 Mountains of the Mind by Robert Macfarlane 444-5 Callijon (C. Apolobamba, Peru) 295 The Naked Mountain by Reinhold Messner 447-8 Calumachaya Buttress (C. Apolobamba, Peru) 294-5 Ordeal by Piton: Writings from the Golden Age Camballa (C. Vilcabamba, Peru) 292 of Yosemite Climbing edited by Steve Roper 461-2 Campbell-Kelly, Ben 143, 149, 154 Range of Glaciers: The Exploration and Survey Canada art. 133-7; 219-47 of the Northern Cascade Range by Fred Beckey Canadian Rockies, (CAN) art. 133-7; 237-246 453-4 Cape Farewell (Greenland) 259-70 Southeastern Rock by Harrison Shull 463-4 Carse, Jimmy 273-4 Spies in the Himalayas: Secret Missions and Carse, Peter 293-4 Perilous Climbs by M.S. Kohli and Carter, Ad 13 488 T HE A MERICAN A LPINE J OURNAL, 2004 Cartwright, Jules 396-8 Cordillera Apolobamba (Peru) 294-5 Castle Greyskull (Coast Mts., AK/CAN) 231, 231 Cordillera Blanca (Peru) 275-84, 435-6 Cathedral Park (B.C., CAN) 229 Cordillera Central (Peru) 289-92 Cathedral Rock (Death Canyon, WY) 182 Cordillera Chaupijanca (Peru) 284 Catlin, Alex 271-4 Cordillera Huayhuash (Peru) arts. 48-51, 52-5, 56-9; Caton, Jasmin 224-5 284-9; map 50 Caucasus (Russia) 343 Cordillera Real (Bolivia) 300-1 CB 44 (Lahul, India) 373-4, 373 Cordillera Vilcabamba (Peru) 292-3 CB 46 (Lahul, India) See Akela Qilla Cordillera Vilcanota (Peru) 293-4 CB 48 (Lahul, India) See Tombu Corominas, Jordi 282 CB 49A (Lahul, India) See Jori Courage, Sean 157 Cesen, Ales 346-7 Coven, The (Greenland) 257-8, 257 Chabot, Doug 376, 378-9 Cox, Steven M. 482-3 Chacraraju Este (C. Blanca, Peru) 58, 278-80, 279 Crapo, Mike 229 Chalten Massif (Patagonia) 308-18 Cuerno Chico (Paine, Patagonia) 323 Chang Tang (Tibet) 423 Cuerno Oeste (Paine, Patagonia) 323 Charakusa Valley (Pakistan) art. 95-105, 95, 100; Culbert, Vance 470 364-6, 365 Cusick, Brendan 192 Chehalis area (B.C., CAN) 230 Czarsky Tron (Siberia, Russia) 343 Chephren, Mt. (Canadian Rockies, CAN) 240 Chiappa, Daniele 154 D Chihuahua (Mexico) 271 Dalbagni, Gianni 151-2 Chile 302-24 Daly Bjerge (Greenland) 249 Chin, Jimmy 335, 427 Dam, Commander Satyabrata 370-1, 381 China 415-22 Damodar Himal (Nepal) 391-3 Chkhetiani, Otto 416-8 Danco Is. (Antarctica) 65-7 Cho Oyo (Nepal/Tibet) 388, 426 Danish Polar Centre 248-51 Cho, Lee Sang 376-7 Dansketinde (Staunning Alps, Greenland) 251-3, 252-3 Cholatse (Malahangur Himal, Nepal) 401-2, 401 Darack, Ed 459-60 Chopicalqui (C. Blanca, Peru) 282 Das, PM 382 Chopping Block (WA) 158 Dash, Micah art. 40-7; 166, 265-6 Choudens, Antoine de 363-4 Davis, Steph 460 Chowdhury, Ashim Kumar Ghosh 373-4 Davison, Brian 255 Chugach Mts. (AK) 211-14 Dawa Kangri (Spiti, India) 374 Chukporisum (Tibet) 430-1 Dawson, Bob 253 Chumpe “Jatunriti” (C. Vilcanota, Peru) 293, 294 Daxue Shan (China) 418-20 Churup (C. Blanca, Peru) 284 Deavoll, Pat 199-200 Cirque of the Unclimbables (N.W.T., CAN) 226-7 Delta Range (AK) 188-9 Citadel, The (Kichatna Spires, AK) 2, 190, 206-8, 207 Denali (Alaska Range, AK) 189-94, 192 Citta di Rieti (Argentina) 302 Denali Nat’l Park and Preserve (AK) 189-200 Clère, Arnaud 389 Desmochada (Patagonia) 312-4 Cloud Peak (Ladakh, India) See Saser Kangri IV Dhaulagiri Himal (Nepal) 390-1 Clouet, Aymeric 51, art.
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    Fabián Novak Sandra Namihas SERIE: POLÍTICA EXTERIOR PERUANA LAS RELACIONES ENTRE EL PERÚ Y BOLIVIA ( 1826-2013 ) SERIE: POLÍTICA EXTERIOR PERUANA LAS RELACIONES ENTRE EL PERÚ Y BOLIVIA (1826-2013) Serie: Política Exterior Peruana LAS RELACIONES ENTRE EL PERÚ Y BOLIVIA (1826-2013) Fabián Novak Sandra Namihas 2013 Serie: Política Exterior Peruana Las relaciones entre el Perú y Bolivia (1826-2013) Primera edición, octubre de 2013 © Konrad Adenauer Stiftung General Iglesias 630, Lima 18 – Perú Email: [email protected] URL: <www.kas.de/peru> Telf: (51-1) 208-9300 Fax: (51-1) 242-1371 © Instituto de Estudios Internacionales (IDEI) Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Plaza Francia 1164, Lima 1 – Perú Email: [email protected] URL: <www.pucp.edu.pe/idei> Telf: (51-1) 626-6170 Fax: (51-1) 626-6176 Diseño de cubierta: Eduardo Aguirre / Sandra Namihas Derechos reservados, prohibida la reproducción de este libro por cualquier medio, total o parcialmente, sin permiso expreso de los editores. Hecho el depósito legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú Registro: Nº 2013-14683 ISBN Nº 978-9972-671-18-0 Impreso en: EQUIS EQUIS S.A. RUC: 20117355251 Jr. Inca 130, Lima 34 – Perú Impreso en el Perú – Printed in Peru A la memoria de mi padre y hermano, F.N. A mis padres, Jorge y María Luisa S.N. Índice Introducción …………………………….……...…………….…… 17 CAPÍTULO 1: El inicio de ambas repúblicas y los grandes temas bilaterales en el siglo XIX ……………………….………..……… 19 1 El inicio de las relaciones diplomáticas y el primer intento de federación peruano-boliviana ……………............. 22 2 El comienzo del largo camino para la definición de los límites ……………………………………………...….
  • Bolivia 2006

    Bolivia 2006

    ERlK MONASTERIO Bolivia 2006 Thanks are due to thejDlfowing contributors to these notes: Lindsay Griffin, John Biggar, Nick Flyvbjerg, Juliette Gehard, Arnaud Guilfaume, Moira Herring, Alain Mesili, Charlie Netherton and Katsutaka Yokoyama. Favourable weather conditions arrived early in the 2006 season with a premature end to the austral summer monsoon. As usual, most climbing activity was on the normal routes on Huayna Potosi, Illimani and Condoriri, but it was gratifying to see more trekking and climbing activity in the northern Cordillera Real, which has been quite neglected in recent years. Glacier conditions on the approaches to the western routes of Ancohuma and Illampu were by far the best seen over the past 10 years, as there were few crevasses and penitents, but the overall trend is still for rapid glacial recession. Unseasonably early snowfall arrived later in the season, substantially increasing the avalanche risk. Local guides say the climbing season is moving earlier each year. In 2005 the weather was almost continuously bad throughout September. The political situation is always important when it comes to planning a trip to Bolivia's Cordillera. The February 2006 democratic elections were unprecedented in terms of voter turnout, and for the first time elected as president an indigenous leader from a non-traditional party. Evo Morales won by a clear majority and formed a government with strong ideological affiliations to Venezuela and Cuba, rejecting US influence. This brought initial stability to the nation and the political demonstrations and strikes that in previous years paralysed the nation were not a problem during the May-September climbing season.
  • Unit–3 CLIMATE

    Unit–3 CLIMATE

    B.S/B.Ed./MSC Level Geography of Pakistan-I CODE No: 4655 / 8663 / 9351 Department of Pakistan Studies Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD i (All rights Reserved with the Publisher) First Printing ................................ 2019 Quantity ....................................... 5000 Printer........................................... Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad Publisher ...................................... Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad ii COURSE TEAM Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Samina Awan Course Coordinator: Dr. Khalid Mahmood Writers: Mr. Muhammad Javed Mr. Arshad Iqbal Wani Mrs. Zunaira Majeed Mr. Muhammad Haroon Mrs. Iram Zaman Mrs. Seema Saleem Mr. Usman Latif Reviewer: Dr. Khalid Mahmood Editor: Fazal Karim Layout Design: Asrar ul Haque Malik iii FOREWORD Allama Iqbal Open University has the honour to present various programmes from Metric to PhD. level for those who are deprived from regular education due to their compulsions. It is obviously your own institution that provides you the education facility at your door step. Allama Iqbal Open University is the unique in Pakistan which provides education to all citizens; without any discrimination of age, gender, ethnicity, region or religion. It is no doubt that our beloved country had been facing numerous issues since its creation. The initial days were very tough for the newly state but with the blessings of Allah Almighty, it made progress day by day. However, due to conspiracy of external powers and some weaknesses of our leaders, the internal situation of East Pakistan rapidly changed and the end was painful as we lost not only the land but also our Bengali brothers. After the war of 1971, the people and leaders of Pakistan were forced to rethink the future of the remaining country.