NEUROPTERA of the AMAZON BASIN Part 10. Hemerobiidae Norman D. Penny * Victor J. Monserrat ** ABSTRACT Nine Species of Hemerobii
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NEUROPTERA OF THE AMAZON BASIN Part 10. Hemerobiidae Norman D. Penny * Victor J. Monserrat ** ABSTRACT (1977) listed 20 genera and 111 species from Latin America. Within the Amazon Nine species of Hemerobiidae in Basin, hemerobiids have only been men six genera are described and their distri tioned three times: Gerstaecker (1888), butions given. Keys are provided for their Penny and Arias (1982) and Monserrat identification and notes are given on bio and Penny (1983). logy and habitat preferences. BIOLOGY INTRODUCTION: Eggs of Hemerobiidae are laid sin gly on twigs, leaves, or bark. The egg is Hemerobiidae, or brown lacewings, elongate oval, or cylindrical with rounded is one of the larger families of Neuropte- ends (Tjeder, 1961).One female can lay ra. They are small to medium-sized in up to 619 eggs during 18 days (Williams, sects (3.5 to 16 mm wing length) of ge 1927). Larvae are elongate predators nerally brown coloration. They have mo- which feed on soft-bodied insects.Bodies niliform antennae, two to seven radial of their prey and trash are not carried on sectors in the forewing, trichosors along the backs of larvae, as is the case of some. the wing margin, and well sclerotized ma Chrysopidae. After passing through three le genitalia and associated appendages. larval instars, pupation takes place in a They lack ocelli. Brown lacewings are qui cocoon of white silk, on twigs, under te common in temperate regions, where bark, and frequently in pine cones in tem at times they are important biological perate areas. The pharate adult later control agents of aphids, coccids, and emerges from this cocoon, climbs to a other soft-bodied pest insects. Larvae are nearby vantage point, and casts away the pupal skin. There seems to be a food pre also agressive predators, having elongate, ference among various species (Aspock, hollow mandibles for sucking fluids from et al., 1980), and a given species can- the bodies of their prey. Hemerobiidae often be encountered associated with a are much less frequently encountered in specific plant or tree. tropical areas, and dominant genera are different. These insects have good potential Nakahara (1960) listed 37 genera of as biological control agents, and as such Hemerobiidae, while Tjeder (1961) Sympherobius barberi Banks and Nesomi- mentioned 80 genera and 600 species des cromus navigatorum (Brauer) have been cribed, although he felt that far too lit introduced into Hawaii, where they prey tle work had been done on the group to upon mealy bugs (Pseudococcidae) and give an estimate of true numbers. Penny aphids (Zimmerman, 1957). Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus. Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain. ACTA AMAZÓNICA 13(5-6) : 879-909. 1983. — 879 Systematics: Pioneering works on 3b. Forewings without "beading" alo Hemerobiidae often split the family into ng longitudinal veins (Figs. 2-3), two subfamilies, Hemerobiinae and Sym- male sternite no more than twice pherobiinae, on the basis of number of as long as wide and apically roun radial sectors (Rs). This still remains a ded; male ectoprocts with caudal useful character, but Tillyard (1916) projections Sympherobius pointed out that even within the genus 4a. Forewing with 3 radial sectors Hemerobius two or three Rs can exist. (Fig. 10) Hemerobiui Thus, this classification of Hemerobiidae 4b. Forewing with 4 radial sectors (Fig. is highly unstable, and has not been re 8) Nusalala cently utilized. Nakahara (1960) revised 4c. Forewing with 5 or more radial sec the higher classification, basing his work tors (Fig. 9) Megalomus on male genital characters. Nakahara's classification created a separate subfa Notiobiella Banks, 1909 1 mily for Notiobiella based upon the high degree of development of the arcessus. Notiobiella Banks, 1909, Proc. ent. Soc. Tjeder (1961), in dealing with the South Wash.,11:80. African species, felt that the development Vaja Nav£s, 1925, Mems R. Acad. Cienc. of one genital structure was insufficient Artes Barcelona, 19 (5): 14. for creation of a separate subfamily, and Buxtonia Esben-Petersen, 1928, Ins. Sa declined to attempt any such division. In moa, 7:93. this respect, the present treatment of Ganchetus Nav£s, 1929, Mems Accad. Amazonian species follows Tjeder's view pont. Nuovi Lincei, (2) 12: 21. point, and no subfamily or tribal division Type Species: Notiobiella unita Banks is attempted. (1909). Within the Amazon Basin nine spe Notiobiella are medium-sized heme- cies in six genera have been recognized, robiids (forewing length approximately three of which are new species. The six 5 mm), often with some pigmentation at genera can be separated, using the follo forewing bifurcations, and red pigmenta wing key: tion in the pterostigma. There are only two radial sectors, with the first sector KEY TO AMAZONIAN GENERA OF having a very long stalk before the first HEMEROBIIDAE branch, which is invariably at the level of 1a. Forewing with two radial sectores the origin of the second sector. The male (Figs. 2-7) 2 genitalia consists of ectoprocts with an elongate caudal lobe, and an arcessus whi 1b. Forewing with three or more radial ch is large and truncate, being partially sectors (Figs. 8-10) 4 enclosed by the encompassing gonarcus. 2a. First radial sector branching well This genus is known from Africa, Austra before origin of second Rs (Figs. lia, Japan, South and Central America, 2-4) 3 with approximately 33 described species. 2b. First radial ector branching at le However, few of these species have been vel of origin of second Rs (Figs. described from the New World, with Pen 5—7) Notiobiella ny (1977) recording only three species, 3a. Forewings appear "beaded" along while Monserrat (1983) and Monserrat and Penny (1983) have described four longitudinal veins (Figs. 4); male other new species. sternite 9 very narrow and apically upturned; male ectoprocts without Banks (1913) listed Annandalia as caudal projections . Nomerobius a synonym of Notiobiella, but more re- Penny & Monserrat Figs. 1 .Notiobiella paddiae Monserrat, lateral view. Drawing by Artêmio Coelho da Silva). cently this genus has been listed as a sy Notiobiella brasiliensis Monserrat & nonym of Psectra, most notably by Tje Penny, 1983 der (1961) and Aspock, et al. (1980). The (Fig. 5, Map 1) genera Vaja, Buxtonia, and Ganchetus ere synonomized with Notiobiella by Notiobiella brasiliensis Monserrat & Banks (1932) and have been accepted by Penny, 1983, Nouv. Rev. Ent, 13: 129. subsequent authors. Holotype male in the Systematic Ento Within the Amazon Basin three mology Collection, INPA, Manaus. species of Notiobiella have been found, As an adequate description has only and can be separated using the following recently been published, only a synoptic key: description will be given here. KEY TO AMAZONIAN SPECIES OF Wings: (Fig. 5) Forewing suffused NOTIOBIELLA with pale fusous, which is not present clo se to veins, giving appearance of streaking 1a. Fore and mid-tibia with subapical along all membranous areas; most stron black spot N. maculatus gly indicated in costal area. Crossveins on 1b. Fore and mid-tibia uniformly pale ly faintly margined. Pterostigma without 2 indication of dark pigmentation, or red 2a. Forewing pterostigma pale-colored; streaks. Hindwing pale, without pigmen faint indications of streaking in cos tation. tal area of forewing; male parame- Legs: Forelegs completely pale, wi res more than twice as long as wide thout very distinctive pigmented spot at N. brasiliensis apex of fore and mid tibiae. 2b. Forewing pterostigma dark-colored, Male Genitalia: Gonarcus with often with red streaks; costal area broad dorsal plate and narrow, elongate of forewing without streaking of endoprocessus, united ventrally; broader, membrane; male parameres oval- anterio-ventral plate abruptly tapering to shaped N. paddiae thin anterior arm connected to parame- res. Parameres anteriorly positioned, and Arias, 1 male (Univ. of Murcia); Reserva thinly sclerotized; flattened, elongate Ducke, 15—XI—1977, J.R. Arias, 1 fema (about three times as long as wide); with le (INPA). This species has so far only posterio-ventral arm apically expanded. been collected in the Manaus region du Arcessus basally folded at acute angle, ring the dry season, from August to No apically fused to tip of endoprocessus of vember. gonarcus. Entire genital complex rotated Habitat: This species has only been 90° to a position opening ventrally. collected in upland forest. Forewing Length: male, 5.1 mm; fe Species Relationships: The three male, 5.2 mm. Amazonian species offer few characters Material Examined: Holotype, in the male genitalia to aid in differentia BRAZIL: Amazonas, Manaus, Parque das tion, although N. maculata appears to ha Laranjeiras, 12—VI11—1981, J.R. Arias, 1 ve narrower lateral lobes of the gonarcus male (INPA); Amazonas, Reserva Ducke, than N. brasiliensis and N. paddiae. The AM-010, km 26, 13-IX-1977, J.R. wings of N. brasiliensis are darker than Arias, 1 female paratype (Univ. of Mur- the other two species, but without pig cia); Reserva Ducke, 20-IX-1977, J.R. mentation in'the pterostigmal region, nor 2 MM Figs. 2—7. Right forewings of: 2) Sympherobius amazonicus, n. sp., 3) Symphe- robius ariasi, n. sp., 4) Nomerobius psychodoides (Blanchard), 5) Notiobiella brasiliensis, Monserrat & Penny, 6) Notiobiella maculata, Monserrat & Penny, 7) Notiobiella paddiae, Monserrat, (drawings by Artêmio Coelho da Silva). at crossveins, vein bifurcations, or the J.R. Arias, 1 male (INPA); Amazonas, anal margin. Unlike N. maculata, there is Manaus, INPA campus, 6—VI—1979, eq. no large dark spot at the apex of fore and J.R. Arias, 1 female (INPA). mid tibiae. Habitat: This species has been col lected in primary and secondary, upland Notiobiella maculata Monserrat A Penny, forest. 1983 Species Relationships: This species (Figs. 6,11-17, Map 1) can easily be separated from the other two species known from Amazonia by the large, dark spot at the apex of fore and Notiobiella maculata Monserrat and mid tibiae, and the more narrow lateral Penny, 1983, Nouv.