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E-Mail: Csalcedo@Senasa.Gob.Pe 1 1. CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES: Morfología Adultos pequeños a medianos, de 6 mm de longitud, color marrón, antenas moniliformes con base oscura, el resto claro, alas de encaje, venación con dos o más ramas. Hay 58 especies en América del Norte, los adultos son atraídos por las luces, las larvas y los adultos se encuentran en diversos tipos de plantas, frutales, forestales. Son útiles como agentes de control biológico. Adultos y larvas, prefieren insectos de cuerpo blando como áfidos, cochinilla harinosas, coccidos, huevos de insectos, ácaros, aun cuando están dentro del capullo. El último estadío larval se alimenta de hembras adultas. Biología y hábitos Las hembras ovipositan en sitios protegidos, capullos de pupas de cochinilla, depositan los huevos en forma aislada o en pequeños grupos adheridos perpendicularmente al sustrato, el promedio es 412 huevos/hembra en todo su periodo de vida, el periodo de preoviposición es de 3 a 4 días y la longevidad es de 22-26 días. Los huevos son de color blanco, se tornan pardo claro a pardo oscuro conforme maduran, el huevo eclosiona de 5-7 días. La duración del ciclo desde huevo a adulto a temperatura promedio de 23.7°C y 65.5% de humedad relativa es de 28-35 días aproximadamente. www.senasa.gob.pe e-mail: [email protected] Teléfono: 3512443 - 3516302 Página 1 2. MODO DE ACCIÓN Los estados larvales de S. barberi son predadores de las familias Coccidae y Pseudococcidae y los adultos de S. barberi también son predadores pero menos voraces. 3. CONDICIONES CLIMÁTICAS Las condiciones climáticas son importantes para Sympherobius barberi determinando su longevidad en el campo, pudiendo ser de 8 días en un rango de 25 a 30° C; o hasta 17 días de 15 a 17° C. A 15° C el adulto ya se encuentra ejerciendo la acción. La mejor concentración de humedad relativa para los adultos fluctúa entre 70 y 75%, esto les puede incrementar la longevidad de 6 a 8 días. Pero si la humedad es inferior al 50% la longevidad disminuye sustancialmente de 2 a 3 días 4. PRESENTACIÓN DEL PRODUCTO La venta es en estado adulto, la unidad de venta es un núcleo constituido por 250 individuos colocados dentro de vasos de plástico transparente acondicionado con cartulina en forma de acordeón donde se coloca hilos de miel de abeja como alimento para el transporte. Se tapa con una tela de organza o poliseda y se asegura la tapa con ligas. 5. ENVÍO El total de núcleos que se requieran se introducen en una caja de tecnopor o cartón. Los embarques pueden ser enviados por avión o vía terrestre. El transporte no debe demorar más de 48 horas. Debe contener etiqueta de información general del producto. No exponer directamente a la luz del sol o calor excesivo. www.senasa.gob.pe e-mail: [email protected] Teléfono: 3512443 - 3516302 Página 2 6. PLAGAS QUE CONTROLA Especie Benéfica Plaga que controla Cultivo PREDADORES Homópteros (piojos harinosos) como Planococcus citri, Sympherobius barberi Cítricos, vid, granado Dactylopius opuntiae, Dactylopius coccus y áfidos 7. RECOMENDACIONES PARA SU LIBERACIÓN Antes de liberar insectos benéficos es importante monitorear para conocer los niveles de población de la plaga. Las liberaciones deben realizarse temprano en las mañanas, nunca al medio día o cuando el sol está muy fuerte, ni por las tardes. Iniciar las liberaciones de los adultos de S. barberi cuando hay presencia de coccidos y pseudococcidos en el cultivo. Antes de liberar se debe conocer cuando se hizo la última aplicación de agroquímico sobre todo si fue un insecticida, y su persistencia. Al igual que con el resto de agentes de control biológico que se emplean para el control de cochinillas, es esencial tener controladas las hormigas de la parcela antes de realizar la liberación de Anagyrus, ya que compiten, retrasando e incluso impidiendo su control. www.senasa.gob.pe e-mail: [email protected] Teléfono: 3512443 - 3516302 Página 3 Si es posible, conocer con los agricultores vecinos si se va a realizar la aplicación de algún químico para preveer que la deriva de los mismos invada el predio. Solicite el producto al proveedor y cuando lo reciba, revise que esté en buenas condiciones para su liberación. 8. LIBERACIONES EN CAMPO Actualmente en nuestro país se han realizado liberaciones a partir de Setiembre, cuando la cochinilla empieza a aparecer, sin embargo se evalúa la época óptima. La liberación se hace en forma manual distribuyendo los adultos homogéneamente entre las plantas infestadas y es muy importante controlar las hormigas antes de la liberación. Formas de liberación Hay que colocar el envase en posición horizontal antes de su uso, girarlo suavemente antes de abrirlo para homogenizar su contenido, y una vez listo abrir el envase de plástico y caminar con este abierto entre los árboles de la parcela, dejando salir más adultos en las zonas de mayor infestación de la plaga, siempre a favor de la dirección del viento. Dosis y frecuencia de las liberaciones Se deben liberar 1 a 4 núcleos / ha de 3 a 4 liberaciones con un intervalo de 7 días, mientras se encuentre presente la plaga y el estado fenológico del cultivo sea susceptible a su ataque. 9. ALMACENAMIENTO Debido a que los productos de control biológico tienen un ciclo de vida (muy) corto, se deberán introducir en el cultivo lo antes posible tras su recepción. En caso de que las condiciones ambientales sean desfavorables para la liberación, se podrá guardar a temperatura ambiente por un lapso de tiempo no mayor de un día. No almacenar por ningún motivo en refrigeradora. www.senasa.gob.pe e-mail: [email protected] Teléfono: 3512443 - 3516302 Página 4 10. VENTAJAS - Es compatible con otras medidas de control y no contaminan el medio ambiente. - No es tóxico en humanos, animales y plantas, no afectan a los enemigos naturales no específicos. - No hay riesgo de intoxicación para los aplicadores. - Reduce los costos de producción por la no utilización de insecticidas químicos. - Ayuda a producir productos sin trazas de productos químicos. - Puede usarse en la agricultura convencional y orgánica. - Tienen especificidad por un rango de hospederos. 11. CONSERVACIÓN DE ENEMIGOS NATURALES - Evite las aplicaciones de agroquímicos dañinos a Sympherobius barberi, si no se puede evitar, trate de hacerlo en las zonas de mayor presencia de la plaga evitando una aplicación generalizada antes de su liberación. - Use principalmente los agroquímicos menos tóxicos a la fauna benéfica. - Aplique exclusivamente las dosis que indica el fabricante. - Es muy favorable que tenga una zona de flores alrededor del área de cultivo ya que es un excelente refugio para los insectos controladores, se recomienda plantar alrededor del cultivo, girasol, maíz y sorgo entre otros, como cultivos refugio. 12. SUCEPTIBILIDAD A PLAGUICIDAS Como todos los insectos benéficos, se recomienda usar insecticidas microbiales y/o materiales biorracionales. Los bioinsecticidas a base de Bacillus thuringuiensis tienen nulo efecto sobre este controlador. Si se aplica insecticidas de amplio espectro revisar su persistencia. 13. BIBLIOGRAFÍA Beingolea, G. 1999. Guía Práctica para identificar familias de Insectos. Edit. Lima- Perú. 270 pp. Borror, D; Triplehorn, C; Jhonson, N. 1989. An Introduccion to the Study of Insects. Sauders College Publishg. USA. González O. 1993. Contribución al conocimiento de las especies Nusalala (Neuróptera, Planipénnia, Hemerobiidae) de la Argentina. Acta Zoológica Lilloana 42 (2): 215-224. Oswald J. 1990. Revision of the Neotropiacal Brown Lacewing Genus Nomerobius (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83 (1):18-29. Pacheco, I; Lomelí, J; Rodríguez, E; Ramírez, M. 2011. Ciclo de vida y parámetros poblacionales de Sympherobius barberi Banks (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) criado www.senasa.gob.pe e-mail: [email protected] Teléfono: 3512443 - 3516302 Página 5 con Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae). Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie) 27 (2): 325-340 Penny, N y Monserrat, V. 1983. Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 10. Hemerobiidae. Acta Amazonica 13:5-6. Ramos, E. 1999. Periodo de pre-oviposición y capacidad de oviposición en diferentes ratios de Sympherobius sp. Programa nacional de control Biológico- SENASA. 17 pp. Soca, M. 2004. Ensayo “Capacidad de ingesta y duración de los estados de desarrollo de Sympherobius barberi”. Programa nacional de control Biológico- SENASA. 10 pp. www.senasa.gob.pe e-mail: [email protected] Teléfono: 3512443 - 3516302 Página 6 .
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