PRODUCTION of ALUMINIUM BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED with EMBEDDED Niti by FRICTION STIR WELDING

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

PRODUCTION of ALUMINIUM BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED with EMBEDDED Niti by FRICTION STIR WELDING PRODUCTION OF ALUMINIUM BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH EMBEDDED NiTi BY FRICTION STIR WELDING Luís Gonçalves Mendes Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica Orientadora: Professora Doutora Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Co-orientador: Professor Doutor Telmo Jorge Gomes dos Santos, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Dezembro de 2012 AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de expressar minha gratidão a todos aqueles que, de alguma forma, estiveram envolvidos nesta investigação, sem os quais teria sido impossível apresentar este trabalho. À Professora Rosa Miranda a minha mais profunda gratidão, por me convidar para este desafiador e pioneiro projeto, pelo apoio dado, pelo interesse despertado e tempo investido e pelos conhecimentos transmitidos ao longo deste curso. Ao meu co-orientador o Professor Telmo Santos pelo seu apoio e trabalho em domínios cruciais para o desenvolvimento desta investigação. Ao Professor Pedro Vilaça pelas instalações e suporte técnico durante o trabalho experimental na STM IST. Também, a minha gratidão para com o Professor Pamies Teixeira pelo seu aconselhamento muito bem-vindo. À Professora Raquel Brás pelo seu interesse e apoio, nos ensaios de vibração. Gostaria de agradecer ao Professor Braz Fernandes por todo o seu apoio, tempo investido, interesse e pelo material fornecido. Bem como ao Professor Mahesh e Professor Alexandre Velhinho. À Professora Virgínia Infante pelo apoio técnico e caracterização mecânica realizada no IST. A minha profunda gratidão ao Mestre João Gandra pela total disponibilidade e energia, sem a qual, não teria sido possível realizar este trabalho. Acima de tudo, pelo apoio e amizade. Ao Sr. António Campos e Sr. Paulo Magalhães para a sua assistência e amizade. Um agradecimento especial à minha família e amigos, que a seu modo, foram cruciais para a elaboração deste trabalho. O autor reconhece a importância da empresa Siemens, S.A. pelo fornecimento do material e ao Engenheiro Joel Mendes do sector energético. Assim como, o reconhecimento do financiamento garantido pela FCT/MCTES para o projecto ‘Desenvolvimento da tecnologia de processamento por fricção linear para produzir materiais com gradiente de funcionalidade e melhoria de superfícies para aplicações avançadas de engenharia – FRISURF’ i AKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to those who, in any way, were involved in this investigation, without whom it would have been impossible to present this work. To Professor Rosa Miranda my deepest gratitude, for inviting me to such a challenging and pioneer project, for the support given, interest and time invested, as well as, the knowledge shared along this master course. To my co-supervisor Professor Telmo Santos for his support and work various fields of this thesis. To Professor Pedro Vilaça for the facilities and technical support during the experimental work at STM-IST: Also my gratitude to Professor Pamies Teixeira for his advisory. To Professor Raquel Almeida for her interest and support in the vibration tests. I would like to thank Professor Braz Fernandes for all his support, time invested, interest and for the necessary material, as well as, to Professor Mahesh and Professor Alexandre Velhinho. To Professor Virgínia Infante for the technical support in mechanical characterization performed at IST. My deep gratitude to Master João Gandra for his availability, without which, it would have not been possible to perform this work. Above all for his friendship and support. To Mr. António Campos and Mr. Paulo Magalhães for their assistance and friendship. A special appreciation to my family and friends, whom in their own special way were crucial for the accomplishment of this work. The author acknowledges Siemens, S.A. for the material supply for the project and to Joel Mendes of the energy sector. Also, to FCT/MCTES funding for the project ‘Technology developments of friction stir processing to produce functionally graded materials and improve surfaces for advanced engineering applications – FRISURF’. iii RESUMO As ligas de alumínio têm sido amplamente utilizadas em materiais compósitos de modo a promoverem uma melhoria das suas propriedades enquanto reduzem o peso. Na produção de compósitos com uma grande diferença de propriedades mecânicas e termofísicas a soldadura por fusão, devido às elevadas temperaturas, aumenta a formação de intermetálicos indesejáveis. Essas limitações têm levado ao estudo de processos de ligação no estado sólido, como a soldadura por fricção linear (SFL), para unir diferentes materiais. Neste trabalho estudou-se a possibilidade de criar compósitos de ligas da série AA 1XXX reforçados com NiTi por SFL. Foram investigadas diferentes formas do material de reforço, analisadas as interfaces e os fluxos de material resultantes e caracterizados os compósitos produzidos. Observou-se um aumento de 70% da tensão de ruptura, em relação ao substrato de Al e a ligação entre os dois materiais dissimilares suporta tensões superiores às da ruptura do Al numa junta sobreposta. O compósito produzido apresenta uma conductividade eléctrica de cerca de 62 % IACS, reduzindo menos de 3% IACS em relação à do substrato de Al. Produziu-se assim um compósito com uma forte ligação mecânica entre ambos os materiais, mantendo as propriedades funcionais do NiTi e eléctricas do Alumínio. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Compósitos de matriz metálica Soldadura por friccção linear Ligação soldada AA 1100 NiTi v ABSTRACT Aluminium alloys have been widely used in composite materials in order to promote an enhancement in its properties while reducing weight. As in the production of new composites with a significant difference in mechanical and thermo-physical properties fusion welding processes enhances the formation of undesired intermetallics. Those limitations have driven research on solid state technologies, such as Friction Stir Welding (FSW), for joining dissimilar materials. This study aimed to develop composites in AA 1XXX series aluminium alloys with NiTi by FSW. Different reinforcing material shapes were investigated, analyzed the interfaces and the resulting material flow. The final product was mechanically characterized. It was observed an increase of 70 % of ultimate tensile strength, compared to Al base material and yielding between the two dissimilar materials was greater than the Al lap joint yield stress. The final composite depicted a good electrical conductivity, reducing less than 3 % IACS of the Al base material. Thus, a composite with a strong mechanical bonding was produced, maintaining the original functional properties of the reinforcement NiTi alloy, and the electrical properties of the Aluminium. KEY-WORDS Metal matrix composite Friction stir welding Joining AA 1100 NiTi vii TABLE OF CONTENTS AGRADECIMENTOS ................................................................................................................... i AKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. iii RESUMO ...................................................................................................................................... v PALAVRAS-CHAVE ................................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ vii KEY-WORDS ............................................................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... ix FIGURE LIST ............................................................................................................................ xii TABLE LIST ............................................................................................................................. xvi GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS................................................................... xvii 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Motivation ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Objectives .................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Structure ...................................................................................................................... 2 2. STATE OF THE ART ........................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Composite Materials ................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Shape memory alloys for composite damping enhancement ...................................... 8 2.3. Manufacturing processes ........................................................................................... 12 2.4. Friction stir welding .................................................................................................. 15 2.5. Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 23 3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ...................................................................................... 25 3.1. Materials ...................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • 2016 Summer NRA Program
    2016 Summer NRA Program NRA Program Gunsmithing Program Trinidad State Junior College 600 Prospect St. Trinidad, Colorado 81082 1-800-621-8752 ext. 5541 or 719-846-5541 [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Section _____ Page # President’s Welcome 3 Summer Coordinator’s Welcome 4 General Information 5-7 Gunsmithing Technician Certificate 8 Gunsmithing Fine Arts Certificate 8 NRA Firearms Safety Instructor Certificate 9 Using the GI Bill for courses 10 Shipping of Firearms 10 The NRA Foundation Scholarships 11-12 Bill Prator Gun Range 13 2016 Class Schedule 14-15 2016 Firearms Safety Instructor Schedule 16 Detailed Class Schedule – Description, Instructor Information and Tool Lists Week 1 Pgs. 18-25 Week 2 Pgs. 25-36 Week 3 Pgs. 36-45 Week 4 Pgs. 45-55 Week 5 Pgs. 55-61 Week 6 Pgs. 62-64 Week 7 Pgs. 64-75 Week 8 Pgs. 75-85 Week 9 Pgs. 86-91 Registration Form 92 Map of Campus and Driving Directions 94 What to do in and around Trinidad 95 Hotel, Restaurant and Attraction Information The fine print 99 2 PRESIDENT’S WELCOME Excellence. One word says it all. The Gunsmithing School at Trinidad State Junior College has a long tradition of excellence. But don’t take our word for it. Our affiliation with the National Rifle Association assures students that the TSJC Summer NRA program is high quality. For nine glorious weeks, the finest craftsmen and artists from the Gunsmithing world gather in Southern Colorado to offer hands-on courses to students from all over the nation and the world.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11) 4,416,737 Austin Et Al
    United States Patent (19) 11) 4,416,737 Austin et al. (45) Nov. 22, 1983 54 PROCESS OF ELECTROPLATING A 2,844,530 7/1958 Wesley et al. ................ 204/43 TX NICKEL-ZINC ALOY ON STEEL STRIP 4,249,999 2/1981 Tsuda et al. .......................... 204/28 4,251,329 2/1981 Asano et al. ... ... 204/27 (75) Inventors: Lowell W. Austin, Weirton, W. Va.; 4,268,364 5/1981 Hall .................... ... 204/43 Z. James O. Stoddart, Clinton, Pa. 4,282,073 8/1981 Hirt et al. ........... ... 204/28 (73) Assignee: National Steel Corporation, 4,313,802 2/1982 Shibuya et al. ....................... 204/28 Pittsburgh, Pa. OTHER PUBLICATIONS (21 Appl. No.: 347,704 J. K. Dennis et al., "Nickel and Chromium Plating', pp. 22) Filed: Feb. 11, 1982 140-142, (1972). (51) Int. C. .......................... C25D 3/56; C25D 7/00 Primary Examiner-G. L. Kaplan (52) U.S. C. ........................................ 204/28; 204/27; Attorney, Agent, or Firm-O'Neil and Bean 204/43 T; 204/DIG. 13 ABSTRACT 58) Field of Search ..................... 204/43 T, 43 Z, 27, 57 204/28, DIG. 13 An electroplating process is disclosed for coating metal strip or sheet with a nickel-zinc alloy comprising at least 56) References Cited 80% nickel. Steel sheet coated with the alloy exhibits U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS excellent weldability. 2,419,231 4/1947 Schantz ........................ 204/43, ZX 2,840,517 6/1958 Faust et al. ....................... 204/43. T 9 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure 50 A 225ppm Zn O 40Oppm O600ppm A 800ppm 0800ppm 3 O PERCENT Zn N DEPOST vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazing Compilation of Literature References from 1973 to 1978
    OCTOBER 1979 BRAZING COMPILATION OF LITERATURE REFERENCES FROM 1973 TO 1978. BY J.C. RÖMER N et hf^rlfi rids E norqy R o soa re h \ oundation ECN does not assume any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method or process disclosed in this document. Netherlands Energy Research Foundation ECN P.O. Box 1 1755 ZG Petf.n(NH) The Netherlands Telephone (0)2246 - 62».. Telex 57211 ECN-7* OCTOBER 1979 BRAZING COMPILATION OF LITERATURE REFERENCES FROM 1973 T01978. BY J.C. ROMER -2- ABSTRACT This report is a compilation of published literature on high temperature brazing covering the period 1973-1978. The references are listed alphabetically with regard to the base material or combination of base materials to be brazed. Trade names are treated as base materials. The report contains approximately 1500 references, of which 300 are to patents. KEYWORDS BRAZING BRAZING ALLOYS FILLER METALS JOINING - 3 CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1. ALUMINIUM 2. ALUMINIUM (FLVXLESS) 3. ALUMINIUM - BERYLLIUM 4. ALUMINIUM/BORON COMPOSITES 5. ALUMINIUM - COPPER 5.1. Aluminium - graphite 5.2. Aluminium - nickel alloys 5.3. Aluminium - niobium 5.4. Aluminium ~ molyldenum 5.5. Aluminium - stainless steel 5.6. Aluminium - steels 5.7. Aluminium - tantalum 5.8. Aluminium - titanium 5.9. Aluminium - tungsten 6. BERYLLIUM 7. BORONNITRIDE• 8. BRASS 8.1. Brass - aluminium 8.2. Brass - steels 9. BRONZE 9.1. Bronze - stainless steels 10. CERAMICS 10.1. Ceramics - metal - 4 - CERMETS 61 11.1. Cermets - stainless steels 62 COBALT 63 COPPER ALLOYS 64 13.1. Copper alloys - brass 68 13.2.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Hand Tools 3. Related Tools 4. Chisels 5. Hammer 6. Saw Terminology 7. Pliers Introduction
    1 1. Hand Tools 2. Types 2.1 Hand tools 2.2 Hammer Drill 2.3 Rotary hammer drill 2.4 Cordless drills 2.5 Drill press 2.6 Geared head drill 2.7 Radial arm drill 2.8 Mill drill 3. Related tools 4. Chisels 4.1. Types 4.1.1 Woodworking chisels 4.1.1.1 Lathe tools 4.2 Metalworking chisels 4.2.1 Cold chisel 4.2.2 Hardy chisel 4.3 Stone chisels 4.4 Masonry chisels 4.4.1 Joint chisel 5. Hammer 5.1 Basic design and variations 5.2 The physics of hammering 5.2.1 Hammer as a force amplifier 5.2.2 Effect of the head's mass 5.2.3 Effect of the handle 5.3 War hammers 5.4 Symbolic hammers 6. Saw terminology 6.1 Types of saws 6.1.1 Hand saws 6.1.2. Back saws 6.1.3 Mechanically powered saws 6.1.4. Circular blade saws 6.1.5. Reciprocating blade saws 6.1.6..Continuous band 6.2. Types of saw blades and the cuts they make 6.3. Materials used for saws 7. Pliers Introduction 7.1. Design 7.2.Common types 7.2.1 Gripping pliers (used to improve grip) 7.2 2.Cutting pliers (used to sever or pinch off) 2 7.2.3 Crimping pliers 7.2.4 Rotational pliers 8. Common wrenches / spanners 8.1 Other general wrenches / spanners 8.2. Spe cialized wrenches / spanners 8.3. Spanners in popular culture 9. Hacksaw, surface plate, surface gauge, , vee-block, files 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Install Your Gilpin Products Steel Fence
    INSTALL YOUR GILPIN PRODUCTS STEEL FENCE Tool You May Need Level Tape Measure Drill Mitre Saw 3/8" Box or socket wrench Flat Screwdriver Center Punch Hammer Scriber or Pencil 1. Install posts. a. Location of posts determines placement and location of fence panels. b. In-ground posts should have at least 24” buried. c. If attaching to concrete, follow directions provided with masonry anchors. To guard against breaking or chipping, install flanges 3”- 4” from edge. d. Posts must be plumb and aligned. (If surface mount posts are not plumb, use shims as needed.) 2. If necessary, cut fence to fit between posts. Insure equal space between post and first picket at either end of panel. 3. Attach fence panels to posts using P/N 865 Adjustable Fittings. a. Drill 1/4” diameter holes approximately 7/8” from each end of both top and bottom fence rails. Mark location using template provided with fitting set. b. Drill 3/16” pilot holes in newel post for self-tapping screws. Use fence to determine location. c. Four inch (4”) space under bottom of pickets is recommended for best appearance. d. Attach L-shaped bracket to fence panel with nuts and bolts provided. e. Attach fence to post using self-tapping screws provided. 4. Tighten all connections. 5. Fence has baked on finish. Touch up hardware, scratches and cuts with rust resistant (not latex) paint. DECO TRITON OASIS (800) 348-0746 www.gilpininc.com [email protected] ©Gilpin Products, LLC. 2019 1 INSTALL YOUR GILPIN PRODUCTS STEEL FENCE Tools you may need Level Tape Measure Drill Hacksaw 3/8” Box or Socket Flat Screwdriver Center Punch Hammer Scriber or Pencil 1.
    [Show full text]
  • An Evaluation of Void Formation in Ex-Service and Creep Tested HP Alloy Tubing Used for Hydrocarbon Reforming
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2014 An Evaluation of Void Formation in Ex-Service and Creep Tested HP Alloy Tubing Used for Hydrocarbon Reforming Zane William Fox Palmer University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Metallurgy Commons Recommended Citation Palmer, Zane William Fox, "An Evaluation of Void Formation in Ex-Service and Creep Tested HP Alloy Tubing Used for Hydrocarbon Reforming. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2014. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2874 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Zane William Fox Palmer entitled "An Evaluation of Void Formation in Ex-Service and Creep Tested HP Alloy Tubing Used for Hydrocarbon Reforming." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Materials Science and Engineering. Carl D. Lundin, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Hahn Choo, Easo P. George Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) An Evaluation of Void Formation in Ex-Service and Creep Tested HP Alloy Tubing Used for Hydrocarbon Reforming A Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Zane William Fox Palmer August 2014 Abstract HP alloy tubing is commonly used in petroleum reforming facilities for its high temperature strength and resistance to corrosion.
    [Show full text]
  • Isinox Metaltec Private Limited
    +91-8042974287 Isinox Metaltec Private Limited https://www.indiamart.com/isinoxalloys/ Isinox Metaltec Private Limited is one of the renowned names occupied in manufacturing and exporting an inclusive collection of products comprising Aluminium Alloy Wire and Copper Cladding Wire. About Us Incepted in the year 2013, Isinox Metaltec Private Limited is one of the excellent business organization effortlessly engrossed in manufacturing and exporting a range of products which include Aluminium Alloy Wire and Copper Cladding Wire. Made in adherence with the prevailing market set standards, we guarantee that only optimal-class material and different modern tools and machines are used in their improvement procedure. In compliance with the trends and advancements taking place in the market, these are especially applauded. Underneath the path of our mentor Mr. Ravi Bansal, we have finished massive popularity and credibility of our customers. For more information, please visit https://www.indiamart.com/isinoxalloys/profile.html ALUMINIUM ALLOY WIRES P r o d u c t s 5052 Aluminium Alloy Wire Aluminum Alloy Wire Aluminum Alloy TIG Welding 5056 Aluminium Alloy Wire Wire ALUMINUM WELDING WIRE P r o d u c t s Aluminium Alloy Wire for 5052 Aluminum Alloy Wire Water-Bottle Carrier 1050 Aluminum Wire 2011 Aluminium Alloy Wire ALUMINIUM ALLOY WIRE P r o d u c t s 1060 1080 1085 High Quality Aluminium Alloy Wire For Aluminum Wire Used In Refrigerator Grilles Aluminium Alloy Wire For 1120 Aluminium Alloy Wire Clothes Pegs ALUMINUM WIRE P r o d u c t s 5154
    [Show full text]
  • Marking out -Metal
    MARKING OUT - METAL ENGINEERS’ SQUARE SCRIBER Before cutting, shaping, drilling or just about doing anything to a piece of sheet metal, you should clearly mark out guidelines to help you work accurately. DIVIDERS There is a whole range of tools designed specifically to help you mark out your metal more easily. You will need to know how to describe these tools for the CENTRE PUNCH exam. Learn their names, their individual parts and learn how to describe how they are used. Click on the black squares above to find out more about the marking out tools used in metalwork. ODD LEG CALIPERS Brannock High School – Technology Department CRAFT & DESIGN SCRIBER WHAT IS IT ? A scriber – this one is double ended although they can be single ended. WHAT IS IT USED FOR ? It is basically used as a pencil when marking out in metalwork. If a pencil or pen was used to mark out in metalwork, the lines would easily rub off. The scriber scores a more permanent line on the surface of the metal which is easier to work with. Brannock High School – Technology Department CRAFT & DESIGN ENGINEERS` SQUARE WHAT IS IT ? An engineers` square is a metalwork tool used to mark out lines at right angles to an edge on metal. WHAT IS IT USED FOR ? The square is pushed against a straight side of the material (e.g. steel). An engineers scriber is then used to scratch a line onto the surface of the metal at right angles to the edge. Sometimes engineers blue (a dye/ink) is wiped onto the surface first so that the scratched line can be seen easily.
    [Show full text]
  • Welding ABSTRACT Units Are General Safety, Basic Metalworking Tools, Layout, Bench Metal Casting, Welding, Metal Finishing, Plan
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 223 837 CE 034 374 TITLE lndustrial Arts Curriculum Guide in Basic Metals. Bulletin No. 1685. INSTITUTION Louisiana State Dept. of Education, Baton Rouge. Div. of Vocational Education. PUB DATE Sep 82 NOTE 127p.; For related documents, see CE 034 372-375. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Guides (For Teachers) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Behavioral Objectives; *Course Content; Curriculum Guides; Equipment Utilization; Hand Tools; *Industrial Arts; Instructional Materials; Learning Activities; Machine Tools; Metal Industry; *Metals; *Metal Working; Planning; *Program Implementation; Safety; Secondary Education; Sheet Metal Wolk; *Trade and Industrial Education; Vocational Education; Welding IDENTIFIERS *Louisiana ABSTRACT This curriculum guide contains operational guidelines to help local-administrators, teacher educators, and industrial arts teachers in the State of Louisiana determine the extent to which their basic metals courses are meeting the needs of the youth they serve. It consists of a discussion of course prerequisites, goals, content, and implementation as well as 16 units devoted to various subject areas addressed in a basic metals course. Covered in the units are general safety, basic metalworking tools, layout, bench metalwork, sheet metal, art metal, ornamental metalwork, forging, metal casting, welding, metal finishing, planning, careers in metalworking, and basic metals projects. Each unit contains some or all of the following: objectives, time allotments, suggested topics, student activities, teacher activities, resources, and a unit inventory listing necessary tools and equipment. Among those items appended to the guide are safety rules, steps in making a layout, samples of basic metals projects, a sample student-planning sheet, suggestions for measuring achievement, sample test questions, techniques for conducting classes and for motivating students, and a list of resource materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Metalwork KEY WORDS METALWORK KEYWORDS Keywords with Pictures to Trigger Your Memory
    Metalwork KEY WORDS METALWORK KEYWORDS Keywords with pictures to trigger your memory. A Revision tool for Junior Certificate Metalwork. Published by Professional Development Service for Teachers (PDST) Junior Certificate School Programme Blackrock Education Centre, Kill Avenue, Dún Laoghaire, Co. Dublin Phone: 01 2365000 Email: [email protected] First Published 2016 Copyright ©PDST, JCSP. The Professional Development Service for Teachers (PDST), The Junior Certificate School Programme (JCSP), the Literacy and Numeracy Strategy, the Demonstration Library Project and the Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools (DEIS) Action Plan are funded by the Teacher Education Section of the Department of Education and Skills (DES). All rights reserved. The purpose of this publication is to enhance teaching and learning within the Junior Certificate School Programme. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means for commercial gain without prior written permission of the publisher. Every effort has been made to ensure that this book contains accurate information. However, PDST, JCSP, its agents and the authors shall not be liable for any loss or damage suffered by readers as a result of any information contained herein. Author: Alma Ui Fhlannchadha Scoil Phobail Mhic Dara, Carna, Co.na Gaillimhe 1 NATURES MATERIAL PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS ELEMENTS MATERIAL Iron (Fe) Steel Carbon (C) Brass Copper (Cu) PVC 2 NATURES MATERIAL States Solid Liquid Gas LIQUID SOLID GAS Water Ice Steam
    [Show full text]
  • ORNAMENTAL IRONWORK Millwork Contracts Our Steam Heated Plant •N»Bl©» Ua to Majiufaoturo Veneer Work at Any
    |S e 5 1 & v.; THE ONLY COMMERCIAL NEWSPAPER IN BRITISH COLUMBIA ''A 1 •r. n &** A NBWBPAPSE DEVOTED TO OEN£SAI JfBWS, BVXXtSZNa. CONTBAOTEHT*, ECTQXZTEXaxJrO), FBOTXWOXAX, CITY AND BABBOB X&EPKOVXKEITTS. PubUabed Monday y Offlo* and Plant PBICB—Per Yaar In Advance - % 10.SS- ti& VOL. XVI, No. 73. Wednesday and Friday VANCOUVER, B:C.,$l0imW, JUNE af.1919 ,683 Komer-Xilonafda I>an« Var Month - - - - - ljM Building Material PACIFIC SHEET METAL DOMINION WORKS, Limited Pressed R (J | (^ 1^ Common ROOFING CONTRACTORS KETAL WINDOWS riBE DOORS SKYXXOHTS ^> JOBBINQ BLOW PIPINO SMOKE STACKS Gabriola Shale Products, Limited 1 Wm. N. 0' Co., Li Granville Is. Seymour 2172 Vancouver Office Phone Sey. 8057 Tel. Sey. 4795-6. 548-550 Seymour St. 425 Standard Bank Bldg. J.T.A. Ritchie, Representative It UII.DINO PSBMXT8 AMOVMTMO TO tSOO OB OVEB ISSUED AT TES VAJfCOTTVXB CITT BALL TBBT1BDAT 1 ..... •" - ..:' ;.- . .'_ - -..'.- Number Daacrtpttoa Coat Gtreat Addraaa Xot and Block Subdivision f robJt^ot nort-Ttd* » 7l1-<wn Owmr Addraaa MUNDY, ROWLAND & CO. " - - • ; ' .- - • • • '••• •-,-• • •• " ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS AND f . '•• ' ' • , . CONTRACTORS —— • —-.... — - - I. _ - — i'.''V:.r,.T'1. ° Roofing, Building Clayburn Firebrick, Special PHONE FT.OF COLUMBIA AV Shaped Firebrick, Pressed >M Papers, etc. 2988 Brick, etc. Vancouver Brand Cement, Reinfor­ Building Partition ced Steel, Hvdrated and Drain Tile Lime, etc. BUILDING AND INDUSTRIAL NEVirs f RANK DARLING & CO. HARD WOO PNEUMATIC TOOLS m Lumber Veneer Panels, Etc. * ••TI-IOR" Our Stock ia tho MostComplete on th* Pacific Coaat TO BUILD SCHOOL ADDITIONS f each, hardwood floors,: built in fixtures^ Ma Beariig Drills -Close Quarter Pistil Air Drills—RrrtttiRC ItMirs Wo aro also Solo Acejits for the Plans are under way in South Van-N* air heat etc., and will copt |3,500 Clippiif Hammers-Wood Binrs-TiriiM aai Electric Drills CeJekrated "Beaver Brand" Maple ea n and Birch Floerlag.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of a State Variable Description of Inelastic Deformation to Geological Materials
    APPLICATION OF A STATE VARIABLE DESCRIPTION OF INELASTIC DEFORMATION TO GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (University of London) and for the Diploma of University College by Stephen John Covey-Crump Department of Geological Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT ProQuest Number: 10630768 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10630768 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT The work reported in this thesis is an investigation of the potential for employing non­ steady-state constitutive relations to describe the inelastic deformation properties of rock forming minerals. Attempts to determine generally applicable constitutive equations for inelastic deformation are complicated by the severe path dependence of the deformation response and by the wide range of mechanisms by which that deformation is accomplished. In the geological literature it has been normal practice to circumvent these problems by approximating the deformation as occurring at steady-state. This presents difficulties for the description of deformation by inherently transient mechanisms, for the description of small strain deformation, and for the reliability of extrapolating laboratory mechanical properties to geological deformation conditions.
    [Show full text]