YOUR SUBMISSIONIS INVITED ON nnsPLAN

This is a Proposed Management Plan, released forpublic comment on the future management of the Bunurong Marine andCoastal Park incorporating the Bunurong Marine Park and the Crown land reservations proposed for inclusion in the Coastal Park. Publication of this plan provides a major opportunity for public involvement in the planning and future management of the Bunurong area and the public, both individuals and community groups, are invited to make written submissions.

SUBMISSIONS SHOULD BE FORWARDED TO:

Regional Manager Dandenong Region Departmenl of Conservation and Environment Locked Bag No. 44 Post Office Dandenong VIC 3175

Submissions should reach the above address by 31 August 1992.

Each submission will be carefully considered and taken into account in the preparation of the approvedManagement Plan. Unless marked 'CONFIDENTIAL', submissions will be available for public inspection after 31 August 1992. For furtherinformation cont�ct Chris Lester (Manager, Coastal Unit) on (03) 412 4987 or Rowena Myers (Coastal Planner, Dandenong Region) on (03) 706 7000.

© State of Victoria 1992 A Victorian Government Publication

This publication is copyright, no part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1986.

Published by the Department of Conservation and Environment 240 Victoria Parade East Melbourne Victoria 3002

• ......

Printed on 100% recycled paper.

Cover: Eagles Nest, Bunurong Coast (Bob Fisher)

ISBN O 7306 2669 5 PROPOSEDMANAGEMENf PLAN

BUNURONG MARINE AND COASTAL PARK Incorporating the Bunurong Marine Park and the Crown land reservations proposed forinclu�ion in the Coastal Park

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Dandenong Region Y arram Region National Parks and Public Land Division DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT, VICTORIA.

May 1992 LCVN 0040796 9 f-RN b 00182:

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?: t v:cTor{ti\ i, Ly.,: y.;�·� __ FOREWORD

The Bunurong Marine Park was proclaimed in December 1991 aftera long period of communityconsultation and discussion. The park was established with substantial publicsupport primarily to protect significantintertidal and subtidal marine communities, and also to provide foreducation, re.searchand recreation. Broad provisibns forrecreational and commercial activities, such as fishing were announced when the marine park was declared. The scenic Bunurong coast between Harmers Haven and lnverloch is already very popular as a holiday destination and its marine and coastal environments are used for a variety of recreational activities. This management plan contains proposalsto furtherextend the existingmarine park to incorporate the adjacent coastal reserves in response to communityconcerns regarding the need forthe complementary management of both marine and coastalenvironments. The proposed management plan containsdetailed proposals forthe futuremanagement of both the marine and coastalenvironment in the Bunurong Marine and Coastal Park. Communityconsultation has been an important part of the development of this Propos� Plan, and it is now released to provide an opportunity forpublic comment on the specific actions which are proposed. Comments receivedwill be carefullyconsidered in the preparation of the Approved Management Plan. I strongly encourage you to take this opportunity to make comments on the Proposed Management Plan forthis important area.

BarryPullen MINISTERFOR CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Marine Parks and Reserves 1 1.2 Bunurong Marine andCoastal Park 1 1.3 The Plan 3 1.4 Governmentobligations and responsibilities 3 1.5 Guidelinesfor zoningand management areas 3

2 RESOURCESAND USES

2.1 Marinecommunities 5 2.2 Marine mammals, seabirds and shorebirds 7 2.3 Terrestrial flora 8 2.4 Terrestrial fauna 9 2.5 Climate and hydrology 10 2.6 Geology andgeomorphology 11 2.7 Palaeontology 12 2.8 Landscape 13 2.9 Koorie history 14 2.10 Maritimehistory 17 2.11 Land exploration and early settlement 18 2.12 Recreation 18 2.13 Visitorfacilities 19 2.14 Commercial activities and other uses 19 2.15 Adjacent land use 21 2.16 Public education and information 21 2.17 Research and monitoring 22

3 RESERVATIONAND MANAGEMENT

3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Public involvement in planning 23 3.3 Existingreserves and proposed changes 24 3.4 ExistingManagement authorities 26 3.5 Boundary amendments 26 3.6 Zones and management areas 27 3.7 Management objectives 28

4 MANAGEMENT ISSUES, AIMS AND ACTIONS

4.1 Introduction 29 4.2 Marine communities 29 4.3 Marine mammals, seabirds and shorebirds 32 4.4 Terrestrial flora 33 4.5 Terrestrial fauna 37 4.6 Physical resources 38 4.7 Landscape 40 4 MANAGEMENTISSUES, AIMS ANDACTIONS (cont.)

4.8 Cultural heritage 42 4.9 Recreation 44 4.10 Visitor management 48 4.11 Commercial activities andother uses 51 4.12 Adjacent land use 53 4.13 Public information and education 55 4.14 Research andmonitoring 57 4.15 Park operations and equipment 59

REFERENCES 62

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 65

APPENDIX 1 • FLORA GUIDELINES

1.1 Vegetation map 66 1.2 Ecologicalbum management area 66 1.3 Banksiamanagement area 67 1.4 Erosion of sand dunes 67 15. Vegetation rehabilitation 67 1.6 Weed control specificationsand priorities 69

FIGURES

Figure la­ Marine Reserves in Victoria facing 1 Figure 1b­ Location and boundaries facing 1 Figure2- Koori tribal boundaries 15 Figure 3- Park boundaries and zones 25 Figure 4- Special management areas and visitor facilities 71

TABLES

Table 1 - Zones and Uses 46 Table 2 -Pest plants - Bunurong 36 Figure 1a MARINE RESERVES IN VICTORIA

1 Harold Holt Marine Reserves 2 . Point Cook Manne Reserve 3 • South Gippsland Marine and Coastal Parks 4 Bunurong Marine Park MELBOURNE

Sale

50 Kilometres

BUNURONG MARINE AND COASTAL PARK Figure 1b LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES

To Melbourne To Leongatha Boundary of Bunurong Marine and Coaslal Park

To leongatha

To Tarw1n Lawer

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5 Kilometres 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 MARINEPARKS AND RESERVES

In recent years there has been a growingawareness, both nationally and internationally, of the need to protect the marine and coastal environment in a manner similar to land-based national and State parks. The coastalzone around the world is densely populated and Australia'scoast is no exception. The lack of visibility throughwater has meant that the oceans are often metaphoricallyconsidered bottomless, and are used both as a rubbish disposalarea and as a source of never-ending resources. The vulnerability of the coastal zone to serious degradation caused by over-exploitationof resources, pollution, land reclamation,inappropriate building and, most recently, tourism, has now been recognised.

Representative marineand coastalareas should be retained in their naturalstate andmanaged to encompass a variety of complementary purposes. These include safeguarding the indigenous flora and fauna and their habitats, preservinggenetic diversity, retaining areas for scientificreference and conserving geological,cultural and scenic features. In addition, present and future generations should be encouraged to enjoy and learnabout the naturalenvironment.

One way to protect andconserve the marineenvironment is through the establishment of marine protected areas. These are most often set aside as 'marine parks' or 'marinereserves', these terms being used interchangeably in the past. In 1984, the Council of Nature ConservationMinisters (1985) endorsed standardised terminology. The term 'marine reserve' refersto areas which are to be protected from all exploitative activities and thus are affordedthe highest level of protection. 'Marineparks' are generally larger areas whichare zoned formultiple use. Differentzones in marine parks canbe designatedto allow,regulate or prohibit a wide range of activities.

There are many magnificentmarine and coastal areas in Victoria and some marine areas have already been protected in parks and reserves. The firstareas proclaimed were the Harold Holt MarineReserves in 1979. These reserves are located at the southernend of Port Phillip Bay and include Swan Bay, MudIslands, Point Lonsdale, Point Nepean and the Annulus(Popes Eye) Marine Reserves. In 1982 another small reserve in Port Phillip Bay was declared - the Point Cook MarineReserve. These reserves were established under the FisheriesAct 1968.

In 1986 the South Gippsland Marine and Coastal Parkswete established. Five separate areas were protected: Wilsons PromontoryMarine Reserve,Wilsons PromontoryMarine Park, Shallow Inlet Marine and Coastal Park, Corner Inlet Marine and Coastal Park and Nooramunga Marine and Coastal Park. These parks, which include the largest and most significant marine areas reservedin Victoria, were reserved under the Crown Land (Reserves)Act 1978 and added to Schedule Four of the NationalParks Act 1975. These reserves are also protected under the provisions of the FisheriesAct 1968 and other relevant Acts.

In December, 1991, the Bunurong MarinePark, incorporatinga SanctuaryZone and two Conservation Zones, was reserved under the Crown Land (Reserves)Act 1978 and added to Schedule Four of the NationalParks Act 1975. Concurrently, the Bunurong SanctuaryZone was proclaimedand rules specifiedunder Section 79A of the FisheriesAct 1968. Park Regulations 1984 apply to both the Sanctuary and Conservation Zones.

1.2 BUNURONGMARINE AND COASTAL PARK

The Bunurong Marh1e and Coastal Park is located 140kilometres south-east of Melbourne and extends along approximately 17 kilometres of the coast fromCoal Point in the west to Wreck Creek in the east. The park includes a narrow strip of coastal land and the adjacent marine area, the Bunurong Marine Park, from the mean high water mark to one kilometre offshore. The name Bunurong is derived fromthat of an Aboriginal tribe that once lived in the Westernportarea, including the area of the park. The park is adjacent to the settlements of HannersHaven and cape Paterson in the west, and slightly south-west of Inverloch (see Figure 1). The Bunurong area was firstproposed for protection in the late 1970's. In its Final Recommendations for South Gippsland District 2 (1982), the Land Conservation Council (LCC) recommended that the coastal area fromCape Paterson to Point Smythe, on the west side of Anderson Inlet, be designated scenic coast for the purposes of:

informal recreation, enjoyment and understanding of nature protection and conservation of naturalcoastal landscapes, ecosystems, archaeological, geomorphologicaland historic features conservation of both aquatic and terrestrialfauna and flora provision of facilitiesfor fishing and boating andnecessary navigational aids education and scientificstudy conservation of fossils and geological featuresbetw een Cape Paterson and Inverloch.

The LCC recommendations included onlytwo-thirds of Bunurong in this study as they did not specificallyconsider the area west of Cape Paterson. Nevertheless, the LCC noted that all coastal Crown land within the Borough of Wonthaggi(i.e. Cape Paterson to Powlett River) had particular nature conservationand recreation values. " A biologicalsurvey wascarried out in 1982 to establishthe significanceof the marine lifealong the Bunurong coast (Wilson, Poore, & Goman, 1983, 1990). The subtidal area consists of gradually sloping reef platforms that extend many kilometres offshore, and offers numerous micro-habitats for a diversity of floraand fauna. Extensiveintertidal rock platforms, such as TwinReefs, are rare along the Victorian coast although the subtidal reef habitat is more widespread. The range of species and biological communities, their relatively undisturbed condition and the occurrence of less common habitat types makesboth the intertidal and subtidal areas highly valuable as a natural resource.

The Bunurong area has several geologically significantfeatures including Eagles Nest, an arkose rock stack, and Cretaceous sandstone and shale cliffs androck platforms (Bird 1977). Valuable Cretaceous fossils (Rich & Rich 1989) and remainsof more recent Aboriginaloccupation (Coutts, Witter, Cochrane, & Patrick 1977) also occur in the areaand are worthy of protection and conservation.

The land area has remnant examples of various coastalvegetation communities which would have been widespreadin the area before the arrival of Europeans.

The State Governmentdecided to create a marine protected area along the Bunurong coast to conserveboth the unique andrepresentative features. The Bunurong Marine Reserve proposal was initially released to the public in October 1987 (Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands 1987).

Many of the submissions on the original proposal forthe Bunurong Marine Park noted that management of the adjacent terrestrial Crown land was important in creating a buffer between adjacent freeholdland and the marineenvironment, as well as providing habitat fora diversity of plant and animalcommunities.

To provide for integrated management of both the terrestrial and marine environments, both areas are being considered in the current management planning process. It is intended that both areas be protected by complementary reservations as the Bunurong Marine and Coastal Park upon the finalisationof the approved management plan.

In 1989, the Australian Heritage Commission also recognised the significanceof the Bunurong area. The Commission added the Bunurong cliff,coastal and marine areas, a total of 750 hectares between Cape Paterson and Venus Bay, to the Register of the National Estate. This register is an inventory of places that may require special protection or management for their aesthetic, historic, scientificor social significance,or other special value, for the present community and future generations.

A grant was provided by the Department of Conservation and Environment (DCE or the Department) in 1989 to post-graduate environmental_students to provide resource and

2 managementinformation on Bunurong (Campbell, Cheatley, & Clark, 1989). This information provided a sound basis fromwhich the current plan was developed.

1.3 THE PLAN

The mainpurpose of thisplan is to guide managers andprovide a sound basis forfuture works programs to ensure the most effective,co�plementary and consistentmanagement of the park. The plan should prevent thesubtle erosion of the natural values of the area by the cumulative effects of small, unplanned decisions. In addition, any unforeseen problem or action which has not been specificallyreferred to in this plan can be resolved by assessment against the park's objectives and managementaims.

Essential to the success of the plan, and thereforethe park's future,is community awareness, acceptance and input. The proposed plan provides an opportunityfor publiccomment which will assistin preparation of the plan. The plan willguide management of thepark for at least the next five years.

The need for reviewof the plan will be considered afterfive years. If resource information becomes available before that time which justifies amendment of the plan, it may be amended afterpublic consultation. Implementation of the plan's provisions is the responsibilityof the Dandenong and Yarram Regions of theDepartment of Conservation and Environment.

1.4 GOVERNMENTOBLIGATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

The management objectives for the Bunurong Marine and CoastalPark are derived from a framework of international, national and Victorian Governmentcommitments and policies for the conservation of marine and coastal environments. These agreementsand specificlegislation definethe obligations and responsibilitiesof the Victorian Governmentin managingCrown land set aside for a nominated purpose. Internationalagreements includespecific wildlife conservation commitments, broad policies to protect the marine environmentand agreementson minimising the occurrence and effectsof pollution.

A range of Commonwealth legislation and agreementsbetween the Commonwealth, States and Territories has influenced overall responsibilities for parksin Australia, particularly)llarine areas. The Council of Nature Conservation Ministers (1985) has agreed upon selection and management principles formarine protected areas. The Australian Committee for the InternationalUnion for the Conservationof Nature (1986) has also developed policies for management of marineparks and reserves.

The Victorian Government has developed several major strategiesand policies or programsin the last decade which influence preparationof plans for, and management of, Crownland. The conservationobjectives of the Bunurong Marine and CoastalPark willbe met by using specific legislationto regulate activities in the park and thus secure its long-term future. The major legislation will be under the NationalParks Act 1975, the FisheriesAct 1968 and the CrownLand (Rese,ves)Act 1978. For a more detailed listingof international, national and State policies and legislation that affectmarine and coastalparks see the Proposed ManagementPlan, Shallow Inlet Marine and CoastalParle (DCE 1990a).

Regional and local government strategies, and business enterprises that provide public utilities, also affect the park's management. Adjacent landowners, communityinterest and specialist groupsand representative government bodies, which include the Shire of Woorayland Borough of Wonthaggi, also interact with and influencethe Department in planning and works undertaken both withinand adjacent to the park.

1.5 GUIDELINES FOR ZONING AND MANAGEMENTAREAS

Zoningis a technique which separates a park into management units and prescribes priorities for their use. The zoning,while remaining simple, should reflectthe relative value of natural resource characteristics and the potential fortheir degradation. Thus, activities willbe assessed and permitted activitiesassi gned to zones on the basis of their impact on natural values.

3 Potentialconflicts between activitiesand uses may alsobe regulated. Priority will be given to those activitiesthat have least environmental impact and are coastal-dependent. Where possible, regulation of humanactivities will be minimised.

The zones should also be as consistent as possible with plans for other areas of public land and water. and should reflectgovernment poli cy. The public should.be clearly informed of zone boundaries and permitted activities and, where possible, boundaries should be clearlymarked or delineated.

Management areas are smaller areas than zones and are recognised as important for a particular characteristic or use. These areas may be designatedand managedto maintain, protect or enhance occurrences of significantflora, fauna or biologicalcommun ities, or features of particular geological,cultural or scenic value. In addition,management areas may be designatedto provide foror to regulatespecific human activities,such as high visitor use, restrictto access or for scientificreference purposes. In most cases management areas aredesignated because they require particular or specificforms of management differentfrom those generally used elsewhere in a park.

4 2 RESOURCES ANDUSES

2.1 MARINE COMMUNITIES

The marine environment at Bunurong containsa spectacular range of plantsand animals which t are worthy of protection. The coastline consists of broad interidalrock platforms, separated by sandy beaches. The rock platforms extendwell offshore, with a gradual increase in depth to a maximumof 12.15metres deep several kilometres seawards. Sand and shelly soft bottoms become more freque.nt further away from the coast.

Wilson et al (1983, 1990) carried out the most detailed study to date of marine communitiesat Bunurong and Wilsons Promontory in 1982, surveying23 and 115 sites respectively. Wtlsons Promontory is considered to have the greater diversity of flora and fauna and is notable forits unusualunderw ater granitic outcrops and seagrass meadows. However in contrast to Bunurong, Wilsons Promontory has only a very narrow intertidal zone and its subtidal reefshave a steep gradient.

The variation in topography of the wide intertidaland subtidal rock platforms at Bunurong offers numerous micro·habitats for a rich and diverse flora and fauna. Intertidal rock platforms are not common along Victoria's coastline and areas such as TwinReefs are also notable fortheir size and species divei:sity. Subtidal rock platforms are more common along the Victorian coast, but few are reserved and the diversityof habitats at Bunurongprovides forthe protection of a wide range of marine communities.

The marine environment at Bunurong thus consists of features that are either rare, or characteristic but not wellprote cted elsewhere, withman y species and habitats occurring in a relatively small area. These combined characteristicsgive .the area a high conservation value.

Occurrence and distribution of both marineplants and animals is influenced by many physicaland environmentalfacto rs, including water depth, aspect, slope, exposure, light penetration, water quality, nature of substrate, food availability, shelter and biogeographical history. Thedistribution of plant and animal species in the marine environment is often characterisedby reasonablywell· defmed biological communities whichhave specificdominant species. Wilson et al. (1983, 1990) documented five major intertidal zones and foursubtidal communities as occurring in Bunurong. The followingbrief descriptions mainly follow these classifications.

Intertidal

Sandy beaches are common in Bunurong but, as they havea much lower diversity of species than the adjacent rock platforms, no biologicalsurvey of beaches has been carried out. In general, the fauna of this zone is highly specialised and areaswith finer·grainedsand andflatter, more stable beaches have the greatestdiver sity and abundance of fauna.

Above the reach of high tide, but withinreach of oceanspray, is the spray zone whichin Bunurong is composed of large boulders and cliffs. In this area only a few species of invertebrate fauna survive, including the littorinid mollusc, Nodilittorinaunifasciata, and the trochid, Bembicium nanum.

On rock platforms inthe upper intertidalzone, common algae species include the greenalga Enteromorphaintestinalis and blue-greenalgae such as Rivulariafinna. A variety of invertebrate fauna species occur inthis zone, including the Nestling Mussel (Brachidontes rostratus) and severeµ species of barnacles (Common Rock· Chthamalus antennatus, Tiny Rock - Chamaesipho columna, and Surf. Catomeruspolym erus).

The extensive mid-intertidal zone supports a variety of communities, most of which include the well·known brown alga, Neptunes Necklace (Honnosirabanksii), and frequently the greenalga, Sea Lettuce (Ulva /actuca). Other common species include the brown alga Cystophora sp. and both articulated and encrusting coralline red algae, the latter type more usually occurring in shaded areas. Commonly recognised invertebrates that inhabit this zone include several species of

5 limpets, such as the Variegated (Cellanatramoserica) and Tall-ribbed (Patel/oidaalticostata) Limpets, the trochid Ribbed Top Shell (Austocochleaconstricta) and the Tiny Rock Barnacle.

The lower intertidalprovides habitat fora large variety of invertebratesand algae, many of which are also typical of the subtidalzone. Species such as Blacklip Abalone (Haliotisruber), Elephant Snail(Scutus antipodes), several species of crabs (e.g. Notomithraxursus, Lomis hirta) andsea­ stars (PaJiriella sp., Coscinasterias calamaria), echinoids, crinoids and ophiuroids,.numerous gastropods and smaller crustaceans are visible to both the reef-top naturalist and to recreational divers. The colour and abundance of algae in this zone, especially reds and browns, provides variable scenery and habitat.

The upper levels of rocks and boulders toward the seaward edge of shore platforms are subject to strong shearingforces from wind and waves. Gelidium pusillum,an alga with stiffenedfronds that branch only in one planeand which formsdense, flattened, tangled mats, is able to tolerate these severe conditions andfrequently dominates this habitat (Campbell 1989).

Subtidal

The subtidal zone is dominated by macroalgae. The most common community,particularly between Cape Paterson and Inverloch, is dominatedby the brownalgae Cystophora and Sargassum. Many other algae are present, especially greenalgae such as several species of Caulerpa. Although only a few faunal samples were taken in thiscommunity type, these provided importantcollections of isopod crustaceans. Of particularinterest were two isopod families, Pseudidoteidae and Plalcarthriidae,that had not previously been recorded fromAustralia and 20 species of the family Sphaeromatidae, an especially diverse number of species for one area.

On the western side of Cape Paterson, the major community type is dominated by the brown algae Phyl/osporacomosa and Eckloniaradiata. This community is relatively infrequentat Bunurong but widespread at Wilsons Promontory. A diverseunderstorey of red algae (including corallines), brown algae, encrusting bryozoans and. sponges, as wellas a rich epifauna in the algal turf occurs in thePhyllospora-Ecklonia communityat Bunurong.

Although areas with low light penetration are uncommon in Bunurong, dark habitats such as caves,crevices and ledges do occur. These areas are dominated by Sponge-Bryozoan communities and provide shelter for many species of fauna,including Southern Rock Lobster (lasus novaehollandiae) and abalone. Other areas protected fromrough conditions, but on softbottoms, also occur infrequentlyat Bunurong. These soft-bottom benthos communities support seagrass, withAmphibolis antarctica and Heterozostera tasmanica being prevalent. A rich fauna of hydroid and bryozoan epizoansinhabits this community.

Although a detailedsurvey of fishhas not been carried out in Bunurong, 87 species have been recorded fromthe area (Wilson et al 1983, Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands 1987). Of these, 60-70 species tend to be associated with the reefs, being relatively sedentary in nature and remaining in a small territory throughout or formajor parts of their life cycle. Fish are particularly attracted to the intertidal and subtidal rock platforms because of the variety of protective niches and abundance of food in the form of plankton,algae and small invertebrates. The colour and variety of fishspecies provide an attractive visual display forthe recreational diver. Species which divers and anglers commonly recognise includethe Blue-throated Wrasse (Pseudolabrus tetricus),Common Bullseye (Pempherismultiradiatus), Old Wife (Enoplosus annatus),Gunns (Velvet) Leatherjacket (Eubalichthysgunii), Scalyfin-(Panna victoriae), Tasmanian Blenny (Pictiblennius tasmanianus)and Stranger (Haletta semifasciata). Most of the fishassociated with the reef arefound in all marinehabitat types in Bunurong, although abundance varies between different communitytypes. One species, Paraplesiops meleagris, has only been recorded fromthe Sponge-Bryozoan community.

Pelagicfish occupy the water column, are not specificallyassociated with the substratum and generally utilise a greater area than that available only in the local environs of Bunurong. Pelagic fishspecies may migrate between areas because of seasonal or breeding cycle requirements· and may move between the shallow waters of Bunurong and deeper waters offshore. Of the fish species known to occur in Bunurong, about one-quarter are considered to be pelagic, including

6 many speciesof shark (e.g. Gummy Shark-Mustelus antarctius,School Shark - Ga/eorhinus australis,Common Saw Shark- Pristiophorusci"atus, SouthernSaw Shark - P. nudipinis,Angel Shark - Squatina australisand Elephant Shark - Callorhyncus mil/ii),several well known species· of mullet, pike, flatheadand Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus),Tailor (Pomatomus saltator), King George Whiting(Sillaginodes punctatus)and Barracouta (Thyritesatan).

Surveys of phytoplankton (algae) and zooplankton(animals) have not been carried out in Bunurong.

2.2 MARINEMAMMMB, SEABIRDSAND SHOREBIRDS

Unlike other nearby areas, such as Anderson Inlet and WtlsonsPromontory, Bunurongh as neither the highnumber of individualsof particular species nor the diversity of marinemammals, seabirdsor shorebirds.

Detailed surveys havenot been carried out, but existing fauna records are listed on the DCEAtlas of Victorian WildlifeDatabase. In addition, recent observationsfrom a two day surveyof both marineand terrestrial fauna have also been included. The following species, and those noted in Chapter 2.4 are includedin this database.

A 'significant'species includes any marine or terrestrial faunawhich is considered to be threatened in Victoria (i.e. extinct, endangered, rare, vulnerable, indeterminate or insufficientlyknown). Species which breed or roost in colonies that are limited in number are also oftenclassified as significant. Fulldefinitions for each of these categories and the species assigned to them are given in Baker-Gabb (1990).

The most significantspecies whichresides in the area is the Hooded Plover ( Charadrius rubricolis),a species listed as vulnerable. Bunurong normallysupports only a few pairs of this. species, but the area may act as a refugeat times for individuals of this and otherspecies which normally occur in different localities. Hooc�ed Plovers catch their foodfrom the sand at alllevels on the foreshore andnest inshallow depressions in the san9 andare therefore particularly susceptible to disturbance fromhumans, domestic and wild dogs, feral cats and foxes.

Other shorebirds such aswaders also occur in the area,but the small, sandy embayments which are relatively steep and narrow do not provide sufficientfood forlarge numbers. Both non­ migratory and migratoryshorebirds occur in Bunurong; forexample, Sooty Oystercatchers (Haematopusfuliginosus) and Double-banded Plovers (Charadrius bicinctus), a winter migrant fromNew Zealand. Some species can travel large distances,for instance the Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) which mi grates fromthe Arctic to Australia forour summer.

Seabirds are frequentlyeither vagrantor migrants andmay be predominantlyoceani c, such as the Pomarine Jaegar (Stercorariuspomarinus), or inshore such as the Arctic Jaegar (S. parasiticus), both these species migratingfrom higher latitudes of the northern hemisphereto Victoria in summer. Some species such as the Southern and NorthernGiant Petrels (Macronectes giganteus, M. halli)utilise both pelagicand inshorehabitats, these species frequentlybeing wintermi grants to Victoria fromAntarctica. None of the seabirds which occur in Bunurong are known to breed in the area.

Of the seabirds and shorebirdsrecorded in Bunurong, the Short-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostrius),Crested Tern (Stema bergii), Arctic Jaegar, Ruddy Turnstoneand Pomarine Jaegar are listed under the Japanese-AustralianMi gratory Birds Agreement, the latter two species also being listed under the China-Australia Migratory Birds Agreement. These agreements recognise that certain species of birdsmi grate between the reciprocal countries and agree that both countries will conserve the habitats of these species.

Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) often occur in Bunurong, this species being common and havinga widespread distribution along the Victorian coast. The nearest major breeding colony of this species is at Phillip Island, withbreeding pairs at this site and at Gabo Island representing about 60 per cent of the Victorian breeding population.

7 Of the marine mammals observedin Bunurong, the SouthernRig ht Whale (Balaenaglacialis) is listed as vulnerable. The shallow rockycoastline of Bunurong is not ideal habitat for this species and animalsseen in the area would usually be travelling throughrather than feeding. Four species of seals (Australian and New ZealandFur-seals, Australian Sea-lionand Southern Elephant Seal)once resided in the BassStrait area and possibly Bunurong. Commercialsealing in the 19th century eliminated allbut one species, the AustralianFur-seal (Arctocephaluspusillus) fromthis area. Since the end of sealingin the 1860's, population numbersof the AustralianFur­ seali n BassStrait have increasedand it hasbeen recorded recently in Bunurong.

Other'marine mammals recorded in the area include the Bottlenose and Common Dolphins (Tursiopstnmcatus, Delphinus delphis),and the Leopard Seal (HydlUrgaleptonyx) which naturally occurs in sub-Antarcticabut may be found, oftenstranded, in southern and south-eastern Australia. In the last fewyears the Sub-Antarctic Seal(Arctocephalus tropicalis) has been recorded more frequentlyin southernAustralia. These animalsare often young,disorientated or sick, and recently a beach-washedanimal was found at Bunurong.

2.3 TERRESTRIALFLORA

The proposed Bunurong Coastal Park containsremnants of indigenous coastal vegetation communities once widespreadin the area. Coastal environments are relativelyharsh withmany species being specificallyadapted to this environment. The dominant influences on community composition are salt, whichsignificantly influences vegetation to about one kilometreinland, and degreeor'exposure to winds. Other factors include substrate composition, water and nutrient availability, and succession processes .

. Comparedwith many other vegetation systems, such as forests and woodlands, coastal ecosystems are relatively fragile, the dominant species frequentlybeing short-lived, the soils poorly developed and often unstable, andwith erosion, colonisation and succession usually occurring rapidly. The impactof human activities can thereforecause maJor disruption and changes in species and community composition.

No detailedfloristic study has been undertaken in Bunurong, but broad vegetation communities can be described. Open coastal vegetation communities occur in Bunurong, particularly on the south-westerly facingcoastal sand dunes between Coal Point and HarmersHaven. The dune crests naturally support grassland dominated by HairySpinifex (Spinifex sericeus); but where erosion has led to revegetation programs, the planted exotic Marram Grass (Ammophila arenaria) is initiallypredominant. Where secondary succession has occurred, and in more protected areas, shrubland dominated by Coast Wattle (Acacia sophorae) iscommon. Sedgeland dominated by Knobby Club-sedge (Isolepisnodosa) occurs in a fewareas, such as dune swales.

Behindthe foredunes, coastalscrub and heathlands occur. A particular factorinfluencing many vegetation communities inBunurong is ashallow layer of coffee-rock. This layer prevents penetration of water andimpedes soil drainage, creating boggy areas adjacentto otherwise well- drained sandy soils.

The heathlandsare of particular botanicalinterest because they oftenhave highspecies diversity and may support undescribed or significant taxa such as some species of orchids. In the Wonthaggi area, heathland would once have been common, but has been greatly depleted in extent by agriculturaland rural development. Two main types of heath occur in Bunurong. A closed or wet heath community of 1-2 min height occurs on seasonally waterlogged sites and is dominated by the shrubs Prickly Tea-tree (Leptospennum juniperinum), Scrub Sheoke (Allocasuarina paludosa) and Scented Paperbark (Melaleuca squarrosa). A dry heath community, dominated by Heath Tea-tree (Leptospennummyrsinoides) and Green Sheoke (Allocasuarina paradoxa) of about 0.5 m height, occurs on relatively well drained soils. Other associated species includeHorny Cone-bush (Isopogon ceratophyllus), Silver Banksia (Banksia marginata), Prickly Geebung (Persooniajuniperina) andSweet Wattle (Acacia suaveolons). The latter species is interesting in form as this normally erect plant grows in a scrambling habit and has unusually narrow phyllodes.

8 Two majortypes of scrub occur in the area, Swamp Paperbark (Melaleuca ericifolia)and Coast Tea-tree (Leptospennum laevigatum),,bothgrowing up to 6 min height. Species associated with the former communityinclude Pithy Sword-sedge (Lepidospenna longitudinale ), Bower Spinach (Tetragoniaimplexicoma) andBare Twig-sedge (Bawneajuncea). Coastal Tea-tree scrub has a prominent understorey of Bower Spinach,Seaberry Saltbush (Rhagodiacandolleana), Coast Sword-sedge (Lepidospenna gladiatum) and the exotic PanicVeldt Grass (Ehrharta erecta).

Fire is another majorfactor which influencesspecies distribution and abundance in dry heath and scrub communities. Before European settlement, firesfrequently occurred in summer, possibly deliberately or accidentally started by Koories. Such fireswould now threaten private property if not controlled. Nevertheless, fires are essential to maintainthe vigour and diversityof heath areas which after a fire-freeperiod in excess of 40-50 years, become degenerate and are replaced by Coast Tea-tree and Coast Wattle associations.

A Coast Banksia (Banksiaintegrifolia) community with an understorey of Coast Tea-tree, Coast Wattle and Sweet Bursaria (Bursariaspinosa) occurs in the vicinity of Flat Rocks but is indecline with widespreaddieback of the Coast Banksia. Although the precise cause of the dieback is unknown, disruptive activitiesin the area have included camping, road-works, grazing, slashing, and trampling of soil andvegetation. These activitieshave resulted inretention of a narrow, fragmentedstrip of vegetation with changednutrient composition and water availability, compacted soiland high weed infestation. These types of problems occur elsewhere in the park and human activities in such areas require carefulmanagement.

Information on species composition and the significance of the vegetation communities in Bunurong willrequire additional surveys. Surveysof three nearby areas - the Wonthaggi Heathlands Reserve, the privately-ownedGolden Cape Estate and adjacent private land, and Crownland in CassiaStreet have shown .both high species diversity andbotanical significance (Carr & Todd 1990;DCE 1991a). The most detailed florasurveys, on the WonthaggiHeathla nds, adjacent to the western boundary of Bunurong, recorded 294 species of which 267 are indigenous, including 46 species of orchids.

All three of these nearby sites have significantspecies. At the W onthaggiheathlands there are 22 known species of significance, three of national, four of State and 15 of regionalsignificance. The Golden Cape area has two nationally, six regionallyand eight locally significant species, while Cassia Street has one species of nationaland two of State significance. The three species of national significanceare the orchids Broad-lip Leek-orchid (Prasophyllumtnmcatum), Cream Spider-orchid ( Caladenia fragrantissima ssp. orientalis) andLeafy Greenhood (Pterostylis culcul/ata). The four known species of State significance are also orchids. Another orchid, Caladenia cleistantha,is knownto occur in the Golden Cape areaand may also be of national significance(Carr & Todd 1990, Carr 1991,Jones 1991, Entwistle 1991).

Each of the three surveyedsites also has significantvegetation communities. These include dry heath communities of national or high regionalsignificance at all three sites, and regionally significantcommunities of wet heath and ecotonal (wet/dry) heath at the Wonthaggiheathlands and the Golden Estate area respectively. Overall therefore, all sites would be of national botanical significance.

Despite the high number of species already recorded at these surveyedsites, additional species are still likelyto be found because of seasonal, annual and spatial variations in plant distribution. In Bunurong, it is expected that the overallspecies diversity and significancewill be lower, but that :qianyof the species recorded inadjacent areas will be found. The surveyed sites demonstrate not only the overall botanical importance of remnant vegetation communities but also the importance of monitoringand managing areas forsignificant communities and species, in this case, heathlands and orchids respectively.

2.4 TERRESTRIALFAUNA

Bunurong provides a narrow strip of mostly indigenous vegetation and habitat for faunain the area. All species records are fromdirect observation as no survey program involving trapping has been carried out (see also 2.2). Two significant land-based mammals have been recorded in

9 Bunurong. One is the Swamp Antechinus (Antechinus minimus) which is listed as vulnerable in Victoria and which inhabits wet heath, grasslandand sedge communities. This species is known to occur in Bunurong from a road kill found between Cape Paterson and Inverloch. The second significant species is the Common Bent-wing Bat (Miniopterusschreibersii) which is listed because of its colonialbreeding and roosting habits. In Bunurong, Common Bent-wing Bats roost in the coastal caves along the foreshore.

Other mammals known to occur in Bunurong include the SouthernBr own Bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus), Common Wombat (Vombatus ursinus), Common Ringtail Possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) andSwamp Wallaby (Wallabiabicolor). Although not recorded in the area, it is possible that the White-footed Dunnart (Sminthopsis leucopus) and Eastern Pygmy-possum (Cercartetusnanus) may also reside in the park.

A diversity of birds occur inBunur ong. Of particular interestare a pair of PeregrineFalc ons (Falco peregrinus) whichbreed andhave several observational roosts on ledges along the Bunurong cliffs. Also of interest is the presence of the White-plumed Honeyeater (Lichenostomus penici/latus) in the Banksia woodland at Flat Rocks, as thisspecies is uncommon in south-eastern Victoria and usually occurs in forests, woodlandsand wooded farmland containing River Red Gums or gum-barked eucalypts.

Other types of vertebrates that are known to occur in Bunurong include a variety of skinks, lizards, snakes and frogs. In addition, an array of invertebrates also occur, many of which become food for reptiles, birds and mammals. Other invertebrates pollinate flowers, decompose litter or enhance the composition of the substrate and thus are important components of terrestrial ecosystems.

Introduced species in the area include the rabbit, feral cat, fox and many species of birds such as the Feral Pigeon, Common Starling, House Sparrow and Common Blackbird. The rabbit causes erosion problems and changes in vegetation composition because of its food and habitat preferences, whereas feral cats and foxes causeenvir onmental problems by directly killing native fauna. Introduced birds may successfully compete with native bird species for both habitat and food sources, thus indirectly reducing the numbers of some native birds and other fauna.

2.5 CLIMATEAND HYDROLOGY

The Bunurong area experiences a temperate climate with weather predominantly coming from the west as an irregular series of highs and lows, as is common to most of Victoria. Temperatures in the area arem oderated by proximityt o the coast, ocean water masses not being as influencedby changes in diurnal, and even seasonal, temperature as land masses. Temperatures recorded at Wilsons Promontory range from an annual mean minimum of u0c to an annual mean maximum of 16oc, with these temperatures being, respectively, 9°C and 18.soc, at Wonthaggi. Rainfall data from Wonthaggi and Inverloch show anannual mean rainfall of 929 mm and 961 mm respectively, which is distributed throughout the year but with highest mean monthly averages from April to October (AustralianBureau of Meteorology 1977, Land Conservation Council 1980).

Records of wind speed and direction at Kilcunda (approximately 15 km west of Cape Paterson) show that the wind speed averages 8.2 m/s and blows mainly in a south-west, north or northeasterly direction (State Electricity Commission 1988). Where wind blows in a similar direction to the prevailingswell and reaches gale force, vigorous storms and gales with wind speeds of up to 35 m/s break heavily on shores facing south-west, which includes most areas between Harmers Haven and Cape Paterson. In summer, lighter, south-easterly winds are also common, these blowing directly onshore mainly between Cape Paterson and Flat Rocks.

The drainage basin to the Bunurong coast is relatively small, and no major creeks or Iivers enter the ocean. Coal Creek drains the country south of Wonthaggi and several smaller, non-perennial creeks, including Wreck Creek, drain the land north of Bunurong. Along the coast, small watercourses froml ocalised run-offmay result in temporary waterfalls, notably at a site west of Eagles Nest. Other areas become waterlogged, especially where a coffee-rockhorizon in the soil impedes drainage.

10 Tidal range affects both the extent of the intertidal zone and the strength of currents. Tidal range forBunurong has not been documented specifically, but is likely to be between one and two D1etres,with tides being generally 20minutes later in periodicity than those at Port Phillipheads. Tidal currents increase with greater tidal range and at Bunurong are particularlystrong at Undertow Bay and on more exposed beacheswest of Cape Paterson. Little informationis available on the bathymetryof the coastline, althoughthe Wonthaggi·lnverlochWater Board has carriedout some surveysand the increase in water depth is known to be very gradual.

Z.6 GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

The following summary of geological and geomorphological processes is derived mainlyfrom Bird (1977), unless otherwise indicated.

Two majortypes of lithic (i.e. stone) material occur in Bunurong. The oldest is Cretaceous sandstone and shale, which was deposited between 95· 120 million years ago. This rock type is frequently exposed between Undertow Bay and The Caves, andon adjacent rock platforms,.and has been highlyfaulted. The remainder of Bunurongconsists of more recent Quaternary (Holocene and Pleistocene) deposits which aredominated by calcareous sands. Pleistocene (15 million to 15,000years ago) beach and dune formations,·whichoccur mainlybetween Coal Point and Cape Paterson, consist of several partly overlapping dune formations. These formationsare separated by layers of harder limestone ( calcrete) and ancient soils (paleosols) which markthe landsurfacesof earlier, buried dune topographies. The Pleistocene sediments extendback to Wonthaggi, but along the coastlineare capped with more recent unconsolidated Holocene ( < 15,000years old) dune sand.

· Coastlineformation and modification are influencedby the composition of the lithic material, geologicalhistory, the strength and direction of waves and wind, and other processes causing erosion, . transport and deposition of sediments. Twenty thousand years ago the sea stood 10().140 metres below its present level, exposing the Bassian Plain as a land bridge between Tasmania and Victoria. The Holocene marine transgression,or sea level rise, occurred approximately5,000 years ago, bringing wave action to rejuvenate the bluffs that had been formed by degradation during previous phases of high sea level.

The present outer coastline of Bunurotigis exposed to a prevailing south·westerly swell derived fromdistant storm activity in the Southern Ocean. In general, steeper, higher waves areerosive, while low gentle waves move sand or gravelshoreward on to beaches, building them up and advancing (prograding) the shoreline. The initial wave strength can be significantlyinfluenced by wind speed and direction.

The wave energy at Bunurong is moderate to high. The shallow, graduallysloping nature of the subtidal area protects the coast from the very high energy waves which occur in other locations such as at Cape Schanck and Cape Liptrap. Qn easterly facingshores and in the lee of headlands, the prevailing south·westerly waves are weakened by refraction. Less frequent,less vigorous, mainlysummer easterly winds also resultonly in moderate wave energy, and consequently cause less erosion on shores facingthis direction.

Between Cape Paterson and Inverloch in areas exposedto the south·west, the Cretaceousrocks have formedsteep, high headlands and cliffs, with little vegetation covering the rock faces. In the lee of headlands, small sandy beaches occur, with the adjacentbluffs being less steep and usually completely vegetated to the high tide mark. Where more resistant elements of rock occur, weathering has often created differentialerosion patterns and this sometimesresults in pronounced shelving.

From Coal Creek to Cape Paterson, the more recent, less compacted calcareous Quaternary deposits are also exposed to vigorous wind and wave action. This results in parallel dunes being fo.rmed alongthe coast, except where strong erosion causes lateral transgressions to arise in the dunes. These transgressions may become major 'blow-outs' in the dune system, as has occurred in areas adjacent to Cape Paterson in the last fifteen years. Theeffects of grazing, dearing and trampling of vegetation has undoubtedly initiated erosion and mobilised formerly stable dunes,

11 particularly since the arrivalof Europeans. Previous Koorie activities had less severe impact on the vegetation, although deliberate, accidental or uncontrollednatural fires may have contributed to previous coastal erosion and to retention of a diverse heathland community. Behind the coastal strip, dune topographyconsists of either successions of parallel dunes or older parabolic dunes, both dune types now stabilisedby the presence of vegetation.

The soils in Bunurong are mainlysandy podsols, whichare strongly acidic, and calcareous dune soils. Both soils have organic staining in the upper horizons and are prone to erosion. An iron humus layer, commonlyreferred to as coffee-rock, occurs at depths of 30-60 cm and may impede drainage, causing seasonal waterlogging. Black coal, whichis uncommon in Victoria, occurs throughout the area and was first discoveredin the region in 1827. A deposit at Cape Paterson was extractedbetween 1845 and 1887.

The manyintertidal rock platforms at Bunuronghave arisen as a result of the normal weathering and erosion processes affecting coastal sediment formations,including wind, waves, wetting and drying, salt crystallisation,sea water solution,rainfall and runoff. These processes mainly operate above low tide level and areinhibited below specificintertidal levels thus accounting for the almosthorizontal shore platforms at Bunurong.

There are a number of significant geological features along the Bunurong coast includingEagles Nest, a prominent stack of arkose rock, and highlyfaulted, steep cliffs of Cretaceous rock. Other geologicallyinteresting features of this area include a planed-offvolc anic plug on the shore platform,behind which there are imprisoned boulders formedby mutual abrasion of rocks by wave action. The extentof the intertidalrock platforms,particularly at Twin Reefs,is another rare and significantgeological formation.

2.7 PALAEONTOLOGY

The Bunurong area is particularly interesting because of the accessibility of fossilsembedded in theearly Cretaceous rocks, these fossils providing an insight to physical and environmental conditions of 95-110 millionyears ago. This area andanother at Dinosaur Cove, in the Otways, are the only two sites where Cretaceous rocks are accessible in Victoria. These twoareas arein factbasins which are believed to have been formed at the same timealong with a third area, now offshore,called the Bass Basin. The three basins were created as a result of the onset of rifting between Australia and Antarctica.

Palaeontologistscontinue to study both the Bunurong and Dinosaur Cove areas as these sites are yielding further evidence of previous conditions in a land dramatically different from that of south­ easternAustralia today. A summaryof survey results from both sites can be found in Rich and Rich (1989), fromwhich the followinginformation is derived.

At the tum of the century,William Ferguson, who was mapping rock exposures of the Victorian coast first collectedearly Cretaceous fossilsfrom Vic toria near Inverloch. The lungfish tooth and claw of a dinosaurwhich he found were subsequently reported by Woodward in 1906. Some sporadic surveysfor fossilisedremains were undertaken in the Bunurong area during the following seventy-fiveyears, but since 1978 more detailed and frequentsurveys have been undertaken.

In the Bunurong area, the major sites for fossils occur between Cape Paterson and the eastern boundary of the park. In addition to the earlier finds, these sites have yieldedmany dinosaur bones, includingthose fromAllosauros sp., Fulgurotheriumaustrale and a member of the Hypsilophodontidae, as well as remains of Testudines (turtle), possibly a plesiosaur, an amphibian and plant spores and pollens.

Remainsof dinosaurs are uncommon in Australia, and recovery of a number of varied taxa from the two early Cretaceous sites in Victoria enables palaeontologists, in collaboration with other scientists, to piece together a scenario of this period. At this time, Victoria was within the Antarctic circle and, because of the climatic conditions caused by the high latitude, dinosaurs must have been able to survive at least three months of winter darkness. Dinosaurs have only been recorded once at suchhigh latitudes elsewhere in the world (Alaska). The vertebrate fauna of this period was dominated by small ornithopod dinosaurs which have not been dominant anywhere

12 else, except perhaps forsouthern Africa. The Australian ornithopod dinosaurs belong to the Hypsilophodontidae and are endemic to Australia at the generic level.

Fossilised remains fromBunurong and the Otways depict a varied faunaand flora. The dinosaur Allosaurussp., which was carnivorous,occurred. along with other vertebrate faunasuch as freshwaterplesiosaurs, pterosaurs (flyingreptiles), small theropods, testudines (turtles),birds and a variety of dipnoans (lungfish) and actinopterygians (bonyfish). Fossilised specimens of a variable insect florahave also been recovered, with the most common representatives being members of the Hemiptera (bugs), Coleoptera (beetles)and Diptera (flies and mosquitos). The associated flora was dominated by gymnosperms, lycopods and ferns. The plant and animal communities indicate that the area experienced a humid, cool temperate climate alternating with cold, darkwinters.

2.8 LANDSCAPE

The landscape values in Bunurong areassociated with mainly natural landforms and systems which range fromsmall areas of remnant vegetation and natural landscapes that create a remote experience, to sweeping views of the ocean, ·coastline,coastal vegetation and rock platforms. The land adjacent to Bunurong consistsof gently undulating plateaus that have been mainly cleared of indigenous vegetation forgrazing and otheragricultural purposes, as well as for residential developments at Harmers Haven, Cape �aterson and Inverloch.

In clear, calm conditions, water clarity is high and the shallow intertidal and subtidal rock platforms are clearly visible froma variety of vantage points. In rougherweather conditions the wildwin d-swept appeal of the coast is enhanced by the breaking ofsurf and crash of waves against the rock platforms and cliffs. Thearea between Cape Paterson and Inverloch is particularly notable for scenic vantage points, especially from the Eagles Nest carpark and adjacent clifftops, but other visual features include inland views fromoffshore and offshore views fromother land­ based coast access points such as Second Surf beach.

Towards the coast between Coal Point and Cape Paterson, the stabilised and modifiedsand dunes of the gently rolling pastureland are younger and less stable and, thus, more abrupt and hummocky in form. On the coast these dunes range in height from several to about 30metres above high water mark. As the Crown land is relatively wide inthis area, a variety of indigenous vegetation communities occur, the dunes supporting a succession of progressivelytaller coastal vegetation communities as distance fromthe coast increases. Relatively tal� dense thickets of trees including species of Melaleuca,Banksia, Acacia, Eucalyptus and Leptospennum usuallyoccur in areasof the park adjacent to freehold land and access roads. Formal access to the coast in this section of the park occurs only at three points, HannersHaven, Old Boiler Road and from Cape Paterson.

The variation in coastal sand dune topography and dense, relatively natural vegetation cover between Cape Paterson and Coal Point blocks the views of agricultural land to the north and, except when in close proximity, south to the ocean. Coastal views are truncated by small headlands or, further to the west and east, by Coal Point and Cape Paterson respectively. The beach-water interfaceis fairly narrow and moderately steep in most areas and small sandy embayments are intersected by rock platforms. The combined featuresof this area have so far protected it from high visitornumbers and development, and can produce a feeling of remoteness in a relatively natural landscape.

From Cape Paterson to FlatRocks, the land plateau is truncated by steep sea cliffs of 30-40m in height. Areas exposed to southern and westerly gales generally consist of verticairock faces,the etched and highly faulted Cretaceous substrate havinglittle vegetation cover. Protected embayments and cliffs in the lee of headlands are generallyless steep and support a variety of coastal vegetation communities. The shoreline consists of sandyembayments interspersed· with wide rock platforms and a variety of other interesting geological features including the Eagles Nest r9ck stack which provides a dominant landmark slightly offshore.

The cliff tops in this area are subject to extremely abrasive erosion fromsand, wind and salt, and in exposed areas only tussock grass and stunted coastal shrubs survive. The height of the cliffsand

13 low vegetation cover allows sweeping vistas of the sea t� the soµth �d Anderso� 1?1e� and Cape Liptrap in the east. The view to the north is of predommantly �armmg land but 1s limited by a gradualrise inthe land plateau which peaks at Honeysuckle Hill, east of Cape Paterson, extending roughly parallel to the coast about half to one kilometre inland. To the east views are limited either by the adjacent headland or by Cape Paterson.

The viewshedbetween Cape Paterson andlnverloch has the lowest ability to absorb visual impact fromchanges in landuse or development both in and adjacent to Bunurong. The Shire of Woorayl undertook a detailed coastal landscape study which, in recognisingthe environmental, scenic and tourism qualitiesof theBunurong viewshed,recommended it be designated as partof a special coastal policy area within the local planning scheme (Scenic Spectrum et al. 1990). The study provides a frameworkfor planning and development on land adjacent to the Bunurong, outlinespermitted uses, provides siting and designguidelines and puts forward other recommendations for the sensitive treatment of visual amenity. Although the Shire has a special coastal area within the local planningscheme, the more specificrecommendations of �he landscapestudy have not yet been adopted.

2.9 KOORIE HISTORY

Archaeological evidence, froma site near Keilor, west of Melbourne, has shown that Koories (i.e. Aborigines)have livedin Victoria forat least 40,000 years. At this time Bass Strait was dry land, known as the Bassian Plain, andpeople would have been able to move between Victoria and Tasmania. Unfortunately, very little evidence ofthese earlier people survives but major changes intheir life-stylewould have occurred with the submergence of Bass Strait and creation of new coastal environments, such as Bunurong.

Evidence of more recent Koorie occupation comes both from archaeological sites and early European records. The latter represent the only majorwritten source of information, but are often inaccurate, lack detail, and are usually without empathy towards the traditional occupants and theirlife-styles. Archaeologicalevidence therefore often becomes a way of partially reconstructing the history of Koories - their material (composition and type of tools), economic (type and range of foods hunted andeaten, trading patterns), social (size of hunting parties, population structure and customs) and religious (burial practices and rituals) cultures. In Bunurong, most archaeological evidence comes fromKoorie middens which are detected when they become exposed. These middens occur mainly in poorly developed soils, which were formed during periods of past dune stabilisation, but once exposed, tend to erode rapidly.

The following brief history is substantially takenfrom archaeological studies in Coutts et al (1977), and from written observations by earlier Europeansand anecdotal and artefact information as compiled in two more recent reports by Massola (1969) and Presland (1985).

Four major tribal groups, the Wathaurung, Wurunndjeri (Woiworung), Taungurong and Bunurong, occupied all of the Port Phillip regionand anarea inclusive of parts of the Otways to the west, Euroa to the north and TarwinRiver, Gippsland, to the east. Tindale (1974) includes a fifthtribe, the Kurung, in thisland and social grouping. These four tribes were knownas the Kulinconfederacy, spoke similarlanguages andsometimes shared social gatherings where inter­ tribal marriages might alsohave occurred. Tribal boundaries were generally social in nature and, although well known to the people concerned, might vary fromtim e to time.

The Koorie tribe knownas the Bunurong occupied land from the Werribee River, west of Melbourne, a narrow coastal strip along the Mornington Peninsula, and all of the Westernport catchment as far as the Tarwin River. The Bunurong tribe consisted of smaller bands or clans, comprised of perhaps 20-40 individuals, which were usually an extended familyand made the basic economic unit. Five clans of the Bunurong, the Yalukit william, Yallock bulluk, Bunurong bulluk, Bonkoolawal and Yowenjerre (sometimes referred to as the southern Bunurong), identified with particular areas of Bunurong territory, these being sequentially from the north-west to south-east. Figure 2 illustrates approximateboundaries at one moment in time around the time European settlement occurred.

14 WURUNDJERI

KU RNA I

Braiakaulung

Jatowarawara

Approximate boundaries of the Bunurong territory and areas within the terrtto,y identified with the five Bunurong clans at the time of European settlement, (after Tindale, 1974).

BUNURONG MARINE AND COASTAL PARK Figure 2 KOORI TRIBAL BOUNDARIES

The Yowenjerre clan's traditional tribal areaincluded that of the Bunurong Marine and Coastal Park. This clan was not onlyassociated with others of the Bunurong tribe andother tribes of the Kulin, but also with the Kurnai. The Kurnailived to the east in South Gippsland andspoke a completely different language to the Bunurongpeople, the two tribes usually being on unfriendly terms. The Yowenjerreclan, however, are believed to have had some tradingand friendly relations, includinginter-tribal marriages,with two tribes of the Kurnai,the Jatowarawara, to the south-e�t across the TarwinRiver, and the Braiakaulung to the north-east.

The relationship of the Yowenjerrewith other Koorie clansmay well have been influencedby the commonly held belief that Yowenjerre land was protected by a spirit called Lo-an. Even friendly visitors on first, and even subsequent, visits took specialprecautions so that theywould not be attacked by this power. A ceremony called'annert', which involvedKoorie visitors cutting boughs. and twigsto form a kind of leafy throne on whi<;h they reposed, may have been related to precautions against Lo-an.

Another possible reason for the Yowenjerre's comparative peace withneighbouring clans and tribes is that within their territory were outcrops of volcanic rock, diorite, fromwhich axe heads were made and traded. Althoughthe quarriescould possibly have been seized by other Koorie clans, it wa� commonly believed that the power and knowledge to make these tools would not be passed on if it was stolen. The stone for axes was collected fromdeposits one mile north of Inverloch, Ruttle's Quarry, and nearPound Creek and McCaughan's Hill (these quarries have been mined by Europeans forroad metal and no evidence ofKoorie use remains). Axehead blanks or axe heads were traded for other items, apparently includinga red flintstone fromthe MorningtonPeninsula. Local flintwas collected fromocean beaches, frequentlybeing attached to the roots of large clumps of seaweed washed ashore.

The Yowenjerre lived, like almost all Aborigines, by hunting and gathering, frequentlymoving to harvest seasonally abundant resources. Inland camp sites in the Yowenjerre area are believed to have been uncommon, with only two sites recorded, one on the Bass River close to Poowong and one on the Tarwin River. The latter site may have belonged to either the Yowenjerre or Jatowarawara. The scarcity of inland camps suggests that the Yowenjerre may have used these sites only during periodical walkabouts or as places of refuge.

Remains of 24 coastal camping sites in the Yowenjerre area, in the form of middens, have been found. These middens are in or near camping areas and contain both lost implements and

15 unwanted rubbish. Middens documented in or, adjacent to, Bunurong Marine and Coastal Park include a site at Eagles Nest, six sites at Cape Paterson and 15 around Coal Point, several of the latter sites being in the adjacent WonthaggiHeathlands Reserve to the west of the park.

All the known Yowenjerre coastal midden sites are believed to be less than 2,000years old, only fivehave in situ materialand only one has successive occupation horizons. All sites lie within 300 metres of a sandy beach and, with one exception, within 400metres of coastal rock platforms. These sites are unusual in thatthey are distant fromestuarine environments,which played importantroles in the economic strategy of Koories from other areas.

Although close to sandy beaches, midden remains suggest that the inhabitants exploited marine invertebrates onlyfrom rock platforms. Shellfishwere the most substantialdiet component and, in order of abundance,consisted of Turbo(turbo shell), Brachidontes and Mytilus (mussels), Thais (winkle shell), Cabestana (whelk shell) andHaliotis (abalone). The distribution of these shellfish remainsin middens suggests that the Yowenjerre harvestedindividual shellfish species.

Whilewomen andchildren gathered shellfish, plantfood and smalleranimals, the men probably went hunting. Although animal skeletal remains have beenfound at 20 sites, they are only common in 1wo. These two sites are therefore particularly important as they were sites for a range of economic and probably social activities compared with other sites where specialised shellfishgathering mainly occurred.

Overall, there appears to have been a strong emphasis on the capture of seabirds, particularly mutton birds (Puffinus sp.) and penguins (Eudyptula sp.), which are seasonalin occurrence. Birds have been known to be trapped either using a snare, consisting of a line and noose, or by setting up a trap in which the birds became entangled.

Although remains of both fish, including Wrasse, and seals (Arctocephalus sp.) have been found, these appear to have been incidental or rare items in the diet of Yowenjerre. Remains of other species have been found, although their relative dietary importance is unknown. Identified animals include kangarooand/or wallaby (Macropussp.), Brush-tailedPossum (Trichosurus vulpecula), bandicoot (Perameles sp.), Tiger Cat (Dasyurus sp.), Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), Pademelon (Thylogalesp.), Short Nosed Bandicoot (Isoodon sp.), Blue-tongued Lizard (1iliquascincoides) andcrustacea. Introduced species whichhave also been found at these sites include rats, rabbits, hares, foxand sheep, but some of these remains may be intrusive and would at most be more recent dietary components.

Stone tools and other lithicmaterial have been foundat six sites, often in the form of backed blades. The more common material includes quartz,flint and local sandstone, although more exotic material such as quartzite,chert and chalcedony has also been found.

The frequency and contents of these sites, particularly those withgreater quantities of terrestrial animalremains, suggest that these locations were focal points for an extremely wide range of economic activities and thereforeof importance to the Yowenjerre. Their relevance to Australian history, their susceptibility to erosion and their rarity means that they should be actively conserved.

Post-European

Traditionallife of the Bunurong tribe had probably been seriously affectedby Europeans long before the beginning of the first officialsettlement on the Yarra River, Melbourne, in 1835/36. Sealers and whalers operated around the coast and in Bass Strait from the end of the eighteenth century. These white invaders were known to frequently raid coastal Koorie camps, killing the men and carrying offor cohabiting with the women. In addition, the whites introduced European diseases againstwhich the Koories had no remedies and little natural resistance. After 1835, the impact of sustained European occupation was dramatic and disastrous for Koories. Although there are no precise figures on the number of Woiworung and Bunurong people, official figures estimated that in the next 27 years their numbers decreased from about 207 to 28.

16 2.10 MARITIMEHISTORY

Recent evidence suggeststhat the Portuguese, in 1522,were the firstto map the southern coast of Victoria - from Cape Howe to Warrnambool (le Cheminant 1986). However, earlyEuropean . explorations were not followed up withattempts to invade and colonise the land until two and a half centuries later. In 1no CaptainJames Cook, sailingin the 370 ton British barque Endeavour, sighted the Gippsland coast near Cape Everard and Cape Howe. Interest in this southern areawas followed up by George Bass whodeparted fromPort Iackson, Sydney, with six men and sixweeks provisionsprovided by GovernorHunter inDecember 1m. These men spent 11 weeks in an open whalingboat exploringthe area from Cape Howe to Westernport, sheltering for several days behindCape Liptrap and exploring Wtlsons Promontory andComer Inlet on foot. In 1780James Grant inthe LadyNelson sighted andnamed Cape Liptrap on a voyage to NSW fromEngland. Using the same boat in 1801 he was commissioned by GovernorKing to survey the coastline between Westernport and Wilsons Promontory and reliablecharts were made of thisarea (Charles & Loney 1989).

In the sameperiod the French also took an interest insouthern Australia. In 1802, Baudinled Le Naturalisteand Le Geographeon an explorationof Tasmania and the south-easterncoast of Australia. NearWilsons Promontory, Captain Hamelinsent out several boats to explore the adjacent land but overall he concluded 'we believethat a ship would not be able to find between Wilsons Promontory and Westernport,any resources to warrant her anchoring anywhere along the coast.' Nevertheless, the Institute of Francepublished an atlas namingthe coast between Wilsons Promontory and the Great AustralianBight 'Terre Napoleon'. Few of the names ascribed by the French explorers to various landmarks have been retained (Homer 1987).

Between 1800and 1835 sealing was common along the Gippsland coast and inBass Strait. These commercial operations frequentlyset up temporary or semi-permanentbases at various land­ based locationswhere· they replenishedtheir stocks of food and water and carried out other operations connectedwith the industry. The industry, although extremelyprofitable, had significantand detrimental effectson the localKoories. The rapid and uncontrolled seal cull resulted in a declineof the industryby 1840 andits cessation in about 1860 (Loney 1982).

In 1826 both the French and English continued their maritime explorationof the area. Dumont D'Urville, in the French CorvetteVAstrolabe, found and rescued some sealers in the Westernport area who had apparently been abandoned by their ship's master. In the same year, Captain Wrightand Lieutenant Burchell, accompanied by W.H. Hovell, conveyed 20 soldiers, 20 convicts andsome (sic) women inH.M.S.Fly and the brig Dragon to establish a military settlement near Corinella. Thissettlement was abandonedin 1828 (Malone 1932).

Under contract the Smythe brothers surveyed the Victorian coast fromWesternport to Cape Howe in the years 1841-1856. On these expeditions, George Smythe surveyed from Cape Paterson to Cape Liptrap and apparently named EaglesNest, Petrel Rock andPoint Smythe (Anderson Inlet). A later surveyof the areabetween Capes Woolami and Liptrap was undertaken by NavigatingLieutenant Stanley, assisted by Messrs McKeugh and Norgate (Malone 1932).

Shipwrecks

The Artisan, a 1155 ton wooden sailingbarque, is the only confirmed shipwreck in Bunurong, lying on a rocky reef platform at Wreck Beach. This boat was built in 1881 and lost in a gale on 23April 1901. Remains consist of iron knees, hawse pipe and other metal fittings, with the wooden hull sometimes being visible on the adjacent beach and sand dunes. The VictoriaArchaeological Survey has partial information on many other boats that have been lost inthe Gippsland area. Of these, some wreckage of the Levan Lass, a wooden sailing boat lost in 1853, has been found at Cape Paterson. The Templar Lass, also a wooden sailing boat which was lost in1890, may also be in the vicinity of Cape Paterson.

17 2.11 LAND EXPLORATIONAND EARLY SETTLEMENT

In 1804 Lieutenants Robbins and Oxley were sent to Westernport but these officersreported that the areawas unsuitable for settlement.· A military settlement was established at Settlement Point, near Corinella, in 1826 but was abandoned in 1828. Hovell, who accompanied this party, travelled overland in 1827 fromSettlement Point as far east as ShallowInlet (possibly Anderson Inlet), naming Cape Paterson. He foundcoal seams at Cape Paterson and reported that 'I am induced to believe that about 15,000 to 20,000 acres of tolerably fair land could be chosen, but the scarcity of water is so greatat times .•. we could barely get as much aswas required for our own use' (Malone 1932).

Samuel Anderson was the first more permanent settler in Westernportwith a run incorporating the Gurdies on Westernportto Powlett River. In 1840 he travelled eastwards towards Wilsons Promontory but like previous explorershis report was not encouraging. He described the countrysideas 'barrenheathy plains divided by broad belts of the most torrid scrubby forest'and 'altogether I have never seen a more worthless stretch of country' (Malone 1932).

The Gippsland area was dividedinto ninemajor runs which were ta.kenup between 1846and 1869. The largest of these was Wild Cattle Run, named because of the number of wildcattle found there, presumably either left at, or strayed from, the original settlement near Corinella. This run consisted of approximately100,000 hectares and was estimated to have a carrying capacity of 640 head of cattle. Mathew Gibson first took this run in 1846and, although transferringit to R. Sheridanin 1847, took it up againthe following year. In 1857 it was transferred to Richard Fehan and then divided in 1866 into the North and South Powlett runs until peggedout by selectors. The northernrun lease was forfeitedin 1873.

Smaller properties were ta.kenup alongthe Bunurong cliffs after the earlier large runs were broken up in the 1870s. One owner of these smaller properties, E.G. Fitzgibbon, the Town Clerk of the City of Melbourne,built a fineweatherboard house earlierthis century which still graces land adjacent to the existing scenic drive between Cape Paterson and Inverloch.

Wonthaggi, once known as 'The Clump', became a prosperous mining town with 16,500,000 tons of coal being extractedbetween 1909and 1968 (Thomas 1968). Duringthe fivemonths miners' strike of 1934 huts were built on Crown land at Shack Bay, and later The Oaks, as owners could catch fishand lobster to increase their meagre diets andto trade for other items. These dwellings were used for over 40years but were removed by the then LandsDepartment by 1977. The tracks which led fromWonthaggi to the shacks and houses along the coastline becamewell used and a sealed surface now allows access to some spectacular vi�ws and tourist spots.

2.12 RECREATION

Most of the recreational activitiespursued in Bunurong are marine-related. The inostcommon activityis observational rockpooling,about 22 per cent of touristsvisiting the rock platforms at some stage of their visit (Campbellet al. 1989). Other common activities include sunbathing and beach activities (20 per cent), swimming or surfing(18 per cent), and recreational angling (10 per cent). Although most visitors enjoy thescenery andviews, only approximately8 per cent specificallylist this activity as one of the main reasons for their visit.

The other major marine-related pursuits includeobservational scuba diving, collection of abalone and Southern Rock Lobster, spearfishing, boatingand education or research, although each of these activities is undertaken by less than 5 per cent of visitors. Passive and observational type marine-related activities have generally created little conflict between users. More recently, there has been growing concern about safety, especially of swimmers and children in proximity to boats and spearfishers. The environmental effects of, and the continuing availability of resources for harvesting activities, such as angling, spearfishing, collectionof shellfish, abalone and lobster, have alsoconcerned all user groups.

Traditionally, owners with their dogs or horses have frequented the beach areafor exercise, particularly local residents. These activities created little conflict with other users when visitor numbers were low, but have sometimes caused problems in periods of high visitor use. In

18 addition, both activities have been known to cause damage to flora and disturbance to fauna, particularly birds.

The highcliffs and coastal sea-breezes have been utilisedby enthusiasts of model aeroplanes and hang gliders, although the latter activity hasbecome less frequentin recent years. Abseiling has also been carried out fromthe cliffs and at Eagles Nest. These activities can cause variable amounts of damage to the cliffedges androck facesas well asbeing of concernfor part icipants and unwary passers-by.

Campingalong the foreshorehas alsooccurred in many areas in the past, with the provision of facilitiesin some areas such as Flat Rocks. In addition, beach-side shacks were erected and maintained by local residents in several areas as holiday or semi-permanent accommodation. The shacks have since been removed and camping is now restrictedwithin the park to the Cape Paterson caravanand camping area and to other nearby commercially-operatedsites such as those at Inverloch.

2.13 VISITOR FACILITIES

Few visitorfacilities have been provided inthe park. Althoughmuch of the land has been set aside as a coastal reserve formany years, like many coastal areas in Victoria, the Department has providedfacilities only when concerns forpublic safety or environmentaldamage were apparent. Works undertakenin Bunurong forthese reasons include provision of pedestrian access tracks and steps, viewing platforms, fencing along paths such as those at Second Surf, HannersHaven and Eagles Nest, and barriers to vehicular access near cliffedges. The Department and a former Committee of Management previously operated a camping area at Flat Rocks but the cost of maintaining facilities and the extent of environmental damage led to its closure.

The caraw,.n and camping area at Cape Paterson and the adjacent foreshorehas been managed by the Borough of Wonthaggias a Committee of Management. Other than accommodation, facilities formerlyprovided included a kiosk and presently include maintenanceof public toilets,access pathsand roads,carparkin g, a boat ramp and rubbish bins. High visitor usage has had significant environmentalimpact in this area. Rationalisation of boundaries, uses, managementpractices and tenure of the management authority is necessary (see also 2.14).

The originalrough track along the edge of the Bunurong cliffs has been upgradedto a formed surfacesuitable for two-way vehiculartraffic and is the shortest connecting route between Cape Paterson and Inverlocb. A steady increasein cars and visitors to Bunurong has been recorded on this road inthe last decade. In 1985 the Shire of Woorayl recorded up to 4,000 cars per week in peak visitor periods and 2,300cars per week in off-peakperiods. In 1988, 1,600-2,400cars per day were recorded in this area in summer (Campbell et al. 1989).

Despite beingwithin the park, the coast road between Cape Paterson and Inverloch has been maintainedand upgraded by local councils. Major responsibility has fallento the Shire of Wooray� which maintains the area east of Boundary Road.·Increasing visitor numbers, poor visibility on corners and access points, the narrownessof the Crown landarea and instabilityof the cliffs,bas meant widening and realignment has occurred at various times, with some areas of freehold land being incorporated. The number of private access points, drainage, slumping, safety concerns, verge management and adjacent carparkingare still management problems in this area. Despite this, provision of wider r(?adaccess andcarparking to cater for all visitors in peak periods is not practical or considered compatible with the high environmental values of Bunurong. Maintenance of existingfacilities and some minor upgradingto manage environmental impacts and safety aspects are therefore required.

2.14 COMMERC� ACTIVITIESAND OTHER USES

Marine

The economic value of commercial fishingin Bunurong has always been extremely small compared with that of the statewide industry, although a fewlocal fishers have an interest in the area. Commercial abalone fishing occurs in two main areas consisting of two reefs near Coal

19 Point and the western half of the Inverloch reef near Flat Rocks. From catch and effortreturns completed by abalone fishers for the years1985-1989, documented commercial catches were about 0.3-4 tonnes per annum, althoughestimates fromthe Fisheries Branch suggest levels of 7-10 tonnes per annum. The differencesin these amounts may be due to both over-estimatingand . under-recording. Declaration of the park affectsless than 15 per cent of the total annual catch in thisarea . In the contextof annual statewide quotas of about 700 tonnes, the effecton catches is negligible.

In 1989, seven fisherscommercially caught SouthernRock Lobster in Bunurong with conservative estimates of catches being1.0 and 1.6 tonnes in 1987 and1988, respectively. The major portion of this catch was taken fromthe Cape Paterson to Coal Point area, about one-third being takenfrom the Sanctuary Zone east of Cape Paterson. In the last fewyears, the number of commercial fisherstaking both abalone andSouthern Rock Lobster appears to have declined. Loss of access by the remainingcommercial fishers to the central Sanctuary Zone should be offsetby several factors. These include reduced competition because of recreational harvesting restrictions and the simpler,more effectiveenforcement of amateur gearrestrictions. In addition, manyspecies may increase in numbers within the Sanctuary Zone, and their migration into the ConservationZones willassi st in replenishing stocks.

Commercial gillmesh netting also occursin Bunurongand is potentially the most damaging form of commercialfishing practiced in the park as local populations of reef fishare unintentionally caught. This would also be true for other formsof finfishing (e.g. seine netting, trolling). 0 nly one or two commercialfishers are believed to carry out this form of fishing,mainly in the eastern end of the park, and the income derived fromit does not represent a substantial portion of any fisher's total income. Anecdotal evidence fromone of these fisherssuggests that catch rates have declined in the last decade.

Terrestrial

The onlyother major commercial venture in the park is the caravanand camping area in Cape Paterson whichis presently operated by the Boroughof Wonthaggias Committee of Management. Three adjacent campingand caravan parks, Orana,Kywong and Illawong, provide a totalof 250sites catering for up to 1,000people. The tent sites are heavily treed and the areais generally well serviced by amenity blocks. Facilities are usually well maintained, but lack a uniform design theme. Environmentalmanagement and disposal of sewage has caused ongoing problems. Illawong was closed in 1990/91due to concerns regarding disposal of sewage fromthis area but, likeKywong, it is now connected to mains sewerage and open to the public. Orana still has a septic system, but the Borough is negotiatingits connection to mains sewerage.

If allcamping and caravansites are open, they are usually fully booked during the summer months and Easter holidays. Duringthe other months only one of the three parks remains open. Income fromsite fees is sufficient to cover the costs for staffing, maintenance and minor upgrading of facilities,but a long term lease or agreementwould allowthe Committee of Management or lessee to be more cost effectiveand allowefficient, planned management with greater consideration givento landscape and environmentalaspects.

The Cape Paterson Surf Life SavingClub currently has the only lease in the areaand provides a valuable public service to swimmersand surfersat Second Surf beach. Another lifesaving club operates in Cape Paterson, the Royal, but as yet no lease has been issued.

Public utilities inthe areainclude power and telephone lines, fireplugs, gas cylinders (servicing the camping areas) and stormwater and sewage outlets. Some of these services are both visually obtrusive and environmentallydamaging and most were installed without real consideration of alternative locations, long-term environmental impacts and maintenance requirements.

Other than researchpermits, no other activities in the park have until now required formal permits. The Department has requested notification from people, mainly local residents, who wished to collect non-commercial quantities of seaweed at Flat Rocks but previously permits with specifications were not issued. Activities involving non-commercial collection of any resource and

20 activities which are not coastal-dependent, suchas horse-riding, should requireparticipants to have an understanding of the .environmentaleffects of their activity and of any restrictions.

.2.15 ADJACENT LAND USE

The major towns in the area are Wonthaggi, about fivekilometres north of Bunurong, and Inverloch which is adjacent to the easternboundary of the park. These towns have permanent populations of about 6,000 and 2,100respectively. with Inverloch having a holidaypopulation of up to 20,000people. Cape Paterson, whichis centrally located adjacentto the landwardboundary of the park, has the potential forapproximately 2,500 houses, of which about2,000 are already developed with a residential to non-residential ratio of about2:1. Shops, other businesses and governmentfacilities also service these communities. Harmers Haven, on the north-western boundaryof the park, is a small housingsubdivision without provision of allotmentsfor commercialpurposes. Land adjacent to this area cannot befurther developed as it is zonedrural and, althougha few lots are vacant,Harmers Haven can only caterfor about (,() houses. .

Mos( of the remaining land adjacentto the northernboundary of the park is zoned rural and caters mainlyfor fanning, particularlyof cattleand sheep. The Wonthaggi-InverlochWater Board operatesa sewage plant near the north-easternend of the park and alsouses areas ofpasture for grazing. Another commercialuse of adjacentland is a small timbermill between Cape Paterson and Hanners Haven.

Two areas of Crown land abut Bunurong. In the west the WonthaggiHeathland Reserve, which extends west to Powlett River, is set asideprimarily for conservation purposes, particularlyfor its heathland and coastal environments. In the east, the InverlochForeshore Reserveabuts Bunurong, with thisarea set aside to cater forboth environmental values and high visitor usage, including camping.

.2.16 PUBLICEDUCATION AND INFORMATION

The majorityof information on Bunurong has been provided by interest groups, particularlythe South Gippsland Conservation Society (SGCS), which has produced a variety of booklets documentingfeatures of interest. The SGCS,an informationcentre and a shellexhibition share officeaccommodation in Inverlochwhere displays,written materialand advice can besought on many different environments in the South Gippsland area, with anemphasis on marine environments. The SGCS and associatedindividuals have also organised activity programsfor many years in peak visitor periods with many of these activities taking place in Bunurong. These programs have been designedto encourageboth an enjoymentand understanding of the marine environment.

Groups such as the SGCS, a Friends G�oup, Friends of Marine Parks and the InverlochResidents and Ratepayers Associationhave alsobeen involved in other activities related to the park inrecent years. These includeinput to planning processes, rehabilitation of native vegetation communities and the monitoring of marine communities. Assistance to these and other groupsnot only provides an important opportunity to involve and inform theirmembers, but also allows groups to undertake a greaterdiversity of activities and to disseminateinformation to other community members.

AlthoughBunurong has not been actively advertised until recently, teachers fromlocal schools and others with a knowledge of the areahave often taken educational excursions, especially school groups, to investigate natural resources such as the geological andmarine features of the park. Interest groups includingthe Inverloch Historical Society and recreational groups, such as scuba divers, surfers and walkingclubs, have also provided information or undertaken activities within the park.

Departmental involvement in public education has been limited and before1987 consisted mainly of answering direct queries from the public. Since the release of the Bunurong MarinePark proposalin 1987, the Department has become more involved with educationand interpretation. This has included local rangers assisting and organising environmentally-orientated activity programsover peak visitorperiods usingthe caravan-based mobile marine education display, as

21 well as assisting teachers or other groups visiting the area. In addition, the rangers often disseminate information on existing and proposed regulations, inform the public of environmental values and provide people with an appreciation of the effectsof human activities.

2.17 RESEARCH AND MONITORING

The only major marine surveyprogram undertaken in Bunurong was that of Wilson et al. (1983). More recently, scientists have been investigating possible methods to monitor the effectivenessof different management regimes . Keough and King (1991) provided guidelines on the monitoring of selected marinespecies which may assist park managers in such an assessment. Monitoring of these species is an integralpart of park management.

The only research permit currently issued for studies specifically in Bunurong is for removal and examination of rocks forthe purpose of discovering fossilised remains. This research, and similar research in the Otways, has resulted in internationalinterest in discoveries of early Cretaceous fossils from whichscientists can develop a picture of Australia about 100million years ago (see also 2.7).

Further monitoring programs willneed to be developed to assess the type and level of visitor activities,as well as the impact of harvestingmarine fauna by commercial and recreational fishers. Additional survey and research programson aspects of both the marine and terrestrial environments in Bunurong should also be encouraged as they are essential in determining differentresource values and management requirements. In addition to biologicalresources, geological, geomorphological, bathymetric, cultural and other resources may also require investigation.

Some current permits for Bunurong have been issued for collection of living marine flora and fauna by local interest groups, schools and amateur collectors. Such groups need to demonstrate a high level of knowledge andjustify the necessity forre-issue. At present many permits for collectionof biological resources are issued over a broad rangeof localities in Victoria. Bunurong should generally be excludedfrom such permits unless specialpermission to access parks is requested andjustified.

Non-intrusive surveys by interest groups and individuals with specialist skills occasionally occur in Bunurong. Such surveysinclude counts of species such as the Hooded Plover by the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union and of algal communities by the individuals associated with the SGCS. Permits are not required to undertake such surveys as they do not disturb flora, fauna or habitat. In general these activities should be encouraged, particularly as it would be of considerable benefitto park managers to have access to data which can be compiled from these sources.

22 3 RESERVATION ANDMANAGEMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The proposed BunurongMarine and CoastalPark is a popular area fortourists, local residents, holiday home-owners and school groups, particularly for educational excursions. Day or overnight visitsfrom Melbourne are possible due to its close proximityto Melbourne, a trip of approximately twohours via the Princes, South Gippsland and Bass Highways.

The rock platformsin Bunurong are among the best examplesof extensiverocky intertidalhabitat along the Victorian coastline, il;Ddthe subtidal reef, althoughmore common throughoutVictoria, is an excellentexample of thishabitat type. The varied topographyof the marine environment, abundant growthof algae an.dthe diversity of associatedflora makes this an area eminently worthy of protection. The area alsohas manyother significantbiological resources or cultural and landscapefeatures which give the area high conservation,recreation, education andscientific . value.

The marine environmentalso provides areas suitable for a variety of recreational activities including surfmg, scuba diving, swimmingand angling. V1Sitorsfrequently combine water-related activities withsunbathing, rockpool exploration and beach walks as the intertidal rock platforms are interspersed with sandy beaches backed by either steep cliffsor rollingsand dunes. A scenic drive between Cape Paterson and Inverloch combines sweeping vistas of the ocean, steep headlands, coastal vegetation, adjacent farming land and views eastward across Anderson Inlet to Cape Liptrap.

Beside recreationalangling, a number of other exploitative activities (i.e. involving collectionof natural resources) occur in the area including both recreational and commercial collection of abalone and SouthernRock Lobster, amateurspearflShing and commercial mesh netting. Anecdotal evidence suggeststhat population numbers of some marine species, notably Southern Rock Lobster, have already declined. Little informationis available on the impact of human activitieson most other marine speciesor communities. Nevertheless, visible disturbance and degradation ofthe co�tal area and scenic amenityby uncontrolled or unplanned access, managementworks and adjacent land use practices is already apparent.

The major tourist activities in the park are focused around the townshipof Cape Paterson which is centralJ,ysituated directly north of the proposed park. Most visitor facilitieswithin the parkare located � a camping andcaravan park at Cape Paterson which is presently operated by a Committee of Management. The township of Inver loch, approximatelyone kilometre east of the proposed park,also providesextensive visitor facilities and accommodation. The small hamlet of HannersHaven near the north-westem·boundary of the parkprovides limited accommodation, mainlyfor holiday home-owners, but lacks visitor facilitiesand commercial development.

The declaration of the Bunurong Marine Park in 1991 and the proposed declaration of the Coastal Park is expected to increase the number of people visiting the area and, therefore, tourism-related business in adjacent areas. It is imperative that careful and sympathetic management of both marine and terrestrial environments, and the human activities therein, occurs.

3.2 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN PLANNING

In 1987 DCE released a document proposing establishmentof the 'Bunurong Marine Reserve' (DCE 1987). Public comment wasconsiderable including discussion in local forums and media. Formal comment on the plan generated 319 written responses of which 282 were fromindividuals and 37 frominterest groups. Of these 77 per cent generally supported the proposal and15 per cent were opposed. Individual submissions from locals inthe Wonthaggi-Inverloch area represented 53 per cent of the total, with 71 per cent supporting, 18 per cent opposed and the remainder undecided. Most submissions recognisedthe need to protect the diversity of marine flora and faunaby restrictions on particular activitiesand the use of management zones.

Of the individuals opposed to the proposal, between 15-30 per cent included in theirconcerns that the proposed reserve was too large and the area not unique,that angling restrictions were too

23 severe and that the declaration of the park might depress tourism in the area. Conversely, those individuals supporting the proposals frequently considered that the size of the proposed reserve was insufficient (including its extentseaward, in length or landward) and that spearfishing should be banned. Other major concerns of these individuals includedlack of resources to undertake enforcement and marine education, and the need to manage adjacent land areas.

Group submissionson the proposalrepresented a wide range of interests frommajor to local conservation or naturalist groups, severalangling and divingclubs, the Shire of W oorayl and the Borough of Wonthaggi. Support for the proposal was 89 per cent. Allof the concerns givenin individual submissions were also reflectedin groupsubmissions. Many of the anglingclubs felt that bag limits, prohibitionson baitcollection and angling competitions, and fishingbans in the Sanctuary Zone were too restrictive. Thiswas countered by other groups that called for tighter restrictions on angling and collection of biologicalresources, particularlythe banning of scuba or hookahfor collection of abalone and lobster. Some anglingother and groupsbelieved that restrictionson commercialfishing should be increased.

Other issues raisedwere the need to divert sewage from the area, a need to monitor educational excursionsby the issue of permits and a requirement foradditional funding for monitoringand research. Toeissues of complementary management of the marine andadjacent coastal reserve and the need for planning to implementthis were alsoraised. A fewgroups suggested changesto the terminology of the zones andpark names that were more consistent on anAustralia-wide basis.

The proposalwas re-draftedin light of public submissions, andthen re-released as the Bunurong RegulatoryImpact Statement in early1991. A further 18 submissions were received byDCE, 11 fromgroups. Afterfurther consultation very little opposition to the concept of the Bunurong MarinePark remains although resolution of some specificissues, such as restrictions on spearfishing anddisallowing collection of abaloneand lobster on scuba or hookah, is not achievableto the satisfaction of allparties.

Concerns regarding sewage dischargeinto the marineenvirons of the park have been substantially alleviatedwith the connection of Inverloch to the sewerage operations run by the Wonthaggi­ Inverloch Water Board. Sewage fromboth Inverloch and Cape Paterson is now secondarily treated beforedischarge at BaxtersBeach to the west of the park. The State Government contributed$583,000 towards the cost of upgradingthis facility. The potential for seepage of sewage into Bunurongfrom septic systems, such as at some public facilities, the life saving clubs and the Orana caravan and campingpark at Cape Paterson, has yet to be resolved.

The BunurongMarine Parkwas declared concurrentiy with the rules for the SanctuaryZone in December 1991under Section 79(A) of the FisheriesAct 1968. Regulations forthe two ConservationZones willbe finalisedin 1992. The complementarymanagement of the adjacent coastal reserveand its incorporation into the park asthe Bunurong Marine and Coastal Park is proposed in this plan. The plan has attempted to address issues associated with both the marine and land areas, aswell as adjacent land use where relevant.

3.3 EXISTING RESERVES AND PROPOSED CHANGES

The total managementarea of the proposed Bunurong Marine and Coastal Park is approximately 1910 hectares, of whichapproximately 1660 hectares have already been reserved as the Bunurong Marine Park. The Marine Park's easternboundary is at Wreck Creek and the western boundary is at CoalPoint. Within these bounds,the marinearea extends fromthe high water mark to 1000 metres offshore. The proposed Coastal Park incorporates a narrow but varying width of land of approximately250 hectares contiguo � with the marine park'slandward boundary (see Figure 3). In addition to the Marine Park area reserved in 1991 andplaced under the control and management of the Director of National Parks and Wildlife, thereis an array of different reservations, regulations and management arrangements which currently exist for the proposed coastal section of the Park.

24 BUNURONG MARINE AND COASTAL PARK Figure 3 PARK BOUNDARY AND ZONES

lnverloch

1000 metres from Mean High Tide line kilometr• 0 1

Western ConservationZone

The Department proposes to reserve the entire area as the Bunurong Marine and Coastal Park and to add the remaining land areas of the parkto Schedule 4 of the National ParksAct 1975. The proposed coastal additionsto the parkwill be declared at a later date to allowfor public consultation and resolution of boundary issues.

It is proposed to add the following existing reservesto the Bunurong Marine Park to form the Bunurong Marine and Coastal Park:

Harmers Haven Foreshore Reserve ComprisingCrown allotment56A, a reserve of approximately80 hectares in the Parishof Wonthaggi, also known as the William Hovell Reserve. Permanently reserved on 27.5.1981 forthe protection of the coastline. This reserve is currently managed by the Harmers Haven Foreshore Committee of Management.

CapePaterson Beach Reserve Comprising Crown allotments 38D, 38E, 38F and 39B, a reserve of approximately 77 hectares in the Parish of Wonthaggi.Permanently reserved for the protection of the coastline on 223.1972, 133.1968, 26.7.1972 and 22.5.1974 respectively. This reserve is currently managed by the Borough of Wonthaggias a Committee of Management.

Crown allotment 38C of approximately353 m2 in the Parish of Wonthaggiwas excised fr�m the reserve on 27'.5.1981and is currently leased to the Cape Paterson Surf LifeSaving Club.

Bunurong Foreshore Reserve Comprising Crown allotment 61B, a reserve of 12.14 hectares in the Parish of Kirrak. Temporarily reserved for public purposes on 15.11.1955 and currently managed by the Shire of Woorayl as a Committee of Management.

Bunurong Coastal Reserve Most of allotment60E, a reserve of 75.8 hectares in the Parish of Kirrak. Permanently reserved forpublic purposes on 11.8.1879 and managed directly by the Department of Conservation and Environment.

Inverloch ForeshoreReserve, relevant section only Comprising Crown allotment 60D, a reserve of 4.856 hectares in the Parish of Kirrak. Temporarily reserved forpublic purposes on 26.6.1961 and managed directly by the Department

25 of Conservation and Environment. It is also proposed to include the unreserved Crown land adjoining allotment 60E, in the Parish of Kirrak.

3.4 EXISTING MANAGEMENT AUTHORITIES

At present, the management of the proposed park area is sharedbetween four organisations, DCE and three Crown land reserve Committees of Management: Harmers Haven, Borough of Wonthaggi andShire of Woorayl. In addition, all works on coastal Crown land outside Port Phillip Bay currently require the approval of the Coastal Management and Co-ordination Committee (CMCC) except for areas included in Schedules under the National ParksAct 1975. This committee has representatives fromDCE, the Department of Planning and Housing and the Port of Melbourne Authority.

Two life saving clubs are located in the parkat Cape Paterson. The Cape Paterson Surf Life SavingClub has an existinglease which is expectedto continue, whereas a lease needs to be prepared forthe Royal Life Saving Club.

The BoroughofWonthaggi is responsible fora section of the park which incorporates the existing Cape Paterson camping and caravan area, some other public facilities and the adjacent foreshore. A new management agreementwith the Borough willbe drawn up and a business plan prepared. As part of this process, the area of its operation will be re-negotiated, probably to exclude remnant habitat and foreshore areas. Further discussion between DCE and the Borough is required to determine whether a lease or public authority arrangement is appropriate in this circumstance.

The two remainingCommittees of Management are the Shire of Woorayl and the Harmers Haven Foreshore Committee which are presently responsible for areas that are predominantly natural, except for visitor access facilities. In consultation with these groups, it seems appropriate for their management responsibilities to transfer to DCE once the park has been declared. The expertise and experience of these committees should be utilised by involving them in an advisory capacity.

The Shire of Woorayl also currently maintains most of the road which connects Cape Paterson and Inverloch via the coast. In preferenceto excising this land fromthe park as a permanent road reserve, an agreementbetween DCE and the Shire could optimise both access maintenance and complementary management with other park values, but leave the land occupied by the road within the park boundary.

3.5 BOUNDARYAMENDMENTS

A surveyof the freeholdand Crown land boundaries along the coast road between Cape Paterson ; and Inverloch has been carriedout by the Department of Property and Services (Division of Survey and Mapping). This surveyshowed many deviations between Crown and freehold land on title when compared with existingfences on-ground. There are at least six areas, totalling 7.55 I hectares, of Crown land currently incorporated within fences of adjacent freeholdproperties. Conversely, there are 11 areas, totalling 3.96 hectares, of freeholdland not at present incorporated withinthe landowners fences.

While land purchase may be a longer-term option, land exchange will be attempted initially, with minimal costs being incurred for survey and land transfer. The objectives of land exchange are to rationalise and consolidate the current Crown and adjacent freeholdland so as to simplify management arrangements. DCE will seek to ensure that any remnant vegetation will be retained within the park as will areas required for protection of significantnatural features and values, particularly scenic amenity. It is desirable that a bufferbe maintained between adjacent freehold land and the road connecting Cape Paterson and Inverloch.

I· I: 1· 26 3.6 ZONES ANDMANAGEMENT AREAS

Marine Zones

The marinepark is divided into three zones, a centralSanctuary Zone flankedby the eastern and western ConservationZones (Figure 3). The marine zones have different biological and user values and therefore require different management. The Sanctuary Zone is considered to have the highestconservation value and consequently is affordedthe most protection, whereas limited commercial and recreational use is permitted in the twoConservation Zones.

SanctuaryZone. In thismarine area non�exploitativerecreational use (i.e. look but don't take) ispermitted ifconsistent with the conservation objectives. Commercial and recreationalexploitation of resources is not permitted.

Conservation Zones. Some sustainable commercialand recreational use is allowed in these marine areasif consistent with conservationof naturalresources.

The landward extent of the marinearea isgenerally taken to be the limit of marineinfluence at mean highwater mark. However, a flexible common sense approach will be taken to interpretation of the boundarybetween marine and terrestrial zones. For example, when visitor. use is considered, a more sensible boundary forthe terrestrial zone may be low water markrather than high water mark.

Terrestrial Zone

Allcoastal land in the park isincorporated in the Terrestrial Zone. This land area ismainly for conservationof naturaland culturalresources and maintenance of a bufferbetween the marine park and adjacent freehold land. Recreational and commercialaccess and activities consistent withthe park's objectives are allowed in designated areas and beaches.

In the Terrestrial Zone, fivemanagement areas hll,ve been defmed because of their biological or public use requirements (Figure 4). Management areas require the development of special prescriptions. As furtherinformation is gathered on the naturalresources or management requirements of the park, additional management areasmay be identifiedin either the terrestrial or marine zones withinthe park. The location of these areaswill not be publicised if such an action would compromise protection of sensitive sites or threatened species.

The existingmanagement areas are:

Two Special Habitat management areas which are recognisedfor their floraand fauna values. The western area incorporates land fromthe western boundary of Harmers Haven to Coal Point and the eastern area includes land from the easternboundary of Hanners Haven to the western edge of Second Surf, Cape Paterson.

AnEcological Burn management area has been designated between the eastern edge of First Surf and the Cape Paterson caravan and camping area. This area should specifically be managed for conservation andenhancement of the dry heath community.

A Banksia management areaoccurs on the easternedge of the park and has been designated forprotection and rehabilitation of this community type.

An Intensive Recreation management area has been designated for the purpose of encouraging and managing high visitor numbers. The area includes the Cape Paterson caravan and camping area and some adjacent land withvisitor facilities.

27 3.7 MANAGEMENTOBJECTIVES The principal goals for management of the proposed Bunurong Marine and Coastal Park are to conserve natural resources and allow for appropriate recreation, education and scientific research.

Broad management objectives have been developed for the Bunurong Marine and Coastal Park. These objectives are:

Protect and conserve marine andcoastal systems to ensure their long-term viability.

Protect and conserve flora and faunaand ensure the maintenanceof genetic diversity.

Allow naturalecological and environmentalprocesses to continue.

Protect depleted, threatened, rare, endangered, restricted or significant species and populations and their critical habitats.

Protect and conserve sites or features of geological, archaeological, historical and scenic value.

Provide for a range of recreational activities where this is compatible with other objectives.

Encourage enjoyment,appreciation and understanding of the natural and cultural resources and recreationalvalues of the park by appropriate liaison, interpretation and education.

Encourage participation of the community in the management and care of the park.

Seek to prevent, or minimise the effectsof, any adverse impact on the park arising from external sources.

Undertake and encourage survey, monitoringand research that add to existingknowledge about the park's natural or cultural resources and the environmental effects of human activities.

Allow sustainable resource uses only where they are not in conflict with other objectives and are consistent with goyern.ment policy.

Take reasonable measures to ensure safety and health risks are minimised.

28 4 MANAGEMENTISSUES, AIMS AND ACTIONS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Thissection discusses specificissues and definesmanagement aimsrequired to resolve these issues and to fulfilthe management objectivesfor the park. Detailedactions follow,outlining how the aims willbe achieved. Each action is assigneda priority whichis a guide to its relative importance. Priorities are definedas follows:

High(H) Proposed to be undertakenas soon as possible. Medium(M) Proposed to be undertakenonce highpriority actions have been completed. Low(L) Less urgent but important actions whichmay be carried out gradually,when additionalfunds or resources are available, or over the medium-term. Ongoing (0) An action which requires continuing attention or which must be acted on whenever the relevant. situation arises.

Cross-referencing of some material in this section isnecessary to inform the reader of other relevant material and is indicatedby (see also ... ). Two types of cross-referencing areused. A sub-section that is broadly relevant is indicated by the sub-section number referredto as (see also 4.2). A specificaction is indicated by a three partcode indicating the sub-section number as described above, the action's relative priority and its numerical order. For example, the fifth action listed under Marine Communities as high priority (H) is referred to as (see also 4.2-H.5).

4.2 MARINE COMMUNITIES

The BunurongMarine Park is primarilyrecognised for its accessible and diverse marine communities. The broad intertidal rock platforms that c;>ccurin Bunurong are rarein Victoria, and, inassociation with the extensive subtidalrock platforms, provide habitat fora flourishing array of flora and fauna. Students andscientists frequentlyvisit the area to study biology and geology, while rockpool observationis anactivity undertakenby many of the thousands of annual visitors.

A scientificsurvey of 23 intertidal and subtidalsites in Bunurong found nine major ben�c (bottom-dwelling) community types, based on dominantalgae species, and a total of 153 algae and 87 fishspecies (Wilson et al 1983, 1990;Department of Conservation,Forests andLands 1987). More extensivesurvey work on the marine communities, particularly on lesser known algae and animals such as smallinvertebrates and plankton, would considerably increase our knowledge of species composition.

The methodologyfor monitoringsome of the impacts of human activitiesand the different effect of managementregimes on marine communities has been investigated by Keough and King (1991). A fewmarine species, including Neptune's Necklace (Honnosira banksii),Southern Rock Lobster (Jasusnovaehol/andiae) and selected fishspecies, have potential as species for which changes in population numbers may indicatethe effect of various management regimes. Continued inventory and monitoring are essential foran effectiveunderstanding of these communities and theirsuccessful future management.

The most likely threat to marine communities is removal of, or disturbance to, algae and animals and their habitats by recreational and commercial activities. Trampling and disturbanceof species may occur either deliberately or incidentally. The intertidal rock platforms, with their diverse attractions to people, are particularly susceptible to trampling.

The impact of most types of fishingon fishstocks and marine ecosystems is not well understood. Commercial fishing has the potential to lower the number of individuals of a species, but by itself is unlikely to cause local extinctions as fishingis not usually economic when population numbers are low. Traditionally, commercial SouthernRock Lobster andabalon e catches in Bunurong are believed to have been low as a proportion of statewide catches. Nevertheless, changes in catch

29 � rates may indicate a change infishing effort and/or localised species population numbers. Either occurrence may have significantmanagement implications and all commercial fishing should be monitored.

Spearfishers generally target reef fish which are usually territorial and fairly sedentary in nature, and therefore susceptible to localisedover-exploitation. -Spearfishingand amateur and illegal harvesting of other less mobile species, such as abalone and Southern Rock Lobster, have the potentialto severely deplete numbers of a particular species and change community characteristics. Anecdotal reports suggestthat the population numbers of Southern Rock Lobster have declinedconsiderably.

Recreational anglers and commercial gill mesh net fishers generally target pelagic fishspecies. Pelagicspecies, which are more widely-rangingthan reef species, are likely to be less susceptible to localisedover-exploitation. Commercial gillmesh net fishersalso incidentally take reef fishand this method of fishingis thereforeconsidered inappropriate in the park (see also 4.11).

Both the intertidal and subtidal communities are clearly susceptible to over-exploitation from harvestingpractices and, to assist in maintaining the integrity of marine communities, various restrictions apply in the two Conservation Zones (see Table 1). Even with these restrictions, some changes in the composition of the marinecommunities are inevitable. To retain near natural values, exploitative activities (i.e. harvesting) will not be permitted in the Sanctuary Zone, as this area bas high biologicalvalues and species diversity. Other human impacts in this zone will be minimised where possible.

The marine ecosystems are also not isolated fromimpacts fromthe surrounding land and water. Potential sources of pollution include run-offfrom adjacent developed and farming areas, storm­ water and sewage discharge, and land or sea-based chemical spill incidents. Marine communities of both the intertidaland subtidal environments are thereforeclearly in need of protection froma variety of activities which may cause over-exploitation or changes to the habitat.

Aims

To protect and conserve marine floraand faunaand marine habitats.

To protect species and communities of special biologicalinterest and significant species.

To set aside representative areas where natural ecologicalprocesses can continue with minimal human interference.

To allow the recoveryof depleted stocks of species.

To prevent or minimise imbalancesin the ecosystems caused by pollution or other unnatural processes.

To permit sustainable utilisation of livingmarine resources in appropriate zones where this does not adversely affectecological processesor cause physical damage to the environment.

To encourage, assist or undertake survey, monitoringand research programs into marine communities and processes in the park and the effects of human activities.

Actions

High

H.l Prohibit any formof resource utilisation in the Sanctuary Zone, except for appropriate research under permit.

H.2 Prohibit collection of living marine floraand fauna (including species previously collectable under the Shellfishregulations) in the Conservation

30 -

Zones, except forcommercial and recreational fishing and authorised uses as specifiedin Table 1 (�ee also 4.9, 4.11).

H.3 Implement monitoring programs forNeptune's Necklace using infra-red scansand forSouthern Rock Lobster using underwater survey, based on methodology inKeough and King (1991).

H.4 Prepare and distribute identificationinformation on fishspecies, particularly the pelagic species that recreational fishers are allowed to take withoutrestriction, to assist the publicand monitoring and enforcement activities.

H.5 Liaise withFisheries Management Branch (DCE)to monitor commercial fishingby assessing fishers' catchand effortlogbook data and undertaking supplementaryfield observations.

H.6 In collaboration with research institutionsand naturalist groups,develop a surveyprogram which will add to knowledge of intertida) and subtidal marine communities (see also 4.1,4).

Medium

M.1 Develop and undertake a monitoringprogram to assess changesin fish population numbers associated withrecreational fishingpractices. In consultation with the Fisheries Management Branch, utilise methods such asscuba survey,as in Keough andKing (1991), and assessment of amateur fishers' catch.

M.2 Prepare and distribute a series of interpretative leaflets on aspects of the · marineenvironment such as algae andshell identification,marine features, regulations and recreational fishing(see also 4.13).

M.3 Develop or facilitate displays of appropriate naturalresources, such as shells and pressed seaweed, andinterpretative information(see also 4.13- M.6).

Low

L.1 Assess the success of monitoring programs. Review the suitability of existing, or alternative species in determining changes in natural resources caused by human activities and different managementregimes (see also 4.10-0.6, 4.14-H.l).

L.2 Review SouthernRock Lobster, abaloneand other fishing activities, and their effects on marine resources. If appropriate, revise recreational and commercial restrictions.

Ongoing

0.1 If environmental degradationis evident, restrict public access to specific areas, especially over periods of peak visitor numbers, so as to allow recovery of �arine communities (see also 4.10-0.6).

0.2 Encourage andsupport authorised educational excursions undertaken outside the Sanctuary Zone. A permit will be required forexcursions in all zones (see also 4.13-0.1).

03 Undertake enforcementand prosecution for protection of marine communities (see also 4.15).

31 0.4 Monitor water quality inputs into the marine environment (see also 4.6- H.3).

Take appropriate action to minimise the effectsof an oil spill or other OS pollution event on marine communities (see also 4.3-H.1, 4.3-0.2, 4.3-0.4).

0.6 Encourageand assist research under permit on the marine environment. Scientificstudies undertakenin the SanctuaryZone must have the potential to contributesignificant knowledge or increasethe effectivenessof managementpractices (see also 4.14-0.1-2).

4.3 MARINEMAMMMB, SEABIRDSAND SHOREBIRDS

Allof the marinemammals and many of the shorebirds and seabirds are not permanent residents in Bunurong. They have a varietyof habitat preferencesand life-cycle requirementswhich are partially reflectedin their different usage patternsof Bunurong. Many of the seabirds are predominantly pelagic (i.e. oceanic), whereas most of the shorebirds (i.e. waders) utiliseinshore habitats. Seasonal migrantsto Bunurong are common and usuallyvisit the area for variable periods in theirnon-breeding season. Some species occur in Bunurong throughout the yearand, whereas a few species are permanent residents, others utilisefood resources in the area but breed or roost elsewhere. The varietyof biologicalcommunities and habitats associated with the marine andcoastal environments in Bunurong are thereforeimportant in providing essential requirements for many differentspecies.

The beach-ocean interface in Bunurong is relatively narrow and steep offering little habitat for many shorebird species, whichare found ingreater numbers in adjacent areas such asAnderson Inletand Venus Bay. Hooded Plover (Chadriusrubricolis), a species listed as vulnerable, does reside permanently in the Bunurong area and is susceptible to disturbance from'humans and domestic or wildanimals, particularly during its breeding season fromOctober to February.

Another vulnerablespecies which has been recorded in the area is the SouthernRight Whale (Balaena glacialis),although the shallow waters and rocky subtidalplatforms are probably not particularly suited to whales. The Little Penguin (Eudyptulaminor), fourspecies of seals and two species of dolphinshave alsobeen recorded in the area. An offshorepollution event, such as an oil spillor strandingevent, might affectmany of these species and would require an integrated response betweenvarious organisationsbased on a contingencyplan.

Aims

To protect and conserve marinemammals, shorebirdsand seabirds and their habitats.

To protect species and communities of specialbiological interest and significant species.

To be responsive to minimising the effects on marine wildlife of pollution or other unnatural processes.

To undertakeor assist survey, monitoring and research programs into marinewildlife and the effects of human activities.

High

H.1 In accordance withRegional and DCE plans for recovery and treatment of wildlife after an oil spill or stranding event, prepare a list of equipment and expertiseavailable to DCE both internallyand externally. Develop response procedures in event of a major oil spill or other pollution event (see also 43-0.2, 4.3-0.4).

H.2 With relevant community groups, prepare and undertake a plan to monitor the number and breeding success of Hooded Plovers.

32 Low

L.l Provide signs advising the public of the significance of Hooded Plovers, relevant recreational restrictions and an acceptable code of bt!haviour, particularly between the east side of Coal Creek and the west e:nd of Second Surf.

· Ongoing

0.1 Protect Hooded Plovers and their habitat between the east side of Coal Creek and west end of Second Surf, particularly during breeding season (inclusive of the months October to February). Enforce prohibitions of dogs andhorses (see also4.9-H.10-11). Potential predators should be monitored and controlledif necessary (see also 4.5-0.2).

0.2 As part of regional training, ensure that all Departmental staff at adjacent workcentres have a knowledge of the 'NationalPlan to Combat Pollution of the Sea by Oil' (Department of Transport and Communications 1990), the 'State Plan to Deal withWildlife Affectedby an Oil Spill' (DCE 1990b), the 'CetaceanStranding Rescue Plan (CFL 1988) and the DCE video 'Treating Oiled Birds'.

0.3 Encourage community participation and undertake regular surveys of both shore and sea birds to be added to the DCE Wildlife Atlas Database.

0.4 Update annually lists for emergency contacts andequipment in event of an oil spillor other pollution event (see also4.3-H.1).

4.4 TERRESTRIALFLORA

The Bunurong coastal area includes some important remnants of the coastal and dune vegetation which would have extended furtherinland before clearing and grazingwere introduced to the area. Limited baseline data are available on a range of vegetation communities, and further informationis required, especially on less disturbed communities and species of significance. The major vegetation communities are foredunevegetation, coastal scrub, grassland, wet and dry heath, Swamp Paperbark (Melaleuca ericifolia)and Coastal Tea-tree (Leptospermum/aevigatum) scrub and Coast Banksia(Banksia integrifolia) woodland. Two relatively undisturbed areasof vegetation occurto the east andwest of HarmersHaven, and these have beendesi gnated as Special Habitat management areasdue to their significancefor flora and fauna. • The plant communities provide essential habitat for many native animal species, bind the erosion- prone sandysoils of the area and provide a valuable visual screen and bufferbetween the adjoiningfreehold land and the marineenvironment. Residential and rural development in adjacent area has caused considerable environmental disturbance of vegetation and by destruction or compaction of the soil, resulting in a small and fragmented remnant of coastal vegetation. Due to the relatively narrowstrip of this. vegetation, instability of the soil and fragilityof coastal ecosystems, uncontrolled access or changes in environmental processes can cause major disturbancesto the vegetationin the park.

Legaland illegal grazing activities and uncontrolled human access in some areas of the park, particularly in the foredunesfrom Coal Point to Cape Paterson, have lead to extensive erosion in the past as onshore winds drive unbound sand inland, creating large, rapidly-expanding dune blow­ outs. The Bunurong cliffs area have also been grazed in the past, resulting in the depauperate vegetation communities present today.

Human impact caused by uncontrolled pedestrian and vehicle access may also have considerable adverse effects. Previous occupation of Crown land, both legally and illegally have resulted in areas where indigenous vegetation in the park has been disturbed or cleared. Unsympathetic management practices such as clearing of undergrowth,widening of drivewayaccess, changes in drainage, especially along road verges, and slashing, contribute to a further reduction in the

33 integrity of vegt:lationcommunilies. The coastal vegetation adjacen� to Flat Rocks, with its dominant Coast Banksia overstorey, has been severely degradedby impacts such as these.

Once the soil and vegetation has been disturbed, increased opportunities occur for the establishmentand spread of weeds. Adjacent ruraland residential properties are the sourceof a large number of weed species. Many introduced plant species outcompete indigenous vegetation, reducingboth the diversity of indigenous species and habitat suitability for wildlife. Severalareas, such as at The Oaks and Shack Bay, are heavily weed infested. Nevertheless, recent work by community groupsand DCE havesignificantly reduced weed infestationin some other areas.

Changes in fire regimes pose a threat to the diversity and integrity of some floraand fauna communities. Reduced firefrequency has causeda reduction inthe extent and diversity of dry heath communities, these being replaced almost exclusively by Coastal Tea-tree in many areas between Coal Point and Cape Paterson. A balancebet ween vegetation diversity and firecontrol requirementsneeds to be m�tained.

Aims

To conserve andrehabilitate the indigenous flora with emphasis on the conservation of areas with particularbotanical or wildlifehabitat value.

To protect the viability of a range of indigenous plant communities and species.

To designatemanagement areas and set aside an area(s)so that natural processes can continue with minimal humaninterference.

To encourage, assist or undertake survey,monitoring and researchprograms that add to the existingknowledge of the floraand the effectsof humanactivities.

To minimise the impact of humansand their activities on the flora.

To create an environmentaland visualbuffer between the Marine Parkand adjacent freehold land.

To control, or wherepossible, eradicate weeds concentrating on species that are, or have the potential to become, environmental weeds which may significantlyalter the natural vegetation communities.

Actions

High

H.1 Prohibit the removal of indigenous vegetation, except under permit (see also 4.4-0.4).

H.2 Definetwo Special Habitat management areas to recognise their comparatively high botanical value. The eastern area is between Coal Point and Harmers Haven and the western area betweenCape Paterson and Harmers Haven (see Figure 4). Allowonly restricted public access and limited management works (see also 4.9-L.5, 4.10-0.5).

H.3 Using available data, develop a base flora map(s) for Bunurong. Provide the information listed in Appendix1.1.

H.4 Define the EcologicalBurn management area for the dry heath and adjacent Coast Tea-tree communities at Cape Paterson and prepare a rehabilitation plan using the guidelines in Appendix1.2.

H.5 Definethe Banksia management area and prepare management prescriptions using the guidelines in Appendix 1.3.

34 8.6 Undertake weed control works targeting species and priorities using information inTable 2.

Medium

M.1 Provide signs indicatingthe special significance of the flora and wildlife habitat in the easternand western Special Habitat management areas.

M.2 Encourage or undertake general botanical surveys of vascular plants for those areas not adequately or previously surveyed.

M.3 Encourage or undertake specialist survey(s) inBunurong for significant species, such as for the rareorchids foundin adjacent areas of the Cape Paterson subdivisionand WonthaggiHeathland Reserve. Provide protection measures as appropriate, includingrestricted access and managementworks, and non-disclosureof site location.

M.4 Purchase and equip a shade house for growing local provenance indigenous plants,using volunteer labour for plant maintenance.

M.5 Permit firebreaks on Crown land only at Harmers Haven. Inform existing and new owners of houses at Hanners Haven that the maximum permissible firebreak width on the abuttingCrown land is four metres.

M.6 Minimiseclearance of vegetation in Bunurong for access to private property by discussion with landowners (see also 4.12-H.5).

M.7 Encourage landowners to use methods that reduce or minimise the spread of weeds in the park. Target the following species as inappropriategarden plants: Monterey Pine (Pinus radiata), Pampas Grass (Cortaderiaselloana), Montpellier Broom (Genistamonspessulana), Dusky Coral-pea (Kennedia rubicunda),Blue Psoralea (Psora/eapinnata), Cape Wattle (Paraserianthes lophantha) and New Zealand Mirror Bush (Coprosma repens) (see also 4.12-M.1, 4.12-L.1).

Low

L.l Remove allnon-indigenous trees and larger shrubs with the exception of those assessed to have historic value (see also 4.8-M.2).

L.2 Encourage the use and promotion of indigenous species by local nurseries and community groups using Appendix 1.53 as an initial species list. Discourage the sale of potential environmental weed species (see also 4.4- M.7).

L3 As part of the the RegionalFire Protection Planprepare a fire management strategy for Bunurong incorporatingthe requirements of the various plant communities andfire protection issues.

L.4 Undertake a survey of non-vascular terrestrial plant species in Bunurong.

Ongoing

0.1 Manage coastal'sand dune erosion and stabilisation following 'the guidelines inAppendix 1.4.

35 TABLE2 PEST PLANTS • BUNURONG

Plant Location Priority Comments

Dolichos Pea Cape Paterson and High Isolated infestations (Dipogonlignosus syn. westernforeshore but becoming widespread Dolichos lignosus) along tracks

Boneseed Cape Paterson High Localisedinfestations ( Chrysanthemoides HarmersHaven monilifera ssp. monilifera)

Cape Wattle Harmers Haven and High Individualplants spreading (Paraserianthes scatteredthroughout fromadjoining private land lophantha syn. the park Albizialophqntha)

Asparagus Fern East of Cape Paterson High Remove tubers. Only (Myrsiphyllum caravanpark a smallinfestation scandens)

New Zealand Mirror Widespread High Target in areaswith low level Bush (Taupata) of infestation first i.e. (Coprosma repens) Harmers Haven

PampasGrass Roadsides High Spray and Burn. Spreading (Cortaderia selloana) and heath west of from adjoining private Cape Paterson land

Blue Psoralea Heath and foreshore High (Psoralea pinnata) around Cape Paterson

Coastal T�a-tree Heath High See Appendix1.5.5 (Leptospennum laevigatum)

Cape Ivy Cape Paterson caravan High (Delairea odorata) park, Banksia woodland at Flat Rocks, and isolated infestations

Cluster (Maritime) Pine Isolated seedlings in High (Pinus pinaster) heath at Cape Paterson

Myrtle-leaf Milkweed Flat Rocks area High Spread by graders (Polygala myrtifolia) along verges

Ivy East of Cape Paterson Medium Requires long term (Hedera helix) caravan park and containment Undertow Bay

36 0.2 Beforecommencem ent of all vegetation or management works in Bunurong, the proponent must provide works documentation which uses the guidelines in Appendix 1.5 and which must be approved by DCE before implementation.

03 Update the weed priorities and specificationsannually with consideration givento the guidelines in Appendix 1.6.

0.4 Issue permits for the removal of indigenous seed and plant material to individuals involved in scientific, horticultural, conservation or other appropriate programs. In the Special Habitat management areas the higheststandards should be applied and studies should be specifically related to conservation and rehabilitation of species (see also 4.14-0.1-2).

0.5 Enforce regulations relating to illegaloccupation of, or incursions onto, Crown land,and illegal destruction of flora (see also 4.4-M.5-6, 4.12).

0.6 Monitor firebreaks at Harmers Haven and take action if they encroach furtheronto Crownland.

0.7 Support and encourage the community and Friends groups in activities associated with the floraincluding revegetation, rehabilitation, seed collection, propagation, seedling growth and weed removal.

0.8 Maintain accurate wildfire and management burn maps and records, and monitor effectsof fireon native floraand fauna.

4.5 TERRESTRIALFAUNA

Indigenous terrestrial fauna is highly dependent on vegetation communities. Since European settlement, these communities have been slightlyto highly modified, or cleared, in Bunurong and surrounding areas. This has had a detrimental impact on the abundance and diversity of both indigenousflora and fauna. Nevertheless, small remnants of a diverse range of coastal vegetation communities remain, within which local populations of many indigenous animal species survive.

A detailed inventory of terrestrial fauna has not been carried out. The rare Swamp Antechinus (Antechinus minimus) is known to occur in the Bunurorigand utilises habitat provided by wet heath,tussock grassand sedge communities. Disturbance of thishabitat will seriously threaten its continuing survival in Bunurong. Another significantspecies is the Common Bent-wingBat (Miniopterusschreibersii), a species that roosts in several caves in the park. Disturbance by people, particularly by camp fires, cigarette smoke and artificial light may lead to abandonment of these roosting sites and, consequently, cause a decline in numbers locally.

Another major threat to the indigenous fauna is disturbance or predation by domestic dogs, domestic andferal cats, and foxes. ·Other introduced species of birds and small mammals, such as starlings, rabbits, Black Rat and House Mouse, also compete with indigenous fauna. Programs which significantly reduce pest animal numbers usually require the involvement of adjacent landowners, andpre- and post-monitoring is needed to determine each program's effectiveness. Non-targetted, un-coordinated or inefficientprograms should be discouraged.

Aims

To protect and conserve indigenous fauna.

To maintain or enhance the habitat in the area forindigenous fauna.

To protect species of special biological interest and significant species.

To minimise the impact of humans and their activities on fauna.

37 To promote, assist or undertake survey, monitoring and research that adds to the existing knowledge of the faunaand the effects of human activities.

To control or, where possible, eliminate pest animals concentrating on those of most enviroDIJlentalconcer n.

Actions

High

H.l With the exception of the Intensive Recreationmanagement area, prohibit camp firesin Bunurong.

H.2 Undertake a surveyfor Swamp Antech.inus, particularly at Eagles Nest prior to construction of the proposed carpark (see also 4.10-L.1).

Medium

M.1 Prepare a leafleton the benefitsof responsible pet ownership and the potential adverse effects of dogs and domestic and feral cats on wildlife and habitat at Bunurong.

M.2 In consultation with, and with the assistanceof, community groups prepare a plan to undertake bird surveys, and to monitor the breeding success of Peregrine Falcon and roosting of the Common Bent-wing Bat.

Low L.1 Undertake, possibly involvingspecialist volunteers, a survey of small mammals throughoutBunurong in representative vegetation communities.

L.2 Undertake,possibly using specialist volunteers, a survey of reptiles and amphibians.

Ongoing

O.l Collate all fauna.survey records (including marine) annuallyand ensure appropriate data is added to the DCE WildlifeAtlas Database.

0.2 Monitor introduced species, particularly rabbits, foxes and feral cats (see also 43-0.1). Undertake control programs wherenecessary, preferably involving adjacentlandowners in coordinated programs (see also 4.12-L.2).

0.3 Encourage and assist research under permit on the fauna in Bunurong (4.14-0.1-2).

4.6 PHYSICALRESOURCES

The rock platforms and eroding cliffs of the Bunurong area are mainly composed of Cretaceous sandstones and shales which are around 100-135 million years old. This formation is rarely exposed in Victoria and provides interesting geological and palaeological information. Dinosaur and plesiosaur remains have proved to be of particular scientific interest, as have other remains such as plant spores and pollens. The area fromCape Paterson to Flat Rocks is also notable for its rock platforms, boulder beaches, and high, steep and frequentlyfaulted cliffs. Several other significant geological features are known to occur in the area, including the Eagles Nest rock stack and a planed-off volcanic plug on the shore platform. Seams of black coal occur in the area and these were firstmined at a site near Cape Paterson between 1845-1887. Extraction from coastal seams, unlike the larger Wonthaggiseams, was not continued due to their small size and low profitability.

38 The catchmentf or Bunurong is relatively small as a broad raised plateau occurs slightly north of the coast. This plateau also effectively defines the viewshed. The small catchment area, lack of major tributaryinputs and open coast position to Bass Strait means that land-based discharge is unlikely to have significanteffect on large areas of the marine environment.

Pollution fromcreeks and outfalls may have a significanteffect on the water qualityand marine environment in localised areas within the park. For instance, high nutrient levels can cause excessive growth of some algae, such as Sea Lettuce, and a decline in others. The potentialrange of pollutants carried into Bunurong is extremely wide,for example, unnaturally heavy loads of silt, fertilisers, topsoiland organic matter, sump oil, household detergents, plastics, wrapping and agriculturalchemicals.

Concern about water quality of the Bunurong area, particularly the marine environment, was demonstrated by the public debate over the continuingoperation of a sewage outfall at Eagles Nest (e.g. Point Smythe ConservationAssociation 1977). Cape Paterson and lnverloch are now connectedto the Wonthaggi-Inverlochsewerage line with sewage being discharged after secondary treatment at BaxtersBeach approximately twokilometres north-west of Bunurong. Some sewerage lines still traverse Crown land in the park and will require occasional maintenance. The remaining septic systems at Cape Paterson, including the surf life saving clubs, Oranacaravan and camping area and public facilities, need to be connected to the mainssewerage line as appropriate.

Some -water quality data are available and monitoring is required to ensure that the State Environment Protection Policy standards (Government of Victoria 1988) are maintained. Sources to be monitored includeall direct natural and artificial point-source_discharges into the marine park and, possibly, discharges that enter the park indirectly via seepage or ocean currents. Both regular and intermittent monitoring for contaminates fromsewage and residential and agricultural run-offis initially necessary to determine which, if a'.ny,areas may be of ongoing concern. Careful investigation of incidental records, such as abundant growth of Sea Lettuce and noticeable smells from creeks, should also be made.

Aims

To protect sites of geological and geomorphologicalsignificance.

To allow natural geomorphologicaland hydrologicalprocesses to continue without undue interference.

To monitor water qualityin conjunction with relevant authorities to maintain State Environment Protection Policy and healthstandards.

To promote and assist research on geology, geomorphology and hydrology.

To consider and minimise, where possible, effects of predicted sea level rises resultingfrom global warming caused by the greenhouse effect.

Actions

High

H.1 Prohibit disturbance or removal of rock, sand, soil, stone or other material unless authorised for management purposes or research under permit.

H.2 Prohibit new structures in Bunurong for the disposal of waste substances, including residential stormwater and sewage (see also 4.6-0.2).

H.3 Prepare a plan with the Environment Protection Authority and the Wonthaggi-Inverloch Water Board to collect data and monitor water quality

39 at allnatural and artificialoutfalls in Bunurong and Baxters Beach on a periodic basis, and intermittently as required.

H.4 · Prohibit construction of seawalls, groynes or other structures except those authorised for safety and management purposes.

Medium

M.1 Inform residents of the effectsof common household products, such as sump oil, plasticand detergents, which may enter Bunurong via stormwater and run-off.

M.2 In co-operation withscientific and community interest groups, prepare educational information on and, where appropriate, display fossilised remainsand geologicalsamples foundin the Bunurong withoutdisclosing exact site locations(see also 4.13-M.6). Low .. L.1 Undertake, inconjunction with specialists, a survey to identifysites of geologicalsignificance and pr�scribe methods for their management

L.2 Encourage landowners in the water catchmentarea to revegetate gullies and creeks to protect water quality (see also 4.12-L.1).

L3 Prepare a plan detailin·g possible scenarios and options, if available, to minimiseadverse effects of sea level rise resultingfrom global warming.

L.4 Liaise with appropriate organisations, such as the Port of Melbourne Authority, to prepare a bathymetric survey map.

Ongoing

0.1 Encourage and assist researchand surveyunder permit on the geomorphologyand hydrologyof Bunurong (see also 4.14-0.1-2).

0.2 Permit works that rationalise existing seplic, stormwater and sewage inputs in Bunurong by upgradingor relocation, where such works meet stringent environmentaland landscape standards, but only when no feasible location existsoutside the park's boundaries. Where feasible, only underground routing of facilitiesshould be permitted (see also 4.6-H.2).

· 03 Requirethe Wonthaggi-Inverloch Water Board to notifyDCE if any leakageof sewage occurs, or if maintenance of sewerage lines is required, in Bunurong.

0.4 Prevent or minimise damage to sites of geological andgeomorphological significance.

4.7 . LANDSCAPE

The Bunurong coastline, particularly between Cape Paterson and Inver loch, is notable for its spectacular cliffs,ocean vistas and views east to AndersonInlet and, in good visual conditions, to Cape Liptrap. The Land Conservation Council (1982) recommended that the coastline fromCape Paterson east to Entrance Point, Wilsons Promontory, be designated scenic coast.for its outstanding beauty andrelatively unspoilt state. There arealso attractive scenic areas that contrast the natural indigenous flora with adjacent rural landscapes, particularly in the vicinity of cliffs between Cape Paterson and Inverloch. The entrance to Jnverloch from Cape Paterson also provides pleasant scenic viewing, with Coastal Banksias fringingthe road. Unfortunately, this vegetation community is declining in: health, with a consequent loss of visual amenity.

· 40 The Bunurong coastline has a low ability to absorb visualchanges due to the narrow width of the park, its generally low vegetation and relatively flat landscapes. Significantimpact on visual resources in Bunurong could occur from changed land use on adjacent freehold land. Housing or other buildings could seriously impair scenic qualities of the coastline, particularly if inappropriate subdivisions or developments are permitted.

Vehicle access and parking, signs and visitor facilities in the parkmay also impair visual quality and should remain low-key and sensitively designed to reduce visualimpact. Any management works involving structures or major track work in Bunurong must assess the visualimpact on its surrounds and meet landscapedesi gn criteria, as have the current plans for rationalisation of existing carparking between Cape Patersonand Inverloch.

Aims

To protect or enhance landscape diversity and scenic quality.

To minimise the visual impact of management activities, especially in or adjacent to the Sanctuary Zone.

To provide standardised design guidelines for use within Bunutong to minimise the negative impacts of buildings, structures and facilities on landscape values.

To seek to minimise the impact of development or changes in land use on adjacent freeholdland on the landscape values inBunurong.

Actions

High

H.1 Prohibit the construction of buildings or major structures in the Sanctuary Zoneand adjacent CoastalPark except for access, boundarydefinition, safety and public information.

H.2 Prepare standardisedguidelines for materials, colours and specifications which areto be applied by DCE and other management authoritiesin the park in relation to fencing,access paths, barriers, signs andvisitor facilities in the two ConservationZones. Utilise existingguidelines forthe Sanctuary Zone as preparedby the DCE Landscapeand Architectural Service and the Signs Manual (DCE 1991b).

H3 Seek to have applications for development and changes in land use in the Bunurong viewshed referred to DCE forcomment by the Responsible Authorities.

H.4 Support the Shire ofWoorayl in adoption of their Coastal Policy Area planning controls and landscape study design guidelines (Scenic Spectrum et al. 1990) including: - subdivision controls - minimum block sizes on existingnon-residential freeholdland . - land use practices - design specifications, colours and materials - building heights - use of buffer zones or vegetative screening.

H.5 Encoqrage the Borough of Wonthaggi to incorporate complementary planningcontrols and design guidelines ( as per H.4 above) in their Planning Scheme.

41 H.6 Plant a bufferzone of approximately70 by 6 metres on the seaward edge of the coast road adjacentto the proposed Eagles Nest carpark at least 18 months prior to construction to ensurethat plants are well established and willsurvive. Guidelines and some suitable species are provided in Appendix 1.5 (see also 4.10-L.1).

H.7 Negotiate withthe Shire of Woorayl an appropriate set of guidelines for management of the coastroad between Cape Paterson and Inverloch talcing into consideration landscape values of both Bunurong and adjacent rural land (see also 4.10-H.9, 4.10-H.10).

H.8 In consultationwith the Shireof Woorayl, Country FireAuthority and community groups, prepare a plan forrehabilitation of the Coast Banksia communityat the entrance to Inverloch via the coast road (see also 4.4-H.5, 4.4-0.2, 4.10-H.6).

Ongoing

0.1 ·• Minimise thf! impact of works, facilities and access routes, especially in relation to key vantage points inBunurong, by screening with appropriate indigenousplant species (see also 4.4-0.2, 4.12-0.4).

0.2 Provide input to planning applicationsfor development or changes in land use on adjacent land whichmay have an impact on the visual qualities on the park (see also 4.7-H.4, 4.7-H.5).

03 Assess planned DCE works programs and those by other management authorities ( e.g. municipalities, Telecom) in or adjacent to Bunurong with respect to the impact on landscape values (see also 4.11-12).

4.8 CULTURAL RESOURCES

Cultural resources inBunurong include Koorie middens, all of which lie close to the beach and rock .platforms. A total of 33 sites areknown to occur between Cape Paterson and three kilometres west of Coal Point, with one site at Eagles Nest. Archaeological evidence suggeststhat these sites were important fora diversity of economic activities. Remains of a staple diet of shellfish, supplemented by seals,woodland mammal species, emus, seabirds, rodents and reptiles, as well as stone and bone implements, have been found.

Koorie sites remain poorly documented, especially in terms of their significance to the Bunurong Tribe. No active measures have been taken to preserve the sites or their contents. They have remained relatively protected fromhuman impacts only because most are not readily accessible and site locations are not well documented. Most site locations should not be promoted. Increasing visitor numbers and exposureto weathering, especially by sand dune erosion, threaten these resources.

TheArtisan is the only confirmedshipwreck known to existin Bunurong. Some remains of this wooden sailing barque are located offa reef near Coal Creek at Harmers Haven. Other shipwrecksmay also occur in Bunurong and further information on their location is required to determine both their significance and appropriate measures for protection.

Evidence of early European activity on the land has almost been obliterated by weathering and plantgrowth. Garden plants, such as geranium and Cypress Pines, are evidence of earlier settlements at Shack Bay, The Oaks and Flat Rocks. The historic value of introduced plants, particularly the Cypress Pines at Flat Rocks, should be assessed, but as many species are likely to spread further within the parkthey should be removed if not historically significant. A stone wall at Shack Bay is also evidence of earlier European occupation and its historic value and potential for preservation requires investigation.

42 Aims

To preserve and protect sites and featuresof Koorie and historical interest.

To encourage survey and research into the Koorie and European history of Bunurong.

To provide interpretative and educational information on Koorie and early European history where this does not conflictwith other aims.

Actions

High

H.1 If appropriate, upgrade the fence at the intersection of the beach east of Cape Paterson and the access track, via the easternSpecial Habitat management area, to protect most of the Koorie midden.

H.2 Liaise with the Victoria Archeological Survey (VAS) and/or Museum of Victoria to document the location of knownKoorie sites and their contents, and to determine possible measures to conserve sites.

Medium

M.1 Provide signsand adviceto the public of the significanceof the Koorie midden alongside the beach access track adjacent to the easternSpecial Habitat management area at Cape Paterson (see also 4.8-H.1).

M.2 Liaise with local interest groups and Historic Places Branch, DCE, to determine the historic value and conservation measures required to protect remains of settlements and garden plants introduced by early Europeans (see also 4.4-L.1).

Low

L.1 Encourage further surveys for, and research into, Koorie midden sites, as well as studies of their cultural and scientific significance, and conservation requirements.

L.2 Provide interpretative and display material documenting Koorie land use and culture, and early European maritime and settlement activities, as appropriate.

L.3 Liaise with the Maritime Archaeological Unit of VAS and appropriate local interest groups to document shipwrecks in Bu.nurong and to determine their significanceand requirements for protection.

Ongoing

0.1 Protect most Koorie sites, except for nominated interpretative sites, from human disturbance by isolation from access routes.

0.2 Allow access to non-interpretative Koorie sites only after notification and agreement between the Department, VAS and the local Koorie community. Site location data and access should only be provided for approved Aboriginal and scientificstudies, and management purposes (see also 4.14- 0.1-2).

0.3 Investigate sites for archaeological relics before implementing earthworks between Cape Paterson and Coal Point. Notify VAS if Koorie sites or maritime relics are discovered.

43 4.9 RECREATION

Many recreational activities traditionally carried out within the area are compatible with the conservation objectives of Bunurong and are directly associated with the marine environment. Table 1 outlines permitted activities and restrictions.

Recreationalactivities involving collecting or harvesting of floraand fauna, such as fishing, are permitted in some areas but may resultin changes to, or decline of, some biologicalresources. Recreationalactivities withinthe Sanctuary Zone, with its emphasis on protection of natural resources, are restricted to those which do not remove (i.e. harvest) or unduly disturb flora and fauna. In the two Conservation Zones, recreational activities involvingresource harvesting are permitted, but areregulated to assist in maintaining the continuing availabilityof resources and in minimizing impacts on marine ecosystems.

The small lengthof coastline in Bunurong, the varietyof recreational activities and the physical constraints on location of manyactivities mean that therewill be some conflictsbetween users. Certainrecreational activities, such as jet skis, are incompatible withboth recreational enjoyment by other usefs and protection of fauna and flora. A few activities traditionally carried out in the area, such as horse-riding and exercising dogs, are not dependent on a coastal setting. Activities which are not coastal-dependent may be regulated or prohibited to minimise disturbance or damage to flora, fauna or other park users. Water-based activities, such as swimming, spearfishingand boati.:i:J.gmay also conflictwith each other, particularly inperiods of peak visitor numbers, andtherefore may require regulation.

The impact of human activities on biological resources is not well understood. Resource harvestingobviously directly affects the number of individualsof a species, but if not over­ exploited the species will continueto survive in the local environment. Conversely, even non­ exploitative activities, such as high numbers of visitors walking on rock platforms, may have a considerable detrimentaleffect on a particular area. It is essential that well designed monitoring programsare establishedand carried out over manyyears if the impacts of human use are to be effectivelyassessed and the value of various management regimes determined.

Some activitiesmay cause conflicts between different user groups because of safety concerns; for instance, boats and spearfishersnear swimmers,especially children. These activites may need to be regulated (e.g. speed limits for boats near swimming areas) if conflicts increase. Abseiling is of concern,because of potential damage to clifftops and rock faces and the potential danger to both the participantand unwary passers-by. This activity is not coastal-dependent and is considered inappropriate in the park. The environmental and saftey concernsassociated with hang gliding are similar to those forabseilin g, but less severe, and therefore, this activity will be restricted.

Aims

To provide for a range of recreational uses which are compatible with the conservation objectives of the park.

To resolve conflictsbetween user groupsand separate incompatible activities or assign priority to coastal-dependent activities.

To limit resource utilisationto levels that are sustainable.

To monitor visitor use and the impact of recreational activities.

To provide information and interpretationto the public on a range of recreational pursuits.

To provide for and encourage safe recreational opportunities

44 Actions

High

H.1 Provide visitors withadvice on permitted activities thrnugh signs and leaflets using informationin Table 1.

H.2 Encourage non-exploitative (i.e. non-harvesting) activities that are appropriate coastal-dependent activities such as swimming, walking, bird­ watching, sunbathing, surfing, observational rockpooling, snorkelling, scuba diving, relaxingand marine education on beaches and rock platforms.

H.3 Prohibit any form of resourceharvesting (including recreationalfishing) in the SanctuaryZone, except for research by permit (see 4.14-0.1-2).

H.4 Prohibit the collection or removal of, and damage to, flora, fauna (including shellfishtaken forfood and bait) andtheir habitat in the park, except for permitted activities listed in Table 1.

H5 Allow recreational angling in the two Conservation Zones, in accordance with provisions outlined in Table 1 (see also 4.2-L.2).

H.6 Allow spearfishingonly in the western ConservationZone, without the use of scuba or hookah equipment and inaccordance with provisions outlined in Table 1.

H.7 Allow amateur take of abalone and rock lobster in the two Conservation Zones, without the use of scuba or hookah equipment and in accordance with provisions outlined in Table"! (see also 4.2-L.2).

H.8 Prohibit abseilingin Bunurong.

H.9 Allow hang gliding only from the areaadjacent to the pullover immediately east of EaglesNest. Monitor impacts and review use ifnecessary.

H.10 Prohibitdogs fromBunurong except in cars, between Second Surf and Undertow Bay (inclusive), and between the eastern parkboundary and easternend of FlatRocks, in accordance with the conditions in Table 1.

H.11 Prohibit horse riding in Bunurong except between the eastern boundary of the park and Flat Rocks in accordance with the conditions in Table 1 (see also 4.9-L.6).

Low

L.1 In consultation with scuba diving clubs, provide information to visitors on the location and skill level required for various snorkelling and scuba diving sites.

L.2 In consultation with surfingclubs, provide informationto visitors on the location and skill level required for various board riding and swimm in!c! activities.

L.3 Investigate the feasibility of a mooring point(s) for boats (particularly for scuba divers), and assess its ecological impact.

45 TABLE! ZONES AND USES

ACTIVITY ZONE

Sanctuary Conservation Terrestrial

Recreation

Yesl

; . :=·\ ...... ·.. ·.·· :·� ... .

. ·::.--;. Perm'fi10 Restfl��p-·

Education and research

Educational excursions ( observational) Permit12 Permit12 Permit12 R�j��:�;:�!itl;;9i¥.,¢t:i.:CW.��P11->'\.',/ :.. c:..::'\.P#roi�8:·:· .:· '. �.etw.itP.:. '::. _.Pet¢iJ�· Commercial

:'-No:··... _ .. ·., =. · R��frict14 · Other

Depositing rubbish No No No ··· · > · ...... :, 'l�tr: ··. :im1tj'��:'.. ,."_., ·: ·.;.. · .. .··· ffo· ._.\::�t·.:: .:. ..·.':'::· :RiiriMil'loftoch{sand:etc · .. · · .> .. ·.:·.-No..:: · No . No· .. . c�s; -�-ai�r-bikesf and trailer�· Restrict15 Colt�ctioµ:9 aity:9ther:HvingJlor�and . f�un& . ··. :: ·No. No No. Collection of any other .dead floraand fauna. No No No

46 TABLEl ZONES AND USES - CONDITIONS

1. The publichas complete access to the water, beach (i.e. non-vegetated area)and rock platforms but must keep to definedpaths and other access or public areas in the Terrestrial Zone.

2. Permitted only in the Cape Paterson caravan and camping grounds (Intensive Recreation management area).

3. Permitted only fromthe areaadjacent to the carpark east of Eagles Nest.

4. Permitted on thefollowing conditions: in carsthroughout the park; between Second Surf and Undertow Bay (inclusive); and between the easternpark boundary and the-eastern edge of the FlatRock intertidalplatform. on the following conditions: 1) November to April beach access is only allowed from5.00pm to 10.00am; May to October allowed24 hours per day 2) Dogs not in water must be on a leash and confinedto access paths, carparks and the beach (i.e. non-vegetated area). Dog excrement must be removed. Dogs creating a nuisance may be removed by authorised staff.

5. Permitted only between the eastern park l?oundaryand FlatRocks on the following conditions: 1) An annualpermit is required._ 2) Commercial riding tours arenot permitted 3) May to October - beach access is only allowed between the hours of 5.00pmto 10.00amfor bothrecreational riders and commercial horse trainers; November to April - beach access is only allowed between the hours of 6.00pmto 9.00amfor recreationalriders. 4) Horses permitted only on designated access paths, in the designated tethering area and on the beach (i.e. non-vegetated area); floatsonly permitted in designated parkingareas; Horse excrement must be removed. Horses creating a nuisance may be removed by authorisedstaff.

6. A bag limitof a total of five fishapplies, except forthe followingspecies: Angel Shark, Australian Salmon, Barracouta, CommonSaw Shark, Elephant Shark, Flathead, Gummy Shark, King George Whiting,Long Finned Pike, Sand Mullet,School Shark, Sea Mullet, Short Fmned Pike (Snook),Silver Trevally, Snapper, SouthernSaw Shark, SouthernSea Garfis� SouthernCalamar� Striped Seapike, Tailor, Tommy Rough, Warehou, Yellow-eye Mullet, Yellow-tail Kingfish. Other regulations under the Fisheries Act as to bag, size, seasonal andequipment restrictionsetc still apply.

7. Restricted to only the western ConservationZone. Use of scuba or hookah prolubited.

8. Dailybag limit of five. Use of scuba or hookah prohibited. Usual size limits apply.

9. Daily bag limitof one. Use of scuba or hookah prohibited. Usual size and seasonal limits apply.

10. Permit required for non-commercial collection of a maximum of 1 m3 from Flat Rocks or Cape Paterson only. Cars and trailers not permitted on beaches. Amenity clearing permit required by management authorities.

11. One litre container maximum per group per day.

U. Encouraged outside the SanctuaryZone. A permit is required per visit to any zone in the park. Collectionrequires a separate permit.

13. Annualpermit required. Scuba divingequipment may be used for collection under permit.

14. Buildings and non-management structures allowed only in the Intensive Recreation management area. All buildings, structures, leases and concessions require DCE approval.

15. Permitted only in designated carparking and access routes. Cars with trailers may access the boat ramps and adjacent beach only when on and off loading boats.

47 L.5 Investigate the feasibilityand desirability of providing a (interpretative) walkingtrack adjacent to the cliff edges fromThe Oaks to Flat Rocks and along the beach and through coastal vegetation fromCoal Point to Cape Paterson (see also 4.4-H2). Consider using bitumen-coated board walks (Garner 1990).

L.6 Reassess the existingrestrictions on recreationalhorse riding and commercial training in Bunurongwith a view to phasing out at least the latter.

Ongo�

0.1 I;:acouragerecreational user groupsto undertake self-regulation and maintenanceof conservationvalues withinBunurong.

O .2 Monitor recreational uses, conflicts between different activities andvisitor safety. Introduce appropriate restrictions (e.g. speed limits for boats) if required. � 4.10 VISITOR MANAGEMENT

The major facilityfor visitors is the road connecting Cape Paterson and Inverloch, and its associated carparks, which have made thisarea accessible to many thousands of visitors annually. These facilitieshave developed in an ad hoc manner and this has led to some unsafe practices, congestion, excessive numbersof people in biologicallysensitive areas and problems with erosion, run-offand vegetation management.

The CoastalPark also has an ad hoc networkof access tracks to the beach, many of which are poorly definedand maintained. Signs and other information forvisitors inBunurong are limited and,like existingtracks andfencing, consistency of materials varies between different managementauthorities.

Boat launchingar eas existat both Cape Paterson and FlatRocks, but neither operates as all­ weather, all-tide access. Upgrading these areas is not considered feasible or desirable at this time, partly due to theirexposure to Bass Straitand limited carparking, and these facilitieswill not be expanded beyond their present capacity. As the nearest allweather ramps are reasonably distant, these being San Remo to the west and Anderson Inletto the east, the existingfacilities in Bunurongwill remain. In addition, the Bunurong launching areas may be requiredfor emergency purposes, particularlyin the event of closure of the bar at Anderson Inlet and foruse by the surflife savingclubs at Cape Paterson.

Visitor facilitieswhich requireday-to-day servicingtake time and money to maintain and do not encourage visitorsto assist in conservingthe environment they are enjoying. Facilities requiring regularmaintenance, such as toilets, rubbish bins and picnicareas will generally not be permitted or, if present, removed. Exceptions include some facilities at Flat Rocks and in the Intensive Recreation management areaat Cape Paterson (see also 4.11).

Rationalising and upgrading of appropriate visitor facilities will not only improve accessibility to Bunurong forvisitors, but should allow improved management of natural resources. Thus, all works and facilities will be approved only where they meet strict environmental and landscape standards, and should preferentially be located in areas of lower environmental value, such as Flat Rocks. Where human impact is causing significant environmental damage, it may be necessaryto temporarilyor permanentlyexclude human access. Major visitor facilitiesare shown in Figure 4.

Aims

To provide access to a range of areas fora variety of activities.

To provide visitor facilities which minimise impacts on natural values and which are consistent with responsible environmental practices.

48 To providefor and encourage visitorsafety.

To encourage higher visitor usage in environmentally less sensitive areas.

To control or limitaccess to sensitive habitats or sites as appropriate.

Actions

High

H.1 Restrict access through the Coastal Park to designated access paths, roads and carparks, except for emergency and management purposes.

H.2 Investigate the feasibilityof demarcating the Sanctuary Zone and two Conservation Zones onshore, so as to be visible onshore and, preferably, offshore. Install appropriate markers.

H3 Prohibit roadside parking along the road verges between Cape Paterson and Inverloch, except in designated parking areas. Designated areas . includeclearly indented carparkiog fora maximumof six cars each at sites adjacent to The Oaks and Undertow Bay. In addition, maintainfurther designated carparkingat Undertow Bay and east of Eagles Nest for short­ tennparking for a maximum of fourcars per area. Provide disabled carparking at these sites which have scenic vantage points.

H.4 Finalise carpark plans for EaglesNest, east of EaglesNest, Shack Bay and The Oaks.

H.5 Complete carpark, access path and viewing area at Shack Bay.

H.6 Prepare a plan and undertake works in the Flat Rocks area from Toorak Road to east of The Caves for: - re-establishment of toilet facilities at the existingtoilet block site - parking in the vicinity of toilets fora limited number of cars and buses - provision of carparking assigned to disabled people and for cars with . trailers - provision of small carparking embaymentsas appropriate and closure of remainder - upgrading of a limited number of access paths and closure of remainder - provision of a horse tethering area - revegetation plan for the Banksia community (see also 4.4-H.5).

H.7 Remove all rubbish bins in Bunurong except for those managed by the Intensive Recreation management area authority.

H.8 Upgrade access track, incorporating a viewingpoint, fromthe main carpark at The Oaks to .the existing beach access track and steps, and close secondary tracks (see also 4.10-H.3).

H.9 In co-operation with the Shire of Woorayl, prepare a plan for the coast road connecting Cape Paterson and Inverloch covering management responsibilities and issues associated with drainage, verges, carparking, vegetation (indigenous revegetation, slashing and pest species) and fire management (see also 4.4-0.2, 4.7-H.6, 4.7-0.1).

H.10 Shire of Woorayl to plan for, and after DCE approval, undertake verge drainage works, stabilisation of soil slumping and revegetation with indigenous species in the gully opposite The Caves (see also 4.4-0.2).

49 H.11 Modifyexisting viewing platform at Second Surf, Cape Paterson, to allow more direct access to beach, but not on an alignment parallel to prcv-dlling coastal winds. Close offlower track and secondarily formed tracks through dunevegetation and revegetate'. (see also 4.2-0.1-2).

H.12 Submit appropriate site names to the PlaceNames Committee, after public consultation, forthe followingareas: Wreck Beach, Second Surf, FirstSurf, BrownsBay, Undertow Bay, Shack Bay, The Caves, The Oaks,Twin Reefs, EaglesNest andFlat Rocks.

H.13 With the exceptionof the IntensiveRecreation management area and the approved facilitiesat FlatRocks (see alsoH.6 above), do not provide visitor facilitieswhich require regularmaintenance such as toilet blocks, barbecues and picnic tables. Low maintenancefacilities suchas viewingplatforms, display shelters and bench seats, can be provided.

H.14 Prohibit cam.pingin Bunurongexcept inthe Intensive Recreation .• management area (see also 4.5-H.1).

H.15 Provide appropriate signs giving directions and indicating hazards.

Medium

M.1 Prepare a plan of the access track network at Harmers Haven and rationalise existingtracks to allowrevegetation in appropriate areas. Provide barriers where appropriate.

M.2 Construct a chain and board track forexisting hollow in access track to Second Surf, Cape Paterson, to stop windremoval of sand.

M3 Modifyexisting fence to allow controlled foot access to Second Surf beach west of Cape Paterson via the easternSpecial Habitat management area (see also 4.8-H.1, 4.8-M.1).

M.4 The authority forthe Intensive Recreation management area, in consultation with DCE, to prepare an access strategy forpaths and carparks. Access between Browns B.ay and First Surf to be upgraded as a priority. Redundant paths should be closed and re-vegetated, while approved access facilitiesmay require standardising or upgrading (see also 4.4-0.2, 4.7-H.2).

M.5 Afterconsultation with the Shire of Woorayl and the public, seek to change the name of the Cape Paterson-Inverloch Road to the Bunurong Scenic Drive to recognise its scenic, environmental and tourist values.

Low

L.1 Re-assess alternativelocations forthe Eagles Nest carpark but, if no feasiblealternatives exist, proceed with existing construction plans for carpark, access path and viewingarea provided requirements under 4.5-H.2 and 4.7-H.6 have been fulfilled. Provide bench seats and disabled carparking as appropriate.

L.2 Provide information and signs indicatingsuitability of diving,snorkelling and swimming areas (see also 4.9-L.1-2).

L.3 Remove swings and slide fromthe Flat Rocks area because of safety and maintenance constraints.

L.4 Prepare a carpark and access plan for the western area of Harmers Haven.

50 L.5 Collate previous visitor survey material andundertake further surveys of visitor numbers, activities and impacts, using volunteers if possible.

L.6 Provide a comprehensive assessment of the longer-term sustainability of environmentalvalues when compared with visitoruse statistics (see L.5 above) and predicted capacity. Prepare short-term and long-term prescriptions to cater forvisitors and managetheir impacts.

Ongoing

0.1 Advise the publicby a variety of media on the danger of cliffs and of safety aspects relating to weather and tidalinfluences on the marine environment.

0.2. Erect and maintainnew fencing, signs and facilitiesthroughout the park in conformity with Landscapeand ArchitecturalServices guidelines and DCE SignsManual (1991b) (see also 4.7-H.2, 4.7-03).

03 Maintain bollards on roads throughout the park as necessary to ensure visitor safety and protectionof habitat. Close access paths, roads, carparks or facilities that endanger the safety of users.

0.4 Maintainexisting carparks and appropriate access routes at The Caves, east of Shack Bay, Twin Reefs, east of Undertow Bay, Old Boiler Road and Harmers Haven east.

0.5 Plan new access and walking tracks to allow visitors to view different landscapes and habitats but, where possible, divert high visitor numbers fromareas with high environmental values (see also 4.9-L.5).

0.6 Restrict access or temporarily close areas that show environmental degradationfrom excessive visitor use to allow recovery of natural resources. Close areas permanently if biologicalresources are threatened.

0.7 Monitor requirement forreduced vehicle speed limits, particularly on the coast road between Cape Paterson and Inverloch, over peak visitor periods to assist visitor safety. Seek to restrict as appropriate.

4.11 COMMERCIALACTMTIES ANDOTHER USES

Commercial abalone, Southern Rock Lobster and gillmesh net fishingare presently the only commercialmar ine-based activities in B·unurong. Commercial fishing is restricted to the two Conservation Zones as harvestingof marine resources isnot compatible with the objectives of the SanctuaryZone (see also4.2). Although commercial catch.data are incomplete, the relative commercial catches in Bunurong are low compared with statewide catches.

Only two commercial gillmesh fishers are understood to operate in Bunurong but neither rely primarily on fishingin this area for their income. Like other forms of finfishing, this method can cause significantenvironmental damage by unintentionally taking reef fish. For these reasons, all forms of fin fishing are to be prohibited.

The Intensive Recreation management area at Cape Paterson has been designated to allow commercial activities associated with camping and caravan accommodation to continue. In addition, other facilitiesmay be provided to allow for high intensity visitor use. The area is located on Crown land but, due to the pressure and intensity of use, conservation values have been highly modified. Thereare many issues associated with the caravan park and surrounding areas which requirereso lution by the management authority and DCE. The current Committee of Management responsible for the Intensive Recreation management area is the Borough of Wonthaggi.

51 The establishment of the marine park may attract other coastal-dependent commercial enterprises such as aquariums, boat hire and dive operators, as has happened in other States and overseas. Pressure to allowservices that arenot essentially coastal-dependent, such as kiosks and restaurants, may also increase in and adjacent to Bunurong. In addition, further concessional leases, such as currently held by the Cape Paterson Surf Life Saving Club, and permits, such as non-commercialseaweed harvesting, may berequested for activities in Bunurong.

Allapp lications forlicences, leases and permits willrequire individual assessment. No further leases will be issuedfor occupancy or permanent non-management structures inBunurong, with the exception of the Intensive Recreation managementarea. Services which are not coastal­ dependent will alsobe restricted to this area. Any serviceor activity whichconflicts with the objectives of the park willnot be permitted. Allapplicants will be required to demonstrate high environmental standards,and, preferably, educational or service value. New and existinglease holders willbe required to submit businessplans.

The narrow coastal strip is also used for a variety of public utilities including fireplugs, stormwater and sewerage lines, and telecom cables (see also 4.6). These facilitiesusually require only occasionalmaintenance which should be sensitively carried out in consultation with DCE. Beforebeing considered, any proposals for new facilitieswill need to demonstrate that they cannot be located elsewhere outside the park. If approved they will need to meet the samecriteria as other lease andpermit applications.

Aims

To allowregu lated commercial abalone and Southern Rock Lobster fishingand other appropriate marine-related commercial uses in the Conservation Zones.

To prohibitfurther development of facilities or structures in Bunurong for non-management purposes, except in the Intensive Recreation management area.

To minimisethe impact of activities on natural resources and park users.

To allowappropriate coastal-dependent concessions, leases and permits which are consistent with the objectivesof the park.

To allow appropriate development, facilities and activities in the Intensive Recreation managementarea whichdemonstrate environmental and landscape sensitivity and which are consistent with the objectives of the park.

Actions

High H.1 Prohibit all commercial fishing in the SanctuaryZone.

H.2 Allowlicensed commercial abalone and SouthernRock Lobster fishers to operate in the two Conservation Zones (see also 4.2-L.2).

H3 Prohibit allforms of commercial finfishing, including gill mesh net fishing, in the Marine Park.

H.4 Prohibit new structures in the park with exceptions for management purposes and appropriate facilities in the Intensive Recreation management area.

H.5 Prohibit new inputs, such as stormwater run-off,into coastal or marine areas of the park, except as a process of rationalising existing facilities (see also 4.4-0.2, 4.6-0.2, 4.7-H.2, 4.7-0.1, 4.7-0.3). ·

52 H.6 Control new public facilities in Bunurong that arisefrom outside the park (e .g. SEC, gas). With the exception of utilities under H5 above, approval may be given for new facilitiesif no feasible locationexists outside the park and only if high environmental and landscape standards are met. Facilities should be located underground whereverpossible (see also 4.4-0.2, 4.7-H.1, 4.7-0.1, 4.7-0.3).

H.7 Prohibit angling and spearfishingcompetitions.

H.8 Prohibit allorganised sporting events in the Sanctuary Zone, and allow coastal-dependent events only by permit in other zones.

H.9 Defme the Intensive Recreation management area by establishing boundaries and a management agreementwith the management authority. As part of this agreement,the authority is to prepare management and business plans for this area. Issues requiring resolution include sewering of the Orana camping and caravan park and public facilities, nature trail, carparking, access path and sign maintainence, vegetation management including weed control, gas cylinder location, fire management and long­ term tenancy arrangements (see also 4.4-0.2, 4.13-M.2, Appendix1.2. 3).

H.10 Advisethe public that harvestingnon-commercial amounts of seaweed will now require a permit and of the new conditions for the issue of permits (See also 4.11-0.3).

H.11 Prepare a lease for the Royal Life Saving Club at Cape Paterson (see also 4.11-M.l).

H.12 Prohibit commercial activities in the parkwhich are not coastal-dependent, such as the hiring of horses.

Medium

M.1 Management authority for the Intensive Recreation management area, in consultation withDCE and the two life saving clubs at Cape Paterson, to prepare plans resolving surf club issues such as permitted uses, lease, boundaries, management of (adjacent) land areaand sewage disposal.

Ongoing

0.1 Maintenance or rationalisation of existingpublic utilities in Bunurong must demonstratehigh environmentaland landscape standards, and be carried out in consultation with DCE (see also 4.4-0.2, 4.6-0.2, 4.7-H.2, 4.7-0.1, 4.7-0.3).

0.2 Assess applications for all licences, leases, permits and concessions to ensurelow environmental impact, high standards of educationand service, minimal conflicts with park users and consistency with park objectives.

0.3 Allow collection of seaweed for non-commercial (i.e. 1 m3 maximum) purposes at Flat Rocks and Cape Paterson by issue of permits with specifications. Cars and trailers are not allowed past the boat ramp launching area.

4.12 ADJACENTLAND USE

The values of the park can often be threatened by activities on the adjacent freehold land. These activities may cause detrimental impacts on the park's natural resources and are often difficult to exclude from the area or to control once within the park. For instance, garden plants may be pleasant in the appropriate setting but their seeds, transferred by wind, animals and humans, may

53 be invasive and they have the potential to establish in the park and become rapidly spreading weeds.

Problems associated withthe existingfarming practices andresidential developments include water pollution via run-offan d discharge. In addition, uncontrolled domestic dogs may disturb wildlife, whiledomestic and feral catsan d foxes are predators of wildlife. Deliberate grazingor accidental straying of stock fromadjacent farms has caused significant damage to the indigenous vegetation by selective ingestion of some plant species and non-selective trampling, both of which may lead to erosion and establishmentof weed species. Clearing of Crown land by adjacent landownersfor propertyaccess, firebreaksan d even temporary accommodation also continues to occur.

Changes in land use patternsmay result in reduced water qualityand landscape values can be substantially affectedby insensitivedevelopment. New subdivisions in adjacent townships will increasevisitor numbers, which may causeaccess and congestion problems as well as over-use of biologicalres ources.

The boundaries between Crown and freeholdl and on title frequently deviate fromthe existing fence and road boundaries. In some areas Crownland is incorporated by fencesinto cleared freeholdl and and vice-versa, particularly along the coast road between Cape Paterson and Inverloch. Rationalisation of these land boundaries by land exchange would provide a visual and environmental bufferbetween freehold land and narrow areas of the Coastal Park, conserve areas of remnant habitat now on freeholdland and provideareas forrehabilitation in sensitive areas such as creeks, gulliesand woodland habitat. To protect the interests of landowners and park objectivesit is essential that the land boundariesare clearly defmed.

Aims

To minimisethe effects of activities on adjacent land on the natural values of the park.

To clearly defme the park boundaries for management of both Crown and freeholdland.

To encourage landownersto use land managementtechniques that minimise impacts on the naturalvalues of the park.

To prevent encroachments onto and unauthorised uses of the park by adjoining landowners.

To ensure consistencyof management between Bunurongan d adjacent reserves (i.e. Wonthaggi Heathlands and Inverloch Foreshore).

Actions

High

H.1 Prepare a strategy forrationalisation of the landward boundary of the park, particularly between Cape Paterson and lnverloch in consultation with adjacentl andowners.(see also 3.5)..

H.2 Identifyand remove illegal occupations on Crown land (see also 4.4-M5-6).

H.3 Enforce grazingprohibitions on Crown land.

H.4 In co-operation with the Responsible Authority,seek through planning controls to ensure that any development on private land takes into account the environmental and landscape values of the Bunurong coast (see also 4.7-H.4-5).

H5 Assist the Shire of Woorayl to finaliseits coastal access strategy (see also 4.4-M.6).

54 Medium

M.l In co-operation with community groups and local nurseries, provide a list of suitable non-invasive and indigenous garden plants, (see also 4.4-L.2).

M.2 Provide information to landowners on the impacts of weeds, uncontrolled domestic animalsand pollution via stormwater run-off(see also 4.4-M.7, 45-M.1, 4.6-M.1).

Low

L.1 Educate and encourage adjacent landowners, possibly via co-operative land management programs,to control or remove weed species and revegetate creeks, gullies and boundariesto enhance vegetation and wildlifehab itat andto protect water quality (see also4.4-M.7, Appendix 15).

L.2 Encourage adjacent landowners to undertake coordinated control programs for pest animal species such asferal cats, rabbits and foxes (see also 45- 0�.

Ongoing

0.1 Seek input to planning proposals on land adjacent to Bunurong in relation to environmental or landscape impacts, via the Responsible Authorities (see also 4.7-H.4, 4.7-H5).

0.2 Monitor activities such as access to freehold property, grazing, firebreak clearance and fence location on.Crown land by adjacent landowners. Enforce regulations where encroachments occur (see also 4.4-M.5-6, 4.12- H5, 4.12-0.6).

0.3 Assess water quality of all creek and drain inputs into Bunurong (see also 4.6-H.3).

0.4 Liaise with adjacent landholders to provide vegetative screening so as to maintainrural and natural views, especially along the northern park boundaryadjacent to cliffsbetween Cape Paterson and Inverloch (see also 4.7-0.1, Appendix 15).

OS Manage Bunurong, the Wonthaggi Heathland Reserve adjacentto the western boundary and the Inverloch Foreshore Reserve adjacent to the eastern boundary in a complementary fashion.

0.6 In accordance with the strategy under 4.12-H.5, issue licences to adjacent landowners for access to private land across Crown land. Include suitable conditions, particularly limiting width of access and the removal of indigenous vegetation.

4.13 PUBLIC INFORMATIONAND EDUCATION

The Bunurong Marine and Coastal Park offers considerable potential for environmental interpretation and education undertaken both formally and informally. The park comprises a wide range of marine communities, geomorphological processes, coastal vegetation types and wildlife. These features are in close proximity to each other and may be of interest to amateur naturalists and recreational visitors.

A limited range of mainly marine-orientated educational programs has been provided in the last few years by both DCE and volunteers. Where these programs are run by DCE, they are subject to annual funding which in 1991/92 was insufficient to maintain these programs. Alternative arrangements or additional funding may need to be sought to ensure an on-going commitment to

55 educational programs. Natural resources may also be easily interpreted using nature trails and by self-guided programs designed to incorporate both environmental education and recreational activities. Public awareness of hazardsand the impact of humanactivities on natural resources should alsobe encouraged. At present, very fewsigns and interpretative information are available forvisitors inthe park.

Many local community groupsalready use the park to undertake recreational and educational activities and many have expressed interestin the previousplanning phase forthe Marine Park. To successfullymeet the objectives of the park, input and involvement by the community into both the planningprocess and management worksare essential. The South Gippsland Conservation Society and theFriends of Bunurong have alreadyparticipated in both capacities and other groups or individuals should be encouragedto do likewise.

Facilitiessuch as the DCE marineparks caravan,the EnvironmentCentre inInverloch and the Victorian Institute of MarineScience (VIMS) at Tooradin already offerin formative and exciting marineresource information to the public througha variety of media and activities. These facilitiesmay provide suitable venues for display of material specificallyon Bunurong. In addition, the staffand volunteers of thesefaciliti es may be of assistanceto DCE in planning interpretation programsand undertaking fieldexercises.

Aims

To inform the public of the naturaland cultural resourcesof Bunurong and provide interpretation throughthe use of publications, signs and community education programs.

To provide information to visitors on facilities, permitted activities,regulations and hazards.

To encourage the appropriate use of the park.

To encourage public involvement in the planning and managementof the park.

To provide educational materials andprograms for schools, community groups and the public.

Actions

High H.1 Provide the major on-site information and display shelters in or adjacent to the carparking areasat Flat Rocks, Eagles Nest,Cape Paterson and possibly Harmers Haven.

H.2 Prepare a series of leaflets interpreting different activities, resources, potential threats and regulations in the park. Possible topics which may be incorporated include those under 4.2-H.2, 4.2-M.2, 4.3-L.l, 4.4-M.7, 4.4-L.2, 4.5-M.l, 4.6-M.1, 4.8-L.2, 4.9-H.1, 4.9-L.1-2, 4.10-L.2, 4.10-0.1, 4.12-M.1, Appendix 1.5.3).

H.3 Provide signs along access roads and paths to informthe public of specific natural or cultural features and regulations for theirconservation.

H.4 Develop a display board( s) on the natural and cultural values of Bunurong to be utilised in facilities such as the Inverloch Environment Centre, WonthaggiState Coal Mine, VIMS (Tooradin), the DCE marine parks caravan and other public localities.

Medium

M.1 Preparean interpretation plan for the Bunurong Marine and Coastal Park in consultation with marine education specialists, such as VIMS.

56 M.2 In co-operation with the management authority for the Intensive Recreation management area, plan and mauitaina figure of eight nature trail loop track fromBrowns Bay to Cape Paterson promontory in accordance with construction andguidelines outlined previously in this plan.

M3 In co-operation with schools or other educational organisations, prepare interpretation materials, monitoring programsand environmental activities that can be used on a self-guidedbasis by a range of interest groups.

M.4 Provide a smallinterpretative loop trailat the top of Eagles Nest if thisdoes not conflictwith conservationobjectives.

M5 Provideor facilitate an ongoing programof marine-based activities designed forenjoyment and education of the public, particularly in peak visitor periods.

M.6 Prepare appropriate displays of material, such as fossils, artefacts and biological specimens, with interpretative information (see also 4.2-M.3, 4.6- M.2, 4.8-L.2).

Low L.1 Investigate the feasibility and potential use of a subtidal interpretative nature trail, preferably located at' The Caves, Cape Paterson or Flat Rocks, and considerother ways in whichto interpretunderwater features and marine life.

Ongoing

0.1 Educational excursions in all zones require a permit. Encourage exploration of marine communities outside the Sanctuary Zone where possible, particularly at Flat Rocks, Cape Paterson and The Caves.

0.2 Provide opportunities for the public to participate inpark planningand management.

0.3 Undertake formaland informalranger extension in the park, particularlyin periods of high visitor numbers.

0.4 Prepare local press articles and givetalks to interest groupson different conservationvalues, recreational and educational activities and methods of minimising human impacts inBunurong.

4.14 RESEARCHAND MONITORING

The Bunurong area has been of ongoing interest to, and offersfurther potential for a variety of scientists, includingbiologists, palaeontologists, geomorphologists, archaeologistsand geologists. The significance of the marine communities, in particular, was one of the majorreasons for protecting the area. Research to expandour knowledge of the marine and coastal environment andprevious cultural systems will be encouraged, as will studies for the purposes of park management.

Sanctuary Zones serveas scientificreference areas and, as they are free fromharvesting activities, baseline data can be collected and compared with that from other similar or adjacent areas. Some data are availabl� on many of the biological communities in the park, but intensive systematic surveys have not been carried out. Further surveys in the park should therefore be supported. Regular, ongoing monitoring of natural biological processes, and species and communities of significance should also be established.

57 '.fhesm all overallsize of Bunurong and the comparatively high usage of the Sanctuary Zone have already subjected the areato considerablepressure fromhuman activities. � the Sanctuary Zone has some of the highest biological values, it isimportant to prevent further pressure on this area or even to reduce it. In addition, withincreasing visitor numbers, the impact of human activities should be monitored throughoutthe park. The zones aredesigned to allow a variety of activities within the park, with higherimpact activities being subject to restrictions and allowedonly in the ConservationZones. Monitoring should be designed to determine the effectiveness of these . management regimes;viz whether these different zones are effective in controlling human impact on natural values. The study by Keough and King (1991) on the potential for monitoring marine communities offers guidance for several such inter-related programs.

Aims

To encourage research whichwill enhanceour knowledge of environmental resources and processes.

To conduct andpromote scientificsurveys which contribute to baseline information on the park's resources.

To undertakeor facilitatemonitoring programswhich assess environmental conditions andthe impact of humans and their activities in the different management zones.

To incorporate the results of research, surveyand monitoring programsinto future management of thepark.

To provide opportunities for volunteers to assistin surveyand monitoring programs.

Actions

High

H.1 Preparean annual research schedule forthe specificspecies, communities and activities mentioned in this plan. Monitoring requirements include those under4.2-H3, 4.2-H.5, 4.2-M.1, 4.3-H.2, 4.5-M.2, 4.5-0.2, 4.6-H3, 4.9-0.2, 4.10-L.5 and 4.14-0.2, and surveyrequirements include4.2-H.6, 4.4-M.2-3, 4.5-H.2, 4.5-M.2, 4.5-L.1-2, 4.6-L.1, 4.6-0.1 and 4.8-L.1.

H.2 Develop and maintaina list of research needs focusingon gaps in current knowledge, identifytheir priority andoutline possible projects. Encourage tertiary organisationsand other appropriate institutions or specialists to undertakethese programs.

Medium

M.1 In co-operation with specialist community interestgroups and tertiary institutions, prepare monitoringprograms that can be carried out with minimal guidance and which contribute to long-term environmentaland impact assessment.

Ongoing

0.1 Authorise research undertaken with a permit by tertiary institutionsand specialist groupsor individuals where they satisfya high scientificstandard.

0.2 Maintain an up-to-date record of allresearch permits and activities, monitor their progress and assess their management implications (see also 4.2-L.1, 4.10-L.6). t i

58

J&.__ 4.15 PARK OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT

Staffare requiredto carry out duties related to natural resources (protection, conservation and rehabilitation), visitor management (publicinformation, interpretation and.enforcement), facility maintenance (signs, access paths) and, as appropriate, liaison with adjacent land owners or relevant managementauthorities. The marineenvironment requires a heavier than usual commitment of resources, including both staffand equipment. For example, working alone at sea is not a safe practice and purchasing, maintaining and operating equipment such as boats is expensive.

The Bunurong is managed by the two adjoiningDCE Regions of Dandenong andYarram. The major staffand equipment resources arepresently located at Inverloch, which is also a focalpoint for visitor activitiesin the area. Four full-timerangers work fromthe Inverloch office, but their area of responsibility covers a wider geographical area,including the Inverloch camping area and AndersonInlet, andonly approximatelyone-quarter of their time isspent on activities within Bunurong. A small office, works compound, boat shed, 5.2m Kevla Cat and trailer, a dinghy and threevehicles arepresently available from theInverloch office. Stafffrom the Yarram and Dandenong Regions arealso available to assist withspecific issues related to planning and management of the park.

A highworkload is expected in the firstfive years after the park's establishment as high priority management works and extensiveliaison with the public needs to be undertaken. Although it is expected that the Inverloch officewill remain the focus for activities associated with the park, it is not essential that all services, particularly pl�g and intensive enforcement, be C

Enforcement within the park, like the complementary function of public liaison, needs to be particularly active and visible in the firstfive years. Enforcement not only assists in the protection of naturalresources but provides visitors with informationon park regulations and identifiesthe most frequentuses of park resources andbreaches of regulations. This informationshould be incorporatedinto park planning and management, and problems generated by the most common usesand breaches of regulations should be targeted forhigh priority action.

Bunurong is specificallyprotected by legislation under threeActs (FisheriesAct, NationalParks Act and CrownLand (Reserves)Act) and a variety of otherlegislation (e.g. Floraand Fauna Guarantee Act, LitterAct, HistoricShipwrecks Act, Planning and Environment Act, MarineAct, EnvironmentProtection Act) will be applicable in specific circumstances. The co�plexity of the regulations means that both rangers, and fisheries and wildlife officers, must be adequately trained and authorised to carry out a full range of enforcement and interpretation duties relating to this legislation.

Implementation of actions in this plan is subject to annual budget allocations. Sufficient funding for salaries, equipment and operating costs is required. Funding sources external to the annual budget allocation, such as grants for educationa� research, tourism and community group activities, should be actively sought.

The managementof the park requires close collaborationwith other agencies directly or indirectly responsible forspecific activities. For example, the Shire of Woorayl and Borough of Wonthaggi have responsibilities on land both within and adjacent to the park, such as the caravan park at Cape Paterson, roads and nearbyresidential areas.

Aims

To integratethe management of the park and adjacentareas of land and water to achieve maximumeffectiveness, consistent application and optimum allocation of resources.

To ensure that appropriate legislation is enacted forthe provisions of this plan to be .implemented.

To indicate resource requirements for effective management of the park.

59