Continue About 63 million people in Korea, North Korea, China, Japan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Russia speak Korean. The relationship between Korean and other languages is not exactly known, although some linguists consider him a member of the Altai family of languages. Grammatically Korean is very similar to Japanese and about 70% of its vocabulary comes from Chinese. The origin of writing in Korea chinese writing has been known in Korea for over 2,000 years. It was widely used during the Chinese occupation of North Korea from 108 BC to 313 AD by the 5th century AD, Koreans began to write in classical Chinese - the earliest known example of this dates back to 414 AD. Later they developed three different systems for writing Korean with Chinese characters: Hyangchal (향찰/鄕札), Gukyeol (구결/⼝訣) and Idu (이두/吏讀). These systems were similar to those developed in Japan and probably used as models by the Japanese. The Idu system used a combination of Chinese characters along with special symbols to refer to Korean verb endings and other grammatical markers, and has been used in official and private documents for centuries. The Hyangchal system used Chinese characters to represent all sounds of the Korean language and was used mainly to write poetry. The Koreans borrowed a huge number of Chinese words, gave Korean readings and/or meanings to some Chinese characters, and invented about 150 new characters, most of which are rare or used mainly for personal or similar names. The Korean alphabet was invented in 1444 and made public in 1446 during the reign of King Sejong (b.1418-1450), the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty. Alphabet was originally called Hunmin jeongeum, or Correct Sounds for Teaching People, but was also known as Eonmeun (vulgar script) and Gukmeun (national writing). The modern name of the Hangeul alphabet was coined by korean linguist Ju Xi-gyong (1876-1914). In North Korea, the alphabet is known as 조선글 (josoen guel). The shapes of the consonants are based on the shape of the mouth made when writing the appropriate sound, and the traditional direction of the letter (vertically from right to left) most likely came from the Chinese, as well as the practice of writing syllables in blocks. Even after the invention of the Korean alphabet, most Koreans who could write continued to write either in classical Chinese or in Korean using Gukyeol or Idu systems. The Korean alphabet is associated with people with low status, i.e. women, children and the uneducated. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the mixed writing system, which combines Chinese characters Hanja and Hangeul, became increasingly popular. Since 1945, however, the importance of Chinese characters in the Korean much diminished. Since 1949, hanya has not been used at all in any North Korean North Korean with the exception of a few textbooks and specialized books. However, in the late 1960s, The teaching of Hanji was resumed in North Korean schools, and 2,000 characters are expected to be taught by the end of high school. By the end of high school, 1,800 Han students are expected to study. The proportion of hanji used in Korean texts varies greatly from writer to writer, and there is considerable public debate about the role of the Hanji in Korean writing. Most contemporary Korean literature and informal writing are written entirely in hangeul, however scientific papers and official documents are usually written in a mixture of hangeul and hanja. Notable features of the Hangeul Type Writing System: Alpha bet Direction Letters: Until the 198 0s Korean was usually written from right to left in vertical columns. Since then, writing from left to right horizontal lines has become popular, and today most of the texts are written horizontally. Number of letters: 24 (jamo): 14 consonants and 10 vowels. Letters are combined into block syllables. For example, Hangeul is written: 한 (han) - ᄒ (h) - (a) - ᄂ (n) and 글 (geul) - ᄀ (g) - (eu) - ᄅ (l) Forms of conontants g/k, n, m ng and m ng are graphic images of the speech organs used for their pronunciation. Other consonants were created by adding additional lines to the main forms. Vowel forms are based on three elements: man (vertical line), earth (horizontal line) and paradise (dot). In modern Hangula, the celestial dot mutated into a short line. Spaces are placed between words that can be made from one or more syllables. The sounds of some consonants change depending on whether they appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the syllable. A number of Korean scholars have proposed an alternative method of writing Hangeul involving writing each letter in a row, both in English, rather than grouping them into syllable blocks, but their efforts have been met with little interest or enthusiasm. In some Korean texts, the hanga is to some extent used. Used for recording: Korean, and Cia-Cia (Bahasa Ciacia / 바하사 찌아찌아), Malayo- Polynesian, which is spoken on the island of Bouton in Indonesia. Hangeul Alphabet (한글) Consonants (자음/⼦⾳) Recording korean consonants Jessica Kwon Double Consonants marked y pronounced fortis. The IPA doesn't have a symbol that could indiciate it. Vowels (모음/⺟⾳) Recording Korean vowels Jessica Kwon Note on Korean transliteration There are several different ways to write Korean in the Latin alphabet. The methods shown above are: (first row) of the official South Korean transliteration system, which was introduced in July 2000. You can find more information on the www.mct.go.kr. (second row) of the McCown-Reishauer system, was developed in 1937 by two American graduate students, George McCown and Edwin Reishauer, and is widely used in Western publications. For more information about this system see: See Korean Alphabet Pronounced: Download Korean Alphabet Charts in Excel, Word or PDF format. A sample of the text in Korean (only hangeul) Sample text in Korean (hangeul and hanja) Transliteration Bymon Ingan-Eun The-eonal ttaebuteo Jayuroumy Geu Jon-eomgwa Gwonrie Iss-eo Dongdeunghada. Ingan-Yong Chongbujeg-euro-isong-gwa-yang-ew bu-yoobad-ou-yumeo-seoro hyunge-ae-uy zhongsin-euro hangdong-yo-yhahand. Writing this text by Jessica Kwon Translation All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and must act towards each other in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Example Video in Korean Information on Korean Language (en) Phrases Of Color numbers and Colors Time and Time Family Words Language Twisters Babylon Tower Articles (en) Training Materials Links Links Links Information about Korean language Internet Korean lessons Read more Korean links Learn to speak Korean confidently and naturally with Korean Missile Learn available in amazon languages written with Hangeul alphabet Cia-Cia, Jeju, Korean alphabet Adlam, Armenian, Avestan, Avoiuli, Bassa (Vah), Beit Kukju, Borama/Gaba , Chinook Pipa, Korgi-Cox, Coptic, Cyrillic, Dalen eagle wounds, Deseret, Elbasan, Etruscan, Faliskan, Galik, Georgian (Asomstavruli), Georgian (Nusakhuri), Georgian (Mheduruli), Glagolich, Gotic, Greek, Irish (Noncial), Kaddare, Hatt-i-Badi Litian, Lidian, Manchurian Messapik, Mongolian, Mro, Mundari Bani, N'Ko, North Pichene, Ogam, Old Slavic Church, Oirat Clear Script, Ol Cemet' / Santali, Old Italian, Old Nubian, Old Permian, Orhon, Oskan, Pau Sin Ha u, Phrygian, Pollard Script, Runic, Skekeli-Hungarian Rov's (Hungarian Rove), Somali (Osmanya), South Pichen, Sutton SignWriting, Tai Lu, Todhri, Umbri, Uighur, Other Writing Systems Why Not Share This report this ad If you need to enter in different languages, an international keyboard can help. This allows you to enter almost any language that uses Latin, Cyrillic or Greek alphabets, and is free. If you like this site and find it useful, you can support it by making a donation through PayPal or Patreon, or by contributing in other ways. Omniglot is how I make a living. Note: all links on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links. This means that I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. So by clicking on these links you can help support this site. For other purposes, see Hangul (disambiguation). Native Alphabet Korean and Cia-Cia This article needs additional quotes to check. Please help improve this article by adding quotes to reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and removed. Find sources: Hangul - News newspaper book scientist JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Korean alphabet한글 Hangul (Hangeul) 조선글 Chosŏn'gŭlType Featural alphabet LanguagesKorean, Jeju, Cia-Cia, Taiwanic scenario: North Korea China (Jilin Province: Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous Region)CreatorSejong period JoseonTime1443-presentPrint BasisWriting direction (various variants of Hangul): from left to right, from top to bottom, right-to-leftDirectorsule to the right iso 15924Hang, 286Unicod aliasHaulUnicod rangeU-AC00-U-D7AFU-1100-U-1 3130-U-318FU-A960-U'A97FU-D7B0-U'D7FF Hangul is usually written horizontally, from left to right and sometimes from right to left. It is also written vertically, from top to bottom. This article contains phonetic IPA symbols. Without proper rendering support instead of Unicode characters, you can see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. For an introductory guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Korean Writing Systems Hangul Chosŏn'gŭl (in North Korea) Hanya Hjanchal Gugyeol Idu Mixed Screenplay Braille Transcriptation McCun-Reishauer Revised Romance (South) Romanization of Korean (North) Konts (Cyrillic) Transcript for Yale (Scientist) RR Transliteration (South) Regional or minority scripts Alphabet Latin Cyrillic Greek Armenian Georgian Hangul Logographic and syllable Hanzi (L) Kana (S) / Kanji (L) Hanya (L) Abjad Arabic Hebrew Abugida North Indyk South Indyk Ethiopic Thaana Canadian Chosŏn syllabic gŭl vte Korean alphabet, known as Hangeul created by King Sejong the Great in 1443. Letter s f o r t he five main consonants the form of the speech organ used for their pronunciation, and they are systematically modified to indicate phonetic features; similarly, vowels are systematically m o d i fied for related sounds, making Hangul a lettering system. Modern Anthul orograph y uses 24 basic letters: 14 consonant letters (ᄀ ᄂ ᄃ ᄅ ᄆ ᄇ ᄉ ᄋ ᄌ ᄎ ᄏ ᄐ ᄑ ᄒ) and 10 vowels ( ). There are also 27 complex letters formed by combining the main letters: 5 tense consonants (ᄁ ᄄ ᄈ ᄊ ᄍ), 11 complex consonants (ᆪ ᆬ ᆭ ᆰ ᆱ ᆲ ᆳ ᆴ ᆵ ᄚ ᄡ) and 11 complex vowels ( ). The four main letters in the original alphabet are no longer used: 1 vowel letter () and 3 consonant letters (ᅀ ᅌ ᅙ). Korean letters are written in syllable blocks with alphabetical letters arranged in two dimensions. For example, the Korean word honeybee (kkulbeol) is written 꿀벌, not 꾸ᄅ버ᄅ. Because it combines the features of alphabetical and syllabic writing systems, it has been described as an alphabetical syllable. As in traditional Chinese writing, Korean texts have traditionally been written from top to bottom, from right to left, and are sometimes still written in this way for stylistic purposes. Today it is usually written from left to right with gaps between words and Western punctuation. This is the official system of Korean writing, including both North and South Korea. It is the official writing system in Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture and the Korean Autonomous Region of Changbai in Jilin Province, China. It is also sometimes used to write the Cia-Cia language, which is spoken near the town of Baubau, Indonesia. Taiwanese linguist Hsu Cao-te Tzu developed and used the modified Hangul alphabet to represent the colloquial Taiwanese Hokkien, and was later supported by Ang Uy Jin (see Taiwanese Hangul). The official name of the Korean name (North Korea)Chosŏn'gŭl조선글IndecializationJoshon (-)geulMcCune-ReischauerChosŏn'gŭlIPAKorean pronunciation: tso.sɔn.ɡɯl Korean name (South Korea)Hangul한글Revised RomanHan (-geulMcCune-ReischauerHan'gŭl'15-IPAKorean pronunciation: ha (ː)n.ɡɯl The word Hangul, written in the Korean alphabet Korean alphabet was originally named Hunminjeong'eum (훈민정음) by King Sejong the Great in 1443. Hunminjeong'eum (훈민정음) is also a document that explained the logic and science behind the script in 1446. The name hangeul (한글) was coined by Korean linguist Ju Xi-gyong in 1912. The name combines the ancient Korean word Han (한), which means great, and geul (글), which means script. The word han is used to refer to Korea as a whole, so the name also means the Korean script. He was romanticized in several ways: or Khan-geul in the revised romanization of the Korean language, which the South Korean government uses in English publications and encourages for all purposes. Han gŭl the McCune-Reischauer system, is often capitalized and finds itself without diacritics when used as an English word, Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hyunkul in Yale Romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic research. North Koreans call the alphabet Chosŏn (gŭl 조선글) 조선글, Chosŏn North Korean name. A version of the McCun-Reishauer system is used for Romanization. Other names until the mid-20th century, the Korean elite preferred to write using Chinese characters called Hanja. They called Hanyu Jinsyo (진서/真書) or true letters. Some accounts say that the elite referred to the Korean alphabet mockingly as amkeul (암클), which means female script, and ahaetgeul (아햇글) means childish scenario, although there is no written evidence of this. Supporters of the Korean alphabet called it jeong'euum (정음/正⾳), meaning correct pronunciation, 국문/國⽂, meaning national scenario, and eonmun (언문/諺⽂), meaning people's scenario. Story Home article: The origins of Hangul Creation Koreans mostly wrote using classic Chinese along with native phonetic writing systems that preceded Hangul for hundreds of years, including Idu Script, Hyangchal, Gugyeol and Gakpil. However, many lower-class Koreans were illiterate because of the fundamental differences between Korean and Chinese, as well as the large number of Chinese characters. To improve literacy among ordinary people, the fourth king of the Hosion dynasty, Sejong the Great, personally created and unveiled a new alphabet. Although it is widely believed that King Sejong ordered the Worthies Hall to invent Hangul, contemporary recordings such as King Sejong's True Recordings and Jung Inji's foreword to Hunminzhum emphasize that he invented it himself. The Korean alphabet was designed so that people with little education could learn to read and write. A popular saying about the alphabet: A wise man can meet them before the morning is over; even a stupid person can recognize them within ten days. Page from Hunminjong'eum Eonhe. The hangulo-only column, third on the left (나랏말 미), has a diacritics with an accent to the left of the syllable blocks. The project was completed at the end of December 1443 or January 1444, and is described in 1446 in a document called Hunminjeong'eum (Right Sounds for the Education of the People), after which the alphabet itself was originally named. Hunminjeongeum, October 9, was Hangul Day in Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosŏn gŭl Day, is on 15. In 1940, another document published in 1446 entitled Hunminjong'eum Eeri (explanation and examples of Hunminjong'eum) was discovered. This document explains that the design of consonant letters is based on articulation phonetics, and the design of vowel letters is based on the principles of harmony of yin and yang and vowels. Opposition to the Korean alphabet faced opposition in the 1440s to literary elites, including Choi Manri and other Korean Confucian scholars. They believed that Hanya was the only legitimate writing system. They also regarded the conversion of the Korean alphabet as a threat to their status. However, the Korean alphabet entered popular culture, as King Sejong intended, used especially by women and writers of popular fiction. King Yongangun banned the study and publication of the Korean alphabet in 1504, after the publication of a document critical of the king. Similarly, in 1506, King Chungjong abolished the Ministry of Eonmun, a government agency associated with Hangul's research. Revival At the end of the 16th century, however, there was a revival of the Korean alphabet, as the gas and poetry of Shiju flourished. In the 17th century, Korean alphabetical novels became the main genre. However, the use of the Korean alphabet for so long was not orthographic standardization that the spelling became rather irregular. Songangas, a collection of poems by Jeong Chol, printed in 1768. In 1796, the Dutch scientist Isaac Titsyn became the first person to bring a book written in Korean to the Western world. His collection of books included a Japanese book by Sangoku Tsarana Tsusetsu (Illustrated description of three countries) by Hanashi Shiheya. This book, which was published in 1785, described the Kingdom of Joseon and the Korean alphabet. In 1832, the Eastern Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland supported the posthumously abbreviated publication of the French translation of Titsingh. Thanks to the growing Korean nationalism, the push of Gabo reformists and the promotion of the Korean alphabet in schools and literature by Western missionaries, the Korean alphabet Hangul was first adopted in official documents in 1894. The primary school texts began using the Korean alphabet in 1895, and Tongnip Sinmun, founded in 1896, was the first newspaper printed in Korean and English. Reforms and prohibitions under Japanese rule After the Japanese annexation, which occurred in 1910, the Japanese language became the official language of Korea. However, the Korean alphabet is still taught in Korean schools built after the annexation, and korean was written in mixed Hanya-Hangul writing, where most of the lexical roots were written in Han and grammatical forms in the Korean alphabet. Japan had previously banned Korean literature from public schooling, which had become compulsory for children. (quote needed) Teh The Korean alphabet was partially standardized in 1912, when the vowel arae (), which has now disappeared from Korean, was limited to Sino-Korean roots: strong consonants were standardized for ᄭ, ᄯ, ᄲ, ᄊ, ᄶ and final consonants were limited to ᄀ, ᄂ, ᄅ, ᄆ, ᄇ, ᄉ, ᄋ, ᆰ, ᆱ, ᆲ. The second colonial reform took place in 1930. Arae-a was reversed: the strong consonants were changed to ᄁ, ᄄ, ᄈ, ᄊ, ᄍ and more definitive consonants ᄃ, ᄌ, ᄐ, ᄎ, ᄑ, ᄁ, ᆪ, ᆬ, ᆴ, ᆵ, ᄡ were allowed to do so. A double cossoned ᄊ written one (without a vowel) when it happened between nouns, and a nominal particle -가 was introduced after vowels, replacing -이. The main change was to make the Korean alphabet as morphopho average as possible, given the existing letters. In 1940, a system of transliteration of foreign orthographies was published. Japan banned Korean in schools in 1938 as part of a policy of cultural assimilation, and all publications in Korean were banned in 1941. Further reforms Final modern Korean alphabetical retography was published in 1946, just after Korea's independence from Japanese rule. In 1948, North Korea tried to make the script completely morphophonic by adding new letters, and in 1953 Singman Ri in Korea tried to simplify retography by returning to the colonial retography of 1921, but both reforms were abandoned only a few years later. Both North Korea and Korea used the Korean alphabet or mixed font as an official writing system, with the ever-decreasing use of Hanja. Beginning in the 1970s, Hanya began to experience a gradual decline in commercial or informal writing in the South due to government intervention, with some South Korean newspapers now only using Han as abbreviations or disambiguation of homonyms. The future of Hanyi in Korea is widely discussed. North Korea instated the Korean alphabet as its exclusive writing system in 1949, and banned Hanja's use completely. The modern use of the elementary school sign in Baubau is written in Latin and Hangul alphabet. The Hongminjong'yum Society in Seoul is trying to extend the use of the Korean alphabet to the unwritten languages of Asia. In 2009, the Korean alphabet was informally adopted by the city of Baubau in southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, to write Cia-Cia A number of Indonesian cia-cia speakers who visited Seoul attracted a lot of media attention in Korea and were greeted upon arrival by Seoul Mayor Oh Se-hoon. In October 2012, it was confirmed that attempts to spread the use of the Korean alphabet in Indonesia had failed. Some people continue to use the Korean alphabet at home or officially. Letters See also: Hangul consonants and vowels of Korean letters of the alphabet and pronunciation letters in the Korean alphabet are called jamo (자모). The modern alphabet uses 19 consonants and 21 vowels. They were first named in Hunmongjahoe, a textbook hanya written by Choi Sejin. The form of language in pronunciation ᄀ The form of the tongue when pronouncing ᄂ The shape of the teeth and tongue when pronouncing the ᄉ ᄋ is similar to a hole in the throat. ᄆ looks like a closed mouth. The chart below shows all 19 consonants in South Korean alphabetical order with revised equivalents of romanization for each letter and pronunciation in the IPA (see Korean phonology for more details). Хангул ᄀ ᄁ ᄂ ᄃ ᄄ ᄅ ᄆ ᄇ ᄈ ᄉ ᄊ ᄋ ᄌ ᄍ ᄎ ᄏ ᄐ ᄑ ᄒ Первоначальная романизация g kk n d tt r m b pp ss ''note 2' j jj ch ḳ 'note 3' p ̣ h IPA /k/ //k͈ / /n/ /t/ /t͈ <1> <7>/ /ɾ/ //p/ /p͈ / /s/ //s͈ / silent /tɕ/ /t͈ɕ/ /tɕh/ //kh/ /th/ ///ph/ /h/ Final Roman k k n t - l m p - t t ng t - t k t t t iPA (k̚ ) /n/ (t̚ ) - (ɭ) /m/ (p̚ ) - t̚ /ŋ t̚ / « t̚ » (k̚ ) (t̚ ) (p̚ ) t̚ ) ᄋ — это молчаливый слог изначально и используется в качестве заполнителя, когда слог начинается с гласной. ᄄ, ᄈ, and ᄍ never used syllable at last. Consonants are broadly classified either intrusive (sounds produced when the air flow either stops completely (i.e. a pilaf consonant) or passes through a narrow hole (i.e. fricative) or sound (sounds, Produced when air flows almost without obstacles through the mouth, nose, or both). The chart below lists Korean consonants by their categories and subcategories. Stop (ᄁ) Lux p (ᄇ) t (ᄃ) to (ᄀ) Tense RK (ᄈ) ts (ᄄ) hz (ᄁ) Aspirated ph (ᄑ) th (ᄐ) kh (ᄏ) Fricative Lax s (ᄉ) h (ᄒ) ᄊ Affrikat Lux tɕ (ᄌ) Tense tɕ (ᄍ) Aspirated tɕh (ᄎ) Sonorant Nosova m (ᄆ) n (ᄂ) ŋ (ᄋ) Liquid (side approximate) l (ᄅ) All Korean obsessives are in the same that the larynx does not vibrate in the production of these sounds and additionally differs in degree of aspiration and time. Tense consonants are produced by narrowing the vocal cords, while highly aspirational consonants (such as Korean ᄑ, /ph/) are produced by opening them. Korean sonorous voices are voiced. Consonant Assimilation See also: Korean Phonology ассимиляция Произношение слога-окончательного согласных может зависеть от следующей буквы. В таблице ниже описаны эти правила ассимиляции. Assimilation: pronunciation of the combination between preceding syllable block's final letter* (above row) + following syllable block's initial letter** (below rows):[clarification needed] (e.g. 강루 – kang+ru = kang+nu, 있어 – iss+eo = is-seo, -합니다 – -hap+ni+da = -ham-ni-da) Preceding syllable block's final letter* ㄱ (k) ㄲ (kk) ㄴ (n) ㄷ (d) ㄹ (l) ㅁ (m) ㅂ (p) ㅅ (s) ㅆ (ss/t) ㅇ (ng) ㅈ (j) ㅊ (ch) ㅋ (ḳ) ㅌ (ṭ) ㅍ (p)̣ ㅎ (h) Subsequent syllable block's initial letter** ㅇ(∅) g kk+h n t r m p s ss ng+h t+ch t+ch k+h t+ch p+h h ㅎ(h) k kk+h n+h t r/ l+h m+h p t - ng+h t+ch t+ch k t p - ㄱ(k) k+k n+g t+g l+g m+g b+g t+g - ng+g t+g t+g t+g p+g h+k ㄴ(n) ng+ n n+n l+l m+n m+n t+n n+t ng+n t+n t+n t+n p+n h+n ᄃ(d) k+d n+d t+t l+d m+d p+d t+t t+t ng+d t+t t+t k+d t+t p+d h+t ᄅ(r) g+n l+l l+l m+n m+n - n r ᄆ(m) g+m n+m t+m l+m m+m m+m t+m - ng+m t+m t+m k+d t+m p+m h+m ᄇ(b) g+b p+p t+b - ᄉ (s) ss+s ᄌ(j) t+ch Consonant assimilation occurs as a result of intervocalic voicing. В окружении гласных или звучных согласных, таких как ᄆ или ᄂ, остановка будет принимать на характеристики окружающего его звука. Так как простые остановки (например, ᄀ /k/) производятся с расслабленным голосовые связки, которые не напряжены, они, скорее всего, будут затронуты окружающих озвученных звуков (которые производятся голосовые связки, которые вибрируют). Ниже приведены примеры того, как слабые согласные (ᄇ /p/, ᄃ /t/, ᄌ /tɕ/, ᄀ /k/) меняются из-за расположения в слове. Письма в смелом интерфейсе показывают межвокальные ослабления, или смягчение слабых согласных с их звучными коллегами. ᄇ 밥 «папа» - «рис» 보리밥 «порибап» - «ячмень, смешанный с рисом» ᄃ 다 «та» - «все» 맏 «мат» - «старший» 맏아들 «madadǔl» - «старший сын» ᄌ 죽 madadǔl Чук - каша 콩죽 k'ong-juk - бобовая каша ᄀ 공 конг - мяч 새 공 saegong - новый шар Согласные ᄅ и ᄒ также испытывают ослабление. В ᄅ, когда она находится в межвокальных позициях, будет ослаблена до «r». Например, окончательный ᄅ в слове 말 («мал», «слово») изменяется, когда за ним следует маркер темы 이 (ᄋ будучи звучным согласным), и изменяется на «r», чтобы стать «мари». ᄒ /h/ очень слаб и, как правило, удаляется в корейских словах, как видно из таких слов, как 괜찮아요 /kwanch'anh-ayo/kwaench'anayo). Однако, вместо того, чтобы быть полностью удалены, он оставляет остатки, ликуя следующий звук или действуя в качестве glottal остановки. Лакс согласные напрягаются при следования другим навязчивым из-за того, что артикуляция первого навязчивого не высвобождается. Напряжение можно увидеть в таких словах, как 입구 ('вход') /ip-ku/, который произносится как «ip-kku». Согласные в корейском алфавите be combined into one of 11 consonant clusters that always appear in the final position in the syllable block. To their ᆪ, ᆬ, ᆭ, ᆰ, ᆱ, ᆲ, ᆳ, ᆴ, ᆵ, ᄚ and ᄡ. Consonant cluster combinations (e.g. in isolation) 닭 dag; [preceding another syllable block] 없다 - eop-ta, 앉아 an-ja) Preceding syllable block's final letter* ᆪ (gs) ᆬ (nj) ᆭ (nh) ᆰ (lg) ᆱ (lm) ᆲ (lb) ᆳ (ls) ᆴ (lṭ) ᆵ (lp)̣ ᄚ (lh) ᄡ (ps) (pronunciation in isolation) g nj nh g m b s ṭ p ̣ h p Subsequent block's initial letter** ᄋ(∅) g+s n+j l+h l+g l+m l+b l+s l+ṭ l+p ̣ l+h p+s ᄃ(d) g+t nj+d/ nt+ch n+t g+d m+d b+d l+t l+ṭ p+̣ d l+t p+t **In cases where consonant clusters are followed by words beginning with ᄋ or ᄃ, the consonant cluster is resyllabified through a phonological phenomenon called liaison. In words, where the first consonant consonant cluster ᄇ.ᄀ, or ᄂ (stop consonants), the articulation stops and the second consonant cannot be pronounced without releasing the articulation of the first time. Thus, such 값 as caps (price), ᄉ cannot be formulated, and the word is thus pronounced as cap. The second conson a n t , i s u s u a l ly revived when the word with ᄋ (값이 → capsi is followed by 값이 → 삶이 ᄋ ᄆ ᄅ other examples include 삶 (/salm/sam, 이 ᄅ life). The Vowels Chart below shows 21 vowels used in the modern Korean alphabet in South Korean alphabetical order with revised equivalents of novelization for each letter and pronunciation in the IPA (see Korean phonology for more). Hangul Revised romanisation ae ya yae eo e ye ye ye o wae oe u wo we wi eu eu ui/ yi iPA/a/ /ɛ/ /ja/ /ja/ /jɛ/ /ʌ/ /e/ //jʌ / // // // // // // // // // // / / // / wɛ///w/ (we) /jo/ //u/ //wʌ//we/ //y/ (ɥi) /ju/ /ɯ//ɰi//i/ Glass, usually divided into two categories: monophones and diphthongs. Monofluons are produced with one joint movement (hence the prefix mono-), while diphthongs have articulation changes. Diphthongs have two components: sliding (or semi-war) and monofong. There is some disagreement about exactly how many vowels are considered Korean monophthongs. The largest inventory has ten, while some scientists have suggested eight or nine. This discrepancy reveals two questions: does Korean have two front rounded vowels (i.e./z/ and /y/); and, secondly, whether the Korean language has three levels of front vowels in terms of vowel height (i.e., whether/e/ and // distinctive, actual phonological studies conducted by studying formal data show that current data show tha t c u rrent I t ' s a great place to st ay. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. Hunminjeong'eum 1446 φ: ᅌ, ᅙ ᅌ,, ᅘ, and ᅀ Hunmongjahoe: 1527[1527], Sejin's and ᅌ ᅀ. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place ᅌ. It's a great place to stay. I'm going to go back to my life. It' s a grea t place to stay. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. , i'm a , i'm a fraid of the , and i'm a fraid of the , It's a great place to stay. The ᆰ ᆱ ᆲ ᆳ ᆴ ᆵ ᄚ of the ᆬ ᆰ ᆱ ᆲ ᆳ ᆴ ᆵ ᄚ, the back, and the back. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. I'm going to go back to the the , and the It's a great place to stay. : Iotized, iotized, i. It's a great place to stay. It's a ᆬ ᆰ ᆱ ᆲ ᆳ ᆴ ᆵ ᄚ It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. [Φ] 399 10 773 11 172 It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. KS X 1026-1 ᅚ (1026-1), ᄔ ᄓ, conson, conson, ᄕ, ᄖ, ᅛ ᅞ ᅞ ᄗ ᅝ ᅜ, ꥠ , ꥡ, ꥢ, ꥣ, ꥤ, ꥤ , ꥥ, ᄘ, ꥦ, ꥧ , ᄙ, ꥨ , ꥩ , ꥪ, ꥫ, ꥬ, ꥭ , ꥮ, ᄚ , ᄛ , ꥯ, ꥯ , ꥰ ᄜ , ꥱ, ᄝ , ᄞ , ᄟ, ᄠ ᄤ ᄣ ᄢ ᄭ , ᄭ , ᄮ ᄬ ᄫ ꥴ ᄪ, ᄯ, ᄰ, ᄱ, ᄱ, ᄱ, ᄲ, ᄸ ᄲ, ᄹ, ᄻ ᄹ , ᄺ, ᄼ , ᄼ , ᄽ, ᄾ, ᄿ, ᄿ, ᄿ , ᄧ , ᄨ, ᄥ, ᄦ, ꥲ, ᄧ, ᄨ, ᄩ ꥳ, ᄭ, ᄭ , ᄯ, ᄯ, ᄰ, ᄷ ᄶ ᄵ ᄴ ꥵ ᄳ ᄱ, ᄷ ᄶ ᄵ ᄴ ꥵ ᄳ ᄱ, please, 2, 2, su p p ᅍ 6, ꥸ ᅐ, ᅎ ᅏ , ᅐ , ᅑ, ᅒ, ᅓ , ᅔ, ᅕ, S i , ꥹ, ᅖ, ꥺ, ᅗ , ꥻ , ᅘ, ᅙ, ꥼ , (115F), Φ: (115 F ) ; , , ᆣ, a. , , ᆤ, , s a in , , , , sion, ᆥ , , ᆧ ᆦ , , , , ힲ ힱ ힰ , ힲ ힱ ힰ , ힲ ힱ ힰ , , ힳ , ힳ , , , ힴ, ힴ, , , ᆤ , , , , , ힵ , , , , , , 2, , ≤, siman , sima n, φ, φ , ힹ, ힹ ힺ ힸ , ힻ, ힼ , , ퟄ ퟃ ퟂ ퟀ ힾ , , ힽ, ힽ, ힽ, ힿ, ힿ, ힿ, ힿ, ᇽ, ᇽ, , , ퟁ, 3, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, ힿ, ힿ, , , , , , ힿ, ힿ, ힿ, , , , , , , ힿ, ힿ, , , , ힿ, ힿ, , , , ힿ, ힿ, ힿ, , , , , ힿ, ힿ, , , , , ힿ, ힿ, ힿ, ힿ, , , , , ힿ, ힿ, , , ힿ, ힿ, , , , , , ힿ, ힿ, ힿ, , , , , , , , , ힿ, ힿ, ힿ, , , , , , , ힿ, ힿ, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ힿ, , , , , , ힿ, ힿ, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ퟁ, ퟁ, , ퟁ, ퟁ, ퟁ, , , , ퟅ, , ퟆ, , , ᆨ, ᆩ, ᇺ ᇃ, ᇃ, ᇃ, ᇃ, ᇻ, ᇄ, 3, 1, 1, ퟍ, ퟎ, ᇋ, ퟏ, ퟐ, ퟑ, ퟒ, ퟓ, ퟔ, ᆯ, ᆰ, ퟕ, ᇌ, ퟖ, ᇍ, ᇎ, ᇏ, ᇐ, ퟗ, ᆱ, ᇑ, ᇒ, ퟘ, ᆲ, ퟙ, ᇓ, ퟚ, ퟚ, 1, 1, ᇑ, ᆲ, ퟙ, ퟚ, ퟚ, 1, 1, ퟐ, ퟎ, ퟒ, ퟒ, ᆯ, ᆰ, ퟕ, ᇑ, ퟘ, ᆲ, ퟙ, ퟚ, ퟚ, ퟚ, 1, 1, And, ퟐ, ퟐ, ퟒ, ퟒ, ퟒ, ᆯ, ᆰ, ᆰ, ퟗ, ᇑ, ᇑ, ᆲ, ퟙ, ᇓ, ퟚ, ퟐ, and sikim, ퟐ, and ퟐ, ퟐ, ퟎ, ퟎ, ퟏ, ퟐ, ퟐ, ퟨ, ᆹ ᇥ, ퟧ, ퟨ, ퟩ, ᇤ, ᇥ, ᇦ, ᆺ, ᇧ, ᇨ, ᇩ, ퟪ, ᇪ, ퟫ, ᆻ, ퟬ, ퟭ, ퟮ, ퟯ, ퟰ, ퟱ, ퟲ, ᇫ, ퟳ, ퟴ, ᆼ, ᇰ, ᇬ ᇭ, ퟵ, ᇱ, ᇲ, ᇮ, ᇯ, ퟶ, ᆽ, ퟷ, ퟸ, ퟹ, ᆾ, 3, S.A., 0, 3, 3, 1, 1, S.A., KS X 1026-1 Φ It's a great place to stay. I'm not sure. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. 1527 φ. The hotel is located in the heart of the city. It's a great place to stay. I'm a big euk, a eut, a eut, a coe, choe, and i'm a giyeok, Dittdigeut, siot, siot, hanja, hanja, siki (啦) I'm going to go back to you, he said. Ḳi, pị , pị , Hunjeong, Hunjeong, and Hunjeong. 1933, It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. The hotel is located in the center of the city. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. 읓 Chi읔 Ki읔 읒 Ki읔 t.g.읒읖, 읒, i'm a big-time 읗, and i'm a big-time 읗. The giγk toendiý ḳiŭk ṭiŭt pị ŭp t toen biγp tosensiýt toen'giγk toendiýt tosenbiγp tonhnng toenjijit, the seizure of the γt No γ, Gγ (that) is a ssγ(ss) It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. Ssang pairs. Hangul's ki-yeon-ki-sai ki-hangul's two-way station ni is a dystonoced twin-dice, bi-do-sang-do-sang-yeon-sang-ji읒 chi읓 ki읒읓 읔 blood읖 hi읗 name (name) gi-yeok ssang-giyeok ni-eun digeut ssang-digeut ri-eul mi-eum bi-eup up ssang-bi-eups i-ot (shi-ot) s'i-eung ji-eut ssang-si-ot (ssang-shi-ot) i-eung ji-eut ssang-ji-eut ssang-ji-eut chi-eut ḳi-euk-eut-eut pị -eup hi-eut Stroke Order, Stroke Order, , , , , . although ᄋ and ᄒ use a circle that is not used in printed Chinese characters. ᄀ (giyeok 기역) ᄂ (nieun 니은) ᄃ (digeut 디귿) ᄅ (rieul 리을) ᄆ (rieul 리을) mieum 미음 디귿 디귿) ᄇ (bieup 비읍) ᄉ (sieut 시옷) ᄋ (ieung 이응) ᄌ (jieut 지읒 히읗 ᄎ 치읓 ᄏ (ḳieuk 키읔) ᄐ (zut 티읕) ᄑ (pị eup 피읖) ᄒ (hieuh 히읗 ᅡ a) ᅢ (ae) ᅥ (eo) ᅦ (e) ᅩ (o) ᅮ (u) ᅳ (eu) For iotized vowels that don't show up, short putt just twice. Letter design calligraphy Arabic Chinese Georgian Indian Indian Japanese Korean Korean Mongolian Vietnamese Vietnamese vte Scripts usually transcribe languages at the level of morphema (lopographic scripts like Hanja), syllables (syllables like cana), segments (alphabetical scripts like the Latin script used to write English and many other languages), or sometimes distinctive. The Korean alphabet includes aspects of the last three, grouping sounds into syllables, using different characters for segments, and in some cases using different strokes to indicate distinctive features such as place articulation (laboratory, coronal, velar, or glottal) and the manner of articulation (plocation, nasal, sybilant, aspiration) for consent, and iotization(iotization). For example, the consonant ᄐ'th) consists of three strokes, each of which makes sense: the top stroke indicates that ᄐ is a pilaf as ᅙ ʔ, ᄀ g, ᄃ d, ᄌ j, which have the same stroke (the latter is an africate, aquirative-fricatial sequence); the average move indicates thatᄐ it is aspirated as ᄒ h, ᄏ ḳ, ᄎ h, who also have this stroke; and the bottom stroke indicates that the ᄐ is alveolar as ᄂ n, ᄃ d and ᄅ l. (This element is said to represent the form of language when pronouncing coronal consonants, although it is not certain.) Two outdated consonants, ᅌ and ᄝ, have a double pronunciation, and appear to consist of two elements corresponding to these two pronunciations: ŋ silence for ᅌ and muve for ᄝ. Connected to the main line of the letter, indicates that it is one of the vowels that can be written; This stroke then doubles when the vowel is iotized. The position of the stroke indicates which harmonic class the vowel belongs to, the light (above or right) or the dark (bottom or left). In today's alphabet, an additional vertical stroke indicates an i-mutation that flows from ᅢ (ɛ), ᅬ and ᅱ (u) from ᅡ, ᅩ and ᅮ u). However, this is not part of the deliberate design of the script, but rather a natural development from what originally diphthongs ending in vowels ᅵ I. Indeed, in many Korean dialects, including the standard Seoul dialect, some of them may still be diphthongs. For example, Seoul dialect, ᅬ can be alternatively pronounced we̞ and ᅱ ɥi. Note: ᅦ as a ᅥ ᅵ morphema as a vertical touch. As a phoneme, its sound is not an i-mutation ᅥ (ʌ). In addition to the letters, the Korean alphabet initially used diacritic signs to indicate the accent of the pitch. The high-pitch syllable (거성) was marked by a point (〮) to the left of it (when writing vertically); the syllable with rising height (상성) was marked by a double point, similar to the colon (〯). They are no longer in use, as the modern Seoul Korean has lost its tone. The vowel length was also neutralized in modern Korean, and is no longer written. Consonant design Consonants are assigned to five homorganic groups, each of which has a basic shape, and one or more letters derived from this form with additional strokes. In The Hongming Jeong Eum Haerye account, the main shape of the iconic represent the articulation of the tongue, sky, teeth and throat take when making these sounds. Simple Aspirated tense ᄀ ᄏ ᄁ frictions ᄉ ᄊ palace ᄌ ᄎ ᄍ coronal ᄃ ᄐ ᄄ bilabial ᄇ ᄑ ᄈ Korean names for groups taken from Chinese phonetics: Velar Consonants (아음, ⽛⾳ a'eum moly sounds) ᄀ g,k, ᄏ ḳ kh Main form: ᄀ is a side view on the back of the tongue raised to velumu (soft taste). (For illustration, access to the external link below.) ᄏ comes from ᄀ with a stroke to a surge of aspiration. Sybilant consonants (freakative or palatial) (치음, ⿒⾳ chieum dental sounds): ᄉ s s, ᄌ j (tɕ), ᄎ ch (tɕh) Basic form: ᄉ was originally in the form of a wedge ∧, without a seed. It is a lateral look of teeth. (quote is necessary) Line topping ᄌ is a hard contact with the roof of the mouth. Stroke topping ᄎ represents an additional surge of aspiration. Coronal Consonants (설음, ⾆⾳ seoreum linguistic sounds): ᄂ n'n'n, ᄃ d t, ᄐ, ᄅ r (ɾ, l) The main form: ᄂ is the lateral view of the tip of the tongue raised towards the alveolar ridge (hum ridge). Letters derived from ᄂ are pronounced with the same basic articulation. The line topping ᄃ is a hard contact with the roof of the mouth. The average blow ᄐ represents a surge of aspiration. The upper part of the ᄅ is a flap of language. Bilabial Consonants (순음, 唇⾳ suneum laboratory sounds): ᄆ m, ᄇ b.ᄑ p ̣ ph The main shape: ᄆ represents the contour of the lips in contact with each other. The upper part of the ᄇ is a splash release b. The upper impact ᄑ for a surge of aspiration. Spinal consonants (후음, 喉⾳ hueum throat sounds): ᄋ'/ng ʔ, ŋ), ᄒ h'h' Main form: ᄋ is the outline of the throat. Originally ᄋ was two letters, a simple circle for silence (zero consonant), and a circle topped line, ᅌ, for nasal ng. The dated letter, ᅙ, was a swallowing stop that is pronounced in the throat and has a closure represented by the upper line as a ᅚᄌ. Derivative of ᅙ is ᄒ, in which the extra touch represents a surge of aspiration. The Glass Design Chart, showing the output of vowels in the Korean alphabet. The letters vowel are based on three elements: the horizontal line representing the flat Earth, the essence of the yin. Poin t for the Sun in Heaven, the essence of Jan. (It becomes a sho rt stro ke when writi ng a bru sh.) Vertical line for vertical Man, neutral intermediary between Heaven and Earth. Short strokes (points in the earliest documents) were added to these three main elements for the receipt of the vowel letter: Simple vowels Horizontal letters: these are medium-high vowel s. bright abo ut dark and eu (ŭ ) vertical letters: the se wer e onc e lo w vowe ls. B rig ht dark eo (ŏ) brig ht neutral i Compound vowel Kor ean alphabet has no letters for w sound. Since o or u before a or eo became the soun d o f w, and w occurred n owh ere else, w could a lways be a n alyz ed as a phonemic o or u, and no letter for w was nee ded. Ho weve r, vowe l h armony is observed: dark y with dark eo for wo; Bri ght abo ut with a bright but for wa: wa about wu y eo wae o ae we u e vowel connections ending in I was originally diphthongs. However, some have since turned into pure vowels: ae - a i (pronounced ɛ) e - eo i (pronounced wae) wa i oe o (previously pronounced', See Korean phonology) we are wo - i wi - u i (previously pronou nced, see Korean phonology) ui eu and i Iotized vowels No letter for y . Instead this sound is indicated by doubling the stroke attached to the o riginal vowel line. Of the seven m a i n v o wels, the four could have b een prec ed ed by the soun d of y, an d the four w ere written as a dot next to the line. (Th anks to the inf luence o f Chinese calligraphy, the dots soon became connected to the line: .) The previous y sound, called iotization, was listed doubling this point: , I, Yu, yo. Three vowels that can't be iotized were written in one stroke: eu, (arae a), t. E. Simple Iotized Simple iotized vowels are: I'm from a yeo from eo yo from o yu from u there are also two iotized diphthongs: yae from ae ye from e Korean 15th century Korean language had a vowel harmony to a extent than larger it does today. Vowels in grammatical morphs are modified according to their groups that are harmonized with each other. This influenced the morphology of the language, and Korean phonology descr ibed it in terms of y in and yang: If the root word was yang ('bright') vowels, then most suffixes attached t o it also had to have yang vowels; conversely, if the root of the yin ('dark') vowels, the suffixes were to be yin as well. There w as a third harmonic group called mediation (neutral in Western terminology) that could coexist with eithe r yin or yang vowels. The Korean neutral vowel was i. Yn vowels were eu, u, eo; The dots are in the directions o f the yin down and left. Y ang's vowels were , oh a s we ll, with points in the yang directions up and right. Hongming Jeong Yong-heri argues that the forms are not dotted were chosen to represent the concepts of yin, yang and mediation: Earth, Heaven and Man. (The le tter is now out of date, except for the Jeju language.) The third parameter in the design of vowels was the choice of as a graphic base and , and as a graphic base and . Full understanding of what these horizontal and vertical groups have in common will require knowledge of the exact sound values tha t the se vow els h a d in the 15th century. Uncertainty is primarily with three letters . Some linguists reconstruct them as ɤ, e, respectively; others, like Z., For, For. The third reconstruction is to make them all average vowels, as ʌ, with ɤ the third reconstruction of the medium-rooted vowels actually lining up in the harmony of vowels, albeit with one front vowel and four average vowels: zai Ɯ y u ɤ ʌ , about everything seems to have been from the middle to the high back of the voice, ɯ , yu, and thus formed a consistent group phonetically in each reconstruction. The traditional account See also: The origin of Hangul Traditionally adopted account note 4 449 on the design of l e t t e r s is that vowels are derived from various combinations of the following three components: . Here, symbolica lly stands for the (sun in) sky, stands for (fl at) land, and stands for (vertically) the person . The original sequence of Korean vowels, as indicated in Hunminjeongeum, listed these three vowels first, followed by different combinations. Thus, the original vowel order was: . Please note that two positive vowels ( ), including one , are followed by two negative vowels, including one , then two positive vowels, including two of , and then two negative vowels, including two . needed to That sound. The original order of consonants in Hunminjeong'eum was: ᄀ ᄏ ᅌ ᄃ ᄐ ᄂ ᄇ ᄑ ᄆ ᄌ ᄎ ᄉ ᅙ ᄒ ᄋ ᄅ ᅀ. ᄀ representing /k/ sound geometrically describes his tongue back raised. ᄏ that represents /kh/ sound comes from ᄀ, adding another touch. ᅌ representing /ŋ/sound may have been obtained ᄋ resulting from the addition of stroke. ᄃ the presenting /t/ sound comes from the ᄂ, adding a touch. ᄐ representing the sound /th/, comes from the ᄃ, adding another touch. ᄂ representing /n/ sound geometrically describes the language, in contact with the upper sky. ᄇ the presenting /p/ sound comes from the ᄆ, adding a touch. ᄑ presenting /ph/ sound is a variant of ᄇ adding another touch. ᄆ representing /m/ sound geometrically describes a closed mouth. ᄌ representing /tɕ/sound occurs ᄉ, adding a stroke. ᄎ representing /tɕh/sound comes from ᄌ, adding another touch. ᄉ representing /s/ sound geometrically describes sharp teeth. The necessary citation ᅙ representing /ʔ/sound comes from ᄋ, adding a touch. ᄒ representing the sound comes from the ᅙ, adding another touch. ᄋ representing the lack of consonants geometrically describes the throat. ᄅ representing /ɾ/ and /l/ sounds geometrically describes the bend of the tongue. ᅀ, which represents ᄉ sound, describes sharp teeth, but has a different origin than ᄉ necessary refinement and does not ᄉ the result of adding a stroke. The Ledyard Theory with Consonant Design This section needs additional quotes to test. Please help improve this article by adding quotes to reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and removed. Find sources: Hangul - News newspaper book scientist JSTOR (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) close-up inscription on the statue of King Sejong above. He reads Sejong Daewang 세종대왕 and illustrates the forms of letters originally published by Sejong. Note the dots on vowels, geometric s and j s and j in the first two syllables, the asymmetrical lip in the upper left-left d in the third, and the difference between the original and the final ieung in the latter. (above) Fgues-pa letters k, t, p, s, L and their supposed Korean derivatives (k, t, p, ts, l). Note the lip on both Fgues-pas and the Korean alphabet ᄃ. (Below) Conclusion 'Fgs-pas W, v, f of the variants of the letter (left) plus the subscriptum,w' and a similar composition of the Korean alphabet w, v, f of the variants of the main letter p plus circle. While Hunminjeong'eum Haerye explains the design of consonant letters in terms of articulation of phonetics as a purely innovative creation, several theories suggest external sources may have inspired or influenced the creation of King Sejong. Professor Gary Ledyard of Columbia University studied possible links between Hangul and Mongolian Fgues-pa from the Yuan dynasty. He believed that the role of Fgues-pa-script in the creation of the Korean alphabet is very limited: any reader should be clear that in the overall picture the role of Fages-script is very limited ... Nothing will bother me more after this study is published than discovered in the work on the history of writing a statement as follows: According to the latest research, the Korean alphabet was derived from the Mongolian fics-pa script. The affinity theory argues that consonants are derived from the shape of the lip and the speaker's language during the pronunciation of consonants (at least initially), but this seemingly somewhat strains credulity. Ledyard claims that the five Korean letters have forms inspired by Fings-pa; the sixth main letter, zero initial ᄋ, was invented by Sejong. The remaining letters were obtained internally from these six, essentially as described in Hongming Jeong Eum Haerye. However, the five borrowed consonants were not graphically the simplest letters considered the main Junmin Jeong Yong-heri, but instead consonant basic for Chinese phonology: ᄀ, ᄃ, ᄇ, ᄌ, and ᄅ. Hongmin Jeong-yum claims that King Sejong adapted 古篆 (gojeon, Gǔ Seal Script) in the creation of the Korean alphabet. The identity of the 古篆 has not been established. The main significance of this 古 gǔ old (Old Print script), frustrated philologists, because the Korean alphabet bears no functional resemblance to Chinese 篆字 Junze print scripts. However, Ledyard believes 古 gǔ can be a pun on the 蒙古 Měnggǔ Mongol, and that 古篆 is an acronym 蒙古篆字 Mongol printing script, i.e. a formal version of the Fgs-pa alphabet written to look like a Chinese print writing. In the library of the Korean Palace there were manuscripts Figgs-pa, including in the form of a press, and several ministers of Sejong knew the script well. If this were the case, Sejong's evasion of Mongolian ties can be understood in light of Korea's relations with China Ming after the fall of the Mongolian yuan dynasty, as well as the literature's disdain for the Mongols as barbarians. According to Ledyard, the five borrowed letters were graphically simplified, allowing consonants and the left room to add a touch to get aspirate pilafs ᄏᄐᄑᄎ. But unlike a traditional account, non-positive (ᅌ ᄂ ᄆ ᄉ) were obtained by removing the top of the main letters. He notes that while it's easy to get ᄆ from ᄇ by removing the top, it's not clear how to get ᄇ from ᄆ in a traditional score, since the form ᄇ similar to other plocy. The expla nation of the letter ng is also different from the traditional account. Many Chinese words began with ng, but by King Sejong's day, the original ng was either taciturn or pronounced ŋ in China, and was silent when those words were borrowed into Korean. In addition, the expected form of ng (short vertical line on the left, removing the top bar ᄀ) would look almost identical to the vowel i. Sejong's solution solved both problems: the vertical bar left over from the ᄀ was added to the zero ᄋ symbol to create a ᅌ (circle with a vertical line at the top), an iconic capture of the pronunciation of the ŋ in the middle or the end of the word. (The graphic difference between null ᄋ ng ᅌ was eventually lost.) Another letter, consisting of two elements representing two regional pronunciations, was ᄝ, which was transcribed by the Chinese original 微. This represented m or w in various Chinese dialects, and consisted of ᄆ m plus ᄋ (from 'Phags-pa). In 'Phags-pa, the loop under the letter is presented w after vowels, and Ledyard suggested that this became a loop at the bottom of the ᄝ. In the 'Phags-pa Chinese initial 微 is also transcribed as a connection with w, but in his case w placed under h. In fact, the Chinese consonant series 微⾮敷 w, v, f is transcribed in 'Phags-pa' and the Korean alphabet parallels this convention by adding a W loop to the ᄆᄇᄑ series of ᄆᄇᄑ m, b, p, producing the now-outdated ᄝᄫᅗ w, v, f. (The phonetic values in Korean are uncertain, as these consonants were only used to transcribe. but what ᄃ d t always had a small lip protruding from the top left corner, just like Fics pas d t did. This lip goes back to the Tibetan letter d. Outdated letters Hankido H.N-GI-DO, martial art, using outdated vowels arae-a (above) This section does not provide any sources. Please help improve this section by adding links to reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and removed. (September 2020) (Learn how and when to delete ད this template message) The main article: Historical Chinese phonology Numerous outdated Korean letters and sequences are no longer used in Korean. Some of these letters were only ever used to represent the sounds of Chinese table discs. Some Korean sounds, represented by these outdated letters, still exist in some dialects. 13 Outdated Consonants (IPA) Soft Consonants ᄛ ᄝ ᄫ ᄼ ᄾ ᅀ ᅌ ᄋ ᅎ ᅐ ᅔ ᅕ ᅗ ᅙ/l/, /ɾ/, /ɱ/, /mw//β/, /bw/ /θ/ //ɕ/South Korean: /z/North Korean: //ɭ/initial position: /j/ Position: /ŋ//ŋ/ position only: /∅/ /ts/ /tɕ/ /tsʰ/ /tɕʰ/ /ɸ/, /fʰ/, /pʷ/ /ʔ/, /j/ Middle Chinese lh hm v th x, sch, sz South Korean: z/ z'/ zz North Korean: rr/ rd/ tt initial position: ye/ 'eu final position: ng initial position only: ō/ ou z j c q fh/ ff South Korean: '/ à North Korean: heu/ h'/ eu Identified Ch in ese Cha racte r (H anzi) 微(미) /ɱ/ ⾮(비) /f/ ⼼(심) /s/ 審(심) /ɕ/ South Korean: ⼦ /z/ North Korean: 穰 /ɭ/ final position: 業 /ŋ/ initial position: 欲 /∅/ 精(정) /ts/ 照(조) /tɕ/ 淸(청) /tsʰ/ 穿(천) /tɕʰ/ 敷(부) /fʰ/ 挹(읍) /ʔ/ Toneme falling mid to falling mid to falling mid mid to falling dipping/ mid mid mid to falling mid (aspirated) high (aspirated) mid to falling (aspirated) high/ mid Position Initial ᄛ ᄝ ᄫ Final ᅟퟝ ᅟ ᅟ Remark lenis Voiceless dental affricate/ Voiced dental affricate lenis Voiceless retroflex affricate/ Voiced retroflex affricate aspirated / ts/ aspirated /tɕ/ glottal stop Equivalents Standard Chinese Pinyin: ⼦ z (tsɨ); Английский язык: z в зоопарке или зебре; strong zz in English zip identical to the initial position of ng in Cantonese German pf 읗 = euh in pronunciation 10 obsolete double consonants (IPA) Hard consonants ㅥ ᄙ ㅹ ᄽ ᄿ ᅇ ᇮ ᅏ ᅑ ㆅ /ɳ/ /l̥/ /pʰ/ /z/ /ʑ/ /ŋ̊ ʷ/ or /ɣ/ /ŋ̊ / /dz/ /dʑ/ /ɦ/ or /ç/, /ɣ̈ ʲ/, /ɣ̈ / Middle Chinese hn/ nn hl/ ll bh, bhh sh zh hngw/ gh or gr hng dz, ds dzh hh or xh Identified Chinese Character (Hanzi) 娘(낭) /ɳ/ 郞(랑) /ɫ/ 邪(사) /z/ 禪(선) /ʑ/ 從(종) /dz/ 牀(상) /dʑ/ 洪(홍) /ɦ/ Remark aspirated aspirated unaspirated fortis Voiceless dental affricate unaspirated fortis Voiceless retroflex affricate guttural 66 obsolete clusters of two consonants: ᇃ, ᄓ /ng/ (ngh; like English think) , ᄕ /nd/ (например, английский понедельник), ᄖ, ᇇ /ns/ (ns на английском языке ручки, Пенсильвания), ᇈ, ᇉ /th/ (по аналогии с ᄐ; nt на языке Esparanto), ᄗ /dg/ (по аналогии с ᄁ; эквивалентно слову 밖 на корейском языке), ᇋ /dr/ (как английский в драйв), ᄘ /ɭ/ (по аналогии с французским Belle), ᇎ, ᇗ /lz/ (по аналогии с английским lisp, но без гласных), ᇘ, ᇙ /tɬ/ (ll или tl, похожий на Nahuatl tl), ᇚ /ṃ/ (mh или mg, mm на английском языке hammer, Middle Korean: произносится как 목 mog с ᄀ в слове почти тихо), ᇛ, ᄜ, ᇝ (по аналогии ᄇ в корейском 없다), ᇟ, ᇠ, ᇡ, ᄞ, ᄟ, ᄠ bd (ассимилировался позже в ᄄ), ᇣ, ᄧ bj (ассимилировался позже в ᄍ), ᄨ /bj/ (аналогичный к 비추 в корейском глаголе 비추다 бит-чу-да , но без гласной), ᄩ, ᄪ, ᇥ /ph/ (фа похож на корейское слово 돌입하지 dol ip-haji) , ᄭ sk (ассимилированный позже в ᄁ; Английский: pick), ᄮ sn (ассимилировался позже в nn на английском аннале), ᄯ sd (начальное положение; ассимилировался позже в ᄄ), ᄰ, ᄱ sm (ассимилировался позже в нм), ᄲ (initial position; similar sound ᄈ), ᄵ ᄶ assimilated later in the ᄍ), ᄷ, ᄸ, ᄹ/θ/, ᄺ/ɸ/, ᄻ, ᅁ, ᅂ,ᅃ, ᅄ/v/, ᅅ (assimilated later in ᅀ; English z), ᅆ, ᅈ, ᅉ, ᅊ, ᅋ, ᇬ, ᇭ, ᇱ, ᇲ, ᇯ, ᅍ, ᅍ ᅒ, ᅓ, ᅖ, ᇵ, ᇶ, ᇷ, ᇸ, ᇸ 17 out-of-date clusters of three consonants: ᇄ, ᇌ /rgs/ (similar to rx in English, the name Marx), ᇏ, ᇑ/lmg/ (similar to English Pullman), ᇒ, , q, q, q, q, q, q, q, 1 outdated vowel (IPA) Extremely soft vowel q/q/ (also commonly found in the Jeju language: ///, closely similar to vowel:eo) Letter name q (arae-a) Notes previously basic vowel eu in early hange when it was considered vowel, later developing into various basic vowels for clarification; also acts as a marker of what the consonant pronounces on its own, such as s-va-ha → 하 Toneme low 44 outdated diphthongs and vowels: ᆜ (/j/or/jɯ/or/jɤ/, yeu or ehyu); the immediate resemblance to ᅴ, if you foll ow the ᄀ to the original position , t h e pronunciation makes no difference: ᄀᆜ /gj/), ᆝ ( /j ɒ/; the immedia te resemblance to ᅭ ᅣ, ᅲ, ᅧ, if you follow the ᄀ to the original position, the pronunciation makes no differen ce: ᄀᆝ /gj/), ᆢ (j/; similar to ᅴ, see former example inᆝ (/j /) , ᅷ (/au̯ /;; Icelandic, aw/ow in English) ᅸ (/jau̯ / ; yao or-yao; Chinese diphthong iao), ᅹ, ᅺ, ᅻ, ᅼ , ᅽ /紬 , ch-ieou; like Chinese: Chow), , , , , (/w/, wo or wh, hw), /ow/ (ow in English box), , , , , (/j'/; Izvestia), /wʌ/ o r /oɐ/ (pronounced u'a, in E n glish su ave), , , , (wu in English would), /ju'/ or /yua/ (e.g. Chinese: 元 yu'n), /z/ (as Chinese: 軍 j'n), , /u/juj (ɥe; as Chinese: 瘸 qu'), juj'jj (ɥej; iyye), , /j'/ or /juj/ (/jy/ or ɥi; yu.i; as German: Yargen), , (as since there is no difference due to its extreme similarity in pronunciation), ɰju (ehyu or eyyu; as English news), , /i' / (as Chinese: 墊 di'n), , , , (/ʔu ʌj In the original Korean alphabetical system, double letters were used to represent consonants with the Chinese voice (濁⾳) who survive in Shanghai's sluggish consonants and are not used for Korean words. Only later was a similar convention used to represent the modern tense (facadeized) Consonants of the Korean. Sybilant (dental) consonants have been modified to represent two series of Chinese sybilants, alveolar and retroflexes, round against sharp differences (similar to s vs. sh), which has never been made in Korean, and is even lost with the southern The alveolar letters had longer left stems, while the retroflexes had longer right stems: 5 Place articulation (오음, 五⾳) in China's Rime Table Tenuis전청 (全淸) Aspirate차청 (次淸) Voiced by전탁 sonorant (全濁) Sonorant차탁 (次濁) Xi 치음 (⿒⾳) 치두음 (⿒頭⾳) ᅎ精 정's dental head (정) /ts/ ᅔ淸 (청) /tsh/ ᅏ從 (종 ) /dz/ ᄼ⼼ (심) /s/ ᄽ邪 (사) /z/ 정치음 (正⿒⾳)true front-tooth ᅐ照 정치음 (조) /tɕ/ᅕ穿 천 <3> <6> /tɕh/ᅑ牀 (상) /dʑ/ᄾ審 (심) /ɕ/ᄿ禪 (선) // Crown (Japanese. (Yap.) ᄂ娘 (낭) /ɳ/ The most common ᆞ (in modern Korean is called arae-a 아래아 below a): Presumably pronounced ʌ, similar to modern ᅥ (eo). It is written as a point under the consonant. Arae-a is not completely out of date, as it can be found in various brand names, and in the language of Jeju, where it is pronounced ɒ. I formed its own medial, or was found in diphthong ᆡ qy, written with a dot under the consonant and ᅵ (i) to the right of it, in the same way as ᅬ or ᅴ. ᅀ z (bansiot 반시옷 half s, banchieum 반치음): Unusual sound, perhaps IPA ʝ̃ (nasal taste). Modern Korean words previously written with ᅀ replace ᄉ or ᄋ. ᅙ ʔ (yeorinhieut 여린히읗 light hieut or doenieung 된이응 strong ieung): glottal stop, lighter than ᄒ and tougher than ᄋ. ᅌ ŋ (yedieung 옛이응) old ieung ŋ now conflated with ᄋ ieung. (With some computer fonts, such as Arial Unicode MS, yesieung is shown as a flattened version of ieung, but the correct shape with a long peak, longer than what could be seen on the serif version of ieung.) ᄫ β (gabyeounbieup 가벼운비읍, sungyeongeumbieup 순경음비읍): IPA . This letter seems to be a digraph bieup and ieung, but it can be more complicated than that. There were three other, less common letters for sounds in this section of Chinese rime table, ᄝ w (w) or m), theoretical ᅗ f, and ᄬ ff (v̤ ); The bottom element seems to only accidentally look like an ieung. Regardless of its exact shape, it works somewhat like the following h in the Latin alphabet (you can think of these letters as bh, mh, ph, and pph respectively). Koreans do not distinguish these sounds now, if they ever did, conflating fricatives with appropriate plosives. The restored letters of the Word 놉니다, 흘렀다, 깨달으니, 지어, 고와, 왕, 가져서 written in the New Retography. To make the Korean alphabet better morphophonological, suitable for the Korean language, North Korea introduced six new letters that were published in the New Atography for the Korean language and officially used from 1948 to 1954. Two outdated letters were restored: ⟨ᅀ⟩ (리읃), It's a great place to stay. ⟨ᅙ⟩, ⟨ᅙ⟩, , I'm going to do this. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. A/b/, w/. The ⟨1 ⟩. Unicode: Hangul Jamo: Hangul Syllables, Hangul Jamo (Δ Unicode), Hangul Jamed-A, Hangul Jamo Extended-B, Hangul Compatibility Jamo, Enclosed CJK Letters and Months, γ Halfwidth γ Fullwidth Forms (Unicode) Hangul Jamo F) 1993 φ 1.1. Hangul Syllables It's a great place to stay. 1996 2.0. Hangul Jamo Extended-A (U'A960-U'A97F) γ Hangul Ja m o Extend e d - B ( U 'D 7B0-U'D 7 F F ) U n icode 20 0 9 , 5 . 2 . Hangul Jamo (PDF) 0 2 2 7 8 C D E F U-110x Sakim a's U'111x Sakim a ᄓ ᄔ ᄕ ᄖ ᄗ ᄘ ᄙ ᄚ ᄛ ᄜ ᄝ ᄞ ᄟ U-111x 112x ᄠ ᄢ ᄣ ᄤ ᄥ ᄦ ᄧ ᄨ ᄩ ᄪ ᄫ ᄬ ᄭ ᄮ ᄯ U-113x ᄰ ᄱ ᄲ ᄳ ᄴ ᄵ ᄶ ᄷ ᄸ ᄹ ᄺ ᄻ ᄼ ᄽ ᄾ ᄿ U-114x ᅀ ᅁ ᅂ ᅃ ᅄ ᅅ ᅆ ᅈ ᅉ ᅊ ᅋ ᅌ ᅍ ᅎ ᅏ U-115x ᅐ ᅑ ᅒ ᅓ ᅔ ᅕ ᅖ ᅗ ᅘ ᅙ ᅚ ᅛ ᅜ ᅝ ᅞ HC F U'116x HJ F U-117x U-118x U-119x U-11Ax ᆮ ᆯ ᆬ ᆣ ᆤ ᆥ ᆦ ᆧ ᆨ ᆩ ᇀ ᇁ ᇂ ᇃ ᇄ ᇅ ᇆ ᇇ ᇈ ᇉ ᇊ ᇋ ᇌ ᇍ ᇎ ᇏ U-11Bx U-11Bx ᆰ ᆱ ᆲ ᆳ ᆴ ᆵ ᆶ ᆷ ᆸ ᆹ ᆺ ᆻ ᆼ ᆽ ᆾ ᆿ U-11Cx ᇀ ᇁ ᇂ ᇃ ᇄ ᇅ ᇆ ᇇ ᇈ ᇉ ᇊ ᇋ ᇌ ᇍ ᇎ ᇏ U'11Dx ᇐ ᇑ ᇒ ᇓ ᇔ ᇕ ᇖ ᇗ ᇘ ᇙ ᇚ ᇛ ᇜ ᇝ ᇞ ᇟ U'11Ex ᇠ ᇡ ᇢ ᇣ ᇤ ᇥ ᇦ ᇧ ᇨ ᇩ ᇪ ᇫ ᇬ ᇭ ᇮ ᇯ U'11Fx ᇰ ᇱ ᇲ ᇳ ᇴ ᇵ ᇶ ᇷ ᇸ ᇹ ᇺ ᇻ ᇼ ᇽ ᇾ ᇿ 1. 13.0 2. [Hangul jamo], The Unicode NFC. It's a great place to stay. Белый фон используется только для архаичного корейского, и нет соответствующих заранее замыкословных слогов Hangul». Соединяяя поведение Джамо» (PDF). Стандарт Unicode. Март 2020 года. Хангул Джамо Расширенный-A:2 Официальный Unicode консорциум код диаграммы (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U'A96x ꥠ ꥡ ꥢ ꥣ ꥤ ꥥ ꥦ ꥧ ꥨ ꥩ ꥪ ꥫ ꥬ ꥭ ꥮ ꥯ В U'A97x ꥰ ꥱ ꥲ ꥳ ꥴ ꥵ ꥶ ꥷ ꥸ ꥹ ꥺ ꥻ ꥼ Notes 1. Кодовая диаграмма консорциума Unicode (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B C D E F U'D7Bx ힰ ힱ ힲ ힳ ힴ ힵ ힶ ힷ ힸ ힹ ힺ ힻ ힼ ힽ ힾ ힿ U'D7Cx ퟀ ퟁ ퟂ ퟃ ퟄ ퟅ ퟆ ퟋ ퟌ ퟍ ퟎ ퟏ U'D7Dx ퟐ ퟑ ퟒ ퟓ ퟔ ퟕ ퟖ ퟗ ퟘ ퟙ ퟚ ퟛ ퟜ ퟝ ퟞ ퟟ U'D7Ex ퟠ ퟡ ퟢ ퟣ ퟤ ퟥ ퟦ ퟧ ퟨ ퟩ ퟪ ퟫ ퟬ ퟭ ퟮ ퟯ U'D7Fx ퟰ ퟱ ퟲ ퟳ ퟴ ퟵ ퟶ ퟷ ퟸ ퟹ ퟺ ퟻ П римечания 1.» По версии Unicode 13.0 2.ᆬ ᆰ ᆱ ᆲ ᆳ ᆴ» Серые области не указывают кодовые точки Hangul Compatibility Jamo ᆵ U-314x ᄚ, я ᇟ ᄝ ᄞ ᄠ ᄢ ᄣ ᄧ ᄩ ᄫ ᄬ ᄭ ᄮ ᄯ ᄲ ᄶ ᅀ U-317x ᇟ ᄝ ᄞ ᄠ ᄢ ᄣ ᄧ ᄩ ᄫ ᄬ ᄭ ᄮ ᄯ ᄲ ᄶ ᅀ u'315x , я , , я U-316x, ᄔ ᄕ ᇇ ᇈ ᇌ ᇎ ᇓ ᇗ ᇙ ᄜ ᇝ , u'317x ᇟ ᄝ ᄞ ᄠ ᄢ ᄣ ᄧ ᄩ ᄫ ᄬ ᄭ ᄮ ᄯ ᄲ ᄶ ᅀ ᅌ ᇱ ᇲ ᅗ ᅘ ᅙ отмечает, 1.» По версии Unicode 13.0 2. » Серые области указывают ненаведенные кодовые точки Закрытые символы Hangul в Unicode Parenthesised (U-3200-U-321E) и кружили (U-326) 0-U 327E) Символы совместимости Hangul находятся в блоке Enclosed CJK Letters and Months: Hangul подмножество прилагаемых писем и месяцев CJK: Официальная кодовая диаграмма консорциума Unicode (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 8 9 A B C D E F U-320x (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (Sa) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) ( A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (B) (B) U-321x (da) (la) (ma) (a) (a) (ja) (автомобиль) (автомобиль) (автомобиль) (ta) (a. (am) (после полудня) ... (Опущено U-3220-U-325F) U'326x Саута Сай-саказаза сапатапаха к сведению осторожность ... (U-3280-U-32FF опущен) Примечания 1.» По версии Unicode 13.0 2.' Серая область указывает на непод подписанную точку кода Halfwidth Hangul jam o с и м в олы в символах совместимости Unicode Half-width Hangul (U-FFA0-U-FF DC) находятся в блоке Halfwidth и Fullwidth Forms: Hangul subset of Halfwidth и Fullwidth Forms. Официальный Unicode Консорциум код диаграммы (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F ... (Опущено U-FF00-U-FF9F) У'FFAx HW HF ᆬ ᆬ в ᆰ ᆱ ᆲ ᆳ ᆴ ᆵ U'FFBx ᄚ Sikim a xain, U'FFCx и ... (UFFEF Omitted) Notes 1.At the time of Unicode 13.0 2. Gray areas point to uns imposed code points of the Korean alphabet in other Unicode units: tone marks for The Mid-Korean (U'53)55 are in the CJK character and punctuation unit: 〮 <1> (U'302E), 〯 (U-302F) 11,172 pre-syllable syllables in the Korean alphabet make up the Korean alphabet syllable block (U- AC00-U'D7A3) Morpho-Syllax blocks Except for a few grammatical morphs until the twentieth century No letter stands alone to represent elements of the Korean language. Instead, the letters are grouped into syllabic or morphemic blocks, at least two, and often three: a consonant or double consonant, called the initial (초성, 初聲 chose the beginning of the syllable), a vowel or diphthong called a medial (중성聲, jungseong slog core), and, at will, a consonant or consonant cluster at the end of the syllable, the final one (종성, 終聲 jongong). When the syllable has no actual initial agree, zero initial ᄋ ieung is used as a placeholder. (In the modern Korean alphabet, closures are not used for the final position.) Thus, the block contains at least two letters, the initial and the medial. Although the Korean alphabet has historically been organized in syllables, in modern anthology it is first organized into morphems, and only the second in syllables in these morphemes, except that single-family morphemes cannot be written alone. Sets of initial and final consonants are not the same. For example, ᄋ ng occurs only in the final position, while the double letters that may occur in the final position are limited to ᄊ ss and ᄁ kk. Apart from the outdated letters, 11,172 blocks are possible in the Korean alphabet. Posting letters in the block History of the alphabet of Egyptian hieroglyphics 32 c. BCE Hierotic 32 c. BCE Demotic 7 c. BCE Meroitic 3 c. BCE Proto-Sinaitic 19 c. BCE Ugaritic 15 c. BCE Epigraphic South Abias 9 c. BCE Ge'ez 5-6 c. BC Phoenician 12 c. BCE Paleo-Hebrew 10 c. BCE Samaritan 6 c. BCE Libico-Berber 3 c. BCE Tifinach Paleohippan (semi-syllable) 7 c. BCE Aramaic 8 c. BCE Harosh 3 c. BCE Brachme 3 c. BCE Brahima Family (see) , Tibetan 7 c. CE Devanagari 10 c. CE Canadian syllabic 1840 Hebrew 3 c. BCE Square Aramiac Alphabet 2007 Pahlavi 3 c. BCE Avestan 4 c. CE Palmyrene 2 c. BCE Nabataean 2 c. BCE Arabic 4 c. CE N'Ko 1949 CE Syrian 2 c. BCE Sogdian 2 c. BCE Orkhon (old Turkic) 6 c. CE Old Hungarian c. 650 CE Old Uighur Mongolian 1204 CE Mandaic 2 c. CE Greek 8 c. B. EtCEcan 8 c. B. c. BCE Cherokee (syllabic; letter only) c. 1820 CE Runic 2 c. CE Ogham (origin uncertain) 4 c. CE Coptic 3 c. CE Gothic 3 c . CE Armenian 405 CE Caucasian Albanian (origin uncertain) c. 420 CE Georgian (origin uncertain) CE Glagolitic 862 CE Cyrillic c. 940 CE Old Permian 1372 CE Hangul 1443 Thaana 18 c. CE (deriv ed from Brahmi numbers) vte Placement or stacking le tters in a block follows a set of models based on the medial form. Consonan t and vowels such as ᄡ bs, wo, or outdated ᄣ bsd, ies written from left to right. Vowels are written under the initial consonant, right, or wrap around the initial from the bottom to the right, depending on their shape: If the vowel has a horizontal axis, as eu, it is written under the initial; If it has a vertical axis I, it is written to the right of the initial; and if it combines both orientations as ui, then it wraps around the initial from bottom to right: the original medial original media med.2 med. 1 The final consonant, if present, is always written at the bottom, under the vowel. This is called 받침 batchim supporting gender: the original medial final medial initial med.2 med.2 med. The final Complex Finale is written from left to right: the original medial finale 1 2 original 2 med.2 med. Fin. 2 Blocks are always written in phonetic order, the original medial finale. So: Syllables with horizontal medial written down: 읍 eup; The syllables with a vertical medial and a simple finale are written clockwise: 쌍 ssang; Syllables with the direction of the wrapping medial switch (down right down): 된 doen; The syllables with a complex finale are written from left to right below: 밟 press. The block form is usually the resulting unit written inside a square of the same size and shape as Hanja (Chinese character) by squeezing or stretching letters to fill the block boundaries, so someone not familiar with the scripts can take the Korean alphabet for Hanja or Chinese. However, some recent fonts (e.g. Eun, HY깊은샘물M, UnJamo) are moving towards the European practice of letters whose relative size is fixed, and use the white space to fill in letter- receiving positions not used in a particular block, and from the East Asian tradition of square block symbols (⽅块字). They violate one or more traditional rules: Don't stretch the original consonant vertically, but leave the white space lower if there is no lower vowel and/or no final agree. Do not stretch the right vowels vertically, but leave the white space lower if there is no final agree. (Often the right vowel extends further down than the left consonant, as a descendant in a European printing house). Do not stretch the final consonant horizontally, but leave the white space to the left of it. Don't stretch or pull each block up to a fixed width, but let the kerning (variable width) where the syllables of blocks without the right vowel and no double final consonant may be earlier than the blocks that have the right or double final consonant. These fonts were used as design designs on signs or headlines, not for typing large amounts of body text. Linear Korean This section can be expanded with text translated from the relevant article in Korean. (September 2020) Click show important translation instructions. View the machine version of the Korean article. Machine translation, such as DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators should review errors as needed and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copying machine text to English Wikipedia. Don't translate text that seems unreliable or substandard. If possible, show the text with references in a foreign language article. You must provide a copyright attribution in the editing summary accompanying your translation by providing a link to the source of your translation. The summary of the attribution model editing in this edit translates from the existing Korean Wikipedia article to :ko:풀어쓰기; see your story for appropriation. You should also add a Translation 풀어쓰기 template to the conversation page. For more advice, visit Wikipedia: Translation. Computer Modern Unicode Oesol , linear font Hangul with top and bottom characters, using the area of private use Unicode. The text of the pangram that reads: 웬 초콜릿? 제가 원했던 건 뻥튀기 쬐끔과 의류예요. 얘야, 왜 또 불평? At the beginning of the twentieth century there was a small and unsuccessful movement to abolish syllabic blocks and write letters individually and in a row, in the fashion of writing the Latin alphabet, as in English and other European languages, instead of the standard convention of 모아쓰기 (moa-ssgi 'collected letter'). For example, 하ᄂ그ᄅ will be written for 한글 . It is called '풀어쓰기 (pureo-sseugi 'unassembled writing'). Avant-garde printer An Sangu made the font for the Exhibition Hangul Dada which blew up the syllables; but while it strings out letters horizontally, it retains the distinctive vertical position of each letter, usually in a block, unlike old linear writing sentences. The official retography of the Korean alphabet was not created until the 20th century. Because of communication, heavy sleepy assimilation, dialect variants and other reasons, the Korean word can potentially be written in several ways. Sejong seemed to prefer morphophonic spelling (representing the main root forms) rather than phonemic (representing actual sounds). At the beginning of its history, however, the Korean alphabet was dominated by phonemic spelling. Over the centuries, retography has become partially morphophonic, first in noun and then in verbs. The modern Korean alphabet is as morphophodic as it is practical. The difference between Romance, phonetic orthography and morphophotic orthography can be illustrated by the phrase motaneun sarami: phonetic transcription and translation: motaneun sarami (mo.tha.nɯn.sa.ɾa.mi) a person who can't do this Phonemic transcription: 모타는사라미/mo.tha.nɯn.sa.sa la.mi/ Morphopholic transcription: 못하는사람이 th-ha-nɯn-sa.lam-i-morphema-on-morphema brilliance: 못-하-는 사람-이 mot-ha-neun saram'i can't do-attribute-man after Gabo's reform in 1894, Joseon dynasty, and then the Korean Empire began to write all the official documents in the Korean alphabet. The government's leadership discussed the correct use of the Korean alphabet and The Hanyi, including retography, until the Korean Empire was annexed by Japan in 1910. The General Government of Korea popularized the style of writing that mixed Hanju and the Korean alphabet, and was used in the later Hosion dynasty. The government revised the spelling rules in 1912, 1921 and 1930 to be relatively phonemic. The Hangul Society, founded by Ju Xi-gyong, announced the proposal for a new, highly morphophonic spelling in 1933, which became a prototype of modern orthopedics in both North and South Korea. After Korea was divided, North and South revised the spelling separately. The steering text for the retography of the Korean alphabet is called Hangeul Matchumbeop, the last South Korean revision of which was published in 1988 by the Ministry of Education. Mixed scripts american garden city in korean alphabet, with ɡ written as Latin ⟨G⟩. (Contrast this large ⟨G⟩ with the smaller ⟨G⟩ in the all-Latin Garden below: The Big ⟨G⟩ merges (bottom right) with the Korean alphabet ⟨ᄀ⟩ that are commonly used to transcribed Gardena.) Since the late Joseon dynasty, various mixed Hanja-Hangul systems have been used. In these systems, Hanja have been used for lexical roots, and the Korean alphabet for grammatical words and inflections, just as kanji and kana are used in Japanese. Hanja have been almost completely discontinued from daily use in North Korea, and in South Korea they are mostly limit ed to brackets for the correct name and for masking homonyms. Indo-Arabic numbers are mixed with the Korean alphabet, such as 2007년 3월 22일 (March 22, 2007). Latin script and sometimes other scenarios can be sprinkled in Korean texts for illustrative purposes, or for unsymmilated credit words. Very sometimes non-Hangul letters can be mixed in Korean syllabic blocks like G Ga on the right. Readability Due to the clustering of syllables, words are shorter on the page than their linear counterparts would be, and the boundaries between syllables are easily visible (which can help reading if the segmentation of words into syllables is more natural to the reader than them in the phonemes). Because the components of the syllable are relatively simple phonemic symbols, the number of beats per character is on average lower than in Chinese characters. Unlike syllables such as Japanese cana, or Chinese logographers, none of which encodes composite phonemes in the syllable, the graphic complexity of Korean syllabic blocks varies in direct proportion with the phonemic complexity of the syllable. Like Japanese cans or Chinese hieroglyphics, and unlike linear alphabets such as Latin derivatives, Korean retography allows the reader to use both horizontal and vertical field of view. Since Korean syllables are presented as a collection of phonemes and as unique graphics, they can allow both visual and auditory search words from the lexicon. Such syllabic blocks, when written in small sizes, can be difficult to distinguish from each other, and therefore sometimes confused with each other. Examples include 홋/훗/흣 (hot/hat/hoyt), 퀼/퀄 (kwil/kwol), 홍/흥 (hong/heung) and 핥/핣/핢 (halt/halp/halm). The style of the Korean alphabet can be written vertically or horizontally. Traditional direction from top to bottom, right to left. Horizontal Latin-style writing was promoted by Ju Si-gyeong, and became overwhelmingly common. In Hongming Chongei, the Korean alphabet was printed in unsmeeked angular lines of yoyat thickness. This style can be found in books published before about 1900, and can be found in stone carvings (on statues, for example). Over the centuries, the style of calligraphy with an ink brush has evolved, using the same style of lines and angles as traditional Korean calligraphy. This style of brush is called gungche (궁체, 宮體), which means Palace style, because the style was mainly designed and used by maids (gungnyeo, 궁녀, 宮⼥) at court in the Hoeson dynasty. Modern styles that are more suitable for print media were developed in the 20th century. In 1993, new names were introduced for both Myongjo (明朝) and Gothic styles, when the Ministry of Culture initiated an attempt to standardize typographical terms, and the names Batang (바 탕 meaning background) and Dutum (돋움, which means stand out) replaced Myongjo and Gothic respectively. These names are also used in Microsoft Windows. The serif style with lines of the same width is popular when writing a pencil and a pen and is often the default font of web browsers. A slight advantage of this style is that it facilitates the difference -eung from -ung even a small or untidy print, as jongseong i.e. (ᄋ) such fonts are usually lacking serifs, which can be mistaken for a short vertical line of the letter (u). See also the Language portal Hangul Consonants and vowel tables Hanggul ortography Hangul Scientific Supremacy Korean braille Korean Korean hand alphabet Korean mixed script Korean phonology Korean spelling alphabet Monjo Romanization Korean McCune - Reischauer Revised Romanization of Korean Romanization of Korean Cyrillic Korean (Kontsevich System) Notes //ˈhɑːnɡuːl/ HAHN-gool; From Korean, Korean pronunciation: ha (t.n.ɡɯl. Hangul can also be written as Hangeul in accordance with standard romanization in Korea. or not written - In revised novelization, I am usually romanticized simply as to, t, p, without a bottom point. Hunminjeongeum Haeryebon Jajahae or Hunminjeongeum Jajahae or Hunminjeongeum, Chapter: Paraphrases and Examples, Section: Making Letters, which states: (The sound of molars) is a form of language that blocks the throat, tongue, 腭 tongue has the shape of the upper gums), 脣 the lip puree have the shape of the mouth, and they are the form of teeth. It's a great place to stay. The sound of the throat is modeled after the throat.) It's a great place to stay. I don't 稍. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. I am sorry. I am sorry. It's a good place to stay. It's a great place to stay. It's a great place to stay. It's a good place to stay. I'll add a touch because I count the sound a little bit compared to the one that sings, and I'll add a kick from the sand, from the sand, to the sound of sand, to the sado, to the sado, to the singing, to the meaning of adding a punch to the sound. It's a good place to stay. It's a great place to stay. (The three hats also mimic the language and its lice, but don't want to add strokes in different examples.) ... Links quotes - Hangul. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Received on August 15, 2017. Hangul, I want to know. Institute of National Language. National Institute of Korean Language. Received on December 4, 2017. a b Kim-Reno 1997, page 15 - Sampson, Jeffrey (1990). The recording systems. Stanford University press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1756-4. a b Taylor, Insup (1980). Korean writing system: alphabet? A syllable? logography? Processing visible language. Pp. 67–82. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1068-6'5. ISBN 978-1-4684-1070-9. Missing or empty _title (help) - b How was Hangul invented?. Economist. October 8, 2013. Received on December 2, 2017. Rooster, Joe (June 28, 2016). The linguist explains why Korean is the best written language. Business Insider. Received on December 2, 2017. Kim, Tamin,22, 2016. The system, the educational material, and read media to perform the hangul method based on phonetics. World Intellectual Property Organization. Received on April 5, 2020. Kim, Tamin (2019). 한글-training Sounds. Lulu, Inc. ISBN 978-0-3597-0444-6. - b Hunminzhonggeum. Korean Cultural Heritage Directorate. 2006. Archive from the original dated December 3, 2017. Received on December 2, 2017. The individual letters of Hangeul and its principles. National Institute of Korean Language. Received on 2 December 2017. Pae, Hae K. (January 1, 2011). Korean syllabic alphabet or alphabetical syllable. Writing systemic research. 3 (2): 103–115. doi:10.1093/wsr/wsr002. ISSN 1758-6801. S2CID 144290565. Dong Junxi (董忠司), 「台灣閩南語槪論」 講授資料彙編, Taiwan Society of Languages and Literature - 台語⽂運動訪談暨史料彙編 Archive Copy (PDF). Archive from the original (PDF) dated July 12, 2015. Received August 12, 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as headline (link), page 52 - Lee and Ramsey 2000, page 13 - Kim-Reno 1997, page 2 - b c Different names for Hanhaul. National Institute of Korean Language. 2008. Received on December 3, 2017. Hanne, Wm C. (1997). At The Asian At at athographical dilemma. University of Hawaii Press. page 57. ISBN 9780824818920. Received on September 20, 2016. Chen, Jiangping (January 18, 2016). Multilingual access and services for digital collections. ABC-CLIO. page 66. ISBN 9781440839559. Received on September 20, 2016. Invest Korean magazine. Korea's Trade and Investment Promotion Agency. January 1, 2005. Received on September 20, 2016. Later they developed three different systems for writing Korean with Chinese characters: Hyangchal, Gukyeol and Idu. These systems were similar to those developed later in Japan and were probably used as models by the Japanese. Korea Now demands to quote the magazine. The Korean Herald. 29. 1 July 2000. Received on September 20, 2016. b c Background of Hangul's invention. National Institute of Korean Language. National Academy of Korean Language. 2008. Received on December 3, 2017. E.F.K.; Usher, R.E. (June 28, 2014). A brief history of language sciences: from Sumerians to cognitiveists. Elsevier. page 54. ISBN 9781483297545. Received on October 13, 2016. Want to know about Hangeul?. National Institute of Korean Language. Received on May 25, 2020. 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San Coff tsou ran to the sets, ou apers g'n'ral des trois royaumes, p. 19 n1., p. 19, in Google Books and Klaproth, p. 1-168., p. 1, in Google Books and Silva, David J. (2008). Missionary contribution to the reassessment of Hangul in late 19th century Korea. International Journal of Language Sociology. 2008 (192): 57–74. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.527.8160. doi:10.1515/ijsl.2008.035. S2CID 43569773. Korean history. Korea.assembly.go.kr. received on April 13, 2012. Hangul 한글. The modern and modern history of Hangul (한글의 근-현대사) (in Korean). Daum / Britannica. Received on May 19, 2008. 1937년 7월 중일전쟁을 도발한 일본은 한민족 말살정책을 노골적으로 드러내, 1938년 4월에는 조선어과 폐지와 조선어 금지 및 일본어 상용을 강요했다. Under the media. Lcweb2.loc.gov on March 22, 2011. Received on April 13, 2012. A linguistic scientist seeks to globalize the Korean alphabet. Korea Times. October 15, 2008. Hangeul did not become an official cia letter. Korea Times. October 6, 2010. Indonesian tribe to use the Korean Alphabet Archive on August 12, 2009, at wayback machine Si-su, park (August 6, 2009). The Indonesian tribe chooses Hangeul as a writing system. Korea Times. Kurt Achin (January 29, 2010). The Indonesian tribe learns to write with the Korean alphabet. The Voice of America. Gov't fix the tutorial on Cia Cia. Korea Times. October 18, 2012. a b c d e Kim-Reno, Yang-Kay. Korean : essential grammar. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-38513-8. OCLC 245598979. a b Shin, Jiyoung (June 15, 2015). Voels and consonants. In Brown, Lucien; Yong, Jaehun (Korean Linguistics Handbook: Brown / Handbook of Korean Linguistics. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wylie and Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-37100-8. Kim-Reno, Young-Kay (2012). Tranter, Nicolas (Japanese and Korean languages. Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 9780415462877. - Japanese-Korean correspondence between Bjarke Frelleswig and John Whitman. 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ISBN 9780511596865 - via Google Books. Welch, Craig. Korean Unicode fonts. www.wazu.jp. Pratt, Keith L.; Rutt, Richard (September 13, 1999). Korea: Historical and Cultural Dictionary - Keith L. Pratt, Richard Rutt, James Hoare - Google Boeken. ISBN 9780700704637. Received on April 13, 2012. Ezer, Oded (December 9, 2006). Hangul Dada, Seoul, Korea. Flickr. Received on April 13, 2012. Taylor 1980, page 71 harvnb error: several goals (2×): CITEREFTaylor1980 (help) p. 73 harvnb error: multiple goals (2×): CITEREFTaylor1980 (help) - Taylor 1980, p. 70 harvnb error: multiple goals (2×): CITETaylor1980 (help) Sources Chang, Suk-jin (1996). Scenarios and sounds. Korean. Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-55619-728-4. (Volume 4 of the London Library of Oriental and African). Hannas, William C. (1997). At The Asian At at athographical dilemma. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1892-0. Kim-Reno, Young-Kei, please. (1997). Hawai'i Press University. ISBN 978-0-8248-1723-7.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Lee, Iksop; Ramsey, Samuel Robert (2000). Korean. SANI Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-9130-0.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Hangeul Matchumbeop. Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea. 1988. Sampson, Jeffrey (1990). The recording systems. Stanford University press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1756-4. David J. Silva Western attitude to the Korean language: a review of missionary literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century (PDF). Korean studies. 26 (2): 270–286. doi:10.1353/ks.2004.0013. hdl:10106/11257. S2CID 55677193. Son, Ho-Min (2001). Korean. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36943-5. Song, Jae-jung (2005). Korean: structure, use and context. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-39082-5. Taylor, Insup (1980). Korean writing system: alphabet? A syllable? Logography? in Kohlers, P.A.; Wrelstad, M.E.; Boomers, Herman 2. New York: Press plenum. ISBN 978-0306405761. OCLC 7099393.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) External links Look app:List of modern syllabic blocks Hangul beats in Wiktionary, free dictionary. There's a media in the Commons about Hangul. Korean alphabet and pronunciation of Omniglot Internet Hangul tutorial on Langintro.com Hangul table with audio slideshow Technical information about Hangul and Unicode Hangul Sound Keyboard on Kmaru.com Learn Hangul on Korean Wiki project extracted from korean alphabet hangul chart. korean alphabet hangul with english translation. korean alphabet hangul for beginners. korean alphabet hangul a-z. korean alphabet hangul pronunciation. korean alphabet hangul pdf. korean alphabet hangul filler. korean alphabet hangul consonants
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