The Places We Keep: the Heritage Studies of Victoria and Outcomes for Urban Planners
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The places we keep: the heritage studies of Victoria and outcomes for urban planners Robyn Joy Clinch Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Architecture & Planning) June 2012 Faculty of Architecture, Building & Planning The University of Melbourne Abstract The incentive for this thesis that resulted from an investigation into the history of my heritage house, developed from my professional interest in the planning controls on heritage places. This was further motivated by my desire to reinvent my career as an urban planner and to use my professional experience in management, marketing and information technology. As a result, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the relationship between the development of the heritage studies of Victoria and the outcome of those documents on planning decisions made by urban planners. The methods used included a simulated experience that established a methodology for the thesis. In addition, interviews were conducted with experts in the field that provided a context for understanding the influencing factors of when, where, by whom, with what, why and how the studies were conducted. These interviews also contributed to the understanding of how the historical research had been undertaken and used to establish the significance of places and how this translated into outcomes for urban planners. Case studies in the form of Tribunal determinations have been used to illustrate key outcomes for urban planners. A large amount of information including that relating to the historical background of the studies plus a collection of indicative content from over 400 heritage studies was traversed. In order to make sense of this volume of material an original framework was developed, the Heritage Studies Framework (HSF). This provided a means of organising and navigating the content of the studies and established a basis for interpreting outcomes. The conclusion of the thesis is that this framework can be shown to establish a clear link between the phases of development of the studies and the use of the studies by urban planners in making their planning decisions. Recommendations for solutions to some of the issues raised throughout the thesis are made including how planners can be involved in future studies. ii Declaration This is to certify that: • the thesis comprises only my original work towards the PhD except where indicated in the Preface, • due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used, • the thesis is less than 100,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, maps, bibliographies and appendices. .... ~ . ~ .. ~ . ~..... ~ Robyn Joy Clincl1 iii Acknowledgements Any substantial venture requires support and assistance and this thesis is no exception. Firstly I must acknowledge Dr John T Jackson from RMIT University who was the initial academic support person for this thesis journey; although I did not continue at that institution for the whole of this candidature I would like to pay tribute to his helpful insights and discussions that set me on the path to its fruition. My next acknowledgement goes to those people who provided me with their time for interviews and who made themselves available afterwards to answer my questions. I am grateful for their help, support and free and frank insights into their experiences and particularly for those who were able to peruse a few of the chapters in the making. In particular I would like to thank my external Panel members (Jennifer Moles, Ray Tonkin and Graeme Davison) who gave freely of their time to come to meetings, met with me individually at various times and who read through various drafts of the thesis. Their insights and encouragement has assisted me in bringing this thesis to completion. Geoff Austin of Heritage Victoria has been most helpful when I needed to ask someone about the heritage scene and did not know where to start; Geoff is the absolute expert in this area and has proven this time and again. My managers at the City of Port Phillip (particularly my Coordinator, Richard Schuster) were of great assistance with their support for my research, providing me with study time and the necessary understanding of how I was managing my heavy case load at work. And finally, behind every major project there is always a special person who tidies up the messes, cooks the meals and does the proof reading: my mother. Without her assistance this project would never have been completed. Her tireless support is greatly appreciated and has meant that a personal goal has been achieved. She has the privilege of being able to claim that she has thoroughly read every word that I have written. The result is, I believe, a tribute to love and perseverance and, if nothing else, the work of this thesis will become part of our family’s heritage. iv Table of contents Title………………………………………………………………………………………………….i Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………….ii Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………...iii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………….iv Table of contents…………………………………………………………………………………..v List of figures……………...……………………………………………………………………….x List of tables……...………………………………………………………………………………xiii Chapters Chapter 1 - Introduction……………………………………………………………...1 The places we keep…………………………………………………………………………..1 Issues and the research questions………………………………………………………….2 Research questions, aim, hypothesis and argument………………………………..........3 What is a heritage study………………………………………………………………..........4 Thesis roadmap…………………………………………………………………………….....5 Chapter 2 - Methodology……………………………………………………………..7 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….….......7 Scope…………………………………………………………………………………………..7 Research questions…………………………………………………………………………..8 Heritage Studies Framework………………………………………………………………...8 Methodological approach……………………………………………………………………12 Methods……………………………………………………………………………………….12 Analysis and presentation…………………………………………………………………..15 Context and contribution…………………………………………………………………….17 Heritage theory used in this thesis…………………………………………………………22 Urban planning in councils and heritage in Victoria ……………………………………..26 History in the heritage studies of Victoria…………………………………………………26 Material from and in the heritage studies…………………………….……………..........27 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….......28 Chapter 3 – The rise of heritage in Australia and internationally……………32 The concept of heritage and heritage terminology……………………………………….33 The Burra Charter and related international charters……………………………………37 The rise of heritage internationally relative to Australia…………………………………39 The Australian Heritage Commission (AHC) and the National Estate…………………43 Academic and national influences on heritage practice in Victoria…………………….45 Australia ICOMOS (A-ICOMOS)………………………………………………………......48 Research questions…………………………………………………………………………49 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………….49 v Chapter 4 - The rise of heritage in Victoria into the 1970s………………….57 Early planning in Australia and Victoria…………………………………………………57 The National Trust of Australia (Victoria) …………………….………………………..61 Urban Conservation in Victoria from 1970 to 1979…………………………………….63 Development pressure in inner Melbourne from 1969 to 1979...…………………….65 Rural towns and tourism from 1970 to 1979...……….…………………………………67 The Land Conservation Council (LCC) from 1971 to 1997……………………………68 Statements of Planning Policy and the Regional Planning Authorities………………69 Influential reports and publications from 1910 to 1979…..……………………………70 Discussion and analysis……………………..……………………………………………71 Conclusion………………………………….………………………………………………73 Chapter 5 - Emergence Phase: 1970 - 1979……………………………………79 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………79 Precursor studies from 1970 …………………………………………………………….79 CBD studies……………………………………………………………………………......81 1975 studies………………………………………………………………………………..82 1976 studies………………………………………………………………………………..84 1977 studies………………………………………………………………………………..86 1978 studies………………………………………………………………………………..88 1979 studies………………………………………………………………………………..92 Discussion and analysis…………………………………………………………………..94 Case study 1: Port Fairy…………………………………………………………..100 Case study 2: St James Park…………………………………………………….101 Case study 3: Beechworth………………………………………………………..103 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...106 Chapter 6 - Development Phase: 1980 - 1986………………………………..111 Background to the studies between 1980 and 1982…………………………………111 1980 studies………………………………………………………………………………114 1981 studies………………………………………………………………………………116 1982 studies………………………………………………………………………………118 Background to the studies between 1983 and 1986…………………………………119 1983 studies………………………………………………………………………………122 1984 studies………………………………………………………………………………125 1985 studies………………………………………………………………………………127 1986 studies………………………………………………………………………………129 Discussion and analysis…………………………………………………………………131 Case studies………………………………………………………………………………134 Case study 1: Chiltern……………………………………………………………..135 vi Case study 2: Portland………………………………………………………….....137 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………138 Chapter 7 - Growth Phase: 1987 - 1993……………………...………………..145 Background to the Growth Phase………………………………………………………145 1987 studies………………………………………………………………………………147 1988 studies………………………………………………………………………………148 1989 studies………………………………………………………………………………151 1990 studies………………………………………………………………………………152 1991 studies………………………………………………………………………………154 1992 studies………………………………………………………………………………158 1993 studies………………………………………………………………………………161 Discussion and analysis…………………………………………………………………163