NEUROPTERA of the AMAZON BASIN Part 10. Hemerobiidae Norman D. Penny * Victor J. Monserrat ** ABSTRACT Nine Species of Hemerobii

Home , Berothidae, Hemerobiidae, Hemerobiinae, Hemerobius, Hemerobius humulinus, Ithonidae

NEUROPTERA OF THE AMAZON BASIN Part 10. Hemerobiidae

Norman D. Penny * Victor J. Monserrat **

ABSTRACT (1977) listed 20 genera and 111 species from Latin America. Within the Amazon Nine species of Hemerobiidae in Basin, hemerobiids have only been men six genera are described and their distri tioned three times: Gerstaecker (1888), butions given. Keys are provided for their Penny and Arias (1982) and Monserrat identification and notes are given on bio and Penny (1983). logy and habitat preferences. BIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION: Eggs of Hemerobiidae are laid sin gly on twigs, leaves, or bark. The egg is Hemerobiidae, or brown lacewings, elongate oval, or cylindrical with rounded is one of the larger families of Neuropte- ends (Tjeder, 1961).One female can lay ra. They are small to medium-sized in up to 619 eggs during 18 days (Williams, sects (3.5 to 16 mm wing length) of ge 1927). Larvae are elongate predators nerally brown coloration. They have mo- which feed on soft-bodied insects.Bodies niliform antennae, two to seven radial of their prey and trash are not carried on sectors in the forewing, trichosors along the backs of larvae, as is the case of some. the wing margin, and well sclerotized ma Chrysopidae. After passing through three le genitalia and associated appendages. larval instars, pupation takes place in a They lack ocelli. Brown lacewings are qui cocoon of white silk, on twigs, under te common in temperate regions, where bark, and frequently in pine cones in tem at times they are important biological perate areas. The pharate adult later control agents of aphids, coccids, and emerges from this cocoon, climbs to a other soft-bodied pest insects. Larvae are nearby vantage point, and casts away the pupal skin. There seems to be a food pre also agressive predators, having elongate, ference among various species (Aspock, hollow mandibles for sucking fluids from et al., 1980), and a given species can- the bodies of their prey. Hemerobiidae often be encountered associated with a are much less frequently encountered in specific plant or tree. tropical areas, and dominant genera are different. These insects have good potential Nakahara (1960) listed 37 genera of as biological control agents, and as such Hemerobiidae, while Tjeder (1961) Sympherobius barberi Banks and Nesomi- mentioned 80 genera and 600 species des cromus navigatorum (Brauer) have been cribed, although he felt that far too lit introduced into Hawaii, where they prey tle work had been done on the group to upon mealy bugs (Pseudococcidae) and give an estimate of true numbers. Penny aphids (Zimmerman, 1957).

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus. Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.

ACTA AMAZÓNICA 13(5-6) : 879-909. 1983. — 879 Systematics: Pioneering works on 3b. Forewings without "beading" alo Hemerobiidae often split the family into ng longitudinal veins (Figs. 2-3), two subfamilies, Hemerobiinae and Sym- male sternite no more than twice pherobiinae, on the basis of number of as long as wide and apically roun radial sectors (Rs). This still remains a ded; male ectoprocts with caudal useful character, but Tillyard (1916) projections Sympherobius pointed out that even within the genus 4a. Forewing with 3 radial sectors Hemerobius two or three Rs can exist. (Fig. 10) Hemerobiui Thus, this classification of Hemerobiidae 4b. Forewing with 4 radial sectors (Fig. is highly unstable, and has not been re 8) Nusalala cently utilized. Nakahara (1960) revised 4c. Forewing with 5 or more radial sec the higher classification, basing his work tors (Fig. 9) Megalomus on male genital characters. Nakahara's classification created a separate subfa Notiobiella Banks, 1909 1 mily for Notiobiella based upon the high degree of development of the arcessus. Notiobiella Banks, 1909, Proc. ent. Soc. Tjeder (1961), in dealing with the South Wash.,11:80. African species, felt that the development Vaja Nav£s, 1925, Mems R. Acad. Cienc. of one genital structure was insufficient Artes Barcelona, 19 (5): 14. for creation of a separate subfamily, and Buxtonia Esben-Petersen, 1928, Ins. Sa declined to attempt any such division. In moa, 7:93. this respect, the present treatment of Ganchetus Nav£s, 1929, Mems Accad. Amazonian species follows Tjeder's view pont. Nuovi Lincei, (2) 12: 21. point, and no subfamily or tribal division Type Species: Notiobiella unita Banks is attempted. (1909). Within the Amazon Basin nine spe Notiobiella are medium-sized heme- cies in six genera have been recognized, robiids (forewing length approximately three of which are new species. The six 5 mm), often with some pigmentation at genera can be separated, using the follo forewing bifurcations, and red pigmenta wing key: tion in the pterostigma. There are only two radial sectors, with the first sector KEY TO AMAZONIAN GENERA OF having a very long stalk before the first HEMEROBIIDAE branch, which is invariably at the level of 1a. Forewing with two radial sectores the origin of the second sector. The male (Figs. 2-7) 2 genitalia consists of ectoprocts with an elongate caudal lobe, and an arcessus whi 1b. Forewing with three or more radial ch is large and truncate, being partially sectors (Figs. 8-10) 4 enclosed by the encompassing gonarcus. 2a. First radial sector branching well This genus is known from Africa, Austra before origin of second Rs (Figs. lia, Japan, South and Central America, 2-4) 3 with approximately 33 described species. 2b. First radial ector branching at le However, few of these species have been vel of origin of second Rs (Figs. described from the New World, with Pen 5—7) Notiobiella ny (1977) recording only three species, 3a. Forewings appear "beaded" along while Monserrat (1983) and Monserrat and Penny (1983) have described four longitudinal veins (Figs. 4); male other new species. sternite 9 very narrow and apically upturned; male ectoprocts without Banks (1913) listed Annandalia as caudal projections . . . Nomerobius a synonym of Notiobiella, but more re- Penny & Monserrat Figs. 1 .Notiobiella paddiae Monserrat, lateral view. Drawing by Artêmio Coelho da Silva).

cently this genus has been listed as a sy Notiobiella brasiliensis Monserrat & nonym of Psectra, most notably by Tje Penny, 1983 der (1961) and Aspock, et al. (1980). The (Fig. 5, Map 1) genera Vaja, Buxtonia, and Ganchetus ere synonomized with Notiobiella by Notiobiella brasiliensis Monserrat & Banks (1932) and have been accepted by Penny, 1983, Nouv. Rev. Ent, 13: 129. subsequent authors. Holotype male in the Systematic Ento Within the Amazon Basin three mology Collection, INPA, Manaus. species of Notiobiella have been found, As an adequate description has only and can be separated using the following recently been published, only a synoptic key: description will be given here. KEY TO AMAZONIAN SPECIES OF Wings: (Fig. 5) Forewing suffused NOTIOBIELLA with pale fusous, which is not present clo se to veins, giving appearance of streaking 1a. Fore and mid-tibia with subapical along all membranous areas; most stron black spot N. maculatus gly indicated in costal area. Crossveins on 1b. Fore and mid-tibia uniformly pale ly faintly margined. Pterostigma without 2 indication of dark pigmentation, or red 2a. Forewing pterostigma pale-colored; streaks. Hindwing pale, without pigmen faint indications of streaking in cos tation. tal area of forewing; male parame- Legs: Forelegs completely pale, wi res more than twice as long as wide thout very distinctive pigmented spot at N. brasiliensis apex of fore and mid tibiae. 2b. Forewing pterostigma dark-colored, Male Genitalia: Gonarcus with often with red streaks; costal area broad dorsal plate and narrow, elongate of forewing without streaking of endoprocessus, united ventrally; broader, membrane; male parameres oval- anterio-ventral plate abruptly tapering to shaped N. paddiae thin anterior arm connected to parameres. Parameres anteriorly positioned, and Arias, 1 male (Univ. of Murcia); Reserva thinly sclerotized; flattened, elongate Ducke, 15—XI—1977, J.R. Arias, 1 fema (about three times as long as wide); with le (INPA). This species has so far only posterio-ventral arm apically expanded. been collected in the Manaus region du Arcessus basally folded at acute angle, ring the dry season, from August to No apically fused to tip of endoprocessus of vember. gonarcus. Entire genital complex rotated Habitat: This species has only been 90° to a position opening ventrally. collected in upland forest. Forewing Length: male, 5.1 mm; fe Species Relationships: The three male, 5.2 mm. Amazonian species offer few characters Material Examined: Holotype, in the male genitalia to aid in differentia BRAZIL: Amazonas, Manaus, Parque das tion, although N. maculata appears to ha Laranjeiras, 12—VI11—1981, J.R. Arias, 1 ve narrower lateral lobes of the gonarcus male (INPA); Amazonas, Reserva Ducke, than N. brasiliensis and N. paddiae. The AM-010, km 26, 13-IX-1977, J.R. wings of N. brasiliensis are darker than Arias, 1 female paratype (Univ. of Mur- the other two species, but without pig cia); Reserva Ducke, 20-IX-1977, J.R. mentation in'the pterostigmal region, nor

2 MM

Figs. 2—7. Right forewings of: 2) Sympherobius amazonicus, n. sp., 3) Symphe- robius ariasi, n. sp., 4) Nomerobius psychodoides (Blanchard), 5) Notiobiella brasiliensis, Monserrat & Penny, 6) Notiobiella maculata, Monserrat & Penny, 7) Notiobiella paddiae, Monserrat, (drawings by Artêmio Coelho da Silva). at crossveins, vein bifurcations, or the J.R. Arias, 1 male (INPA); Amazonas, anal margin. Unlike N. maculata, there is Manaus, INPA campus, 6—VI—1979, eq. no large dark spot at the apex of fore and J.R. Arias, 1 female (INPA). mid tibiae. Habitat: This species has been col lected in primary and secondary, upland Notiobiella maculata Monserrat A Penny, forest. 1983 Species Relationships: This species (Figs. 6,11-17, Map 1) can easily be separated from the other two species known from Amazonia by the large, dark spot at the apex of fore and Notiobiella maculata Monserrat and mid tibiae, and the more narrow lateral Penny, 1983, Nouv. Rev. Ent., 13: 130. plate of the male gonarcu.s. There is a Holotype female in the Systematic Ento large, dark spot along the anal margin of mology Collections, INPA, Manaus. the forewing, which is not found in N. As an adequate description has only brasiliensis and most individuals of N. recently been published, only a synoptic paddiae. However, occasionally a very dark individual of N. paddiae will have description will be given here. this forewing spot. Wings: Forewing pale. Gradate cros sveins, vein forks, apex of 1A and 2A, and base of pterostigma margined with Notiobiella paddiae Monserrat, 1983 fuscous, which is especially heavy at gra (Fig. 7, Map 1) date crossveins and apex of 1A and 2A. Hindwing pale, without red pigmentation Notiobiella paddiae Monserrat, at costal margin of pterostigma. 1983, First Int. Symposium on Neurop Legs: (Fig. 16) Fore and midlegs terology, p. As an adequate description with large dark spot at apex of tibia. Hind has only recently been published, only a tibia pale. synoptic description will be given here. Male Genitalia: (Figs. 11-15) Go- Wings: Forewing pale. Gradate cros narcus with narrow dorsal plate and nar sveins, vein forks, humeral crossvein, apex row, elongate endoprocessus, united ven- of 1A and 2A (only in heavily pigmented trally; broader, anterio-ventral projections individuals), and base of pterostigma mar abruptly tapering to thin anterior arm gined with fuscous. Hindwing pale, with connected to parameres. Parameres ante costal margin of pterostigma heavily pig riorly positioned and thinly sclerotized; mented with red. flattened elongate (about twice as long as Legs: Forelegs completely pale, wi wide); with posterio-ventraI arm apically thout very distinct pigmented spot at expanded. Arcessus basally folded at acu apex of fore and mid tibiae. te angle, apically fused to tip of endopro Male Genitalia: Gonarcus with cessus of gonarcus. Entire genital com broad dorsal plate and narrow, elongate plex rotated 90° to a position opening endoprocessus, united ventrally; broa ventrally. der, anterio-ventral projections abruptly Forewing Length: male, 5.2 mm; tapering to thin anterior arm connected female, 5.2 mm. to parameres. Parameres anteriorly po sitioned, and thinly sclerotized; oval, and Material Examined: Holotype, apically expanded. Arcessus basally BRAZIL: Amazonas, Manacapuru 13-IX- folded at acute angle, apically fused to 1981, eq. J.R. Arias, 1 female (INPA); tip of endoprocessus of gonarcus. Entire Amazonas, Balbina-Rio Uatuma, 100 km genital complex rotated 90° to a position" north of Manaus, 9-11-111-1983, eq. opening ventrally. Y

V- V.

8 t Si' ->

. .1

Figs. 8-10. Rigth forewings of: 8) Nusalala reticulata (Navas), 9) Megalomus rafaeli, n. sp., 10) Hemerobius hageni Navas, (drawings by Artêmio Coelho da Silva) Figs. It —13.Notiobiella maculata Monserrat & Penny, 11 )male terminalia, lateral view, 12) aedeagal complex, lateral view, 13) aedeagal complex, caudal view, ffl

16 f 17

1 MM 1 MM

& Penny U) ma,e terminali antral !Z"5) J^St I"*** ' *. vew, 15) aedeagal complex, ventr a| view, 16) left foreleg. f7J left mid.eg. Forewing Length: male, 5.1 - 5.7 le, and unlike N. brasiliensis, the wings mm; female, 5.0 - 6.0 mm. are pale. Both N. paddiae and N. macula ta can have a pigment spot along the anal Geographical Distribution: Holoty- margin of the forewing, but this is found pe from PARAGUAY, and has been recor much more frequently among individuals ded from VENEZUELA (Monserrat & of N. maculata. Penny, 1983).

Material Examined: Within the Amazon Basin this species is known from Sympherobius Banks, 1904 BRAZIL: Amazonas, Manaus, INPA cam pus, 11-X-1979, eq. J.R. Arias, 1 fema Sympherobius Banks, 1904, Proc. ent. le. Malaise trap (INPA); Manaus, Universi Soc. Wash., 6:209. ty campus, 30-VII-1982. J.A. Rafael, 1 Palmobius Needham, 1905, Bull. N. Y. female, Malaise trap (INPA); Amazonas, St. Mus., 86: 17. Reserva Ducke, AM-010, km 26, 24-IX Spadobius Needham, 1905, Bull. N. Y. -1981, J.A. Rafael, 1 female. Malaise St. Mus., 86: 16 trap (INPA); Manaus, Parque das Laran Nefasitus Navas, 1916a, Mems R. Acad. jeiras, 28-1-1981, 13-VI -1981, 29- Cienc. Artes Barcelona, 12(7):131. VII-1981, 30-VII-1981, 1 --VIII —1981 Coloma Navis, 1916a. Mems R. Acad. 1 male and 4 females, all collected by per Cienc. Artes Barcelona, 12(7): 129. sonnel of J.R. Arias (INPA); Amazonas,, Eurobius Kruger, 1922, Stett. ent. Ztg., AM-010, km 246, 16-VI1-1979, eq. 83: 171. J.R. Arias, 1 male, light trap (INPA); Lachlanius Kruger, 1922, Stett. ent. Ztg., Amazonas, Rio Japura, Lake Ama 83: 171. na. VII—IX—1982. R. Best, 1 fema Type Species: Hemerobius amiculus Fitch le. Malaise trap (INPA); Rondônia, Vilhe 1855, by original designation. na, 8-XI-1979, eq. J.R. Arias, 1 female, Sympherobius are among the smal miniature light trap at 1 m height (INPA); lest hemerobiids (forewing length 3.5- Acre, 11 km NE of Rio Branco, 10-V- 6.5 mm), normally with very little dark pigmentation pattern on wings or body. 1981, eq. J.R. Arias, 1 male, light trap There can be two (subgenus Symphero (INPA); Pará, Rio Trombetas, Cruz Alta bius) or three (subgenus Niremberge) ra- mining area, 14-X-1982, J. Vidal, 1 fe dial sectors, with the first sector branched male (INPA); Cruz Alta, 17-25-XI- near the base in the former case. The ma 1982, J. Vidal, 1 female (INPA); Cruz Al le ectoprocts have caudal projections, ta, 25-XI-1982, N.D. Penny, 1 female which are quite characteristic for this ge (INPA); Pará, Serra Norte, near Marabá, nus. VIII—IX—1982. P. Ready, 1 male (INPA). This species has been collected Sympherobius is known from all re principally during the dry season gions of the world, except Australia and tropical Asia, with 51 described species. Habitat: This species has only been Eleven species have been described from collected in primary and secondary South America (Penny, 1977). upland forest. The genera Palmobius and Spado bius were synonomized with Symphero Species Relationships: Of the three bius by Banks (1906), Coloma by Carpen Amazonian species, N. paddiae has the ter (1940), and Nefasitus, Eurobius, and shortest male parameres, and is the only Lachlanius by Nakahara (1960). The ge one to have red on the pterostigma. Unli neric name Niremberge was synonomized ke N. maculata, the legs are uniformly pa with Sympherobius by Carpenter (1940), but the most recent study of the group rally; pilosity long, numerous, and mixed by Aspock et al. (1980) indicates that dark and pale. Pleural areas pale brown. this name is valid at subgeneric level, Legs: Pale yellow, with indistinct with Sympherobius (Niremberge) having longitudinal brown mark on all tibiae. three radial sectors, and Sympherobius Wings: Forewing longitudinal veins (Sympherobius) having only two. Only dark brown. Wing membrane uniformly the subgenus S. (Sympherobius) has been pale brown, except dark brown margining collected in the Amazon Basin, although of first sc-r crossvein. Costal area narrow, S. (Niremberge) I miranda Navas has been without recurrent humeral vein. Pterostig- collected as far north as Brasilia. The two ma indistinct, pale brown. Two radial sec new species of Sympherobius found in tors in basal part of wing, and one, twice- the Amazon Basin can be separated using branched radial sector originating beyond the following key: pterostigma. Six inner gradate crossveins and three outer gradates, both in irregular KEY TO SPECIES OF SYMPHEROBIUS series. Three m— cua crossveins. IN THE AMAZON BASIN Hindwing pale brown, without mar kings. la. Four outer gradate crossveins; basal Abdomen: Pale brown, without sc-r crossvein heavily margined; ma markings. Ninth tergite and ectoprocts le ectoproct projections extending separate. Ninth tergite short, caudally only as far as apex of ninth sternite, truncate. Ectoprocts ventral to ninth ter apically swollen and slightly bifur gite, medially forming flat plates, with cate, straight S. ariasi narrow fissure between the two plates lb. Three outer gradate crossveins; ba and two pairs of small medioapical points sal sc-r crossvein not margined; ma laterally bearing one elongate, digitiform le ectoproct projections extending projection, apically incurved and acutely well beyond apex of ninth sternite, pointed; apical point darkly pigmented, apically not swollen, nor bifurcate, extending well beyond ninth sternite. and apically inwardly curved . . . S. Ninth sternite evenly tapering to rounded amazonica apex. Aedeagal complex consisting of U- shaped, relatively narrow gonarcus, with small, rounded, sclerotized plate caudally. Sympherobius (Sympherobius) Parameres consisting of elongate, fused amazonica Penny & Monserrat, new .medial shaft and two broad, recurved, species apical plates. (Figs. 2, 18-22, Map 2) Female unknown. Forewing Length: male, 3.1 mm. Holotype male in the INPA Syste Series Examined: Holotype, BRA matic Entomology Collection, Manaus. ZIL: Amazonas, Reserva Ducke, AM-010, Head: Occiput pale brown, without km 26, IX—1981, J.A. Rafael, in Malaise markings; setae short, pale. Frons and cly- trap (INPA). peus pale brown, without markings; setae Habitat: This species was collected short, pale. Frons and clypeus pale brown in upland, primary forest. without markings. Maxillary and labial Species Relationships: Many of the palpi pale brown. Antennae broken off South American species of this genus are after first two segments; scape and pedi still poorly known, but of the nine Sym cel pale brown. pherobius species previously described Thorax; Pro-, meso- and metano- from this continent, S. miranda Navas is ta pale yellow medially, dark brown late in the subgenus Niremberge; S. maculi- Figs. 18—22. Sympherobius amazonicus n. sp., 18) male terminalia, lateral view, 19) male terminalia, dorsal view, 20) aedeagal complex, lateral view, 21) male parameres, dordal view, 22) aedeagal complex, dorsal view. pennis Kimmins, S. barberi (Banks), and This species is named for the river S. marmoratipennis (Blanchard) all have basin where it has been found. more than one large projection from the ectoprocts. S. intervenalis Banks, S. blan- Sympherobius (Sympherobius) ariasi, chardi (Navas), S. humilis Navas, and S. Penny & Monserrat, new species scriptus (Navas) all have pigment patterns (Figs. 3, 23-26, Map 2) on the wings. S. gayi, from Chile is a greyish insect with rather irridescent win Holotype male in the INPA Syste gs. The other new species from Amazo matic Entomology Collection, Manaus. nia, S. ariasi, although also with only one Head: Occiput, frons, and clypeus projection of the ectoprocts, has a pat pale brown, without markings; setae long, tern to the wings, and other differences sparse, pale. Maxillary and labial palpi mentioned in the key. pale brown. Antennae consisting of pale Figs. 23—24. Sympherobius ariasi, n. sp., 23) male terminalia, lateral view, 24) ma le terminalia, dorsal view, (drawings by Alberto Coelho da Silva) brown scape and pedicel, and 55 pilose, laterally; pilosity long, numerous, pale. moniliform flagellomeres; about seven Pleural areas pale brown. sub-basal and 12 apical flagellomeres dark Legs: Completely pale yellow. brown, the rest pale brown. Wings: Forewing longitudinal veins Thorax: Pre—, meso—, and metano- banded yellow and brown. Wing membra ta pale yellow medially and dark brown ne dark near base, margining crossveins. Figs. 25—26. Sympherobius ariasi: 25) aedeagal complex, lateral view, 26) aedeagal complex, dorsal view (with parameres attached).

and at vein forks; the rest of membrane yellowish-brown. Two radial sectors in pale brown. Costal area relatively wide basal part of forewing, and one, twice- (about 1/4 width of wing), with recurrent forked radial sector beyond pterostigma. humeral crossvein. Pterostigma indistinct. Four inner gradate crossveins and four Map 2. Geographical distribution of Amazonian species of Sympherobius and No- merobius. outer gradate veins, both in irregular se appears to have a dry season emergence in ries. Three m—cua crossveins. Reserva Ducke, as continual collecting Hindwing pale brown, without mar over 13 months (Penny & Arias, 1982) kings. yielded only the five specimens collected Abdomen: Pale brown, without between mid-August and late-December. markings. Ninth tergite short, caudally Species Relationships: As with S. truncate. Ectoprocts ventral to ninth ter- amazonica, various of the nine described gites, medially forming flat plates, with South American species can be separated relatively wide fissure between them; four on the basis of number of radial sectors long setae at apex of flat plate. Laterally, (S. miranda), number of male ectoproct ectoprocts bearing a single long, digiti- projections (S. maculipennis, S. barberi, from projection, apically straight and sli and S. marmoratipennis), and lack of ghtly expanded; apical point darkly pig forewing markings (S. gayi). Symphero- mented, extending well beyond ninth bius intervenalis and S. blanchardi have a sternite. Ninth sternite evenly tapering to different pattern to the gradate veins, S. rounded apex,with basal tuft of seven to humilis has densely speckled wings, and nine long setae on each side. Aedeagal S. scriptus is a much darker species with complex consisting of U—shaped gonar- pale margining along longitudinal veins. cus, with relatively broad lateral arms. Although the placement of gradate veins Arcessus a caudo-medial lobe which api is different, S. ariasi seems to be similar cally is recurved dorsally into anterior spi to S. intervenalis, but a definite relation ny lobe and posterior curved plate. Para- ship awaits more knowledge of the male meres forming central shaft and two, genitalia of the various species. broad, apical plates. This species is named for Jorge R, Forewing Length: male, 4.2 — 5.0 Arias, a sand-fly specialist, who has col mm; female, 4.0 — 4.5 mm. lected many Amazonian neuropteransi Series Examined: Holotype, BRA while conducting a research program on ZIL: Amazonas, Reserva Ducke, AM-010 leishmaniasis. km 26, 9-X-1981, J.A. Rafael, Malaise trap, 1 male (INPA). Allotype, same loca lity as holotype, 27-XII-1977, J.R. Nomerobius Navas, 1916 Arias, miniature light trap at 1 m height, 1 female (INPA). Paratypes, BRAZIL: Nomberobius Navas, 1916a, Mems Amazonas, Reserva Ducke, 16—VIII — R.Acad. Cienc. Artes Barcelona, 12(7): 1977, J. R. Arias, 1 male, miniature light 130. trap at 1 m height (MPEG); Reserva Type Species: Megalomus psycho- Ducke, 13-IX-1977, J.R. Arias. 1 male, mi doides Blanchard, 1851, by original desig niature light trap at 1 m height (MZUSP); nation. Reserva Ducke, 6-IX-1978, J.R. Arias, 1 This genus was originally described male, miniature light trap at 15 m height by Navas to include those species with six (UPR); Reserva Ducke. 13-IX-1978. J.R. outer gradate veins, the genus Symphero- Arias, 1 male, miniature light trap bius having been described by Banks as at 1 m height (USNM); Amazonas, having four. There has been great hesita mid Rio Purus (70 2'S, 650 4^), 26-31 tion in using this generic name because -VI11-1983, S. Campbell, 1 female, mi the original characteristic was so weak- niature light trap at 1 m height (INPA); the number of outer gradate veins being Pará, Rio Trombetas, Cruz Alta, XI - quite variable among individuals of the 1982, J. Vidal, 1 female, miniature light same species. Furthermore, it seems likely trap at 1 m height (BMNH). This species that Navas and Banks were using different definitions of "gradate veins". As most ena Artes Barcelona, 12(7): 131. frequently defined, the gradate series of Sympherobius modestus Banks, crossveins lie in the radial area only. In 1910, Proc. ent. Soc. Wash., 12:158. the type species of Nomerobius, there are Sympherobius marmoratus Navas, four crossveins in series in the radial area, 1910b, Broteria, 9: 70. new synonomy and a further two crossveins in an ex Holocype male of S. marmoratus in Paris tension of the same series in the medial Museum; syntypes of S. modestus in Mu area, or a total of six crossveins in the seum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard series. Nakahara (1960) maintained No University; type of M. psychodoides not merobius as a valid genus on the basis located in Paris Museum, but one speci of two unique characteristics of the men without type label collected by Gay aedeagal complex. There appear to be in Chile placed under this name in collec other characteristics as well. In male No tion. merobius, the ectoprocts appear to al Head: Occiput pale yellow with nu ways bear a dorsally projecting spine, and merous raised, dark brown spots; pilosity may or may not have acute, digitiform sparse, short, pale. Frons and clypeus pale processes of Sympherobius, and the ninth yellow, with small dark brown spot at sternite is much narrower, and apically margin of eyes; devoid of pilosity. Gena upturned in Nomerobius, while wider and dark brown. Maxillary and labial palpi dark not apically upturned in Sympherobius. brown. Antenna consisting of pale yellow The specimens of Nomerobius that we scape, with lateral and medial longitudi have seen also have "beading" along fo- nal stripe or small dark spots; pedicel ba- rewing longitudinal veins, while this is sally pale yellow, apically with dark not present in Sympherobius. brown ring; 61 to 65 flagellomeres, ba- Navas placed two species, N. psy- sally pale yellow and apically dark brown. chodoides (Blanchard) from Chile, Peru, Antennal pilosity abundant, but very and Argentina and N. annulicornis Navas short (not longer than flagellar segment). from Colombia in Nomerobius, and Na Thorax: Pro—, meso—, and metano- kahara (1965) transferred the species ta pale yellow medially, and dark brown Sympherobius marmoratus Navas from laterally, with numerous raised, dark spo Argentina to Nomerobius. Thus, the ge ts. Pilosity long, sparse, pale. Pleural areas nus has consisted of three species found pale brown. in the Andes and southern parts of South Legs: Coxae dark brown, other seg America. Thus, it was with some surprise ments pale brown to yellow. Small, raised that a specimen of N. psychodoides was dark spots on fore— and mid-femora; recently collected in the low mountains small dark spot at apex of fore- and mid- of southern Pará state in eastern Amazo tibiae. nia. Wings: Forewing longitudinal veins Nomerobiur psychodoides (Blanchard, irrorate pale and dark. Wing membrane 1851) brown, being darker at margins of cross- (Fig. 4, 27-30, Map 2) veins. Costal area relatively narrow (about Megalomus psychoc Jes Blanchard 1/6 maximum width of forewing), with 1851, In Gay's, Historia física de Chile, recurrent humeral crossvein. Pterostigma 5:127. indistinct, dark brown. Two radial sectors Sympherobius psychodoides (Blan in basal part of forewing, and one, twice- chard) Navas, 1910a, Revta chil. Hist, forked radial sector beyond pterostigma. nat., 14:237. Four outer, two inner, and two basal gra Nomerobius psychodoides (Blan date crossveins; outer gradates in regular chard) Navas, 1916a, Mains R. Acad. Ci series. Four m—cua crossveins. 1MM

Figs. 27-30. IMomerobius psychodoides (Blanchard), 27) male terminalia, lateral view, 28) male terminalia, ventral view,29) aedeagal complex, with parameres, lateral view, 30) aedeagal complex, with parameres, dorsal view. Hindwing pale brown, without ir- the variety connexus from near Lima in rorate markings. PERU at 860 m. Nakahara (1960) menti oned this species from URUGUAY. This Abdomen: Dark brown dorsally, pa is apparently the first record of this le yellow ventrally. Ninth tergite elonga species in Brazil, and this record is about te, narrow, extending ventrally much far 3000 km from localities in Peru. The Ca ther than anterior tergites;with two acu rajás record seems to indicate one of the te caudal projections, one short projec widest distributions among South Ame tion at mid-length, and much larger One rican Hemerobiidae. at ventral base extending caudaliy below Material Examined: Type of M. ectoprocts. Ectoprocts dorsally rounded marmoratus; 16 males, 10 females, pin and ventrally extending caudaliy well ned, from various localities in Chile, col beyond ninth sternite as broad lobe, lected by L Pena; BRAZIL, Pará, Serra apically bifurcate; dorsal bifurcation ter Norte — Carajás, 5—15—IV—1983. M. minating with stout spine on elongate Miles, 1 male (INPA). base, while medio-apical bifurcation ter Species Relationships: The holoty- minating in acute point. Ninth sternite pe of S. marmoratus and identified spe abruptly narrowed apically, and uptur cimens (including the possible type) of ned; terminating in an acute point. Ae- M. psychodoides in the Paris Museum deagus consisting of V-shaped dorsal go- show almost no variation, and what varia narcus and ventral endoprocessus hinged tion does exist easily falls within the nor together laterally. Arcessus a single acute mal variation for this species, and thus dorsal point and slightly smaller apically the names are herein being synonomized. bifurcate ventral point. Parameres con S. modestus Banks was synonomized sisting of fused elongate anterior shaft, with S. psychodoides by Navás (1916a) and two cupshaped apical lobes. and this synonomy has been accepted by subsequent specialists (Nakahara, 1960, Intraspecific Variation: There is a 1965; Stange, 1967). The only other spe co'nsiderable amount of variation in the cies within this genus, N. annulicornis Na spotting of the frons, with the Para spe vás, is not well known and until the male cimen almost devoid of spots, while so genitalia is described, comparisons will be me Chilean specimens have a row of four difficult. We have seen one other undes- lateral spots, or maximally a transverse cribed species from Chile, which has paler stripe. There can also be a dark longitu wings and one additional acute projection dinal stripe between the antennae. The on male ectoprocts. This latter species antennal scape is spotted in the Para spe and N. psychodoides both have the dor cimen and a few Chilean specimens, but sal spine on the elongate base. with lateral stripes in the majority of Chi lean specimens. Wing pigmenation can be pale brown, to dark brown, to pale brown Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758 with large triangular dark brown spot along anal margin. The Amazonian spe Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758, Syste- cimen is among the darkest. However, the mae Naturae, 10th edition, p. 549. genitalia are consistently the same. Mucropalpus Rambur, 1842, Ro- refs Suite à Buffon, Névropt., p. 420. Geographical Distribution: Original Stenolomus Navás, 1906, Revta R. ly described from CHILE, it was again Acad. Cienc. exact, fis. nat. Madr., 4 : described by Banks (as S. modestus) and 687-706. Navas (as S. marmoratus) in 1910 from Hemerodomia Navás, 1909, Ann. ARGENTINA. Banks (1915) mentions Soc. sei. Bruxelles, 33: 217. Schneiderobius Krüger, 1922, Hemerobius (Hemerobius) hageni Stett. ent. Ztg., 83: 171. Naväs, 1918 Hagenobius Krüger, 1922, Stett. (Figs. 9,31-34, Map 3) ent Ztg., 83: 171. Reuterobius Krüger, 1922, Stett. Megalomus pallidus Blanchard, ent Ztg.', 83: 171.' 1851, in Gay, Historia fisica de Chile, 6: 126. Type Species: of Hemerobius is. Hemerobius pallidus (Blanchard) Hemerobius humulinus Linnaeus; of Naväs, 1910 , Revta chil. Hist, nat, 14: Mucropalpus is Hemerobius lutescens 235. (preoccupied). Fabricius; of Stenolomus is Stenolomus Schneiderobius pallidus (Blanchard) cabrerai Naväs; of Hemerodomia is He- Krüger, 1922, Stett. ent. Ztg., 83: 171. merodomia buyssoni Naväs; of Schneide Hemerobius pinnatus Naväs, 1917b, robius is Hemerobius nitidulus Fabricius; Revta R. Acad. Cienc. exact, ffs. nat. of Hagenobius is Hemerobius citrinus Ha Madr., 16:496. (preoccupied). gen; of Reuterobius is Hemerobius pini Hemerobius hageni Naväs, 1918, Stephens. Boln. Soc. aragon Cienc. nat., 17: 223. Hemerobius are medium-sized in Hemerobius brethesi Naväs, 1929, sects (5 to 10 mm forewing length) with Butll. Inst catal. Hist, nat, 9:115. three (or rarely four or five) sectors of Hemerobius pinnatulus Naväs, 1935 the radius. Male ectoprocts are generally Mems R. Acad. Cienc. Artes Barcelona, elongate, with apical branches, and not as 25: 58. Sympherobius, with short ectoprocts and Hemerobius blanchardi Nakahara, digitiform extensions. 1960, Mushi, 34:48. Hemerobius is known from all ma Type of Megalomus pallidus Blan jor regions of the world, except Australia chard not encountered at Paris Museum. and the Pacific Islands. There are presen Holotype female of H. pinnatus Naväs, tly about 122 described species, with Pen 1917 in La Plata Museum, Argentina. ny (1977) listing 25 species for the Neo Holotype female of H. hageni in the Na tropical Region, and 15 for South Ameri väs Collection, Barcelona. ca. Head: Occiput pale yellow, without markings, with abundant pale pilosity. Mucropalpus was synonomized Frons and clypeus pale yellow, without with Hermeroblus by Costa (1855); Ste markings, and without pilosity. Maxillary nolomus with Hemerobius by Naväs and labial palpi pale brown to dark bro (1916b); Hemerodomia with Hemerobius wn. Antennae consisting of pale yellow' by Naväs (1917a); Schneiderobius Hage scape, pedicel, and 51 to 55 moniliform nobius and Reuterobius with Hemerobius flagellomeres; flagellar segments bearing by Carpenter (1940). abundant pale pilosity longer than seg Aspock, et al. (1980) have divided ment. Hemerobius into two subgenera, with the Thorax: Pro—, meso—, and metano- subgenus Brauerobius having branched ta pale yellow medially and dark brown veins between the humeral vein and cos laterally, with long, pale, sparse pilosity. tal margin, and male ectoprocts without Pleural areas pale yellow. acute distal lobes. So far only the subge Legs: All leg segments pale yellow nus Hemerobius has been collected in to pale yellowish-brown. South America, and within the Amazon Wings: Forewing longitudinal veins Basin only a single species, Hemerobius alternating yellow and brown. Wing mem hageni, is known. brane pale yellow, with numerous V-sha- Figs. 31—34. Hemerobius hageni Nav£s, 31) male terminalia, lateral view, 32) ma le terminalia, ventro-caudal view, 33) aedeagal complex, lateral view, 34) aedeagal complex, dorsal view. ped darker markings in all wing cells. Se Species Relationships: This species cond m—cua crossvein darkly margined, is quite distinctive because of the exten and fuscate area at apex of cup. Costal sive V—shaped pattern of the wings, as margin moderately wide (about 1/5 wing well as the male genitalia, with the single, width) with recurrent humeral vein. Pte inwardpointing projection. The species rostigma indistinct, pale. Three radial sec Hemerobius chilensis Nakahara, 1965, is tors present, all originating in basal half very closely related, with male genital of wing. Five outer and three inner, dark structures almost identical, and the wing gradate crossveins in irregular series. Th pattern, although bearing much more anal ree dark m—cua crossveins. and apical pigmentation than typical He Hindwing pale yellow, without merobius hageni, still shows remnants of markings. the wavy, V-shaped pattern. These two Abdomen: Dark brown dorsally, pa species may in fact be one, but we have le yellow ventrally. Male ninth tergite seen other Chilean specimens (all females) narrow, extending ventrally only slightly where the wing pattern is even more dar more than eighth tergite, without caudal kly pigmented and the wavy V-shaped projections. Male ectoprocts elongate, pattern completely absent. Until more gradually tapering to apical, inwardly- males of the darker form are known, we curved acute point; extending well bey prefer to maintain the two names. ond ninth stemite. Ninth sternite very short; apically trucate. Aedeagal com Nusalala Navas, 1913 plex simple, consisting of U—shaped gonarcus and arcessus of two short, acute Nusalala Navas, 1913, Névroptères. projections. Parameres very narrow, late Paris Mission du Service geographique... ral, unfused, semi-circular sclerites. 10:74. Forewing Length: male, 5.9 - 7.2 Haarupiella Esben-Petersen, 1914, mm; female, 5.9 - 7.4 mm. Notes Leyden Mus., 36: 263. Geographical Distribution: Original Type Species: of Nusalala is Nusa ly described by Blanchard from CHILE, lala erecta Navas, by original designation; this species has also been collected in of Haarupiella is Haarupiella neotropica ARGENTINA (Navas, 1918, 1920, 1922, E.—P., by original designation. 1933a; Nakahara, 1960, 1965), BRAZIL This genus was originally described (Navas, 1934), PERU (Navas, 1933b; by Navas to include species with four ra Nakahara, 1965), and URUGUAY (Stan- dial sectors, a narrow costal field with no ge, 1967). indication of a recurrent humeral vein, Material Examined: We have seen a three gradate series of crossveins, and a large series of this species collected by L. fusion of MP and CuA in the forewing. Pena from various localities in CHILE. Actually there is a slight indication of the Within Brazil we have seen specimens recurrent humeral vein. All of these cha From Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, racters can be found to varying extent in Parana and the Distrito Federal. Within the closely related genus Micromus, but the Amazon Basin, this species is presen the male genitalia of Nusalala appear to tly known only from the southwestern be somewhat different, with more com margin: BRAZIL: Rond'onia, Vilhena, plexity to the endoprocessus, a shorter 6-XI-1977, J. R. Arias, light trap, 1 male projection of the ectoprocts, and an elon (INPA). gate central shaft of the parameres. Habitat: Specimens from the Distri Nusalala appears to be a Neotropi to Federal were collected in open savan cal replacement of Micromus, as species nah. of Micromus described from South Ame- rica actually pertain to Nusalala, and no Head: Occiput, frons, clypeus, and speices of Nusalala have yet been found genae pale brown, without markings; with outside of the Neotropical Region. Pen pilosity sparse, long, pale. Maxillary and ny (1977) listed 20 species of Micromus labial palpi pale brown. Antenna con and Nusalala from the Neotropical Re sisting of pale brown scape, pedicel, and gion, ranging from Mexico to Argentina. flagellum; with 61 to 62 moniliform fla- Very little recent work has been done geilomeres. on the taxonomy of Nusalala, and thus Flagellar pilosity short and abun the number of true species in the region dant. could vary considerably from the number Thorax: Pro—, meso—, and metano- of names presently valid. Only one spe ta dark brown, with abundant long, pale cies has been collected in the Amazon pilosity. Basin, which is described below. Pleural areas dark browr Legs: fore— and mid tibiae with Nusalala reticulata (Navas, 1910) sub-basal and sub-apical fuscous spot; re new combination mainder of tibiae and all other leg seg (Fig. 7,35-40, Map 3) ments pale yellow. Wings: Forewing longitudinal veins Micromus reticulatus Navas, 1910, alternating dark brown and pale yellow. Broteria, 9: 75. Wing membrane pale brown, except dark Holotype female in Paris Museum brown margining at juncture of MP and (without indication of being type speci CuA, along outer gradate series, and at men). base of anal margin. Costal margin relati-

Figs. 35- Nusalala reticulata (Navas), 35) male terminalia, lateral view. o1 MM 38

Figs. 36—38. Nusalala reticulata (Navas), 36) male terminalia, dorsal view, 37) aedeagal complex, lateral view, 38) aedeagal complex, dorsal view. Map 3. Geographical distribution of Amazonian species of Hemerobius, Nusalala, and Megalomus. vely narrow (less than 1/6 maximum wid Forewing Length: male, 8.1 -9.0 th of forewing) with recurrent humeral mm; female, 8.0 - 9.6 mm. vein only slightly indicated. Geographical Distribution: This spe Pterostigma indistinct, pale brown. cies was originally described from Minas Four radial sectors. Four inner. Two me Gerais State in east-central BRAZIL. Nu- dial, and seven outer gradate veins, most salala reticulata probably has a wide dis medial and outer gradates appearing in tribution south and west of the Amazon terrupted medially; all series regular. Two Basin, but until many types are exami m—cua crossveins beyond fusion of MP ned, their true identity will remain in with CuA. Hindwing uniformly pale doubt. brown with three inner and six outer gra Material Examined: One female in dates, with most gradates appearing inter the Paris Museum is labelled Minas Gerais, rupted medially. Passa Quatro, Las Tronqueras, 1904, E.R. Wagner, and is almost certainly the type, Abdomen: Uniformly pale brown, although not presently labelled as such. with sparse, long, pale pilosity. Male nin Also in the Paris Museum is a second fe th tergite extending ventrally to base of male, also collected by Wagner from Mon ectoprocts; without caudal proections. tanhas de Órgões, Rio de Janeiro. This Ectoprocts slightly expanded ventrally, species appears to be rather common in with small, acute, caudo-ventral projec southern Brazil, and we have seen speci tion. Ninth sternite extending as far as mens from Santa Catarina and Paraná ectoprocts; apically broadly rounded. Ae- States. Specimens from the Amazon Ba deagal complex consisting of elongate, sin are: BRAZIL: Rondônia, Vilhena, ventrally curved arcessus; broad, flattened 23-VI1-1983, N. D. Penny, 1 male lateral plates of gonarcus, which do not (INPA); Rondônia, Vilhena, 26—VII- quite fuse medially; and two pairs of en- 1983, J.E.B. Brasil and L Pacheco, 1 fe doprocesses, the lateral pair, acute and male, Malaise trap (INPA); Rondônia, more than half as long as arcessus, while Vilhena, 28-VII-1983, N. D. Penny, 1 medial pair are apically rounded and half male, 1 female (INPA). as long as lateral pair. Parameres consis ting of elongate central shaft with termi Habitat: The Vilhena specimens nal pair of curved flat plates dorsally and were caught at a light trap in savannah, ventrally. in a Malaise trap in forest, and with a

1 MM

Figs. 39—40. Nusalala reticulata (Navas), 39) parameres, lateral view, 40) parameres, dorsal view. sweep net in tall grass in a disturbed, cul species are known from South America, tivated area, so that little can yet be said distributed principally in southern and of habitat preferences. Andean regions. Species Relationships: It is felt that Olazo (1981) has recently reduced several of the Navas species described Pirionus to a subgenus of Megalomus and from southern South America actually synonomized Spinomegalomus with pertain to this species, probably including Pirionus. The two subgenera can be Nusalala rhegmatica Navas, 1914. Althou quickly separated by the presence of gh the species was described from Para a dorsal projection on the male seventh guay, Kimmins (1936) drawing of male tergite of Pirionus. genitalia was of specimens from Central Within the Amazon Basin only a America. single, new species has been collected, in Males of N. reticulata can generally the subgenus Megalomus. be separated by the short, rounded shape of the medial pair of endoprocesses. In the field this species can be quickly sepa Megalomus (Megalomus) rafaeli rated from most other species by »the Penny & Monserrat, new species dark margining of the outer gradates, whi (Fig. 8, 41-44, Map 3) ch forms a thin, dark crescentic line across the apical third of the forewing. Head: Occiput pale brown, without This, and the small dark area at the base markings, with abundant pale pilosity. of the anal margin are the only distinc Frons and clypeus pale brown, without tively darkened areas of the forewing, al markings, and without pilosity. Maxillary though much of the rest of the wing is and labial palpi pale yellowish-brown. mottled with paler brown. Antennae consisting of pale brown scape, pedicel, and 40—41 moniliform flagellomeres; flagellar segments bearing abun Megalomus Rambur, 1842 dant pale pilosity longer than segment. Thorax: Dark brown, with abun Megalomus Rambur, 1842, Histoire dant long, pale pilosity. naturelle des insectes, Nevropteres, p.418. Legs: Completely pale yellow, ex Spinomegalomus Nakahara, 1965, cept for some darkening at apex of fore Proc. U.S. natn. Mus., 117:118. tibia. Type Species: of Megalomus is Me Wings: Forewing longitudinal veins galomus tortricoides Rambur, by original alternating dark brown and pale yellow. designation; of Spinomegalomus is Spino Wing membrane pale brown, with dark megalomus flinti Nakahara, by original brown margining of inner gradates and designation. indistinct spot along anal margin. Costal This genus is characterized as ha area wide (about 1/4 width of forewing) ving medium to large size (4.5 to 13.5 with recurrent humeral vein. Pterostigma mm forewing length) and five to six fore indistinct, pale yellow. Five radial sectors wing radial sectors. Male genitalia normal present. Six outer and four inner dark ly consist of elongate ectoprocts with api brown gradate veins in regular series. cal projections, and medial arcessus and Four m—cua crossveins. endoprocessus. Hindwing pale yellow, with infusca- This genus is known from 33 spe tion along costal margin, at base of radial cies distributed in North and South Ame area, and at wing apex. rica, Europe, North Africa, India, Japan, Abdomen: Dark brown. Male ninth and the Philippines. Only seven of these tergite narrow, extending ventrally only Fig. 41. Megalomus rafaeli, n. sp. male terminalia, lateral view.

slightly more than eighth tergite, without from: Amazonas, Reserva Ducke, AM caudal projections. Male ectoprocts elon OK), km 26, 1-11-1982, J.A. Rafael, I gate, gradually tapering to rounded apex, female. Malaise trap (MPEG); Amazonas, without projections; extending well bey- Manaus, INPA campus (V-8), 16-V-1983, pond ninth sternite. Ninth sternite very N.D. Penny and J. E. B. Brasil, 1 female. short, apically tapering rapidly to medial Malaise trap (MZSP); Amazonas, Manaus, point. Aedeagal complex consisting of Conjunto Petro, 29-V-1982, L.R. gonarcus with broad lateral plates and Latorre, 1 female (UPR); Amazonas, Ma narrow dorsal connective; endoprocessus naus, INPA campus (V-8), 13-V-1982, J two very thin, dorsally-projecting points, A. Rafael, 1 female. Malaise trap (MNRJI; and arcessus two down-curved acute Amazonas, Manaus, INPA campus (V-8), points. Male parameres consisting of cen 23-V-1983, N.D. Penny and J.E.B. Brasil, tral shaft and two, flat, apical plates. 1 male. Malaise trap (USNM); Amazonas, Forewing Length: male, 5.2 - 5.3 mm; Manaus, INPA campus (V-8), 19-V-1983, female, 5.2 - 5.5 mm. N.D. Penny and J.E.B. Brasil, 1 female, Type Series: Holotype male, BRAZIL: Malaise trap (BMNH). Amazonas, Manaus, INPA campus (V-8), Habitat: This species has so far only 23-V-1983, N. D. Penny and J.E.B. Bra- been collected in grassy, open, cutover sil, Malaise trap (INPA). Allotype female, areas. same'data as holotype, except 19—V— Species Relationships: Of the seven 1982, J.A. Rafael (INPA). Paratypes are known species from South America, the 1M/

Figs. 42-^4. r/.egalomus rafaeli. n. sp.,42)male terminalia, ventral view 43) aedeagal complex, with parameres, lateral view, 44) aedeagal complex, with parameres dorsal view. two species in the subgenus Pirionus are Soc, 39: 201—242. only distantly related. Of the other two 1915. New neuropteroid insects. Chilean species, M. stangei has falcate Proc. Acad. nat. Sei. Philad., 66:619- forewings, and M. linguatus has shorter 632. male ectoprocts, narrower parameres, and 1932. Concerning the genus No- much broader arcessus. Megalomus mi tiobiella. Psyche, Camb., 39:103-106 nor, known from Colombia and Brazil, Blanchard, E. - 1851. In: Gay, C.-His- has an expanded base to the male para toiria fisica de Chile, Zool. Orden V- meres. Megalomus marginatus, from the Nevroptéres. 6: 85-142. mountains of Colombians a larger spe Carpenter, F. M.-1940. A revision of the cies, with more gradate crossveins and Neorctic Hemerobiidae, Berothidae, more pigmentation in the forewing. Sisyridae, Polystoechotidae and Dilari- Megalomus nebulosus, known from high dae (Neuroptera). Proc. Acad.Arts Sei. on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian 74(7): 193-280. Andes, is not well known,but the hind- Costa, A. - 1855. Faunadel Regno di wing appears to have considerable pig Napoli. Neurotteri. Napoli. mentation along the anal margin, which Esben-Petersen, P.-1928. 7. Neuroptera- is lacking in M. rafaeli. Insecta Samoa, p.89-108. This species is named for José Alber Gerstaecker, A.-1888. Weitere Beitrage tino Rafael, a Diptera specialist who has zur Artenkenntniss der Neuroptera collected many of the uncommon heme- Megaloptera. Mitt, naturw. Ver. Neu- robiid specimens used in this study. Vorpomm., 19:89-130. Acknowledgments: We would like to Kimmins, D.E. - 1936. New species of thank CNPq's Trópico Úmido for grant Nusalala (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae), no. 3224 and Polo Noroeste grant no. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 17: 568-576. 3421-292 for financial assistance. Dr. Krüger, L-1922. Hemerobiidae. Beitrage Phillip A. Adams is specially acknowle zu einer Monographie der Neuropte- dged for his support. ren-Familie der Hemerobüden. Stett, ent. Ztg., 83: 138-173. References Linnaeus, C.-1758. Systemae Naturae, si- Aspòck, H, Aspock, U.; Holzel, H.-1980. ve regna tria naturae systematice pro Die Neuropteren Europas. Goecke &' ps it a per classes, ordines, genera et spe Evers. Krefeld, West Germany, v.I. cies. 10. Anflage. Holmiae. p.495; v.2, p.353. Monserrat, V.J.-1983. Sobre las especies Banks, N.- 1904. A list of neuropteroid americanas del género Notiobiella Ban insects, exclusive of Odonata, from ks, 1909 (Neuroptera, Planipennia, He the vicinity of Washington, D.C. Proc. merobiidae) First International Symp ent Soc. Wash., 6: 201-217. osium on Neuropterology, in litt. 1906. A revision of the Nearctic He Monserrat, V.J. & Penny, N.D.—1983. So merobiidae. Trans. Am. ent. Soc, 30: bre las especies americanas del genero 97-110 Notiobiella Banks, 1909. 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