Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB I | P a g e

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Index of Tables ...... VI Index of Figures ...... VII Acronyms ...... IX Executive Summary ...... X 1. Background ...... 1 1.1. Objectives of KAP ...... 1 2. Implementation Strategy ...... 2 2.1. Inception Meeting ...... 2 2.2. Review of Literature ...... 2 2.3. Development of Research Tools ...... 2 2.4. Selection of Vulnerable Valleys ...... 2 2.5. Hiring and Training of Field Teams ...... 2 2.6. Quantitative Survey ...... 2 2.6.1 Sampling Methods and Sample Size ...... 3 2.6.2 The Sampling Framework ...... 3 2.7. Qualitative Survey ...... 4 3. Findings...... 5 3.1. Profile of Respondents ...... 5 3.1.1 Age Group of Respondents ...... 5 3.1.2 Household Size ...... 6 3.1.3 Education of Respondents ...... 7 3.1.4 Occupation of Respondents ...... 8 4. Natural Disaster Faced by Communities ...... 10 4.1. Ranking of Disasters ...... 11 4.2. Incidence of GLOF ...... 15 4.3. Effect of GLOF on Communities ...... 17 5. Institutional Disaster Management ...... 19 5.1. Early Warning System ...... 21 5.2. Hazard Watch Groups ...... 21 5.3. Infrastructure to Minimize GLOF Effect ...... 23 6. Emergency Response Mechanism ...... 24

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB I | P a g e

6.1. Evacuation Plan ...... 24 6.2. Safe Heavens ...... 26 6.3. Medical Health Facility ...... 27 6.4. Community Revolving Fund ...... 32 7. Community Coping Mechanism ...... 34 7.1. Community Initiatives ...... 34 7.2. Institutional loaning/credit facility ...... 36 8. Means of Communication ...... 38 9. Suggestions by the Respondents ...... 41 Annexures ...... 40 Annexure I: Brief District Profiles ...... 40 A. ASTORE ...... 40 A.1. District Location and Geography...... 40 A.2. Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity ...... 41 A.3 Climate ...... 41 A.4 Livelihood Sources ...... 41 A.5 Culture ...... 41 A.6 Population ...... 42 A.7 Disaster profile of Astore ...... 42 B. Diamer...... 43 B.1 District Location and Geography...... 43 B.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity ...... 43 B.3 Population ...... 43 B.4 Disaster profile of Diamer ...... 43 C. Ghanche ...... 44 C.1 District Location and Geography...... 44 C.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity ...... 45 C.3 Climate ...... 45 C.4 Livelihood Sources ...... 45 C.5 Population ...... 45 C.6 Disaster profile of Ghanche ...... 46 D. Ghizar ...... 47 D.1 District Location and Geography...... 47 D.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity ...... 48 D.3 Climate ...... 49

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB II | P a g e

D.4 Livelihood Sources ...... 49 D.5 Culture ...... 49 D.6 Shandur Festival ...... 49 D.7 Haimaaz/ Be Ganik / Tukhum Razi ...... 49 D.8 Shishogot ...... 50 D.9 Duman Khiya ...... 50 D.10 Dashti/ Nasalo ...... 50 D.11 Population ...... 50 D.12 Disaster profile of Ghizar ...... 50 E. Gilgit ...... 52 E.1 District Location and Geography...... 52 E.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity ...... 52 E.3 Climate ...... 53 E.4 Livelihood Sources ...... 53 E.5 Culture ...... 54 E.6 Population ...... 54 E.7 Disaster profile of Gilgit ...... 54 F. Hunza ...... 56 F.1 District Location and Geography...... 56 F.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity ...... 56 F.3 Population ...... 56 F.4 Climate ...... 56 F.5 Culture ...... 56 F.6 Source of Income ...... 57 F.7 Disaster profile of Hunza ...... 57 G. Kharmang ...... 60 G.1 District Location and Geography...... 60 G.2 Population ...... 60 H. Nagar ...... 61 H.1 District Location and Geography...... 61 H.2 Livelihood Sources ...... 61 H.3 Population ...... 61 I. Shigar ...... 62 I.1 District Location and Geography...... 62 I.2 Population ...... 62

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB III | P a g e

I.3 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity ...... 62 J. Skardu ...... 63 J.1 District Location and Geography...... 63 J.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity ...... 63 J.3 Climate ...... 64 J.4 Livelihood Sources ...... 64 J.5 Culture ...... 64 J.6 Population ...... 64 J.7 Disaster Profile of Skardu ...... 64 K. Lower Chitral ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. K.1 District Location and Geography...... 66 K.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity ...... 67 K.3 Climate ...... 68 K.4 Livelihood Sources ...... 68 K.5 Population ...... 68 K.6 Culture ...... 68 K.7 Disaster profile of Lower Chitral ...... 69 K.8 Glacial lake outburst flood ...... 70 L. Upper Dir ...... 70 L.1 Location and Boundary ...... 70 L.2 Tribes Ethnic Groups and Languages ...... 71 L.3 Climate ...... 71 L.4 Population and Earning Source ...... 71 L.5 Disaster Profile of Upper Dir ...... 72 M. Swat ...... 73 M.1 District Location and Geography...... 73 M.2 Tribes, Ethnic Groups, and Languages ...... 73 M.3 Climate ...... 73 M.4 Population and Employed Labor Force ...... 73 M.5 Livelihood Sources ...... 74 M.6 Disaster Profile of Swat ...... 74 N. Lower Kohistan ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. N.1 District Location and Geography...... 76 N.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity ...... 76 N.3 Climate ...... 76

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB IV | P a g e

N.4 Livelihood Sources ...... 76 N.5 Population ...... 76 N.6 Disaster profile of Lower Kohistan ...... 76 O. District Mansehra ...... 78 O.1 District Location and Geography...... 78 O.2 Population ...... 78 O.3 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity ...... 78 O.4 Climate ...... 78 O.5 Disaster Profile of Mansehra District ...... 78 Annexure – II: KAP Household Questionnaire ...... 80 Annexure - III: In-depth Interview with Stakeholders ...... 89 Annexure - IV: Guide for FGD with Communities (men and women) ...... 90 Annexure - V: Valleys in 15 Districts of GB and KP ...... 92

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB V | P a g e

Index of Tables

Table 1: Proposed Sample of Household Survey...... 3 Table 2: Proposed Sample Size of Qualitative Survey ...... 4 Table 3: Population Size in Surveyed Households ...... 7

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB VI | P a g e

Index of Figures

Figure 1: Percent of respondents who fell in various age groups ...... 5 Figure 2: Percent of male and female respondents in various age groups ...... 6 Figure 3: Average household size in GB and KP ...... 6 Figure 4: Average household size in surveyed districts of GB and KP ...... 6 Figure 5: Percent of literate male and female respondents ...... 7 Figure 6: Percent of literate male and female respondents in the surveyed districts ...... 8 Figure 7: Percent of respondents engaged in various livelihoods ...... 8 Figure 8: Percent of respondents engaged in various occupations ...... 9 Figure 9: Percent of households with persons with disabilities ...... 9 Figure 10: Percent of respondents who mentioned various types of disasters in their areas ...... 10 Figure 11: Ranking of frequently occurring disasters by percentage of respondents ...... 11 Figure 12: Ranking of most severe disasters ...... 11 Figure 13: Ranking of the most damaging disasters ...... 12 Figure 14: Percent of respondents who said their area was vulnerable to GLOF ...... 12 Figure 15: Percent of respondents who expressed various causes of GLOF ...... 13 Figure 16: Percent of male and female respondents who described causes of GLOF ...... 14 Figure 17: Percent of respondents who said incidence of GLOF has increased or decreased in last 20 years ...... 15 Figure 18: Percent of respondents who said GLOF incidence is likely to increase or decrease in future ...... 17 Figure 19: Percent of respondents who said an organization is working on DRR in their areas 19 Figure 20: Percent of respondents who mentioned various activities done by the organization working on DRR ...... 20 Figure 21: Percent of respondents who said awareness campaigns on DRR were enough or not ...... 20 Figure 22: Percent of respondents who said whether any hazard watch group exists in their areas ...... 22 Figure 23: Percent of respondents who answered "who formed hazard watch group" in their areas ...... 22 Figure 24: Percent of respondents who mentioned whether any infrastructure has been built to minimize GLOF effect ...... 23 Figure 25: Percent of respondents who said whether there is any evacuation plan in their communities ...... 24 Figure 26: Percent of respondents who said the evacuation plan was prepared by the community, government or an NGO ...... 25 Figure 27: Percent of respondents who mentioned support from local people, government or religious groups ...... 26 Figure 28: Percent of respondents who said whether there was any safe location where they can move during emergency ...... 27 Figure 29: Percent of respondents who mentioned health facilities in their areas to provide emergency relief ...... 28 Figure 30: Percent of respondents who mentioned type of health facility in their areas ...... 28 Figure 31: Distance from a village to the health facility, as described by the respondents ...... 29 Figure 33: Percent of respondents who informed about who comes first to help them...... 30

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB VII | P a g e

Figure 35: Percent of respondents who answered whether the government can provide immediate relief ...... 31 Figure 36: Percent of respondents expressing level of trust in the government ...... 31 Figure 37: Percent of respondents in all districts expressing level of trust in government ...... 31 Figure 38: Percent of respondents who mentioned community revolving fund ...... 32 Figure 39: Amount of revolving fund as mentioned by the respondents ...... 33 Figure 40: Percent of respondents who said they have or have not taken small-scale initiatives 34 Figure 41: Percent of respondents who said whether their house can withstand GLOF ...... 35 Figure 42: Percent of respondents who mentioned various mechanisms to cope with GLOF ..... 36 Figure 43: Percent of respondents who mentioned loaning facility...... 36 Figure 44: Percent of respondents in surveyed districts who said they have access to loan/credit during emergency ...... 37 Figure 45: Percent of respondents who described how they cope with financial needs ...... 37 Figure 46: Percent of users of cellular networks ...... 38 Figure 47: Percent of respondents who use various cellular networks ...... 38 Figure 48: Average number of cell phones per household ...... 39 Figure 49: Percent of respondents who said they own a television ...... 39 Figure 50: Percent of respondents who said they own a radio...... 40

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB VIII | P a g e

Acronyms

CMDO Community Motivation & Development Organization DRR Disaster Risk Reduction FGDs Focus Group Discussions GB Gilgit-Baltistan GCF Global Climate Fund GCMs Global Climate Models GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flood HR Human Resource IDI In-Depth Interviews KAP Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KKH Karakoram Highway KM Kilo Meters KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MDC Management & Development Center NDMA National Disaster Management Authority NWFP North West Frontier Province PMD Pakistan Meteorological Department PSLM Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement TORs Terms of Reference

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB IX | P a g e

Executive Summary

This report presents the findings of a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) survey conducted in 30 valleys in 10 districts of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) province and five districts of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province in the northern region of Pakistan. The study was conducted in two highly vulnerable valleys with respect to Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in each district. Of thirty vulnerable valleys selected for the study, fifteen valleys were already notified by the government of Pakistan as vulnerable, and the remaining vulnerable valleys were selected in consultation with government representatives in the target districts.

The data for the study was collected through a quantitative household survey (KAP questionnaire) and qualitative methods of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with community men and women, and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with government representatives of local disaster management authorities. The main objective of the KAP study is to establish a baseline for future assessments and measure effectiveness of project interventions over a period of time. This study will inform the project about knowledge, attitude and practices of local communities related to GLOF, what has been done by the government or civil society organizations in the target communities to address GLOF issues, and what needs to be done in future to minimize GLOF effect.

KAP survey was conducted with 1328 adult respondents (67% male and 33% female respondents) in 15 target districts of the two provinces. Majority of the respondents (88%) were above 30 years of age, whereas 12% fell in the age group of 20-30 years. About 85% of the male respondents were literate, whereas majority of the female respondents (72%) were not educated.

Study findings show that local communities face various kinds of natural disasters like GLOFs, heavy rains, flash floods, land sliding, mud sliding, avalanches, earthquake and lightening. When asked about the most frequent disasters, heavy rains/flash floods were mentioned by 40% respondents in KP and 35% respondents in GB as the most frequent disasters as compared to GLOFs that were mentioned by 35% in KP and 25% in GB. When asked to rank the disasters in terms of severity, respondents in KP placed GLOFs in the first rank, heavy rains/flashfloods on the second rank, land/mud sliding on the third rank, earthquakes on the fourth, and avalanches and lightening, both, on the fifth rank; whereas respondents in GB placed heavy rains/flash floods on the first rank, GLOF on the second, avalanches on the third, land/mud sliding on the fourth, earthquake on the fifth, and lightening on the sixth rank.

When asked to identify the most damaging disasters, respondents in KP placed in GLOF on the first rank and heavy rains/flash floods on the second, whereas respondents in GB placed heavy rains/flash floods on the first rank and GLOF on the second.

To describe vulnerability to GLOF, the respondents were asked to mark vulnerability on the scale of very low to very high vulnerability. Only one percent marked vulnerability in their area as low, and 28% as medium. But 38% marked vulnerability in their area as high and 33% as very high. If figures of high and very high are combined, this shows that majority of the respondents (71%) felt their areas are highly vulnerable to GLOF.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB X | P a g e

Explaining cause of GLOF, majority of the respondents (74%) did not attribute cause of GLOF to any supernatural agency, but to climate change, whereas 19% believed GLOF was manifestation of divine wrath.

Describing incidence of GLOF in the last 20 years, overwhelming majority of respondents (92%) said that GLOF incidence has increased over the last two decades and almost the same percent of respondents believed that it is likely to increase in future.

From fifteen districts, respondents in only four districts mentioned some Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) working on DRR in their areas, but these organizations were said to conduct only awareness campaigns and did not construct any infrastructure to minimize GLOF effect.

Early warning system was not reported by any respondent in all fifteen districts, and communities relied on their own traditional methods to warn people about any potential dangers. The main source of warning alert was the loudspeakers of the mosques through which communities were informed about any disaster.

Hazard watch groups virtually do not exist. Roughly around 10% respondents mentioned such groups in seven districts, but these groups were mainly formed by local communities themselves. Hence, no such hazard watch group has been formed by the government or an NGO in all target districts.

Evacuation plan almost did not exist in any surveyed area. Less than 10% respondents in only five districts mentioned such a plan but on further probing, they informed that such plans were not adequate and were mainly prepared by local communities themselves. When asked who helped them evacuate the area in times of disaster, more than 90% respondents said they help themselves and no other organizations come to help them evacuate the area.

Almost no one mentioned any safe location designated by the government to move to during emergency or natural disaster. People usually decide themselves where to go to or whether to go to their relatives in the other areas, or just stay there.

During emergency, less than half of respondents (44%) said there was any health facility that could provide health emergency relief, but more than 90% of these respondents said that the type of health facility they had access to, was a civil dispensary which did not have capacity to provide adequate emergency support to all the affected populations.

When asked whether they believe the government can provide immediate relief during a natural disaster, more than 70% respondents did not think so, and only around a quarter of respondents expressed some trust in the government to provide any relief.

Community revolving fund to provide emergency support during disasters was not mentioned by the respondents in surveyed areas. Less than 20% respondents mentioned availability of a revolving fund in seven districts, but that fund was established by an NGO under a mother and child health program, and not for DRR related program.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB XI | P a g e

Institutional loaning facility, i.e. loaning or credit facility by a bank or an organization, was accessible to 34% respondents in GB and only 3% in KP.

More than 70% respondents said their houses cannot withstand GLOF and can be damaged if GLOF occurs. This makes them more vulnerable to a natural disaster like GLOF that can eventually displace them.

Describing what mechanism they have adopted at household level to cope with GLOF in future, more than 50% of the respondents said that when the summer starts, they start storing food for emergency purposes, and about 40% said they save money for emergency purposes. But in case they need more money to cope with a natural disaster, more than 50% respondents in 15 districts said they sell livestock, and around 40% said they borrow money from friends or relatives. Around 10% said they sell their household assets to arrange money for emergency purposes.

On average, there are two cell phones per households and the most common cellular networks are Telenor, Zong and Scom. Other sources of information included television and radio. However, around 60% respondents in target districts own a television, and radio was mainly found in districts of KP where about 60% respondents owned a radio, and only about 15% respondents in GB owned a radio.

During group discussions, the respondents suggested to establish a formal early warning system that cover all the vulnerable villages, construct protection walls and concrete water channels to minimize GLOF effect, arrange capacity building workshops for local communities to enhance their level of knowledge and capacity to understand nature of different disasters, form hazard watch groups, and establish a community revolving fund for emergency purposes.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB XII | P a g e

1. Background

The Government of Pakistan has recognized that threat form GLOFs in its National Climate Change Policy and its national determined contribution to monitor changes in glacier volumes and related GLOFs. Currently 58.7 million People in Pakistan are living in poverty, with 46 percent of the rural population and 18 percent of urban households live below the poverty line. To be able to strengthen capacities of vulnerable communities to address the GLOF issue urgently in the scale that is needed, the Government of Pakistan needs financial support from international donors. Flood hazards are already greater than the national public finance can manage. As a result, it has secured GCF resource to upscale ongoing initiatives on early warning systems and small locally-sourced infrastructure to protect communities from GLOF risks.

1.1. Objectives of KAP

The overall objective of KAP is to:  A Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Survey is a quantitative method (predefined questions formatted in standardized questionnaires) that provides access to quantitative and qualitative information. KAP survey reveals misconceptions or misunderstandings that may represent obstacles to the activities that we would like to implement and potential barriers to behavior change.

 Before full-scale implementation of the project is initiated, the stakeholders would like to understand the existing knowledge, attitude and practice around issue of GLOF risk reduction in target districts, identify what is known and done about these subjects, establish the baseline for use in future assessments, and in the long-run, when KAP surveys are repeated, measure the effectiveness of project interventions. KAP survey will also help identify and intervention strategy that reflects specific local circumstance, socio-economic and cultural factors, and plan activities that are suited to respective population involved.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 1 | P a g e

2. Implementation Strategy

2.1. Inception Meeting Inception meeting with the client was held on January 2nd, 2019 at Project Management Unit (GLOF II), Islamabad, in which study methodology was discussed. After that, MDC provided detailed methodology about the project implementation including sample size, study design, team formation, data collection, analysis and report writing in the action plan which are provided below.

2.2. Review of Literature The client had shared the documents related to the project which were reviewed by the consultants and helped in preparation of research tools. The consultants also reviewed other relevant literature like area profiles, survey reports and research articles by national and international organizations.

2.3. Development of Research Tools In the KAP study mixed methodology was used in which structured quantitative tool was used for household survey and semi-structured qualitative tools were used for In-depth Interviews (IDIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). All the tools were pre-tested before collecting data from the target areas.

2.4. Selection of Vulnerable Valleys About 15 of the target valleys were notified by the National Disaster Management Authority and Pakistan Meteorological Department, whereas remaining 15 valleys were identified in consultation with representatives of District Disaster Management Authorities in the respective districts.

2.5. Hiring and Training of Field Teams All the field teams (enumerators for quantitative survey and moderators/note takers for qualitative survey) belong to respective target areas who had experience in fieldwork and data collection. A three- day training of field teams was conducted in Islamabad. The training focused on:  Understanding GLOF context  Inclusive and integrated community-based disaster risk management  Collection of accurate information from the respondents  Effective communication skills to get questionnaires/ checklist filled in or improving it according to circumstantial evidences found in the field  Completing and checking the questionnaires/ checklists of data collection  Time management  Techniques for data collection, analysis and reporting  Ethical consideration and field logistic plans

2.6. Quantitative Survey Quantitative survey was conducted at household level using a structured questionnaire. The respondents for the survey were adult men and women in the villages of target valleys. Since this study was about knowledge, attitude and practices of local communities related to GLOF, therefore it was important to

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 2 | P a g e

have views of both the genders because men and women have different perceptions about disasters and both the genders are differentially affected by these disasters.

2.6.1 Sampling Methods and Sample Size In order to maximize internal and external validity, an extended sampling frame was proposed to select a household sample for survey. To determine a representative community sample size, the Rao soft software was used1. Statistically with the 99% confidence level, a sample size was 664 per province. Households were selected randomly in close consultation with client’s focal person.

2.6.2 The Sampling Framework The proposed sample of household survey was drawn from the following districts as mentioned in the TORs and presented below:

Table 1: Proposed Sample of Household Survey

Proposed S# Province District Population Sample2 1. Skardu 304,904 2. Shigar 81,128 3. Kharmang 28,635 4. Ghanche 153,060 5. Gilgit 284,407 Gilgit – Baltistan 664 6. Ghizer 297,758 7. Hunza 116,886 8. Nagar 71,260 9. Diamer 233,395 10. Astore 177,881 Sub Total 10 1,749,314 664 1. Lower Chitral 447,362 2. Upper Dir 946,421 3. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Swat 2,309,570 664 4. Lower Kohistan 472,570 5. Mansehra 1,556,460 Subtotal 5 5,732,383 664 Grand Total 7,481,697 1,328

1 http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html 2 Two vulnerable valleys in each district will be selected for quantitative survey

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 3 | P a g e

2.7. Qualitative Survey Qualitative survey consisted of FGDs and IDIs. FGDs were held with groups of men and women. In- depth interviews were conducted with representatives of district administration to finalize valleys and get some relevant information about the target areas. The sample size for the qualitative survey is given in the following table:

Table 2: Proposed Sample Size of Qualitative Survey

Province FGDs IDIs

GB 20 10 KPK 10 5 Total 30 15

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 4 | P a g e

3. Findings

3.1. Profile of Respondents

As mentioned above, quantitative data was collected through household survey and the number of target households was 1328. Majority of the respondents (67%) were men, and around one-third of respondents were women. It was tried to have a 50-50 ratio of male and female respondents, but in some areas, women requested the field teams to interview their husbands instead as they were either busy in household chores or did not want to participate in the survey. Following the ethical guidelines, the field teams did not force women to participate and interviewed their husbands on their behalf.

3.1.1 Age Group of Respondents Very few respondents fell in the age group of 20-30 years, where majority of them was over 30 years. Overall, 12% respondents belonged to the age group of 20-30 years, 32% belonged to 30-40 years, 27% were in the age group of 40-50 years, and the rest (16%) were above 50 years.

Age Group of Respondents

120%

100% 17% 22% 21% 20% 18% 27% 23% 24% 26% 24% 33% 33% 33% 80% 38% 48% 17% 23% 19% 26% 31% 37% 60% 24% 27% 33% 16% 39% 29% 29% 25% 23% 31% 40% 23% 43% 26% 34% 35% 39% 43% 38% 40% 20% 36% 36% 33% 36% 39% 29% 23% 26% 16% 20% 17% 8% 5% 4% 5% 6% 0% 1% 3% 0% 1%

20-30 30-40 40-50 <50

Figure 1: Percent of respondents who fell in various age groups Gender-segregated data shows that more female respondents belonged to the age group of 30-40 years, whereas more male respondents were above 50 years of age. About 8% to 10% female and male respondents fell in the age group of 20-30 years. This shows that the data was collected from adult male and female members who provided data about change in climate over the last two decades and who had experienced natural disasters during that period.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 5 | P a g e

Age Group of Male and Female respondents

45% 41% 40% 35% 35% 30% 29% 30% 25% 25% 22% 20% 15% 10% 10% 8% 5% 0% 20-30 30-40 40-50 <50

Male Female

Figure 2: Percent of male and female respondents in various age groups

3.1.2 Household Size Quantitative data about the household size in the surveyed households of the target districts of GB and KP show that the average household size in GB is 6.4 and in KP is 4.7 persons per house. District segregated data shows some variation in household size in each district. Highest average household size was found in Gilgit and Kharmang districts of GB, whereas the lowest household size was in Mansehra district of KP. In general, overall average household size was lower in KP districts as compared to GB districts, and percent of men is slightly more than woman in both the provinces. Figure 3: Average household size in GB and KP

Average of Household Size 8.0 7 6.9 7.0 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.6 5.7 5.7 5.9 6.0 4.8 5.1 4.8 4.5 5.0 4.1 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0

Figure 4: Average household size in surveyed districts of GB and KP

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 6 | P a g e

Table 3: Population Size in Surveyed Households

District Total Family size Male % Female % Astore 446 234 52% 212 48% Diamer 294 154 52% 140 48% Ghanche 465 244 52% 221 48% Ghizer 458 245 53% 213 47% Gilgit 478 244 51% 234 49% Hunza 348 178 51% 170 49% Kharmang 477 252 53% 225 47% Lower Chitral 599 310 52% 289 48% Lower Kohistan 644 329 51% 315 49% Mansehra 546 277 51% 269 49% Nagar 414 215 52% 199 48% Shigar 458 245 53% 213 47% Skardu 461 246 53% 215 47% Swat 682 347 51% 335 49% Upper Dir 650 331 51% 319 49% Grand Total 7420 3851 52% 3569 48%

3.1.3 Education of Respondents Literacy rate was high among male respondents than female ones. Around 85% male respondents in all 15 target districts were literate, whereas only 28% female respondents had got some education. However, percent of literate male and female respondents varied among all the surveyed districts. Majority of literate male and female respondents were found in Hunza and Nagar districts of GB, where number of literate male respondents was 88% and 65% respectively, and number of literate female respondents was 63% and 55% respectively. Overall literacy rate in Astore, Ghanche, Gilgit, Shigar, Upper Dir, Swat, and Lower Kohistan districts was below 50%, but none of the female respondents in Swat, Lower Figure 5: Percent of literate male and female Kohistan and Diamer districts was literate. respondents

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 7 | P a g e

Education of Male and Female respondents 100% 90% 88%

80% 72% 70% 70% 66% 66% 62% 59% 59% 60% 54% 51% 47% 50% 43% 43% 45% 40% 39% 40% 35% 33% 33% 31% 29% 30% 26% 20% 20% 15% 16% 12% 13% 10% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Male Female

Figure 6: Percent of literate male and female respondents in the surveyed districts

3.1.4 Occupation of Respondents Livelihood activities of male respondents varied among the districts. A considerable number of respondents were engaged in civil services in most of the districts, whereas many respondents worked on daily wages. Around 44% to 50% respondents in Lower Chitral, Upper Dir and Swat districts subsisted on agriculture. About one-third of respondents in Ghizer and Nagar was unemployed. Occupation of Male respondents 120%

100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6% 6% 5% 9% 13% 13% 3% 7% 14% 21% 5% 24% 21% 18% 28% 31% 1% 6% 8% 80% 0% 16% 44% 17% 4% 50% 46% 5% 15% 15% 6% 36% 9% 23% 33% 10% 57% 25% 60% 20% 6% 9% 29% 2% 25% 5% 5% 4% 12% 2% 4% 1% 17% 9% 40% 0% 0% 8% 15% 40% 6% 40% 21% 38% 3% 27% 3% 50% 33% 6% 27% 32% 26% 5% 20% 33% 14% 34% 26% 33% 10% 21% 20% 15% 15% 13% 17% 13% 13% 12% 7% 11% 0% 6% 5%

Unemployed Civil Servant Private Job Wage Work Business Farmer Other

Figure 7: Percent of respondents engaged in various livelihoods

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 8 | P a g e

Compared to their male counterparts, majority of female respondents in all the districts were housewives. Only in Mansehra district of KP, a quarter of female respondents were engaged with in civil services. Negligible number of female respondents were engaged in wage work, private job, farming or business.

Occupation of Female Respondents 120%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 4% 6% 0%4% 5% 0%4% 0%5% 0% 0% 0%6% 0% 0%5% 0%6% 0% 0%6% 0%0% 0% 0% 7% 0% 4%4%0% 0% 0% 12% 0% 3%0% 7% 8% 0% 11% 25% 80%

60% 100% 100% 94% 96% 92% 93% 94% 92% 95% 94% 85% 89% 84% 86% 40% 75%

20%

0%

House Wife Civil Servant Private Job Wage Work Business Farmer

Figure 8: Percent of respondents engaged in various occupations

In all the districts, there were only two percent households that had at least one person with disabilities. In Diamer, Nagar, Skardu, Lower Chitral, Upper Dir and Lower Kohistan, no person with disabilities was reported from any household, whereas the percent of households that reported persons with disabilities was higher in Ghanche districts. Reasons for this variation are unknown because it was not in the scope of current study to identify the underlying factors for disabilities in the target districts. Households having at least one disabled person 12 10 10

8

6 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 9: Percent of households with persons with disabilities

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 9 | P a g e

4. Natural Disaster Faced by Communities

The communities surveyed for the current study faced various kinds of disasters in their areas. Among these disasters, GLOFs were reported by more respondents in GB and KP districts. The other disasters reported by the communities were heavy rains/flash floods, land/mud sliding, avalanches, earthquake and lightening.

Disasters faced by communities in GB and KP 23 25 21 20 19 20 17 15 15 15 14 14 15 11 8 10 7 5 1 0

GB KP

Figure 10: Percent of respondents who mentioned various types of disasters in their areas

It is an interesting finding that many respondents in the surveyed valleys knew what the term ‘GLOF’ means. During group discussions, a respondent in Bagrote valley explained the term: Our ancestors have told us that there are many lakes in the mountains, and these lakes have been formed due to melting of glaciers up there. In winter these lakes get frozen, but in summer these lakes burst suddenly. When lakes burst, they cause flood and destroy everything. (A male FGD participant, 50 years, Bagrote valley, Gilgit)

However, there were also some people who mentioned floods but were not sure whether these floods were caused by glacial lake outbursts or by heavy rains. A male respondent in Kharmang said: We know there are many lakes that have been formed by glacier waters. Our villages have been destroyed by floods many times. But these floods came after heavy rains. So, I am not sure whether heavy rains triggered lake outbursts that caused floods, or it was the rain water that accumulated and caused flood. (A male FGD participant, 50 years, Gandos valley, Kharmang)

The confusion over attributing cause of GLOF to glacial lake outbursts or heavy rains seems to be due to co-occurrence of the two events. Respondents in Osheri valley described the similar situation. All the floods in our area have occurred after heavy rains. I have seen a glacial lake up in the mountains, but it caused flood only after the heavy rains. I don’t think it would have caused a flood without rains. (A male FGD participant, 55 years, Osheri valley, Upper Dir)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 10 | P a g e

4.1. Ranking of Disasters Respondents in the target districts were asked to rank the disasters in terms or frequency, severity and damage. The following chart shows the ranking of disasters in terms of frequency. The districts KP and GB, the most frequent disasters were said to be heavy rains/flash flood. GLOFs were placed on the second rank, whereas Land/ mud sliding was ranked third in KP and fourth in GB. Avalanches were ranked third in GB and fourth in KP.

The most frequently occuring disasters

45 40 40 35 35 35 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 15 10 6 3 3 5 1 2 0 KP GB

Earthquake Land/mudsliding Heavy Rains/Flash Floods GLOFs Avalanches Lightening

Figure 11: Ranking of frequently occurring disasters by percentage of respondents

When they were asked to rank disaster in terms of severity, in KP, more respondents ranked GLOF as the most severe disaster, followed by heavy rains/flash floods; whereas in GB, more respondents ranked heavy rains/flash floods as the most severe disaster and GLOF was ranked the second most severe disaster.

The most severe disasters 60 49 50 41 40 37

30 24

20 12 14 9 10 7 2 1 1 2 0 KP GB

Earthquake Land/mudsliding Heavy Rains/Flash Floods GLOFs Avalanches Lightening

Figure 12: Ranking of most severe disasters

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 11 | P a g e

In terms of damage, the same pattern was observed in both the regions. Respondents in KP, ranked GLOF as the most damaging disaster, followed by heavy rains/flash floods; whereas in GB, heavy rains/flash floods were ranked first at most damaging disaster and GLOD was put on the second place.

The most damaging disasters

45 41 40 34 35 35 31 30 25 20 14 14 15 12 9 10 3 4 5 1 2 0 KP GB

Earthquake Land/mudsliding Heavy Rains/Flash Floods GLOFs Avalanches Lightening

Figure 13: Ranking of the most damaging disasters

When asked to what extent their area was vulnerable, specifically, to GLOFs, majority of the respondents in all the 15 districts reported that the vulnerability of their area with respect to GLOFs was ‘high’ or ‘very high’. The data shows variation in level of vulnerability reported by respondents in different districts. Majority of respondents who reported ‘very high’ vulnerability to GLOF were found in Diamer, Ghanche, Hunza and Shigar districts of GB, and those who reported ‘high’ vulnerability were found in Astore, Ghizer, Gilgit and Kharmang. Majority of the respondents in Swat, Lower Kohistan and Mansehra reported ‘medium’ vulnerability to GLOFs, whereas majority of respondents in Lower Chitral and Upper Dir districts reported high/very high vulnerability.

To what extent is your area vulnerable to GLOF? 120%

100% 1%0% 16% 23% 17% 16% 27% 31% 30% 80% 42% 40% 42% 54% 22% 66% 63% 34% 60% 78% 47% 61% 99% 41% 40% 45% 71% 67% 40% 59% 60% 46% 51% 20% 33% 37% 34% 24% 20% 13% 13% 18% 0% 0% 0% 0%2% 0%1% 0%1% 0%1% 3% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%1% 4% 1% 0%

Low Medium High Very High

Figure 14: Percent of respondents who said their area was vulnerable to GLOF

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 12 | P a g e

Describing how his area is vulnerable to GLOF, a male respondent in Darkut valley, a highly vulnerable valley in Ghizer district, said: Glacial flood is one of the most common disasters here. These floods have ruined our lives. Our area is surrounded by mountains. It looks beautiful, but it is very dangerous. We live in a constant danger of glacial floods. (A male FGD participant, 38 years, Darkut village, Ghizer)

Another respondent in Bagrot valley, which is also one of the highly vulnerable valleys in Gilgit, said: Since last ten years, floods caused by glacial lakes have been an almost a yearly phenomenon. Though other disasters like landslides and earthquakes also happen, but these floods occur more frequently and cause more damage. (A male FGD participant, 65 years, Bagrote valley, Gilgit)

During group discussions, some respondents in Osheri valley also mentioned that increase in human population has increased the extent of damage. A male respondent said: Fifty years ago, there were very few villages here and population was very small. If any disaster occurred, it did not cause much damage, or it did not displace many people. But now, all mountains have been occupied by the people. You can see villages everywhere. So, if there is an earthquake or a glacial flood, there would be more damage. (A male FGD participant, 71 years, Osheri valley, Upper Dir)

It is also an interesting finding that majority of the respondents did not attribute cause of GLOFs to any supernatural agency, but rather said climate change was the main cause of this disaster. Only about 20% believed GLOF was caused by the wrath of God, and very few blamed human activities for GLOFs.

Causes of GLOF

120%

100% 0% 0% 2% 1% 1% 7% 9% 13% 7% 9% 13% 7% 10% 15% 16% 16% 20% 10% 21% 10% 13% 19% 19% 14% 31% 32% 80% 21% 24% 16% 22% 60%

85% 84% 40% 84% 81% 79% 79% 74% 73% 74% 65% 62% 67% 67% 66% 67% 20%

0%

Climate change Wrath of God Human Activities

Figure 15: Percent of respondents who expressed various causes of GLOF

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 13 | P a g e

During group discussions, the respondents provided examples of climate change and how it is associated with natural disasters. A male respondent in Lower Chitral said: Since last two decades, weather has become erratic. Sometimes, we see extremely heavy snowfall, and sometimes we don’t. The same situation is with the rains. Sometimes it rains as if the sky has burst out. When I was a child, I did not see weather like this. (A male FGD participant, 65 years, Madak Lasht valley, Lower Chitral)

A female respondent in Gulkin, Hunza district, described change in weather patterns that have caused melting of glaciers. If you had visited our village ten years ago, you would have seen the glacier right above us. Yaks roamed here and there. But now glaciers have melted and gone far away. We don’t see yaks here. Now summer is very hot as compared to past ten years. (A male FGD participant, 45 years, Gulkin valley, Hunza)

In group discussions, there were some educated respondents who knew about climate change and who shared considerable knowledge about climate change which they said they had learnt from books or electronic media. A respondent in Lower Chitral said: Climate change is occurring globally. We have heard news about rains in those areas where it had never rained in the past. Global temperatures are rising and in coming years, weather patterns will change accordingly. If overall temperatures rise, we will face more floods caused by glacial lakes. (A male FGD participant, 40 years, Madak Lasht, Lower Chitral)

When the above data is analyzed with respect to responses of male and female respondents, Comparison of Male and Female another interesting finding shows that number responses regarding cause of GLOF 100% of respondents who attributed cause of GLOF 80% to climate change was more among female 80% 68% respondents, and the number of those who 60% attributed GLOFs to wrath of God was more 40% 29% 12% among male respondents. 20% 6% 5% 0% Climate Change Wrath of God Human This is strange because majority of the female Activities respondents were uneducated, but they still Male Female attributed cause of GLOF to climate change, and not to any supernatural agency. Figure 16: Percent of male and female respondents who described causes of GLOF

A 65 years old and uneducated female respondent in Ghizer said: When I was young, there were no roads, no vehicles. We travelled on donkeys or on foot. But we didn’t face frequent disasters. Now weather has changed a lot. My father or mother would tell whether it will rain or not tomorrow just by looking at the clouds in the sky. But now our forecasts based on our traditional knowledge

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 14 | P a g e

often fail. Weather has become erratic. (A female FGD participant, 65 years, Darkut valley, Ghizer) Though male respondents also described change in climate over the last two or three decades, but it is still not clear, why more female respondents attributed cause of GLOF to climate change, and more than a quarter of male respondents considered GLOD as a manifestation of divine wrath. This requires more focused research on perceptions of men and women that will help UNDP and the relevant public departments to explore the reasons for this variation.

Explaining GLOFs as the manifestation of divine wrath, a male respondent in Gandos said: We have deviated from the path shown to us by our religion. We are now committing sins. We have indulged in immoral activities. We do not pray to God. Our God is not pleased with us. So, He punishes us through these disasters. (A male FGD participants, 69, Gandos valley, Kharmang)

4.2. Incidence of GLOF Almost all the respondents in GB and KP districts said incidence of GLOF has increased over the last 20 years.

Incidence of GLOF in last 20 years 120%

100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 6% 4% 0%2% 6% 3% 4% 4% 4% 7% 9% 3% 0% 7% 1% 12% 10% 22% 16% 80%

60%

101% 98% 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 91% 90% 94% 87% 84% 86% 40% 78% 74%

20%

0%

Increased Decreased Can’t say

Figure 17: Percent of respondents who said incidence of GLOF has increased or decreased in last 20 years

When asked whether GLOF incidence will increase or decrease in future, majority of respondents in the KP region (except Mansehra) said that it is likely to increase. Almost all the respondents in GB districts also held the same view i.e. GLOF incidence is likely to increase in future.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 15 | P a g e

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 16 | P a g e

Incidence of GLOF in future 105%

100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 2% 1% 4% 4% 3% 6% 0% 6% 5% 95% 9% 9% 1% 0% 7% 0% 9% 10% 6% 0% 0% 90% 9% 100% 100% 100% 100% 97% 85% 94% 94% 94% 91% 91% 91% 90% 89% 90% 80% 86%

75%

Likely to increase ikely to decrease Can’t say

Figure 18: Percent of respondents who said GLOF incidence is likely to increase or decrease in future

Describing how GLOF is likely to occur this year, a respondent in Ghizer district said: There are high chances of glacial floods this year. Climate has changed a lot. Since we have no other place to go, we will again have to suffer this disaster. And in coming years, climate change will cause more floods in our area. (A male FGD participant, 40 years, Darkut village, Ghizer)

One of the surveyed villages in Osheri valley of Upper Dir lied just below the glacier. A respondent in that village said: You can see we are surrounded by the glacier. There is a lake over there that must be frozen now. And this year, we have seen more snowfall here. If the summer gets hotter this year, we will have to leave this place because that lake will destroy us. (A male FGD participants, 61 years, Osheri valley, Upper Dir)

4.3. Effect of GLOF on Communities During group discussions, respondents shared numerous examples of how GLOF has affected them in the past, and how they are likely to be affected in future as well. GLOF was said to affect lives of humans and livestock, damage property, agriculture and water channels, and disrupt transportation and communication systems. A respondent in Ghizer said: GLOF has caused immense damage. It destroyed our houses. It destroyed our schools. We lost our animals. We lost our assets. We have suffered a lot. We have faced economic problems. We have lost our livelihoods. (A male FGD participants, 45, Darkut village, Ghizer)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 17 | P a g e

Another respondent in Ghizer added, “These floods kill our animals. Since we depend on animals, we cannot afford loss of animals.”

In the areas where people depend on agriculture, respondents also reported damages to their agricultural lands and orchards. A female respondent in Kharmang said: When a glacial lake bursts, it not only damages everything that lies on its way, but also brings lots of debris and boulders that fill our lands and orchards. We cannot grow crops there. Our fruit trees cannot grow there again. (A female FGD participant, 45, Gandos valley, Kharmang)

During group discussions respondents informed that disasters affect men and women differently. A female respondent in Gandos valley said: Pregnant women suffer a lot. During disaster, it is very difficult for a pregnant woman to walk on rocky terrains, or cross speedy torrents. A woman who has recently delivered a baby and is unable to move, has to face lots of challenges. (A female FGD participant, 49 years, Gandos valley, Kharmang)

Describing how a disaster affects men, a respondent in Darkut valley said: It is the responsibility of men to provide food to the family. After a disaster hits the community, men get worried how they will feed their families. They are unable to find any work to earn income. We get disconnected from other areas. Men who have lost everything in the disaster, cannot sleep because of tension. They constantly think about how they can feed the family. (A male FGD participant, 47 years, Darkut valley, Ghizer)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 18 | P a g e

5. Institutional Disaster Management

Existence of public or private organizations to respond to natural disasters is a key component of DRR strategy. These organizations help populations through creating awareness about disasters among populations, arranging workshops to build their capacity, preparing evacuation plans, designating safe places where they can be shifted before or during a disaster, forming hazard watch groups to keep an eye on potential threats, and building infrastructure to reduce impact of disasters.

However, such institutional management of natural disasters does not exist in the surveyed valleys of 15 target districts in GB and KP provinces. Though all the target districts were reported by the respondents to be vulnerable to GLOF, respondents, mainly in Hunza, Ghizer, Gilgit and Nagar only, mentioned any organization working on the GLOF issue. No such organization was reported in Shigar, Upper Dir, Swat, Lower Kohistan and Mansehra.

Any organization working on DRR in this area? 120%

100%

23% 31% 80% 52% 50%

60% 82% 80% 89% 89% 99% 99% 100% 100% 97% 100% 100%

40% 77% 69%

48% 50% 20%

18% 20% 11% 11% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0%

Yes N0

Figure 19: Percent of respondents who said an organization is working on DRR in their areas

On further probing, the respondents informed that the organizations working on GLOF issue were mainly engaged in an awareness campaign in all the districts, and two-thirds of respondents in Skardu, and some in Kharmang and Nagar said that an organization had arranged a workshop on DRR in those districts.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 19 | P a g e

Activities done by organizations 120%

100% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 12% 10% 13% 20% 0% 17% 25% 27% 1% 80% 0% 0% 0% 67% 60% 100% 100% 87% 90% 87% 40% 80% 83% 75% 73%

20% 33%

0% Astore Lower Diamer Ghanche Ghizer Gilgit Hunza Kharmang Nagar Skardu Chitral Awareness campaigns DRR Workshop Others

Figure 20: Percent of respondents who mentioned various activities done by the organization working on DRR

However, majority of the respondents who said some organizations had organized awareness campaigns and DRR workshops, said these activities are not enough to address the issue of GLOF.

Are awareness campagins and DRR workshops enough? 120%

100%

80%

67% 76% 75% 74% 60% 86% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 40%

20% 33% 24% 25% 26% 14% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Yes No

Figure 21: Percent of respondents who said awareness campaigns on DRR were enough or not

Explaining why only awareness campaign or DRR workshop are not enough, a male respondent in Otror valley said: We have been facing these disasters for generations. We know how they cause damage. We know they are dangerous. They destroy everything. But we want the government and NGOs to do some concrete activities like building protection walls, build hospitals, construct roads to ensure regular transportation facility. Knowledge alone is not enough. (A male FGD respondent, 45 years, Otror valley, Swat)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 20 | P a g e

A female respondent in Skardu even questioned the knowledge of NGO workers regarding natural disasters. She said: They think they know more than we do. They haven’t faced such disasters. They don’t know how these disasters occur, how they affect us. They know only what they have read in books. But we know what we have experienced. I had told them that such awareness sessions are not enough until you protect us from these disasters. (A female FGD participant, 34 years, Skardu)

5.1. Early Warning System Early warning is a major element of disaster risk reduction. Early action can often prevent a hazard turning into a human disaster by preventing loss of life and reducing the economic and material impacts. Even though the surveyed areas have been vulnerable to various disasters, respondents in all the target districts said there was no centralized early warning system to inform communities about any natural disaster. In most of the cases, people communicated about such incidents through their mosque loud speakers or cell phones.

In some cases, people in the villages that lie at higher altitudes, know when the glaciers will melt and cause damage. A villager in Ghizer said: There has been more snowfall in our area this year. The glacier is right above our village. In summer, when it will start melting, this will cause much damage. We will have to evacuate this area. Otherwise, we will die. (A male FGD participant, 55 years, Ghizer)

Another respondent in Hunza said: When a glacier bursts, it produces a thunderous sound that can be heard at a long distance. So, when we hear the sound, we immediately evacuate the area. Villagers at higher altitudes inform the people in low lying areas. (A male FGD participant, 75 years, Gulkin valley, Hunza)

Respondents also shared that heavy rains also alert them about the potential hazard. “We know that heavy rains cause floods,” said a respondent in Gandos valley, “if there is a lake out there, heavy rains can cause the lake to burst and flood all these areas.”

5.2. Hazard Watch Groups Hazard watch groups are local bodies of community members to watch for and respond to natural disasters. These groups help communities by providing timely information about potential disasters, and coordinate with relevant public or private organizations to make preparations for any emergency response.

However, except Hunza and Nagar, majority of the respondents in the target districts said there was no hazard watch group in their area.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 21 | P a g e

Is there any harzard watchgroup in you area? 120%

100% 11% 80% 39% 54% 52% 71% 64% 60% 81% 76% 86% 81% 89% 100% 100% 100% 40% 89% 61% 20% 46% 48% 29% 36% 19% 23% 24% 14% 19% 11% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Yes No

Figure 22: Percent of respondents who said whether any hazard watch group exists in their areas

On further probing, the respondents who mentioned hazard watch groups in their areas revealed that most of the hazard watch groups are formed by the local communities, whereas such groups formed by NGOs and the government were reported by some respondents in only seven districts.

Who formed hazard watch group? 120%

100% 0% 0% 3%0% 2% 0% 1% 0% 0% 3%0% 0% 9% 23% 23% 80% 31% 33% 7% 60% 27% 100% 97% 100% 100% 100% 97% 100% 90% 40% 75% 70% 67% 20% 42%

0%

Community members NGO Government department (specify name)

Figure 23: Percent of respondents who answered "who formed hazard watch group" in their areas

During group discussions, respondents informed that they mainly rely on themselves to keep watch on weather activity and other potential hazards that can cause damage to their life and property. They informed that in summer, people become vigilant about these disasters and keep watch on lakes. A respondent said: In summer, as the temperature increases or when there are heavy rains, people get very careful and frequently observe lakes. But some lakes are too high where people cannot go during heavy rains. So people always remain in fear of floods. (A male FGD participant, 50 years, Bagrote valley, Gilgit)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 22 | P a g e

5.3. Infrastructure to Minimize GLOF Effect Majority of the respondents in target districts (except Gilgit), said no infrastructure has been built in their area to minimize effect of GLOF.

Any infrastructure to minimize GLOF effect? 120%

100% 4%

80% 56% 53% 67% 76% 60% 82% 78% 79% 80% 92% 97% 93% 98% 96% 100% 99% 40%

20% 44% 47% 33% 24% 18% 22% 21% 20% 8% 7% 0% 3% 0% 2% 1%

Yes No

Figure 24: Percent of respondents who mentioned whether any infrastructure has been built to minimize GLOF effect

Almost all of the respondents in Gilgit and a considerable number of respondents in Hunza and Kharmang mentioned some infrastructure to minimize GLOF effect. During group discussions, they informed that the infrastructure was built by NGOs and the local communities. A respondent in Gilgit said: An NGO built a concrete water channel to give way to glacier waters. Previously, the glacier caused flood and our villages were inundated. Now water does not affect us. However, that channel is only for glacier waters. Heavy rains badly affect us because rain water does not fall in that channel. It rains all over the area, and all the villages are badly affected. (A male FGD participant, 47 years, Bagrote valley, Gilgit)

Respondents wanted protection walls to shield their villages from GLOFs, and concrete structures to channelize GLOF water to rivers. “If the government had built protection walls and concrete water channels,” said a male respondent in Darkut valley, “we would not have suffered a lot”. Another male respondent in Osheri valley added: No MPA has ever visited our village. Who will protect us? Who will build infrastructure? Nobody cares for us. They want to let us die. We had talked to our local politicians, but they only made false promises. They did nothing for us. (A male FGD participant, 57 years, Osheri valley, Upper Dir)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 23 | P a g e

6. Emergency Response Mechanism

Emergency response mechanism refers to a system to provide rapid response to the immediate needs of populations affected by natural disasters. This mechanism includes, proper evacuation plan, identification and selection of safe places where affected groups can be relocated, provision of emergency medical support, and access to financial assistance.

6.1. Evacuation Plan Evacuation plan helps people leave the area that faces imminent threat of a disaster. However, majority of the respondents in the target districts mentioned no evacuation plan made by a public department or an organization.

Is there any evacuation plan?

120%

100%

80% 49%

60% 81% 86% 91% 93% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 40%

51% 20%

19% 14% 9% 7% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Yes No

Figure 25: Percent of respondents who said whether there is any evacuation plan in their communities

Evacuation plan was reported by few respondents in only five districts: Ghizer, Hunza, Nagar, Shigar, and Skardu. But when they were further asked who prepared/provided this plan, majority of the respondents said the evacuation plan was prepared by the community members themselves.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 24 | P a g e

Who prepared/provided evacuation plan? 120%

100% 0% 0% 0% 7% 13% 0% 20% 17% 0% 1% 80% 0% 7%

60% 100% 93% 87% 80% 40% 74%

20%

0% Ghizer Hunza Nagar Shigar Skardu Community members Govt NGO Other

Figure 26: Percent of respondents who said the evacuation plan was prepared by the community, government or an NGO

During group discussions respondents shared that these evacuation plans are not elaborate plans that describe roles and responsibilities of different community members regarding evacuating people, arranging transport, making special arrangements for women, children, and the elderly persons, and providing necessary immediate emergency support. In the absence of early warning system, it becomes difficult for community members to make preparations ahead of disaster. A male respondent in Ghizer said: We do not receive any warning alerts. When a glacier bursts, we have hardly half an hour to evacuate the village. This is not enough time to make decision, gather family members, collect valuables, and move to a safe place. (A male FGD participant, 40 years, Darkut village, Ghizer)

During evacuation phase, men and women, both, face lots of difficulties. Since, women’s mobility is restricted, they are supposed to take care of children and wait till men are able to make proper arrangements for them. A respondent in Ghizer said: Men and women suffer a lot. Men have to rescue their families, properties, and animals. Women have to take care of children and other commodities. In a very short time, we cannot take everything. We just save lives and take whatever we can. (A male FGD participant, 30 years, Darkut village, Ghizer)

Describing what problems are faced by women during evacuation, a female respondent in Shigar said: Women have to take care of children. If there is any sick person, it is the women who take care of that sick person. If we move to safer place, and stay there for a night, women will have to find a place to prepare food for the family. Women usually stay awake for the whole night, and let children sleep well. Sometimes, women hardly sleep if they spend two or three nights on a hill. (A female FGD participant, 45 years, Shigar)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 25 | P a g e

Another respondent in Osheri valley said: Men have to arrange a safe place for the family. They have to arrange a vehicle to reach a safe place. Transportation system is extremely bad here. Till men find a vehicle, women have to take care of children and animals. (A male FGD participant, 42 years, Osheri valley, Upper Dir)

When a natural disaster occurs, almost all the respondents in 15 target districts said that no public department or any other organization come to help them evacuate the area, but people help themselves and their neighbors in such emergencies. Few respondents in Mansehra, Swat, Skardu, Shigar, Nagar, Khamrang, Hunza and Ghizer said some religious groups also come to help them. A respondent in Nagar said: When a disaster occurs, we help ourselves. No government, no organization, no politician helps evacuate the area. Sometimes, some religious groups come to help us, but they do not go everywhere to help others. We are at the mercy of God. (A male FGD participants, 37 years, Nagar)

Who helps you evacuate the area? 120%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 4% 1% 4% 3% 0%1% 6% 1% 0%1% 1% 9% 12% 1% 18% 14% 16% 7% 13% 21% 0% 1% 80% 2% 6% 6% 1%

60% 100% 100% 96% 99% 94% 99% 99% 93% 88% 84% 82% 84% 40% 76% 76% 79%

20%

0%

Self-help/Local people Government Religious Groups Other

Figure 27: Percent of respondents who mentioned support from local people, government or religious groups

6.2. Safe Heavens Safe heavens are places designated by the government or an organization where affected populations can move to for safety from natural disasters. Except Hunza and Nagar, none of the respondents in all the other districts said there was any safe location designated by the government where a family can move for safety. Even in Hunza and Nagar, only 11% respondents mentioned about the safe location, but when they were further asked in detail during focus group discussions, it was found that these locations were not designated by the government, but by the local communities themselves.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 26 | P a g e

Is there any safe location where you can move for safety 120%

100%

80%

60% 89% 89% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 40%

20%

11% 11% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Yes No

Figure 28: Percent of respondents who said whether there was any safe location where they can move during emergency

On further probing, it was revealed that the safe heavens respondents mentioned are not safe locations that people have identified for shelter during emergency. They rather referred to the houses of their relatives that were situated in the villages which remained safe from a disaster. A respondent in Matiltan valley said: The government has not provided us any place where we can move to during emergency. We just move to safe places where we can save our lives. We go to our relatives in other villages. But we go there only when the movement to those areas is possible. (A male FGD participant, 35 years, Matiltan valley, Swat)

In certain cases, affected people cannot move to other villages because floods also damage road infrastructure or heavy rains that occur prior to floods cause land sliding and block the routes. In that situation, people only have to find a higher place where they could stay safe from floods. Describing a similar situation, a respondent in Leo valley said: Few years ago, we faced heavy rains and glacial floods. Our village was disconnected with other villages. We were not able to pick our necessary belongings, and just saved our lives. We moved to a hard rock where we thought we would be safe. But rains continued for two days, and we were short of food. We could not go to lower areas to get some food. We spent two days and two nights without food, and without any proper shelter. None of us could sleep during those two days and two nights. (A male FGD participant, 37 years, Leo valley, Lower Kohistan)

6.3. Medical Health Facility In times of emergency, access to health services is a key element for relief. In eight districts of GB, majority of the respondents said that there exist health facilities in their areas that can provide emergency relief, whereas except one district, in all four districts in KP, majority of the respondents said there was no health facility in their areas where they could seek health care during emergency.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 27 | P a g e

Any health facility to provide emergency relief 120%

100% 6% 6% 4% 20% 27% 34% 80% 48% 41% 43% 56% 60% 78% 97% 96% 93% 94% 94% 100% 96% 80% 40% 73% 66% 52% 59% 57% 20% 44% 22% 0% 0% 3% 4% 7%

Yes No

Figure 29: Percent of respondents who mentioned health facilities in their areas to provide emergency relief

Majority of the respondents in all the districts do not think that the government can provide immediate relief to people in case a disaster like GLOF occurs. Though the number of respondents who believe the government can provide immediate relief was somewhat higher in Ganche and Ghizer, but the percentage was still less than 50% in both the districts, whereas the lowest percentage was in Upper Dir, Diamer, Lower Chitral, Swat and Lower Kohistan. In almost all the districts, majority of the respondents said that the nearest health facility was a civil dispensary.

Type of health facility 120%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 3% 4% 0%3% 14% 13% 4% 17% 25% 30% 0% 33% 19% 80% 16% 1% 50% 7% 60% 23% 100% 100% 97% 0% 97% 100% 100% 40% 86% 83% 70% 73% 67% 64% 51% 50% 20%

0%

Civil Dispensary BHU RHC/THQ/DHQ Other

Figure 30: Percent of respondents who mentioned type of health facility in their areas

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 28 | P a g e

However, these dispensaries were not said to be well-equipped to provide emergency medical support. A respondent said: Women and children face many health issues during natural disasters. We have only small dispensaries in this area. These provide only basic treatment. If we have a serious problem, we have to go Ghizer city or Gilgit city. During floods, we cannot go there because our area gets disconnected from all the towns. (A male FGD participant, 30 years, Darkut village, Ghizer)

In most of the districts, respondents said that the health facility was situated within five kilometers from their village, whereas in Upper Dir, the health facility was said by 80% respondents to be five to ten kilometers away from their village.

How far is that facility from your village? 120%

0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 6% 0%3% 6% 14% 0% 26% 8% 32% 30% 29% 30% 80% 32% 43% 39% 50% 33% 0% 13% 69% 14% 23% 0% 80% 60% 6% 0% 0% 3% 4% 100% 10% 40% 86% 70% 68% 0% 56% 57% 57% 3% 59% 54% 49% 50% 20% 41% 29% 20% 0%

1 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 20 Above 20

Figure 31: Distance from a village to the health facility, as described by the respondents

In almost half of the districts (Ganche, Gilgit, Hunza, Kharmang, Nagar, Shigar, Lower Chitral and Swat), respondents said it takes them an hour to reach the nearest health facility, in the other six districts (Astore, Diamer, Ghizer, Skardu, Lower Kohistan and Mansehra), the nearest health facility lies at the distance of two to three hours’ drive, and in Lower Chitral, it takes four to five hours to reach a health facility.

When asked who comes first to provide emergency support, majority of the respondents in all districts said that religious groups are the first to come forward and reach them to provide emergency support. After religious groups, local communities themselves help their affected community members.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 29 | P a g e

Which organization usually comes first to you for support? 120%

100% 6% 13% 14% 22% 21% 29% 28% 26% 80% 37% 46% 46% 44% 48% 55% 57% 60% 35% 80% 34% 51% 66% 86% 85% 40% 78% 26% 0% 60% 35% 53% 7% 26% 54% 52% 43% 20% 36% 6% 0% 21% 6% 17% 14% 11% 10% 7% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%0% 0% 0%3% 0%1% 3% 0% 0%

Govt NGO Religious Groups Local People/Self

Figure 32: Percent of respondents who informed about who comes first to help them

Though religious groups are the first to provide emergency support, this support, however, does not arrive immediately after the disaster. Respondents in all five districts of KP (Lower Chitral, Upper Dir, Lower Kohistan, Swat and Mansehra) said they received the emergency support within ten hours, but majority of districts in GB receive support within 24 hours. In Astore and Ghizer districts of GB, it takes 48 hours to reach the affected areas and provide support.

When asked whether the government can provide immediate relief, very few respondents replied affirmatively, whereas the majority said that the government cannot provide immediate relief. The reason for their negative response was based on their previous experiences of disasters during which the communities did not get immediate relief. A female respondent in Diamer said: The government has never reached us during any disaster. Or even after the disaster. We have never received any relief from the government. Now we know that government won’t provide any such relief. So we don’t wait for the government to come and help us. We help ourselves. (A female FGD participant, 51 years, Diamer)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 30 | P a g e

120% Can government provide immediate relief?

100%

80% 54% 63% 72% 60% 79% 80% 79% 76% 88% 87% 87% 92% 99% 96% 100% 99% 40%

46% 20% 37% 28% 21% 20% 21% 24% 12% 13% 13% 8% 0% 1% 4% 0% 1%

Yes No

Figure 33: Percent of respondents who answered whether the government can provide immediate relief

Around one-third of respondents in all 15 districts expressed trust in the government to provide adequate emergency support, whereas a large majority remained silent or responded negatively.

District-segregated data shows, however, some variation in the level of trust in the government. A majority of those who did not trust the government were found in Hunza, Nagar, Chital, Upper Dir and Swat, whereas majority of those who trusted government ‘to some extent’ was found in Mansehra and Kharmang districts. In the remaining districts, the opinion of respondents was Figure 34: Percent of respondents expressing level of trust in the government divided.

To what extent do you trust government to provide adequate support? 120%

100% 0% 0% 3% 1% 1% 1% 3% 4%0% 0% 8% 10% 2% 11% 7% 6% 19% 10% 28% 20% 31% 24% 80% 26% 38% 34% 49% 46% 53% 31% 38% 31% 23% 22% 75% 21% 60% 24% 67% 39% 33% 40% 28% 23% 47% 41% 58% 56% 51% 54% 44% 51% 20% 44% 10% 23% 29% 24% 29% 16% 10% 13% 0% 9% 1%

Do not turst can't say To some extent To a large extent

Figure 35: Percent of respondents in all districts expressing level of trust in government

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 31 | P a g e

Again, the major reason for lack of trust in the government was associated with their previous experience of disasters during which the majority of respondents did not get any support. A respondent in Swat district, where the majority did not trust the government said: We have been frequently hit by disasters, and due to this we have never been able to get out of poverty. We have lost property. But the government has never provided any financial assistance. The government has never paid any amount to compensate for the losses we faced. (A male FGD participant, 52, Swat)

However, as stated above, there were many respondents, particularly in Mansehra, Kharmang, Gilgit, Ghizer, Ghanche, Lower Kohistan and Shigar who trusted ‘to some extent’ in government to provide immediate relief. The reason for their trust in the government was related to relief activities by the government during previous disasters. A male respondent in Mansehra said: In previous disasters, the government provided us with tents and food supplies. Though the support provided by the government was not enough, but the government did reach us and helped us with whatever it could. (A male FGD participant, 39 years, Kaghan valley, Mansehra)

A similar view was also expressed by a female respondent in Gilgit. “We also received some tents, blankets and food items”, she said, “Our houses were badly damaged by floods. So we spent two weeks in those tents”.

6.4. Community Revolving Fund Community revolving fund is a credit facility managed by the communities themselves to financially help people cope with an emergency. However, majority of the respondents in all the districts mentioned no such fund in their communities.

Is there any community revolving fund? 120%

100%

80%

69% 75% 71% 77% 74% 60% 84% 96% 100% 97% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 40%

20% 31% 25% 29% 23% 26% 16% 0% 4% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Yes No

Figure 36: Percent of respondents who mentioned community revolving fund

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 32 | P a g e

In districts of KP, almost no one said a community revolving fund exists in their communities, whereas some respondents in Astore, Ganche, Ghizer, Hunza, Nagar and Shigar mentioned that this revolving fund exists in their communities. However, during group discussions, it was found that this community revolving fund was established with the support of NGOs but health purposes, and not for disaster response. This fund was established by a rural support Organization. They provide small loans for health emergencies such as deliveries or for road accidents. There is no specific fund for natural disasters. (A male FGD participant, Ghizer)

The size of the revolving fund (i.e. total amount of fund), varied among the districts. In Shigar district of GB and Lower Chitral district of KP, the size of the fund was up to Rs. 50,000 (US$ 313.9), in Astore, the size was up to Rs. 15,000 (US$94.2), whereas in the rest of the districts, it was Rs. 5,000 Figure 37: Amount of revolving fund as mentioned by the respondents (US$31.4).

Though the amount of the fund was not considered to be enough, but people still thanked the rural support organization to provide this support. A female respondent in Gulmit valley of Hunza said: Disaster often causes health problems. During that time, we do not have enough money to seek health care. So, this organization helps us by giving small loans so that we could pay for transportation and medicines. (A female FGD participant, 35 years, Gulmit valley, Hunza)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 33 | P a g e

7. Community Coping Mechanism

Community coping mechanism refers to strategies adopted by local communities to reduce impact of natural disasters. This includes small-scale initiatives taken by the communities at local level without any external support from public or private organizations, construction of houses that can withstand a disaster, access to financial support at community level, and strategy to cope with financial insecurity.

7.1. Community Initiatives Respondents were asked whether their communities have taken any small-scale initiative for GLOF preparedness. About 77% respondents in Hunza and 60% in Ghanche said they have taken such initiatives. A considerable number of respondents in Lower Chitral and Astore also mentioned these initiatives, whereas majority of respondents in the other districts mentioned no such small-scale initiatives taken by their communities.

Has community taken any small-scale initiatives? 120%

100% 23% 80% 40% 54% 51% 61% 68% 63% 77% 60% 84% 87% 98% 97% 96% 99% 97% 40% 77% 60% 46% 49% 20% 39% 32% 37% 23% 16% 13% 0% 2% 3% 4% 1% 3%

Yes No

Figure 38: Percent of respondents who said they have or have not taken small-scale initiatives

Describing such an initiative, a respondent in Hunza said: We have made some small canals to channelize flood water. These canals are not made of concrete, but only stones. But that’s what we can do. We do not have enough financial resources. We also made small wooden bridges to connect two villages. Previous bridges were damaged by the floods. (A male FGD participant, 46 years, Gulmit valley, Hunza)

The major reason for not taking any small-scale initiative in the other districts mentioned by the respondents was poverty and vulnerability of the area. A respondent said: Ours is a disaster-prone area, and we are very poor people. We are frequently affected by these disasters. We do not have enough resources to manage disasters. It’s only the government that can help us. We can do nothing. (A male FGD participant, 65, Darkut village, Ghizer)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 34 | P a g e

When asked whether their houses can withstand GLOF, only in Swat district of KP, slightly more than 60% respondents said their houses can withstand GLOF, whereas majority of the respondents in the other districts said their houses cannot withstand GLOF.

Can your house withstand GLOF 120%

100%

80% 38% 58% 71% 65% 69% 76% 79% 79% 60% 82% 84% 86% 90% 87% 100% 97% 40% 62% 20% 42% 29% 35% 31% 24% 21% 21% 18% 16% 14% 10% 13% 0% 0% 3%

Yes No

Figure 39: Percent of respondents who said whether their house can withstand GLOF

During field visits, it was observed that the houses in the surveyed areas were made of stones and wooden columns and roofs. The stones were glued together, not with cement, but with traditionally made mud. Walls of some houses did not contain even mud, but were erected mainly by placing stones together. However, respondents also suggested that it would be waste of resources if any one built a concrete house with iron and cement. As a respondent in Ghizer said: No house can withstand flood. Heavy rains also cause land sliding. Heavy boulders can destroy any kind of house. So, people do not invest that much of house construction. Moreover, people in this area are not that much rich to afford to build cement-plastered houses. (A male FGD participant, 51 years, Darkut valley, Ghizer)

So, instead of investing more on construction of houses, the residents in the surveyed areas try to save food and money before occurrence of any natural disaster. As the summer starts, villagers keep watch on glaciers and lakes lying at higher altitudes. Respondents said they remain alert during rainy season and keep all necessary belongings at a safer place. When asked what mechanism they adopt to cope with future disaster, majority of respondents said they store food and save money. Some respondents said they have nothing valuable that could be kept safe or they have nothing that could be saved from a disaster.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 35 | P a g e

Mechanism adopted to at housedhold level to cope with future/potential GLOF? 120%

100% 0% 1% 0% 8% 4% 6% 13% 14% 10% 17% 20% 20% 26% 25% 21% 80% 41% 37% 19% 59% 47% 18% 61% 59% 60% 49% 39% 59% 16% 51% 74% 63%

40% 75% 67% 57% 63% 47% 20% 43% 41% 38% 41% 33% 34% 31% 23% 13% 17% 0%

Save money for emergency Store food for emergency Don't have anything

Figure 40: Percent of respondents who mentioned various mechanisms to cope with GLOF

7.2. Institutional loaning/credit facility

Institutional loaning/credit facility (i.e. loaning/credit facility provided by the government, a bank or an organization) during emergency is available to only some people in GB and KP provinces. The chart shows that in GB, only one-third of respondents mentioned this facility, whereas the respondents who confirmed availability of this facility was only 4%. This means, during emergency, a large majority of affectees will not have access to Figure 41: Percent of respondents who mentioned loaning facility financial support.

However, there was some variation in access to financial support among other districts. Majority of respondents in Hunza (72%) and Nagar (64%), said they have access to loaning/credit facility, whereas in Diamer, Ghanche, Ghizer, Shigar and Skardu, 31% to 49% respondents mentioned availability of this facility. In KP, only 15% respondents in Lower Chitral district had access to financial assistance.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 36 | P a g e

Do you have access to loan/credit during emergency? 120%

100%

28% 80% 36% 51% 59% 63% 69% 63% 60% 86% 85% 99% 99% 99% 99% 100% 99% 40% 72% 64% 49% 20% 41% 37% 31% 37% 14% 15% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1%

Yes No

Figure 42: Percent of respondents in surveyed districts who said they have access to loan/credit during emergency

When asked what they do when they need money in emergency, majority of the respondents said they either sell their livestock or borrow money from their friends or relatives. Some also said they sell household assets to cope with emergency.

When you need money during emergency situation, what do you do? 120%

100% 21% 16% 30% 35% 34% 34% 80% 6% 41% 49% 44% 51% 51% 54% 56% 57% 20% 71% 60% 22% 20% 16% 31% 19% 20% 14% 16% 5% 40% 26% 10% 13% 79% 59% 6% 48% 45% 50% 20% 41% 39% 35% 33% 33% 31% 37% 34% 26% 23% 0%

Borrow money from friends or relatives Sell household items Sell livestock

Figure 43: Percent of respondents who described how they cope with financial needs

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 37 | P a g e

8. Means of Communication

The commonly used cellular networks in the target districts of GB and KP are Telenor, Zong, and Scom. Users of Jazz and Ufone were very few as the respondents said that these companies do not have enough network coverage in areas lying at higher altitudes.

Telenor users are more in districts of KP, whereas Scom users are mainly in GB districts. A considerable number of Zong users are found in many districts of KP and Figure 44: Percent of users of cellular networks GB.

Cellular Networks used by respondents 120%

100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

23% 29% 29% 29% 34% 80% 40% 37% 46% 46% 54% 51% 54%

30% 21% 60% 84% 32% 100% 100% 1%0% 15% 7% 41% 40% 43% 63% 66% 36% 54% 24% 44% 49% 45% 34% 20% 37% 0% 0% 1% 22% 16% 15% 17% 10% 1% 5% 4% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Jazz Ufone Telenor Zong Scom

Figure 45: Percent of respondents who use various cellular networks

On average, there are 2 cell phone users per household in 15 target districts, but there is some variation among the districts. Hunza and Nagar have a greater number of cell phone users with average five and four cell phones per household respectively, followed by Diamer and Skardu with three cell phones per household in each district.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 38 | P a g e

Cell phones per household 6

5 5

4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0

Figure 46: Average number of cell phones per household

Overall, number of households that own a television is around 60% but there is much variation in the number of televisions owning households in the target districts. The highest number of households with television was in Lower Chitral district (96%), followed by Hunza (86%), and Nagar (80%), whereas the lowest number was in Astor (10%) and Diamer (16%).

Do you own a television?

120%

100% 4% 13% 23% 21% 20% 24% 31% 80% 43% 43% 60% 64% 66% 60% 72% 90% 84% 96% 87% 40% 77% 79% 80% 76% 69% 57% 57% 40% 20% 36% 34% 28% 10% 16% 0%

Yes No

Figure 47: Percent of respondents who said they own a television

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 39 | P a g e

Radio was mainly found in the KP districts of Lower Chitral, Lower Kohistan, Swat, Upper Dir and Mansehra where 51% to 72% households owned a radio, whereas number of households that owned a radio in GB was from 0% to 33%.

Do you own a radio? 120%

100%

31% 28% 80% 40% 49% 45%

71% 67% 60% 78% 82% 84% 87% 97% 97% 100% 100% 40% 69% 72% 60% 51% 55% 20% 29% 33% 22% 18% 16% 13% 0% 3% 3% 0% 0%

Yes No

Figure 48: Percent of respondents who said they own a radio

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 40 | P a g e

9. Suggestions by the Respondents

During group discussions, when the respondents were asked to suggest what measures be taken to address natural disasters, they placed emphasis on five important initiatives: establishment of early warning system, capacity building of local communities through awareness campaigns and training building protection walls to channelize water from melting glaciers, provision of health facilities, and plantation of trees at massive level.

As described above, there was no centralized early warning system in the target districts, the respondents said provision of this system will help them take measures that could help them make necessary preparations before the natural disaster occurs. We do not have technology to know when the glacier will burst. We usually come to know about the disaster when the glacier bursts and about to flood our villages. If we have any technology that inform us before it occurs, we can save our lives. (A male FGD participant, 45 years, Upper Dir)

Another suggestion the respondents provided about building capacity of local communities through awareness campaigns and training. They said it was important to inform people how the disasters occur, how different disasters affect people differently, and what actions may be taken to reduce impact of damages caused by various disasters. Though during group discussions, they said awareness alone is not enough, but they said awareness campaign should be coupled with concrete efforts to minimize effects of natural disasters. The government should train people. If people do not know how to respond to a disaster, they might lose their lives. There should be a group of volunteers who arrange training sessions for community members. Majority of people here are is illiterate and have no access to modern knowledge. (A male FGD participant, Skardu)

Currently, there are no protection walls in the target areas to channelize water from melting glaciers, and the villages that lie in the way of waters are inundated during summer. The respondents suggested protection walls can reduce impact of disasters if the flow of water is diverted adequately with protection walls. Nobody can stop water. But we can divert its flow to protect ourselves. If the government builds protection walls to channelize water, dozens of villages that lie on the way of water, can be protected. This should be done urgently. (A male FGD participant, 57 years, Ghizer)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 41 | P a g e

Though majority of the respondents had access to a health facility that lies within the distance of five kilometers, but in most of the areas, the types of health facility was a civil dispensary that provided only basic health services like treatment of fever, cough, common flue and first aid. But these health facilities do not provide health emergency support during natural disasters. This is why respondents suggested provision of ungraded health facilities that provide emergency relief. These dispensaries are not enough. There is only one doctor in a dispensary. In some dispensaries, there is no staff at all. The dispensaries have no beds for patients. When a disaster occurs, people cannot get emergency relief. So, we need a good hospital that is well-equipped to provide health services during an emergency situation. (A female FGD participant, 41 years, Lower Chitral)

Respondents also suggested to establish a community revolving fund to support communities during emergencies. The fund may be established at micro-level i.e. cluster of villages, where it is easy and accessible for communities to get it in cash. As a respondent in Ghanche said: Money is the main problem we face during emergency. We need transportation cost to take injured persons or delivering women to the hospitals during emergency. When a disaster occurs, we need money for various other reasons. Our crops are damaged. Our animals die. We need money for food, health and other purposes. (A male FGD participant, 43 years, Ghanche)

Plantation of trees was recommended by the respondents to address the issue of climate change. In the villages lying at higher altitudes, there is no facility of gas for cooking and heating. People cut trees to collect timber for cooking and heating. As the population grows, cutting of trees also increases. Apart from cooking and heating, wood is also used in construction of houses, as majority of the people in the target districts, live in wooden houses. The government should initiate plantation campaign. Gas facility should be provided to all the villages so that people do not have to cut trees. The government should also provide seeds to local communities so that they can plant more trees. Deforestation has already accelerated climate change and our glaciers are melting. We need more plants to save ourselves. (A female FGD participant, 47 years, Ghanche)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 42 | P a g e

Annexures

Annexure I: Brief District Profiles

A. ASTORE

A.1. District Location and Geography Astore, a valley 120km long with an area of 5,000km, is located in the north of Pakistan, in Gilgit- Baltistan. The valley is at the eastern face of Nanga Parbat, a peak 8,125 meters high, often called the Killer Mountain, as it is considered one of the most dangerous mountains in the world to climb. The district contains the Astore Valley and is bounded to the west by Diamer District, to the north by Gilgit District, to the east by Skardu District and to the south by Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Neelum District of Azad Kashmir. The Astore valley has an altitude of 2,600 meters (8,500 ft). The valley has an approximately 250 square kilometers (97 sq mi) of glacier cover. The nearest glacier after entering the valley is Harcho and the most easily accessible glacier is Siachen. Astore is connected to Gilgit which is well connected by air with Islamabad and by road with Islamabad/Rawalpindi, Skardu and Lower Chitral3.

3 Joan Torres, “THE ASTORE VALLEY: A HISTORICAL PARADISE IN PAKISTAN”, 22 November 2019, Against the Compass. https://againstthecompass.com/en/astore-valley-pakistan/

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 40 | P a g e

A.2. Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity Shina is one of the many languages spoken in Gilgit-Baltistan, a region which is home to an endless number of ethnicities and cultures. Urdu, which is the National language of Pakistan, is the second most frequently spoken language. The dialect of Shina language of Astore is somehow different from the rest of Gilgit-Baltistan. The words are pronounced in a slower frequency than those of people speaking Shina in Chilas, and Juglot and Gilgit. There is different dialect of Shina spoken in the region. Astore Valley is one of the few places in Gilgit-Baltistan where Sunni Muslims are the majority, belonging to the Wahhabi branch of Islam4. Astore culture which had trade links with Kashmir, there are so many things in Astori culture from Kashmir as the traditional route was from Kashmir. According to Drew (1875: 425) there were five prominent castes in the area namely: Rono, Shin, Yashkuns, Kremins and Dums. Biddulph (1880:34) also mentioned about the major ethnic groups in his famous book “Tribes of Hindu Koosh.”5

A.3 Climate Astore valley has a moderate climate during summer. In winter it can snow up to 2 to 3 feet (60-90 cm) in the main valleys and up to 4-5 feet (100-150 cm) in the mountains. In Mirmalik valley it snows up to 6 feet (1.8 m) in February6.

A.4 Livelihood Sources The people of Gilgit-Baltistan used to derive almost all their livelihoods from natural resource-based agro-pastoral activities. Moreover, tourism, fishing, farming, animals are the main source of income in Astore.

A.5 Culture Since, down the generations, several groups have passed through Astore, today the valley enjoys a large linguistic and cultural diversity. The people in Gilgit-Baltistan are ethnically and culturally closer to Central Asia (Afghanistan and Tajikistan, especially) than the rest of Pakistan. The Astore valley is prominent for its tradition of distinctive attires. These outfits are sported by individuals during marriage ceremonies keeping in view their marital statuses and genders. The inhabitants of Astore wear a peculiar head-dress, a bag of woolen cloth, half a yard long, which is rolled up outwards at the edges until it gets to fit comfortably to the head, round which the roll makes a protection from cold or sun nearly as good as a turban7.

4 ibid. 5 Sarfraz Khan, “Marriage Ceremonies and Rituals in Astore Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan”, Dec 2015, Journal of Asian Civilizations. 6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astore_District 7 Sarfraz Khan, “Marriage Ceremonies and Rituals in Astore Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan”, Dec 2015, Journal of Asian Civilizations.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 41 | P a g e

A.6 Population Astore has a population of over 70,000 inhabitants, spread across more than 100 villages8. A.7 Disaster profile of Astore Fifty-two glacial lakes are characterized as potentially danger of GLOF based on pre-defined criteria. Most of these lie in Indus, Astore and Gilgit river basins. The Himalaya Range comprised of Shingo, Astore, Jhelum River basins and part of Indus sub-basin east and south of the Indus River contains 822 glacial lakes covering a surface area of about 40.4 km. There are 443 major lakes in the range, among which 25 lakes are characterized as potentially danger of GLOF. Landslides after the earthquake, which struck the region on Dec 30, 2019 damaged large portions of Astore valley road, disconnecting the district with other areas9.

8 Joan Torres, “THE ASTORE VALLEY: A HISTORICAL PARADISE IN PAKISTAN”, 22 November 2019, Against the Compass. https://againstthecompass.com/en/astore-valley-pakistan/

9 Glacier Lakes Inventory of Pakistan, 2018, Pakistan Meteorological Department. http://www.lead.org.pk/attachments/summerschool2/day2/Glaciers%20and%20Glacial%20Lake%20Inventory %20of%20Pakistan%20by%20Adnan%20Shafiq%20Rana.pdf

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 42 | P a g e

B. Diamer

B.1 District Location and Geography Diamer District is one of the districts of the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. It is the district through which the Karakoram Highway passes. Capital of the district is Chilas. Diamer District is bounded by Astore District in the east, by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the southwest (separated by the Babusar Pass or Babusar Top), Neelum District in the south, the Ghizer District in the north and northwest, and the Gilgit District in the north and northeast10. Diamer is the gateway between Gilgit-Baltistan and the rest of Pakistan.

B.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity Shin, Yashkun, Kamin, Dom, Gujar, and Mruts are the ethnic groups that exist in Diamer District11.

B.3 Population Area covered 10,936 and population holding around 131,92512.

B.4 Disaster profile of Diamer Landslides, avalanches, rains are the usual phenomenon in the Diamer district13. Six people died on the spot while one got injured when a landslide hit subdivision of Diamer district in May 201814. Secondary data regarding GLOF is not available

10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamer_District 11 Sabir M., Torre A., 2017, Different proximities and conflicts related to the setting of big infrastructures. The case of Diamer Basha Dam in Pakistan, in Bandyopadhyay S., Torre A., Casaca P., Dentinho T. (eds.), 2017, Regional Cooperation in South Asia. Socio-economic, Spatial, Ecological and Institutional Aspects, Springer, 363 p. https://www.andre-torre.com/pdf/PDFpub334N1.pdf 12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan 13 https://www.dawn.com/news/1249891 14 https://www.geo.tv/latest/188315-six-killed-in-diamer-landslide

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 43 | P a g e

C. Ghanche

C.1 District Location and Geography Ghanche District is the easternmost district of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. With its administrative headquarters in the historic city of Khaplu, Ghanche is famous as a tourist destination for its outstanding scenery and high altitude landscapes. To its northeast is Xinjiang (China), to the north and northwest is Skardu District, to its southwest is Kharmang District and to its south is Ladakh of Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir.

Khaplu Valley and Hushe Valley form the gateway for the great Baltoro Muztagh, the subrange of Karakoram that includes the mighty peaks of K2 (8,611 m), Broad Peak (8,047 m), Gasherbrums (8,000+ m) and Masherbrum (7,821 m) (all of which are included in the Skardu District). Khaplu consists of 56 blocks, each block containing many villages and these blocks have been divided into three subdivisions: Khaplu, Daghoni and Masherbrum. Four villages of Chorbat Valley were lost by Indian invasion in 1971.They were Chalunka, Tyakshi, Thang and Turtuk15. The word Ghanche is derived from Balti language which means ‘the land of glaciers’. There are thousands of glaciers in Ghanche district the largest and famous Siachen glacier is also located in Ghanche district.

Ghanche consists of 3 sub valleys . Hushe valley , Saltoro valley and Chorbat valley. It is located in between the mighty peaks of Karakoram range. Masherbrum 7821 m is highest peak. Three major rivers and many streams combinely joins into Shyok river which is one of the major tributary of Indus river. The Hushe river originates from Ghondogoro glaciers and joins Saltoro river at Haldi village. Saltoro river originates from Ali Brangsa Glacier. Kondus river originates from Kondus glacier and joins Saltoro river at Dumsum village. These rivers combinedly joins Shyok river at Yuchung.

Ghanche valley is home to some of the highest peaks on earth which are Masherbrum, Sia kangri, Saltoro Kangri, K7 , K6, Laila Peak, Naiza peak and Amin Braq. Hushe valley is a hub of adventure tourism in Baltistan.

15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanche_District

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 44 | P a g e

C.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity Majority of the people living in Ghanche are Muslims, with 90% belonging to Noorbakshia Islam, whereas rest of the 10% are Shia and Sunni muslims. A religious leader locally called ‘Bowa’ has very important place in society16.

C.3 Climate This region is the coldest place within Pakistan also called the "Third Pole" with temperatures reaching below -20 °C in the winter.

C.4 Livelihood Sources Khaplu Ghanche is famous for its apricots, peaches , cherries, apples and pears. The whole valley is full of fruit trees. Apricots are more common fruit tree and source of income in this district17 This valley renown for tourism related activities. Their economic source is 40% by tourism, 30% by agriculture and 30% by govt and private jobs and business.

C.5 Population A total area of 4,052 km2 (1,564 sq mi), holds 160,000 population18.

16 Khalid Manzoor Butt, ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND COLLECTIVE ACTIONS IN GILGIT-BALTISTAN, January 2014, Journal of Political Science. file:///C:/Users/Asad/Downloads/ETHNICDIVERSITYANDCOLLECTIVE.pdf 17 https://www.skardu.pk/ghanche-district/ 18 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanche_District

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 45 | P a g e

C.6 Disaster profile of Ghanche On 7 April 2012, a massive ice avalanche struck at Gayari, 30 km west of the Siachen Glacier terminus, near the disputed Siachen glacier region.

On 30 July 2011, a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) occurred at Talis, Sub division Mashabrum, District Ghanche, Gilgit-Baltistan. As a result, 120 houses were damaged besides causing damage to cropped area19.

Flooding in Diamer, Astore, Gilgit, Hunza-Nagar, Ghizer and Ghanche had damaged 219 houses, six power stations and three bridges in July 2015. There were also reports of damage to road networks and water channels. Diamer areas of Buner, Niat and Fairy Meadows remain cut off, as do Hispar in Hunza- Nagar, Kharmang and Shigar in Skardu, and Thalley, Hoshey and KirisParal in Ghanche20.

19 Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF), Gilgit-Baltistan, 30 July 2011, https://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/glacial-lake-outburst-flood-glof-gilgit-baltistan-%E2%80%93-30-july-2011 20 Flash floods leave 15 dead in different parts of Pakistan, July 25, 2015, THE EXPRESS TRIBUNE. https://tribune.com.pk/story/925946/flash-floods-leave-15-dead-in-different-parts-of-pakistan/

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 46 | P a g e

D. Ghizar

D.1 District Location and Geography Ghizer District is the westernmost part of the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. Its capital is Gahkuch. Ghizer is a crossroads between Gilgit and Lower Chitral via Shandur Pass, and also to China and Tajikistan via the Broghil Pass through Ishkomen Valley. Ghizer district is the northernmost part of the Northern Areas and hence the extreme north of the country. It borders the Wakhan strip on its north- west, and China on its northern borders. On its west, there is Lower Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; and on its east is situated Gilgit. Diamer District is on its south, which is again a part of the northern areas. Gakuch is the capital of Ghizer District.

Gupis has been serving as a junction between Yasin and Phander valley. It is the central place from all valleys like Phandar, Yasin, Poniyal, etc. The valley is located between the world's greatest mountain ranges, namely the Hindu Kush and Karakarum. The highest peak Ghizer District is Koyo Zom (6,871 m) (Hindu Kush Range), which lies on the boundary between Ghizer District and Lower Chitral. Some of the main places in the district are Koh-i-Ghizer, Golaghmuli Valley, Ishkoman and Yasin valleys. Other places include Gupis, Chatorkhand, Imit, Pingal, Shahmaran and Utz.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 47 | P a g e

D.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity Ghizer is a multi-ethnic district and three major languages are spoken: Shina, Khowar, and Burushaski. There are also Wakhi speakers in Ishkoman and some Tajiks21. The Ghizar District, which belongs to Brusho tribe, has significant Ismaili population roughly 87%. It has three major dialects which are Shina, Khowar, and Brushaski. Shina Speaking people live in Punial valley, Ishkoman Proper, Gupis and few in Yasin valley. It is thought these people were migrated from Lower Kohistan, Indian Kashmir and Darel Valley of District Diamer.

Shina speakers are mostly humble and respectable for outsiders. These people are fond of music and dance with the musical instruments; Dhool, Surnai and Taroy. Cultural cuisines used by Shina people are; Deram, Deram Tiki, Sharbat, Goli, Hanikai, Kilaw and Folai.

The people “Kho” whose language is Khowar are residing in Phader valley, Gupis valley, lower part of Ishkoman and Yasin valleys. All these people were migrated from Lower Chitral. Kho are regarded as highly cultured people, and Khowar poetry and song is generally esteemed. They are fond of music and dance. The instruments used for music are Sitar, Dhool, Surnai and Dmama. These musical instruments are used on the occasion of marriages and other special occasions. The traditional foods used by Kho tribe are Khesta Shapik, Chira Shapik, Mulida, Legano, Bach, Sanabachi, Rishok, Shoshp. These cuisines are served particularly on especial occasions i.e. marriages and other traditional ceremonies.

The people who speak the Brushuski language are called “Burusho”. Burusho live in Yasin Valley (Indigenous Inhabitant of Yasin) and in lower Iskoman valley and Punial (Migrated from Hunza). Burusho tribes are renowned for their agricultural skills and abilities to construct irrigation system. These are friendly people and fond of music and dance. The Burushu mostly used Dadam Damal and Surnai/Totak as musical instruments. Bagondo, Batering Dawdaw, Berkutz, Burus, Burus Shapik, Chapshoro, Diram Fiti, Harisa, Gialing, mulida and mul are Burushu Cuisines.

Wakhi people or Xik as they called themselves migrated to north Pakistan several years ago from Afghanistan Wakhan Cooridoor where they have been living for over 2500 years. In Ghizer Wakhi people live in Karambar valley of Tehsil Ishkoman and few are in upper Yasin. Wakhi depend on Livestock Husbandry, including Yaks, as their villages are at upper limit of cultivation. Culturally Wakhi people are rich and soft spoken. Flude and Daf are the musical instruments in Wakhi culture.

The nomadic Gujur people are living in different villages of Ghizer. The name Gujar indicates their close link with Cow (Ghu) cow herding. The Gujar people have taken the opportunity to tent animals and grow crops in marginal areas.

21 Zubair Torwali, The languages of northern Pakistan, July 7, 2019, The News. https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/568074-languages-northern-pakistan.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 48 | P a g e

D.3 Climate District Ghizer being the most north side of the Pakistan, it receives little monsoonal rain from June to September. The temperature varies with elevation, with a marked difference in the day time and night time temperatures in all seasons. Temperature generally fall 6.2 c for each 1000 m rise in elevation. During the summer the hot days get around 35c while in winter it gets -10c. Many rivers rise dramatically during summer, carrying 20 times more water than in winter. This is not due to rainfall, but rather to melting glacier and snow22.

D.4 Livelihood Sources Ghizer is abundant in Himalayan Fruits (best in taste). Famous fruits are Almond, Nuts, Apricot, Pomegranate, Peach, Grapes, Cherry, Pear, etc. Punial Valley is famous for Kilaw, grapes and Grape wine (Red wine). People of the area grow these fruits, vegetables and cereal crops on their fields and earned livelihood by selling off their produce in the local as well as in the down country markets23.

D.5 Culture Historically two main characteristics of the folk dress of Ghizer is the Khoi and the Shokah. The khoi is headgear made of homespun woolen cloths, while the shokah is a homespun woolen cloak reaching to the ankle with long sleeves. Due to its elevation and geography, Ghizer District can be a cold and unforgiving place.

D.6 Shandur Festival The Shandur Polo Festival is held in the first week of July at the Shandur Pass, which straddles the border of Ghizer Dsitrict and Lower Chitral Districts in KPK. The characteristics of the people are gregarious, hospitable, great care and respect for outsiders. The typical customs’ folk dances, music and sports, like polo provide the tourists an unforgettable experience. Many languages are spoken in Ghizer, but only Urdu is readily understood throughout the region. Many local languages are spoken in these areas, which are totally different from each other. Shandur Festival is celebrated during 9-11 July of each year on Shadure top Polo Ground. Where Polo teams of Gilgit-Baltistan and Lower Chitral compete each other and thousands of tourists enjoy this traditional festival.

D.7 Haimaaz/ Be Ganik / Tukhum Razi Haimaaz is first festival of the year, it is the symbol of beginning of the year and attention to people ready for cultivation. On this Occasion women makes a favorite dishes “Ghoom Fulai” and “Shoshp” at house, after the dinner the old man or honor of the house makes two boys symbolically a pair of ox and the honor binds it in (hall) and ploughing with the pair. It is just like a fun and all the people enjoy very much. Tourism Department celebrate this festival annually in Yasin, Phanadar and Ishkoman proper with the collaboration of Local communities.

22 District Administration Ghizer, Government of Gilgit Baltistan. http://www.dag.gog.pk/climate/ 23 Zakir Hussain, Pest Complex of Horticultural Crops in District Ghizer (Gilgit-Baltistan), Pakistan: A Baseline Survey. http://www.pshsciences.org/publications/jhst/issues/2-1/2019-027/

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 49 | P a g e

D.8 Shishogot It is celebrates when the wheat is ripened and fully ready to harvest. It is very old tradition to welcome the grains of wheat at homes. The people feel happy on this cultural day. In the early morning all the people wake up and after having breakfast they get ready to celebrate the Shishogot. The aged men or women of the village gather at a place and come to wheat fields. From the fields they get some grains of wheat and put them into a bow having full of “Lasi”. After that one by one they take a sip of Lasi in a wooden spoon. Women makes different dishes at homes especially rice, meat or chicken. A local dishes is prepared on this day is “Goli”,wisken is eaten by dipping it in melted butter. Goli is very tasty dish and all the people like it very much. Also, people celebrate very much on this day.

D.9 Duman Khiya The second most crop of the Punial is Maize. It is cultivated in the mid of May and harvested in October. As the weather becomes cold after the month of October and crop is also ready to harvest in this month. When all the fields become empty at the end of October, people let their animals to feed on the open fields. No one is restricted to move on any field. All the animals are freely feed on the fields. After one week this cultural day is celebrated. Women make different local dishes on this day especially “GhoomFullai”.

D.10 Dashti/ Nasalo Ghizer becomes cold and below freezing point during the month of December, January, and February. To reduce the harshness of winters and to balance the protein requirement in the body, majority people slaughter animals during the last week of November or first week of December and freeze the slaughtered meat and use it till 20th March of each year. This tradition is called Dashti or Nasalo24.

D.11 Population Currently this district has four tehsils named Punial, Ishkoman, Gupis and Yasin. Three major languages Shina, Khowar and Brushaski are spoken here. Population of Ghizer is more than 200,000.25

D.12 Disaster profile of Ghizar Floods, GLOFs (glacial lake outburst flood), rock sliding, avalanches, land slips, earthquakes… that’s the list of natural disasters threatening Ghizer district in Pakistan’s Himalayan region of Gilgit-Baltistan as the effects of climate change slowly take root26.

The parts of Ghizer district in the state of Gilgit-Baltistan in the north of the country were flooded after debris flow blocked part of the Immit River, a tributary of the Ishkoman in July 2018. The blockage formed a temporary lake around 1 km in length, 100 metres wide and 5 to 6 meters deep in vicinity of Badswat village in Ghizer district. Pressure from the water in the artificial lake eventually removed the blockage, flooding areas downstream on 17 July, 2018. Around 12 houses have been damaged and

24 District Administration Ghizer, Government of Gilgit Baltistan. http://www.dag.gog.pk/climate/ 25 The Unexplored Beauty of Ghizer. https://www.punial.com/the-unexplored-beauty-of-ghizer/ 26 Climate change threatens disaster in Gilgit-Baltistan. https://pamirtimes.net/2014/09/18/climate-change- threatens-disaster-gilgit-baltistan/

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 50 | P a g e

residents evacuated. Drinking water supply, electricity supply and roads in the area have also been damaged and three villages have been cut off.

Flash flood in 2010 occurred in Ghizer, there are still many underground glaciers lakes in various nallahs that could burst any time and cause untold devastation. One recent example of such a calamity is the flash flood in the Sundi village of Yasin Tehsil in July 2011. A major portion of the village was washed away including irrigation lands, houses, orchards and linking bridge after bursting out of a glacier lake in the Ququlti Nallah27.

The flooding caused by the melting Barsuwat glacier in the Ishkoman valley of Ghizer district, Gilgit- Baltistan. The incident also created a lake28. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in Pakistan reports that parts of Ghizer district in the state of Gilgit-Baltistan in the north of the country were flooded after debris flow blocked part of the Immit River, a tributary of the Ishkoman29.

27 Climate change threatens disaster in Gilgit-Baltistan. https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/2014/09/17/climate- change-threatens-disaster-in-gilgit-baltistan/ 28 Experts link glacier melt to climate change, call for risk assessment. https://www.dawn.com/news/1421288 29 Pakistan – Deadly Floods Hit Gilgit-Baltistan http://floodlist.com/asia/pakistan-floods-gilgit-baltistan-july- 2018

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 51 | P a g e

E. Gilgit

E.1 District Location and Geography Gilgit-Baltistan is an autonomous territory with an area of 72,000 square kilometers. Bordered by the emerging engine of the global economy China on the east, Gilgit- Baltistan also assumes geographical association with India and Afghanistan, thus gaining the status of a high value strategic location in South Asia30. Gilgit is located at the foothills of the Karakoram Mountains, roughly at the junction between the three mountain ranges. The average altitude of the city is 1,500 ft. Gilgit is surrounded by steep mountains with little or no vegetative cover. It lies at the intersection of the Gilgit and Hunza Rivers at a place locally known as Duo Pani. It is surrounded by peaks that range from 1,600 m to 2,000 m on either side of the valley.

District Gilgit is strategically the most important district and the capital of the Gilgit-Baltistan. The area lies on N 35°55' 0” and E 74°18' 0” and bounded by Hunza-Nagar to the north; Skardu, Astore and Diamer to the south; and Ghizer District to the west. The total covered area of district is 38,000 square kilometers (14,700 sq mi). The region is significantly mountainous and lying on the foothills of the Karakoram Mountains with an average altitude of 1,500 meters (4,900 ft). It is drained by the Indus River, which rises in the neighboring regions of Ladakh and Baltistan. Average annual rain fall recorded 120 to 240 millimeters (4.7 to 9.4 Inc). The piercing sunrays may raise the temperature up to 40°C (104°F), yet it is always cool in the shade. As a result of this extremity in the weather, landslides and avalanches are frequent in the area.

E.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity Gilgiti, Urdu, Shina, Burushaski, Balti, Tibetan, Wakhi, Khowar are the main languages31. GB is a Muslim-majority province with a 2% nonMuslim minority. As shown in Exhibit 2.14, about 54% of the total population of Gilgit District is Shia; Ismailis constitute 27% of the population, whereas, the remaining 19% are Sunni.

30 Rehan Khan, Gilgit-Baltistan: a fascinatingly alluring region, JULY 28, 2013, Daily Times. https://dailytimes.com.pk/108137/gilgit-baltistan-a-fascinatingly-alluring-region/ 31 https://unpo.org/members/8727

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 52 | P a g e

E.3 Climate The dominant weather of the city is winter, which lasts eight to nine months a year. Gilgit District is surrounded by glaciers that are receding due to the rising temperatures that are consistent with global warming. River flow can, therefore, be highly variable and pose threats to the stability of landscapes especially in the vicinity of streams. Future temperature projections by Global Climate Models (GCMs) suggest that the temperature in Gilgit may become 7°C higher than the present level by the end of the 21st century. In Gilgit, the summers are hot and clear, the winters are very cold and partly cloudy, and it is dry year-round. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 23°F to 92°F and is rarely below 12°F or above 98°F. Based on the beach/pool score, the best time of year to visit Gilgit for hot-weather activities is from late June to late August32.

E.4 Livelihood Sources More than 90% of inhabitants engaged in agriculture and 70% in livestock. With agriculture making up 23% of the source of livelihood for Gilgit’s inhabitants, the economy of the city is at a significant risk of being adversely affected by natural disasters. The average annual income of the people of Gilgit is around Rs. 30,000 per month. The economy is largely driven by NGO donations and GoP funding.96 The commercial and social-services sectors provide 45% of all livelihood opportunities in Gilgit and another 23% comes from agriculture. After the opening of the Karakoram Highway (KKH), the increase in trade between China and Pakistan resulted in many of the city’s inhabitants becoming directly or indirectly involved in border trade, hoteling and transport. Fishery, tourism, education, business, government and non-government services are main sources of revenue generation in the city. The total area of cultivated land in Gilgit is 22 km2. The total production of major crops, such as wheat, maize, barley, potato, vegetables and fruits, for Gilgit District is about 63,000 metric tons. However, due to inadequate marketing and packaging, considerable agricultural produce is wasted. Exhibit 2.15 illustrates the proportion of the different sources of livelihood in Gilgit. Agriculture, livestock, business, tourism, labor are the main income sources.

32 https://weatherspark.com/y/108087/Average-Weather-in-Gilgit-Pakistan-Year-Round

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 53 | P a g e

E.5 Culture Gilgit-Baltistan is inherited by people from different sects and they have a diversity of their culture, customs and traditions. The cultural heritage of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan manifests itself in local traditions, music and local dress. The traditional cap of Gilgit Baltistan has played a major role to define the identity of people of Gilgit Baltistan. The cap has different names in the major local languages. In Shina and Khowar languages the cap is called Khoi, in Burushaski, it is called Phartsun or Pharsen and in Wakhi it is called Sekeed. The design of cap is slightly different in Baltistan and it is called Nating in Balti. The traditional hat of Gilgit-Baltistan is a soft, round-topped, men’s hat, typically made of wool and found in any of a variety of earthy colours: brown, black, grey, or ivory. Before it is fitted, the traditional hat resembles a bag with a round, flat bottom. The wearer rolls up the sides nearly to the top, forming a thick band, which then rests on the head like a beret or cap.

E.6 Population The population of Gilgit Baltistan is 222,000 according to the 2013 estimations.

E.7 Disaster profile of Gilgit Gilgit and its surrounding valleys are highly susceptible to natural disasters such as landslides, flash floods and avalanches, which affect civic life in the city and areas within its vicinity. According to the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), Gilgit is located in a seismically active zone with a shake potential equivalent to an earthquake of magnitude 6 to 7 on the Richter scale33. A recent example of the types of natural hazards facing Gilgit is the Ata Abad Lake, which formed due to a massive landslide in 2010 and dammed the Hunza River. The unstable lake poses a threat to the downstream populations of Gilgit and Oshkan Das. More than 90% of inhabitants engaged in agriculture and 70% in livestock are likely to be highly affected by natural disasters there. With agriculture making up 23% of the source of livelihood for Gilgit’s inhabitants, the economy of the city is at a significant risk of being adversely affected by natural disasters34.

33 Annandale, David D. and Hagler Bailly Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd. 2014. Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Master Plan for Gilgit City. Islamabad: IUCN Pakistan. 289 pp. http://www.commissiemer.nl/docs/mer/diversen/pos722-sea-masterplan-gilgitcity.pdf

34 Ibid.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 54 | P a g e

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) are not a new phenomenon, especially for the mountainous regions of Pakistan. In Gilgit-Baltistan, where many villages and settlements exist along the banks of rapidly flowing rivers and streams, such floods have always been deemed an acceptable risk, a cost of survival. The biggest culprit: rapid melting and overflowing of glacial lakes that release millions of cubic meters of water from the tops of mountains, gathering debris and speed as they flow downstream, bringing with them destruction, and loss of life and infrastructure. The government is aware of the looming threat. Mitigation of GLOFs was included in the National Climate Change Policy launched in 2013. The Pakistan Meteorological Department has also taken notice and issued dire warnings about the threat posed by GLOFs. A large quantity of ice fell into the Immit River, blocking outflows and creating a huge artificial lake. As water levels rose, the river overflowed, destroying dozens of houses and washing away agricultural land, standing crops, dozens of vehicles and cattle. Pakistan has an exorbitantly high rate of deforestation, over 2 percent annually. The rate within Gilgit-Baltistan is much higher.

According to the historic profile; floods, landslides, river bank erosion and avalanches are the major hazards in the district Gilgit, associated with water and weather changes pattern. Besides these; droughts, cold spells and epidemics are some other hazards, observed and identified by the community.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 55 | P a g e

F. Hunza

F.1 District Location and Geography Hunza is a mountainous valley in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. Hunza is situated in the extreme northern part of Pakistan, bordering with the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan and the Xinjiang region of China. The Hunza valley is situated at an elevation of 2,438 meters (7,999 feet). Geographically, Hunza consists of three regions, Upper Hunza (Gojal), Central Hunza (Hunza Valley) and Lower Hunza (Shinaki).

F.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity The Hunza people, or Hunzakuts are people who have lived centuries in their very own isolated valleys. They speak Wakhi and the Shina. The Wakhi reside in the upper part of Hunza locally called Gojal. Wakhis also inhabit the bordering regions of China, Tajikstan and Afghanistan and also live in Gizar and Lower Chitral district of Pakistan. The Shina-speaking people live in the southern part of Hunza. They could have come from Chilas, Gilgit, and other Shina-speaking areas of Pakistan many centuries ago. The Broshuski or Burusho or Brusho people live in the Hunza, Nagar, and Yasin valleys of northern Pakistan. There are also over 300 Burusho living in Srinagar, India. They are predominantly Muslims. Their language, Burushaski, has not been shown to be related to any other. They have an East Asian genetic contribution, suggesting that at least some of their ancestry originates north of the Himalayas35.

F.3 Population Hunza population under 1998 census is 243,324.36

F.4 Climate The climate in Hunza is moderate during summers. The temperature in July-August reaches a maximum of 31 °C in Central Hunza. Gojal Valley (Upper Hunza) remains much cooler even in summers.

F.5 Culture The people of Hunza valley have a rich culture, and they uphold themselves to and demonstrate the highest degree of pluralism. They have respect for every kind of diversity, which they use to strengthen the society and create opportunities. The people of Hunza speak three different, local languages, but don’t worry; they’re very fluent in English and Urdu too. Hunza is also known as the land of festivals. Most of these festivals are held every year. Silk Route Cultural Festival, Khunjerab-Pamir Cultural Festival, Ginani Festival, Baba Ghundi Festival, Chipursan. The women of Hunza are known for climbing mountains, getting distinctions from the world’s top universities and setting examples in almost any profession. And the people of Hunza have perfectly preserved their heritage sites. Their rich culture is clearly visible in their attitude, values, beliefs, music, dance, dress, objects, buildings and cuisines37.

35 Hunza in People, Travel & Culture Services. https://www.travel-culture.com/pakistan/hunza_people.shtml 36 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_District 37 Reasons Why You Should Visit Hunza This Summer, Karakoram Expeditions. https://www.karakorumexpedition.com/15-reasons-why-you-should-visit-hunza-this-summer/

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 56 | P a g e

F.6 Source of Income Hunza is an agricultural society and the fruits in Hunza are the actual jewels of the beautiful valley. As you approach the valley, you’ll see huge fruit orchards. Apricot is at the head of the Hunza Valley fruits. During the summer season, you can see that apricot has been laid on the roofs of almost all houses in the region, so they can be dried for use during the winters. Other popular fruits found in Hunza include cherry, apple, berry, grapes, peach, pear and what not. The valley is also highly popular for its delectable dry fruits and nuts and the population is highly depends on it economically.

F.7 Disaster profile of Hunza In 2010, a landslide blocked the river and created Attabad Lake (also called shishket Lake), resulting in 20 deaths and 8 injuries and has effectively blocked about 26 kilometres of the Karakoram Highway. The new lake extends 30 kilometres and rose to a depth of 400 feet (120 m) when it was formed as the Hunza River backed up. The landslide completely covered sections of the Karakoram Highway.

A landslide in January 2010 at Attabad village in the Hunza Valley killed 20 people which led to around 40 houses sliding into the Hunza River. Debris from the landslide caused the river to dam, leading to the formation of a large lake which threatened to flood downstream areas. Some 20,000 were forced to leave their homes by June. The lake is still there, having washed away a sizable portion of the Karakoram Highway and several houses.

In the year 2010, the village of Attabad in the Hunza Valley (about 760 km away from Islamabad) was hit by a huge landslide, which probably was created by an earthquake. Reportedly, boulders from the mountains around came crashing down and destroyed the village. Along with Attabad, four other villages, namely Ainabad, Shishkat, Gulmit and Gulkin were also completely destroyed. Around 20 people were reported killed and more than 6000 villagers became homeless and were stranded for days during this period. The flow of Hunza River was obstructed for about five months because of the landslide. This gave birth to a new lake altogether; soon water reached for over 21 km with a depth of over 100 m (330 ft). In no time, the water began flowing over the landslide dam and more than 170 houses, and 120 shops were flooded. Months later, it became a full-fledged lake flowing along the narrow valley38.

On December 28, 1974, a 6.2 Richter scale earthquake hit Swat, Hunza and Hazara areas in northern Pakistan. About 5,300 people were killed, 17,000 were injured and 97,000 were affected. Landslides and rock falls contributed to the damage39.

GLOF The Shishper basin is a sub-basin of Hunza basin in Pakistan, which covers very a large glacier system. In this study, we followed a multi-method for risk assessment of Shishper glacier and Glacier Lake

38 Attabad Lake in Pakistan is a stunning result of a natural disaster, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/attabad-lake-in-pakistan-is-a-stunning-result-of-a- natural-disaster/as73189094.cms

39 Ten worst disasters in Pakistan, September 24, 2011, Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/661518

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 57 | P a g e

using Sentinel imagery, an assessment of hazard potential of identifying lake based on high-resolution imagery, risk assessment of surging glacier based on field evidence and remote sensing data. It is inferred that the Hassanabad Naalah (Ravine) is mainly dominated by first order streams, the watershed show dendritic drainage pattern, which thus show homogeneous lithology. The majority of the stream’s orders are fall in first-order and then second order stream case.

The watershed is designated as a fourth-order basin. The elevation ranges from 2000 to 7,700m m a.s.l. The drainage density value of the Shishper basin has a value of 0.33 km/km2 that revealing subsurface is impermeable, a characteristic feature of the high-density drainage system. The circulation, elongation and drainage texture values of the basin are 0.58, 4.57 and 4.05, respectively. The results show that there is a strong structural control on drainage development. The morphometric parameters indicate that Shishper basin is a high-risk basin for flash floods. The total cover area of Shishper watershed is approximately 359 km2. The results reveal a significant increase in snow cover, clean and debris glacier between 2015- 2018; increasing from 161km2 to 197 km2. The land cover change analysis demonstrates that the dramatic increase in snow and glacier cover can enhance glacier related disaster risks. The analysis of remote sensing data reveals that the Shishper glacier surged in the month of July 2018 and a glacier lake has formed.

In addition to small glacier outburst lakes, a rare large lake was formed at Attabad in the Gilgit Baltistan region in 2009 due to a land slide completely blocking a tributary of the Indus, Hunza40.

The satellite observations show a significant downward movement of the Shishper glacier between July 2018 to January 2019 and lake size is increasing from 0.026 km2 to 0.057 km2. Glacier movement and Glacier Lake are expected to increase in the upcoming months due to increased summer air temperature over the basin. The physical vulnerability results indicate that more than 80% of residential buildings including property, agricultural land, hydroelectric power plant infrastructure and KKH Bridge are highly vulnerable to GLOF therefore expose to high risk.

Shishper Glacier and Glacier Lake need immediate attention for GLOF risk reduction. The glacier and glacier lake risk reduction strategies should focus on

(1) Continuous monitoring of the glacier movement and Glacier Lake is required to avoid exposure of life, property and infrastructure in flood-prone areas; (2) establishing early-warning system in the source area, more lead time is very important in early- warning for those living in low laying areas to respond to the GLOF event; (3) reducing the current GLOF hazard through community awareness and preparedness; (4) strong cooperation among the institutions is needed for research and sharing information on the issues related glacier hazard to reduce GLOF risk;

40 Pervaiz Amir, Estimating the impacts of climate change on sectoral water demand in Pakistan, NOVEMBER 2015, ACT. https://cyphynets.lums.edu.pk/images/Readings_concluding.pdf

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 58 | P a g e

(5) national and international community must mobilize the resources for addressing GLOF issues and climate change induced disasters for the holistic disaster risk reduction41.

DRR Policies Hunza is the first to impose a ban on plastic bags, followed by Islamabad and some other parts of the country in collaboration with multinational companies agreeing to collect and segregate the waste. It has become the first plastic-free district of Pakistan.

In April 2019, the provincial government banned the use, purchase, export and import of plastic bags in the Hunza district. The district council then announced its Clean Hunza Project, and as a first step, launched it with the support of the Gilgit-Baltistan Environmental Protection Agency and Karakoram Area Development Organization. Clean Hunza is a pilot project, with a focus on streamlining the management and recycling of plastic waste, with a forecast of increasing waste collection to 220,000 kilograms by 2024.42

41 Attaullah Shah, Risk assessment of Shishper Glacier, Hassanabad Hunza, North Pakistan, 2019, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences Volume 52, No. 1, 2019 pp. 1-11. http://nceg.uop.edu.pk/GeologicalBulletin/Vol- 52(1)-2019/Vol-52(1)-2019-Paper1.pdf

42 Shehryar Warraich, Unwrapping the plastic policy, February 9, 2020, The News. https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/610876-unwrapping-the-plastic-policy

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 59 | P a g e

G. Kharmang

G.1 District Location and Geography Kharmang District is a political sub-division of Pakistan. It is part of Baltistan and currently constitutes one of the ten districts of the Gilgit–Baltistan territory of Pakistan. It is bounded on the south by the Kargil and Leh of Ladakh, on the northeast by Ghanche District of GB, on the north by Skardu District of GB and on the west by Astore District of GB. Kharmang districts include Kharmang Valley, one of the five main valleys in Baltistan region. The valley is 100 km south-east of Skardu. The valley includes various tourist attractions, including Manthokha Waterfall Madhupur, Khamosh Waterfall. It is also the part where Indus River enters in Pakistan, through Kargil district in Indian Administered Kashmir43.

G.2 Population Area comprised of Total 7,909 km2 (3,054 sq. mi) with Population Estimate (1998) around 188,000.

43 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharmang_District

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 60 | P a g e

H. Nagar

H.1 District Location and Geography Nagar also known as Oyum Nagar in Burushaski and Nagar Khas in Urdu, is one of the largest towns in the Nagar District in Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. Situated on the bank of the Nagar river, it is the former capital of the princely state of Nagar.

Today, the famous Karakoram Highway crosses Nagar, connecting Pakistan to China via the Khunjerab Pass. The road follows the Hunza-Nagar River for some distance through Nagar and into the Hunza region. Nagar valley is spread in a vast region; however, the main village of Nagar district are Bar valley Chalt, Sikandarabad, Chalt, Ghulmit, Minapin and Hoper valley.

H.2 Livelihood Sources Grapes were cultivated in high quantity at a time but now people are not grown them as much as they should, due to lack of their interest and problems. However, it is being grown highly in Sakardu and Hunza-Nagar.

H.3 Population The population of Nagar District is approximately, 71,260.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 61 | P a g e

I. Shigar

I.1 District Location and Geography Shigar District is an administrative sub-division of Gilgit-Baltistan, is part of Baltistan and currently constitutes one of the ten districts of the Gilgit–Baltistan territory of Pakistan. It is bounded on the south and southwest by Skardu district, on the east by Ghanche District, on the north by Xinjiang (China), on the northwest by and Hunza, Nagar, Gilgit Districts. The district was formed in 2015, prior to which it was part of the Skardu District. Shigar town is the capital of Shigar District. Shigar town is 30km away from Skardu city. Shigar is the home of world's second highest peak K-2.

I.2 Population A Total area of 8,500 km2 (3,300 sq mi) holding Population Estimate (1998) 109,00044.

I.3 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity The town is inhabited almost exclusively by the Balti people of Tibetan descent. Almost 95% of the population belongs to the Shia sect of Islam and the remaining belong to the Sunni and the Norbakshi sects.

44 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigar_District

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 62 | P a g e

J. Skardu

J.1 District Location and Geography Skardu District is a district of Pakistan administered region of Gilgit–Baltistan. It is bounded on the southeast by Kargil district in the Jammu and Kashmir, on the east by Kharmang District, on the northeast by Ghanche district, on the south by Baramulla and Kargil District, on the west by district Astore and on the north by Shigar District. Skardu town is the capital of the district and of Skardu District. The highest peak in Skardu District is K2 (8,611 m) which is the highest peak in Pakistan and the second highest peak on earth. Major towns of Skardu District include: Skardu, Roundu Valley, Parkutta, Sermik, Hussainabad Skardu, and Mehdiabad, Sadpara. Holding 22,000 Sq. Km area, its total population is 318, 943.45 Skardu is the capital of Baltistan region. The Skardu valley is 10 kilometers wide and 40 kilometers long at the confluence of the Indus River, flowing from near Kailash in Tibet and through neighboring Laddakh before reaching Baltistan. It is situated at an altitude of nearly 2,500 m and the town is surrounded by greybrown coloured mountains, which hide the 8,000 meters’ peaks of the nearby Karakoram Range.

J.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity Situated in the lap of the mighty Karakoram mountain range and awe-inspiring Deosai plains, Skardu is home to a number of diversified cultures, ethnic groups, languages and various backgrounds. Residents not only have a beautiful mix of lifestyles because of this multicultural and multilingual aspect but are also hospitable, open-minded and accommodating. Skardu, being the largest district in the Northern Area, attracts travelers through its various breathtaking features.

45 DISTRICT HEALTH PROFILE SKARDU, http://www.alhasan.com/sites/default/files/products-sp- dv/Health%20Profile%20District%20Skardu.pdf

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 63 | P a g e

Skardu is predominantly Shia, here 98% people are Shia, 2% are Noorbakshia Islam and 2% are Sunni. Most of people are very simple and they don't want to take complexity in life and they often use old living life style46.

J.3 Climate Sand dunes in the Cold Desert of Skardu are often covered in snow during winter. Skardu features a cold semi-arid climate. The climate of Skardu during the summer is moderated by its mountain setting; the intense heat of lowland Pakistan does not reach it. The mountains block out the summer monsoon, and summer rainfall is thus quite low. However, these mountains result in very severe winter weather. During the April-to-October tourist season, temperatures vary between a maximum of 27 °C (81 °F) and a minimum (in October) 8 °C (46 °F). Temperatures can drop to below −10 °C (14 °F) in the December-to-January midwinter period47.

J.4 Livelihood Sources Skardu is heavily depending on glacier/snow melt to meet the water requirement for its agriculture which is a mainstay of the local economy and livelihood and other domestic uses of the water. The glaciers and snow in the Northern Regions of Pakistan are the important source of water for domestic, irrigation and industrial use in the country like other countries of the South Asia48.Livestock is also the Livelihood Source in Skardu.

J.5 Culture The region is inhabited primarily by Balti people of Tibetan descent. Millennia-old Tibetan culture, customs, norms, language and script still exist, although the vast majority of the population follows Islam49.

J.6 Population Holding 22,000 Sq. Km area, its total population is 318, 943.

J.7 Disaster Profile of Skardu The Skardu and Ganche districts of Gilgit-Baltistan, in northern Pakistan have been hit by devastating flooding, heavy rainstorm and landslides during July and August 2010; the region's worst deluge in 80 years. At least 55 people, including women and children, have died in the village of Qumra Skardu and Talis Ganche. Four villages have been totally washed away, and bodies have been recovered from rubble under mud avalanches. Roads and bridges have been destroyed. Landslides increased the isolation of affected areas, creating an immense shortage of food commodities and other items of daily use in the market. Cattle have been lost, crops destroyed, and as a result the economic system has been

46 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu_District 47 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu 48 Muhammad Zulfiqar, Agricultural Economy of Skardu is Based on Glaciers and Snow Melting –A Case Study of Burgay Watershed, Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. file:///C:/Users/Asad/Downloads/1553689008SJA_35_2_336-341.pdf 49 http://crossroadsadventure.earth/baltistan-tour-skardu/

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 64 | P a g e

demolished. Furthermore, bad weather made it impossible for rescue and relief teams to reach the affected areas immediately.

According to government sources a total of 25,000 people have been directly affected by the flooding, and a further 1.8 million have been affected indirectly. The monsoon rains show little sign of subsiding, adding to the areas problems. Consequently, both the flooding and continued rainfall has destroyed irrigation systems, standing crops, and reserves which are often used during food shortages in winter and has continued to block the Karakoram Highway (KKH); the only access road to Gilgit-Baltistan50.

50 FLOOD DEVASTATION REPORT FOR RELIEF RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION VILLAGES DISTRICTS SKARDU AND GANCHE GILGIT-BALTISTAN, Oct 2010, GRACE Association Pakistan. http://grace.org.pk/flood-devast.pdf

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 65 | P a g e

K. Lower Chitral

K.1 District Location and Geography Lower Chitral is the northernmost district of Pakistan and the largest in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province covering 23% of its land area. It borders Gilgit-Baltistan in the east, Afghanistan’s Kunar, Badakshan and Nuristan provinces in the north and west, and with Swat and Dir in the south, while a narrow strip of the Wakhan Corridor separates it from Tajikistan. Lower Chitral is connected to the rest of Pakistan by road through the Lowari Pass and Shandur Top, which remain closed in the winter. The Lowari Tunnel constructed under the Lowari Pass provides year-round access to the district. A number of other high passes, including the Darkot, Thoi and Zagaran Passes, provide rudimentary access to Lower Chitral.

Lower Chitral is regarded as one of the highest regions of the world, sweeping from 1,100 meters at Arandu to 7,726 meters at Tirichmir, and packing over 40 peaks more than 6,100 meters in height. The terrain of Lower Chitral is very mountainous and Tirich Mir (25,289 feet), the highest peak of the Hindu Kush, rises in the North of the district. Around 76 percent of the land is covered by mountains and glaciers51.

51 “Lower Chitral Growth Strategy”, September 2017, Devising our own Destiny A Model for Collaborative Partnership for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth in Lower Chitral.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 66 | P a g e

K.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity The people of Lower Chitral have a great ethnic diversity. In the past, since the creation of Pakistan in 1947, some tribes existing in the area include Katoray, Mehter, Kalash, Shubgali, Gujars, Madaklashti / Tajik, Dameli, Gawari or Arandui, Kirghiz, Pathans, Dangerik, Mukhbani or Yidgha, Afghans, Wakhi52, Quraysh, Khow etc. The biggest tribe in the district is Khow, their origins are from Aryan ancestry and some believe that they came from central Asia, Afghanistan and Kashmir53. The linguistic diversity is reflective of the area’s rich history. The original language of Lower Chitral is Khowar, which is made up of words from various tongues and dialects. There are many other languages spoken in the district, including Persian, Wakhi, Kalashwar and Pashto.

However, the people of some areas, including Lotkoh, Madaklasht and Kalashgum, use local dialects. The people are mostly Muslims following Sunni and Ismaili sects. However, the Kalash community, an indigenous minority, practices an ancient religion. The majority of the people in the district Lower

52 “Tribes of Chitral”, http://meraLower Chitral.blogspot.com/2010/05/tribes-of- Chitral.html 53 “Situation Analysis & Baseline Surveys for Poverty Reduction through Rural Development in KPK, FATA & Balochistan”, January 3, 2015, Development Profile of Chitral District, PPAF.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 67 | P a g e

Chitral are Sunni-Muslims where as there are a lot of Shias as well. However, the People of kalash and various tribes of it are thought to believe in various gods and believe in very old rituals and religions54.

K.3 Climate The weather of Lower Chitral is extremely harsh and cold in the winter and pleasant in the summer. Average temperatures in summer ranges from 25 to 40 degrees Celsius, while in the winters it plunges below minus. In contrast to more southerly areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, district Lower Chitral has a dry Mediterranean climate with almost no rainfall during summers. Precipitation occurs mainly from spring thunderstorms brought about by western frontal systems. In the winter the night time temperature occasionally drops to −10 C. Winter snowfall in the town can be quite heavy with an accumulation of up to two feet being quite common, at higher elevations snowfall can reach as high as 20 meters (70 feet).

K.4 Livelihood Sources Sources of livelihood represent the economic base of the district. Various agriculture, livestock, mining, forestry, and tourism are the main sources of income generation55. The people of Chitral are very skilled and they make a lot of hand made products which are then sold worldwide.

K.5 Population According to latest census of Pakistan 2017 population of Chitral district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the current population of Chitral is 447362. In Total population males are 225846, females are 221515, and Shemale / Transgender are 1. Average annual growth rate is 1.80 from 1998 to 2017. Khow, Katoray, Mehter and Quraysh are major tribes of Lower Chitral but Khow is the largest, making 92% of the local population.

K.6 Culture There are various traits of Chitral’s culture which are the part of Chitral cultural norms. One of such festivals is Jashn-e-Nowroz which is celebrated on 21st march every year. This is basically a religion festival which is celebrated in the memories of a Sufi saint who introduced the Ismaili faith in this region, the name of the Sufi Saint was Peer Nasir Khisraw. Another very famous festival held in this region is the Shandoor Polo festival, now everyone in Pakistan as well as around the globe is aware that Polo is played in this region at 10,000 feet’s above the sea level and this is not something very ordinary, ordinary people have breathing issues at such heights but these people not only manage to breath but play in such conditions which shows how strong and immune they are to these conditions.

The main event and match plays between the teams of Gilgit and Chitral who are arch rivals. This event is played normally during the summer because it is impossible to play during the harsh weather which the winter brings, so normally the event is organized in the month of July annually. There are a lot of traditional dishes of Chitral such as the Pandir Muzhi which is made from walnut and cheese, crushed

54 Lower Chitral – A place for tourists. https://historypak.com/Lower Chitral-a-place-for-tourists/ 55 Ghani- ur- Rehman, “Socio-Economic Profile of Lower Chitral”, Maharka. http://www.mahraka.com/ghani.html

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 68 | P a g e

in between the dough of wheat and cooked in the oven. Other popular dishes of Chitral are zholai, pushor tiki, kali, Kawirogh, and lazhek. Music is a very important part of the Chitral culture, drums and sitar are played while men get in circles and dance during annual festivals and weddings as well. Some instruments which are popular amongst the people of Chitral are; Sitar, Dol, Sunai, Damama, beru, Gharba.

K.7 Disaster profile of Chitral With the unique topography making it highly vulnerable to natural disasters all through the year, Chitral district’s elevations range from 3,600 feet above the sea level in the southern Arandu valley to 12,121 feet above the sea level in the northernmost area of Baroghil valley. Spread over around 400km, the district covers one-fifth of the total area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa i.e. 15,000 square kilometers. It has more than 5,000 glaciers flanked by the 100-plus peaks of Hindu Kush chain of mountains with an altitude of over 5,000 meters.

It is at risk of many natural hazards from flash floods to glacial lake outburst floods to avalanches to landslides. The frequency of natural calamities in the area has increased manifold during the last 12 years. Many villages have been wiped out or damaged by floods during the period. Among them are the villages of Sonoghur, Brep, Reshun, Booni Gol, Shoghor, Zhitoor Garam Chashma, Washich, Bumburate, Muzhgol, Phargam and Orsoon. The frequency of the GLOF has increased many times over the period and thus, threatening the existence of a number of villages across the valley.

The villages of Reshun, Booni Gol, Sonoghur, Golen, Gohkir, Brep and Yarkhun face that threat like a sword of Damocles as 604 households have been washed away during the period rendering the people homeless. As showed in a National Disaster Management Authority report, the number of local residents at the high risk of natural hazards is 227,321 and that of the 20 union councils of the district, no union council has been free from disaster risk.

The worst type of natural hazards hitting the valley occurred in the summer of 2015 when the flash floods wreaked havoc in 23 of the 36 sub-valleys of Chitral for a month. As the calamity was unprecedented, different parts of the district remained cut off from each other for more than three weeks, while the families rendered homeless totaled 2,134. According to the Provincial Disaster Management Authority, the Rs15 billion worth of damage was caused to infrastructure, including roads, jeepable and pedestrian bridges, drinking water supply schemes, irrigation channels, schools, hospitals and food godowns56.

The region has always been prone to landslides, but increasing human activity in the fragile mountainous region has increased the risk of disasters. The Himalaya and Hindu Kush region are natural gift for Pakistan, but unsafe construction, development work, lack of land planning, construction of houses and deforestation have weakened the mountain, which has become the major reason for landslides57.

56Zahiruddin, “Chitral at high risk of disaster”, 23rd July 2017, Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1347048 57 Mohammad Zubair Khan, “Northern Pakistan faces worst landslides in history”, 8th April 2016, The Third Pole.net. https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/our-team/

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 69 | P a g e

In 2010 the Booni Gol Glacier, located near Chitral, generated an outburst flood that killed 1,980 people, injured an additional 2,946 more, and destroyed some 1.6 million homes. In addition, thousands of acres of agricultural lands were damaged as a result of this new-found risk that may threaten to undermine Pakistan’s efforts for peaceful and sustainable development.

K.8 Glacial lake outburst flood A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a type of outburst flood that occurs when the dam containing a glacial lake fails. Bindo Gol is a remote valley located 65 kilometers northwest of Chitral town in Northern Pakistan. For the past ten years, climate change induced disasters have taken momentum in the valley, particularly the floods caused by glacial lakes. These glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF) occur when the ice walls containing the reservoir fail, sending entire lakes down to inhabited areas below. During such emergencies, there is severe loss of lives and physical assets. During the month of July in 2010, a massive glacial flood resulted in unprecedented devastation to human lives, houses, transport networks, irrigation channels and cultivated land. At that time, the communities were not organized to pool resources and undertake collective measures. Nor did the locals understand the risks associated with GLOF to motivate them to take preparedness measures58.

Bindo Gol is vulnerable to a number of natural disasters including GLOF, landslides and avalanches. Rogheli Gol is located at a distance of 8 KM from the main Chitral-Mastuj Road at an elevation of 7500ft asl. Rogheli Gol Glaciers consist of Khundar Glacier, Hongyak Gol Glacier, Kakeli Glacier and Payosadar glaciers. These Glaciers feed two glacial lakes located at average distance of 1 KM below, towards the Rogheli village of Golain. Majority of the glaciers in the Rogheli Gol are of C-Type and are located at high altitudes ranging from 13500ft to 15000+ ft asl. On 7th July, 2019 a GLOF event was reported in Rogheli, Golain Valley Lower Chitral, as per PMD report the angelical lake started to develop in 3rd June 2019 in the glacier of Nalla at Rogheli at an elevation of 4500m a.s.l59.

L. Upper Dir

L.1 Location and Boundary Upper Dir is the upper part of old District Dir. At the time of independence, Dir was a state ruled by Nawab Shah Jehan Khan. It was merged with Pakistan in 1969 and later on declared a district in 1970. In 1996, it was bifurcated into Upper and Lower Dir districts. This district is situated in the northern part of Pakistan. It is bounded on the North and northwest by the Lower Chitral district and Afghanistan, on the East by Swat district, and on the South by Lower Dir district. For the purposes of administration, the district is divided into Dir and Wari subdivisions and 5 tehsils, which include Dir, Barawal, Kalkot, Wari, and Khal. There are 28 UCs all of which are rural. The elected representatives formulate district and tehsil assemblies. Political constituencies of the district include 1 national seat and 3 provincial seats of legislative assemblies.

58 “Communities work together to reduce the risk of flash floods in Northern Pakistan”, UNDP Pakistan. 59 “GOLAIN LOWER CHITRAL GLOF EVENT” PRELIMINARY REPORT, 7 July, 2019. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Golain%20GLOF%20Report%2009.07.2019%20.pdf

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 70 | P a g e

The topography of the district is dominated by high mountains. The most important mountain range is the Hindu Raj. It runs from north-east to south-west along the northern borders with Lower Chitral district. In winter, whole area remains snow-covered. The mountains in the western part of the district are covered with forests, while the eastern mountain range, Dir Kohistan, is barren. Dir Kohistan is the origin of the main river of Lower Chitral i.e. Panjkora River. District head quarter Upper Dir is connected with metal led or shingled roads to all Tehsil Headquarters. The district is totally mountainous so there is no railway and airport.

L.2 Tribes Ethnic Groups and Languages Pashto is the main language. A few people speak Hindko (a variant of Punjabi, Gujari and Khowar Lower Chitrali). The majority of the population in this area is Yousafzai, Mishwani and Swati Pashtuns while the ruling class was Khosro.

L.3 Climate The summer season is moderate and warm, where June and July are hottest months. On average, the maximum and minimum temperature in June is about 33 and 16 degrees centigrade respectively. Winter season is severely cold and harsh. Temperature rapidly falls from November onwards. During the months of December, January, and February, temperature normally falls below freezing point. The mean maximum and minimum temperature in January is 11 and -2 degrees centigrade respectively.

L.4 Population and Earning Source The characteristics of the employed force are important to understand the economic structure and potential of any region. This section provides information with respect to the distribution of the labor force into sectors, occupational groups and working status. The estimated current population of the district is about 9 lakhs (0.890 million) with an average growth rate of 2.72 percent per annum. This population projection is taken from “Development Statistics of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 2014”. About 0.33 million persons are estimated as the active labor force by applying the crude activity rate of KP.

The agriculture sector absorbs the majority of the labor force in the Upper Dir district. About 46 percent employment is recorded in this sector during 2012-13 (PSLM survey), whereas about 19 percent of the urban employed labor force also reported work in the agriculture sector. The construction sector is the next largest employment provider; which absorbs about 22 percent (13 in urban and 22 in rural) of the employed labor force. About 8 percent of the urban employed labor force is absorbed in the manufacturing sector, while the service sector provides employment to about 19 percent (38 and 18 in urban and rural areas respectively). As evident in the exhibit, canal is the major source of irrigation with about a 95 percent share in total irrigated areas60.

60 Situation Analysis & Baseline Surveys for Poverty Reduction through Rural Development in KPK, FATA & Balochistan, DEVELOPMENT PROFILE OF UPPER DIR DISTRICT, January 3, 2014, PPAF. http://ppr.org.pk/PDF/District%20Profile%20Upper%20Dir.pdf

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 71 | P a g e

L.5 Disaster Profile of Upper Dir Flood, Earthquakes triggered by heavy rains played havoc in Upper Dir. Heavy rains in Kohistan Kumrat61 area of district Upper Dir of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa flooded the nullahs and landslides resulted in closure of road at Kalkot. Moreover, most regions vulnerable to flash flooding lie outside the coverage of the early warning system deployed for riverine floods. Flash floods are experienced commonly in Swat, Upper and Lower Dir, Lower Chitral, Shangla, Kohistan, Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat and D.I Khan. Physical configuration of northern and north-eastern portion of the province is excessively mountainous spanning from Lower Chitral up in the north to districts of Upper and Lower Dir, Shangla and Swat and Mansehra which are prone to flash flooding, cloud bursts and sliding activities. Therefore, depending on the intensity of monsoon precipitation and ice melt, KP is vulnerable to both sudden and expected hydro-meteorological disasters which require integrated surge and quick response62. During April 2019 last week, Dir Upper received 130 millimetres of rain followed by Malam Jabba 123mm, Mirkhani 108mm and Kalam 106.4mm63. Parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province were hit by flash floods in July 2019 first week after a heavy downpour in Upper Dir District64.

61 Flood wreaks havoc in Upper Dir, July 06, 2019, The Nation. https://nation.com.pk/06-Jul-2019/flood- wreaks-havoc-in-upper-dir 62 CONTINGENCY PLAN MONSOON 2012, Provincial Disaster Management Authority Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, June 2012. http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Documents/Contingency_Plan/2012/CP_KP.pdf 63 Arshad Yusufzai, At risk of flash floods, April 21, 2019, The News. https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/567641-risk-flash-floods 64 Pakistan – Flooding Leaves Communities Isolated in Lower Chitral, 10 JULY, 2019, Asia News. http://floodlist.com/asia/pakistan-glacial-lake-outburst-flood-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-july-2019

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 72 | P a g e

M. Swat

M.1 District Location and Geography The valley of Swat is situated in the north of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province at 35° North Latitude and 72° and 30° East Longitude. The district is enclosed by the sky-high mountains. Lower Chitral and Gilgit are situated in the North, Dir in the West, and Mardan in the South, while Indus separates it from Hazara in the east. The District Headquarter of Swat is Saidu Sharif, but the main town in the district is Mingora. Saidu Sharif is at a distance of 131 Kilometer (km.) from Peshawar, the provincial capital, towards the northeast. The total area of District Swat is 5337 Square Kilometer (sq. km), divided into two tehsils, namely Matta (683 sq. km) and Swat (4654 sq. km). The total forest cover in Swat is 497,969 acres which consists of varieties of Pine trees.

Topographically, Swat is a mountainous region, located among the foothills of the Hindukush mountain range. This range runs in the general direction of North and South and has a varied elevation within the Swat area, beginning from 600 meters above sea level in the South and rising rapidly up towards the North, to around 6,000 meters above sea level. The Swat region, containing the meandering Swat River, is also home to lush green valleys, snow-covered glaciers, forests, meadows and plains.

M.2 Tribes, Ethnic Groups, and Languages The people of Swat are mainly Pakhtuns (mainly of the Yusufzai clan), Kohistan (of Dardic descent) and Gujjars. Gujar or Gurjjar, which is the main tribe of the district, has its people divided in different clans like Khatana, Bajarh, Chichi, Ahir, Chuhan, Pamra, Gangal etc. The Dardic people of the Kalam region in northern Swat are known as Kohistanis. Pashtu is predominantly spoken in Swat, and is understood and used by roughly 93 percent of the population as their mother tongue. A variety of other languages are also used in the area, like Torwali, Kalami and Khwar, spoken by the Kalam and Kohistani people in the Northern part of Swat; Gujro, a mix of Pashto and Punjabi, spoken by the Ajar and Gujjar people. Swat was a major centre of early Buddhist thought as part of the Gandhara kingdom, and today is littered with ruins from that era. Swat was home to the last isolated pockets of Gandharan Buddhism, which lasted until the 10th century, well after most of the area had converted to Islam.

M.3 Climate Swat lies in the temperate zone. The summer in lower Swat valley is short and moderate while it is cool and refreshing in the upper northern part. The hottest month is June with mean maximum and minimum temperature of 33°C and 16°C, respectively. The coldest month is January with mean maximum and minimum temperature of 11°C and -2°C, respectively. The winter season is long and extends from November to March; rain and snowfall occurs during this season. The average annual precipitation in district Swat ranges from 1000mm to 1200mm. As there is currently no meteorological station in district Swat, data collected by the station in nearby Dir is used.

M.4 Population and Employed Labor Force The characteristic of an employed force is important to understand the economic structure and potential of any region. This section provides information with respect to the distribution of the labor force into sectors, occupational group and working status. The estimated current population of the district is about

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 73 | P a g e

2 million with an average growth rate of 3.3 percent per annum. About 0.8 million persons are estimated as active labor force members by applying the crude activity rate of KP65.

M.5 Livelihood Sources Sources of livelihood represent the economic base of the district. Accordingly, the district shares are about 6, 10 and 11 percent in the province respectively, while the share of geographical area is about 9 percent. Canal is the major source of irrigation with about 45 percent share in total irrigated areas. Predominantly the inhabitants of Swat depend on natural resource base as cultivation of food grains vegetables and orchards both as cash crops as well as cereal crops also along with the livestock rearing and fishing of subsistence value. Some of the population depends on paying their services as vocational base. Some portion of the economy contributed from the micro entrepreneurship of hoteling and tourism industries. Foreign capital remittance also holds a vital share in household income accumulation66.

M.6 Disaster Profile of Swat

Flood Categories

Seasonal Flood: An overflow of water onto normally dry land. The inundation of a normally dry area caused by rising water in an existing waterway; such as a river, stream, or drainage ditch. Ponding of water at or near the point where the rain fell. Flooding is a longer-term event than flash flooding: it may last days or weeks.

Flash flood: A flood caused by heavy or excessive rainfall in a short period of time, generally less than 6 hours. Flash floods are usually characterized by raging torrents after heavy rain that rip through river beds, urban streets, or mountain canyons sweeping everything before them. They can occur within minutes or a few hours of excessive rainfall. They can also occur even if no rain has fallen, for instance after a levee or dam has failed, or after a sudden release of water by a debris or ice jam.

65 Situation Analysis & Baseline Surveys for Poverty Reduction through Rural Development in KPK, FATA & Balochistan. DEVELOPMENT PROFILE OF SWAT DISTRICT, January 3, 2015. PPAF. http://ppr.org.pk/PDF/District%20Profile%20Swat.pdf 66 District Disaster Management Plan (2015-2020) District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. https://www.pdma.gov.pk/sites/default/files/District%20Disaster%20Management%20Plan%20%282015- 2020%29%20Swat%20KP.pdf

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 74 | P a g e

Cloud burst: Many areas of lower Swat particularly Murguzar, Spal Bandai and Gul Bandai have been prone to cloud burst which resulted in damages to houses, infrastructure and walking tracks while also blocking ways and exit routes for the communities. A cloudburst is an extreme amount of precipitation, sometimes with hail and thunder, which normally lasts no longer than a few minutes but is capable of creating flood conditions. Cloudbursts descend from very high clouds, sometimes with tops above 15 kilometers. Meteorologists say the rain from a cloudburst is usually of the shower type with a fall rate equal to or greater than 100mm (3.94 inches) per hour. During a cloudburst, more than 2 cm of rain may fall in a few minutes. When there are instances of cloudbursts, the results can be disastrous.

Soil Erosion: Soil Erosion witnessed in flood plains of project area is the process by which material is removed from a region of the Earth surface. It can occur by weathering and transport of solids (sediment, soil, rock and other particles) in the natural environment, and leads to the deposition of these materials elsewhere. It usually occurs due to transport by wind, water, or ice; by down-slope creep of soil and other material under the force of gravity; or by living organisms, such as burrowing animals, in the case of bioerosion.

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 75 | P a g e

N. Lower Kohistan

N.1 District Location and Geography The District Kohistan lies between 34º 54´ and 35º 52´-north latitudes and 72º 43´ and 73º 57´ east longitudes. It is bounded on the north and northeast by Ghizer and Diamer Districts of Northern areas, on the southeast by Manshera District, on the south by Battragram District and on the west by Shangla and Swat Districts of NWFP. Kohistan means the land of mountains. In fact, there is hardly any plain area. It could be correctly described as all mountains dotted with land. The Indus River cuts through the heart of Kohistan from start to end and divides it into two parts - Hazara Kohistan and Swat Kohistan. These two parts were merged in 1976 to form Kohistan District.

N.2 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity The tribes of Swat Kohistan are divided into two groups, Manzar and Money.Among these, tribes of Dubair, Kandia and Ranolia belong to the Manzar groupand those of Banked, Jijal, Pattan, Kayal and Seo belong to Money group. The main tribes on the left bank are Koka Manke Khel and Darram Khel. They are of cognate origin and do not convey clear territorial division. Moreover, Dardic Kohistanis, Pashtuns are the ethnic groups in Lower Kohistan. Kohistani, Shina, Urdu, Pashto are the languages speak in this region.

N.3 Climate The district is warm in summer except some areas of high altitude and very cold in winter. There is heavy snowfall and temperature generally falls below freezing point.

N.4 Livelihood Sources The major crops grown in district are Maize, Wheat, and Rice while Pulses i.e. Mot, Kot, Red Beans and Potatoes are also grown. Majority of the people are associated with agriculture for their livelihood. A number of people are engaged in business. Most of the people depend upon their share in forest. Literacy rate of the district is very low; however, the tendency towards jobs in Government functionaries is increasing that encourages young generation towards education. The only route for commerce and trade from the district is the Karakorum Highway.

The main trading centers are Dubair Bazar, Pattan Bazar, Komila Bazar and Shatial Bazar. All essential commodities like vegetables, food, grain, flour and all the other agriculture and industrial goods are imported to these markets from Swat, Manshera, Havalian and from the cities of Punjab Province. Hides, walnuts, honey, raw wool and desi ghee are sold in a very negligible quantity in these bazaars. Timber is the major export item of the district.

N.5 Population An Area of 7,492 km2 (2,893 sq mi) with Population (2017) estimated population of 784,711with a Density of 100/km2 (270/sq mi).

N.6 Disaster profile of Lower Kohistan The damage due to earthquake was not colossal in the Districts of Shangla and Kohistan; however, there was still some damage to social and physical infrastructure that needed to be rebuilt. Due to October 8th Earthquake 2007 the number of deaths in District Kohistan was 596. There were 1160 persons who

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 76 | P a g e

were injured67. The 2010 Kohistan avalanche occurred in the Kohistan District, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan on February 17, 2010, striking the village of Bagaro Serai and killing at least 38 people68. At least 35 more people, mostly women and children, are feared dead after a landslide hit many houses in Kohistan on Monday, a day after 13 villagers were killed in rain related incidents in the district of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. The lightening-triggered landslide buried a number of houses in Othar Nala area of tehsil Kandiya, nearly 55km from district headquarters Dasi69.

67 Earthquake Reconstruction & Rehabilitation Authority Government of Pakistan, Provincial Earthquake Reconstruction & Rehabilitation Agency Government of NWFP. http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Publications/District%20Profile%20Kohistan.pdf 68 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kohistan_avalanche 69 https://tribune.com.pk/story/1078574/35-more-feared-dead-after-landslide-hits-houses-in-kohistan/

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 77 | P a g e

O. District Mansehra

O.1 District Location and Geography Mansehra District is a district in Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. Mansehra district and town are named after the Sikh Khalsa Army general Mahan Singh Mirpuri, who founded the city. It is an important and popular tourist destination due to the Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park and Kaghan Valley area being located in the district and the Karakoram Highway passing through the district. It is main gateway to upper valleys of Kaghan, Naran and also to Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir.

It was established as a district in 1976, prior to which it was a tehsil within the former Hazara District. Two former subdivisions of Mansehra were split off into separate districts: Battagram in 1993, and Torghar District (formerly known as Kala Dhaka) in 2011.

O.2 Population According to 2017 census total population of the Mansehra district was 1,556,460. The total population for the Mansehra, Balakot and Oghi tehsil counted in the 1998 census was 978,200. Population according to the 2017 data is 1,556,460, Density 340/km2 (880/sq mi) Area total 4,579 km2 (1,768 sq mi).

O.3 Ethnic/linguistic/Religious Diversity The predominant language is Hindko, which according to the 1981 census data for the Mansehra Tehsil was the language of communication within 72% of households. Pashto had a share of 14%. There are also speakers of the widely dispersed Gujari language, particularly in the Kaghan Valley. The local variety is intermediate between the eastern dialects of Gujari (spoken in Azad Kashmir) and the western group (from Lower Chitral, Swat and Gilgit). There is also a small community in the village of Dani in Oghi Tehsil who speak the endangered Mankiyali language70.

O.4 Climate The Mansehra lies on 1082m above sea level. The climate is warm and temperate in Mansehra. The rainfall in Mansehra is significant, with precipitation even during the driest month. The average annual temperature in Mansehra is 18.5 °C | 65.4 °F. In a year, the rainfall is 1445 mm | 56.9 inch71.

O.5 Disaster Profile of Mansehra District The landslides triggered by a cloudburst in upper parts of Kaghan valley blocked Mansehra-Naran- Jalkhad road to traffic in eight places, which left thousands of tourists and passengers travelling between Gilgit-Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in July 2019. Due to heavy rains and landsliding in parts of Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit over past couple of days, deaths occurred in Shangla, Kohistan, Swat, Bannu, Battagram, Lower Chitral, Mardan, Upper Dir, Charsadda, Malakand and Mansehra in 201672.

70 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansehra_District 71 https://en.climate-data.org/asia/pakistan/khyber-pakhtunkhwa/mansehra-1299/ 72 https://dailytimes.com.pk/92007/71-killed-in-rain-landslide-related-incidents/

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 78 | P a g e

The heavy snowfall also disrupted the routine of life and led to blockage of roads in Upper and Lower Lower Chitral, Shangla, Upper Dir, parts of Swat, Abbottabad, Mansehra and Upper Kohistan in March 202073. On 15th and 16th July, and again on 19th , 24th and 28thJuly 2015, different parts of District Lower Chitral were hit by Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF) which carried massive torrents and flash floods washing away villages, access roads, bridges, drinking water supply systems, micro hydel power channels, public/private property and agricultural crops. This phenomenon is unusual; however, due to climate changes, districts in the north of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa i.e. Mansehra, Lower Chitral, Battagram, Kohistan (U/L), Torghar and Shangla are prone to such incidents of GLOF and these districts have already been sensitized by NDMA & PDMA during various phases of monsoon contingency planning. In Lower Chitral, 32 people have so far been reported as dead in various incidents.

73 https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2020/03/05/5-died-in-rain-related-incidents-in-kp/

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 79 | P a g e

Annexure – II: KAP Household Questionnaire

Introduction My Name is ______. I am conducting research study for GLOF project. I am here to ask you some questions related to floods caused by glacial lake outbursts.

The discussion will take 10 to 15 minutes depending on your interest and participation. Any information you provide will be kept strictly confidential and will be presented together with answers from other participants so that no one can be identified. The discussion is voluntary and you are free to choose not to answer any or all of the questions, or leave the discussion at any time. However, if you do participate in the discussion, your information will help GLOF improve future intervention so that it can better serve the community.

Do you agree to participate? Yes No (if no, thank the person and leave the house politely)

Name of respondent: Age Village UC Tehsil District Province

Household Profile: Can you please provide details about your household members?

Relationship with S. No Name Age Sex Education Occupation Head of HH

Is there any disabled person in the family? Yes No If yes, describe type of disability: ______

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 80 | P a g e

Natural hazards 1. What natural hazards/environmental challenges do you face in your village/valley? a. Earthquake b. Land sliding/Mud sliding c. Heavy rains/flash flood d. GLOFs e. Avalanches f. Lightning g. Other (specify)

2. In terms of frequency, what environmental problems, mentioned in the above question, occur frequently? Place in ranking order with the most frequent first and the least frequent in the last. Natural hazard Ranking order/number 1,2,3,….. Earthquake Land sliding/Mud sliding Heavy Rains/Flash flood GLOFs Avalanches Lightning Other (Specify)

3. In terms of severity, what environmental problems, in your opinion, are more severe than others? Place them in ranking order with the more severe first and the least severe in the last. Natural hazard Ranking order/number 1,2,3,….. Earthquake Land sliding/Mud sliding Heavy Rains/Flash flood GLOFs Avalanches Lightning Other (Specify)

4. In terms of damage to life and property, what environmental problems, do you think, cause more damage? Place them in ranking order with the most damaging first and the least damaging in the last. Natural hazard Ranking order/number 1,2,3,….. Earthquake Land sliding/Mud sliding Heavy Rains/Flash flood GLOFs Avalanches Lightning Other (Specify)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 81 | P a g e

5. To what extent is your area vulnerable to GLOF? Very low Low Medium High Very high

6. What do you think is the main cause of GLOF? a. Climate change b. Wrath of God or divine punishment (go to Q 7) c. Human activities which are not environment friendly (Go to Q 8) d. Other

7. Why do you think it is because of wrath of god/divine punishment? a. Because people do not follow religion b. Because people have become immoral c. Because people have indulged in materialistic activities d. Other (specify)

8. What kind of activities are not environment friendly? a. Excessive cutting of trees b. Excessive use of fossil fuels c. Other (specify)

9. Compared to previously history of this area, have disasters like GLOF increased or decreased in frequency? a. Increased b. Decreased c. Can’t say d. Other (specify)

10. In your opinion, are disasters like GLOF more likely to increase or decrease in frequency in future? a. Likely to increase b. Likely to decrease c. Can’t say d. Other (specify)

Institutional Disaster Management 11. Is there any public or private organization working on GLOF in your area? a. Yes b. No

12. Can you name the organization? Name 1: ______Name 2: ______Name 3: ______

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 82 | P a g e

13. What activities have this/these organization/s done in your area? a. Awareness raising meetings with communities b. Awareness campaigns c. Disaster risk reduction workshop d. Other

14. Have you or any member of your family participated in any of these activities? a. Yes b. No

15. Do you think these activities are enough to address natural disasters? a. Yes b. No (go to Q 16)

16. If yes, to what extent? a. To some extent b. To a large extent c. To full extent

17. If no, why? a. These activities are useless b. Awareness alone is not enough c. They don’t know much disasters d. No solid measures are taken to reduce damages e. Other (specify)

18. Is there any hazard watch group in this village/valley? a. Yes b. No

19. If yes, who formed/created this group? a. Community members b. NGO c. Government department (specify name) d. Other (specify)

20. Has any community based organization in the village been trained to operate early warning system? a. Yes b. No

21. Has infrastructural/physical assets have constructed to minimize effects of GLOF event? a. Yes b. No

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 83 | P a g e

22. What activities would you suggest to address natural disasters like GLOF? a. ______b. ______c. ______

Early Warning System 23. If a natural disaster like GLOF occurs, is there a centralized system to inform the communities? a. Yes b. No

24. If yes, who provided the system? a. Community members b. Government c. NGO d. Other (Specify)

25. How many households are covered by this early warning system? Provide approximate number a. Less than 100 b. Between 100 and 200 c. Between 200 and 500 d. Between 500 and 100 e. Other (specify)

26. If a natural disaster like GLOF occurs, how are the communities informed about it? a. Telephones/cell phones b. Text messages c. Loudspeakers d. Radio e. Television f. Other (specify)

27. How long before the disaster occurs, do you receive the warning? a. Within an hour b. Within 6 hours c. A day before the disaster occurs d. Other (specify)

28. In which language do you receive the warning? a. Urdu b. Local language (specify) c. Other (specify)

29. Are you able to understand the warning? a. Yes b. No

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 84 | P a g e

30. Is the warning reliable? a. Yes b. No

Emergency Response Mechanism 31. Is there any community driven/revolving fund in the valley? a. Yes b. No

32. If yes, what is the total worth of the fund? a. PKR ______b. Don’t know

33. If there is a disaster like GLOF, is there any evacuation plan for the community? a. Yes b. No

34. If yes, who prepared or provided this plan? a. Community members b. Government c. NGO d. Other (specify)

35. If there is an evacuation plan, is it suitable for the women, children, the elderly and the disabled? Tick the relevant box. Not suitable To some To a large Completely at all extent extent suitable For women For children For the elderly For the disabled

36. If a natural disaster like GLOF occurs, is there any safe location designated by the government where you and your family can move to for safety? a. Yes b. No

37. If yes, does that location have the following facilities? Write Yes or No in the relevant columns. Electricity Water Washrooms First Aid Yes No

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 85 | P a g e

38. To what extent is that location safe for women, children, the elderly and the disabled? Tick the relevant box Not safe at all To some To a large Completely safe extent extent For women For children For the elderly For the disabled

39. If a natural disaster like GLOF occurs, who helps you evacuate the area? a. Self-help b. Local people c. Government d. NGOs e. Religious Groups f. Other (specify)

40. Is there any medical facility that can provide emergency relief during/after disaster? a. Yes b. No c. Don’t know

41. If yes, what is the type of health facility? a. Civil Dispensary b. Basic Health Unit (BHU) c. Rural Health Center (RHC) d. Tehsil Head Quarter (THQ) e. District Head Quarter (DHQ) f. Other (specify)

42. How far is that facility from your village? a. Within five kilometers b. Within five to ten kilometers c. Within ten to twenty kilometers d. Other (specify)

43. How long does it take to reach that facility? a. An hour b. Two to three hours c. Four to five hours d. Other (specify)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 86 | P a g e

44. If a natural disaster like GLOF occurs, which organization usually comes first to you for support? a. Government b. NGOs c. Religious groups d. Other

45. If a natural disaster like GLOF occurs, do you think government can provide immediate relief? a. Yes b. No

46. If a natural disaster like GLOF occurs, how long would the government take to come to rescue people? a. Within an hour b. Within two to three hours c. Within four to five hours d. Within ten hours e. Other (specify)

47. To what extent do you trust government to provide adequate support? a. Do not trust b. Can’t say c. To some extent d. To a large extent e. Completely trust the government

48. Has your community taken any small-scale initiatives for GLOF preparedness? a. Yes b. No c. Don’t know

Coping Mechanism 49. Can your house withstand GLOF? a. Yes b. No

50. If yes, how? a. It does not lie on the way of GLOF b. It is made of concrete c. Other (specify)

51. At household level, what mechanism have you adopted to cope with future/potential GLOF? a. Save money for emergency b. Store food for emergency c. Other

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 87 | P a g e

52. In case of medical emergency during GLOF or any disaster, how long will it take you to reach the nearest health facility? a. An hour b. Two hours c. Five hours d. Ten hours e. Other (specify)

53. During an emergency situation, do you have access to institutional loan or credit facility? a. Yes b. No

54. When you need money during emergency situation, what do you do? a. Borrow money from friends or relatives b. Sell household items c. Sell livestock d. Other

Sources of Communication 55. Is there any cellular network in your village? a. Yes b. No

56. What cellular network operates in your area? a. Mobilink b. Ufone c. Telenor d. Zong e. Other (specify)

57. How many members of your family own a cell phone? Write number: ______

58. Do you/your family own a television? a. Yes b. No

59. Do you/your family own a radio? a. Yes b. No

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 88 | P a g e

Annexure - III: In-depth Interview with Stakeholders

Introduction My Name is ______. I am conducting research study for GLOF project. I am here to ask you some questions related to floods caused by glacial lake outbursts.

The discussion will take 30 to 45 minutes depending on your interest and participation. Any information you provide will be kept strictly confidential and will be presented together with answers from other participants so that no one can be identified. The discussion is voluntary and you are free to choose not to answer any or all of the questions, or leave the discussion at any time. However, if you do participate in the discussion, your information will help GLOF improve future intervention so that it can better serve the community.

Name: Designation: Organization:

1. Is there any policy at federal or provincial level to address GLOF risk? (Note: Question about policy at federal or provincial level should be asked from the respondents at respective positions. Are provincial policies in line with federal policies?) 2. In your opinion, how is this area vulnerable to GLOF? (Probe: Compared to other disasters, is this area more vulnerable to GLOF?) 3. How can GLOF affect the local communities? (Probe: To what extent can it affect lives, property, agriculture, livestock and other resources?) 4. What is the mandate of your organization with reference to natural disasters in general and GLOF in particular? (Probe: Does your organization have any future plans to address GLOF? What are the plans?) 5. Does your organization have the capacity to regulate system for climate issues into planning process? (Probe about HR, technical, technological, administrative capacity.) 6. How do you do budgeting/planning for DRR schemes? (Probe: Do you think the budgeting is enough for DRR activities? If yes, how? If no, why? What should be done then?) 7. In case of disasters what are the funds available with you? (Probe: are these funds sufficient? If yes, to what extent? If no, why? What do you do then?) 8. How is the distribution of funds decided? (Probe: Do you involve local communities? Men and women?) 9. What has so far been done by your organization to address natural disasters including GLOF? (Probe: What particular activities has been done to minimize damages? 10. What activities have been done to increase awareness among communities regarding GLOF? (Probe: Do you think these activities are sufficient? What else needs to be done?) 11. What constraints do you face in implementing DRR programs? (Probe: Do you get any support from provincial/federal government? How is the coordination among relevant organizations/public departments working on DRR?) 12. To what extent do you think communities are able to cope with disasters like GLOF? (Probe: Are communities well prepared to cope with these disasters? If yes, to what extent? If no, why?)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 89 | P a g e

Annexure - IV: Guide for FGD with Communities (men and women)

Introduction My Name is ______. I am conducting a research study for GLOF project. I am here to ask you some questions related to floods caused by glacial lake outbursts.

The discussion will take 60 to 130 minutes depending on your interest and participation. Any information you provide will be kept strictly confidential and will be presented together with answers from other participants so that no one can be identified. The discussion is voluntary and you are free to choose not to answer any or all of the questions, or leave the discussion at any time. However, if you do participate in the discussion, your information will help GLOF improve future intervention so that it can better serve the community.

Name of Valley: District: Province: Details of participants:

S. No Name Age Education Occupation

1. What kind of disasters (slow and rapid onset) has the community/ group faced in its lifetime? What about GLOF? 2. What has been the extent of damage- persons, housing, livelihoods, and assets? (Probe: If GLOF has occurred previously, how has it caused the damage? If GLOF has not occurred yet, but there are chances for GLOF, how will cause the damage? 3. Do you receive any warning alerts? (Probe: Who sends warning alerts? Are communities able to evacuate in time? 4. Is there any hazard watch group? (Probe: Who formed it? How does it work? Is it functional and effective? 5. Specifically, what has been/will be the damages/ difficulties faced by men and women? Are they different for men and women? 6. In your opinion, why do these disasters happen? (Probe: what are their beliefs regarding occurrence of disasters? Why do they believe so? Can such disasters be minimized? How?) 7. What has been the impact of disasters on the livelihood of the community? For men and for women? 8. What is the mechanism for solid waste management? (Probe: Is solid waste creating any environmental problems? How? What has been done to address this issue?) 9. Do men and women have access to financial assistance such as credit, loans? (Probe: is there any community driven/revolving fund in the village? If yes, what is its worth?)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 90 | P a g e

10. Do you receive emergency funding from the Government? What about cash/food for work opportunities? 11. In the event of a disaster do women have access to relief measures provided by the government? 12. Has your community taken any small-scale initiatives for GLOF preparedness? (Probe: If yes, what initiatives have been taken? 13. Has any community-based organization in the village been trained to operate early warning system? (Probe: If yes, how many community-based organizations have trained? How provided the training?) 14. Are there any infrastructural/physical assets to minimize impacts of GLOF? (Probe: If yes, who provided this? 15. Do you have a voice during policy process regarding disaster risk reduction? (Probe: Have they been ever invited in the process of policy making? If yes, how? Who was invited? Were his/her suggestions included in the policy process?) 16. Do you know how much money is being spent in the area by the government and where it goes? (Probe: Do they know about development priorities by the government, and is government spending on those projects compared to DRR is justified?)

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 91 | P a g e

Annexure - V: Valleys in 15 Districts of GB and KP

Province Districts Valleys Pati Sureen Astore Tarishing

Diamari Glacier Diamer Tato Valley Glacier

Barah Pain Ghanche Gharbuching

Darkut Ghizer Kuramber/Barswat

Bulchi Bagrote Gilgit Dasso/ Khaltoro GB Ghulkin Hunza Hasaan Abad

Gandos Kharmang Ghuncha Nalla Sarolch

Gulmit/ Rakaposhi Nagar Minapin

Gulabpur Shigar Skora Churka

Burgay/Nianure Skardu Shaagari Bala

Madaklasht Lower Lower Chitral Siah Arkari

Batal Ushiri Uper Dir Kumrat

Matiltan KP Sawat Utror

Dachai Lower Kohistan Leo

Baffa Khurd Mansehra Ghonor

Draft Report – Knowledge, Attitude and Practices KAP Studies as well as Documenting Local / Indigenous Knowledge for 15 Districts of KP and GB 92 | P a g e