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Old Age and Social Change: an Anthropological Study of the Lives of the Elderly Among the Amhara of Ensaro

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Old Age and Social Change: an Anthropological Study of the Lives of the Elderly Among the Amhara of Ensaro OLD AGE AND SOCIAL CHANGE: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE LIVES OF THE ELDERLY AMONG THE AMHARA OF ENSARO BY Kifle Mengesha A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Social Anthropology May 2002 DECLARATION The thesis is my original work, has not been presented for a degree in any other university and that all sources of material used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged . Name___________________________________ Signature________________________________ Place____________________________________ Date of Submission________________________ ii Acknowledgments An acknowledgment of debt is particularly due to my advisor Dr Alula Pankhurst who devoted much time to giving me guidance and advice. The effort that he made in correcting and improving my paper is much beyond his responsibility as an advisor. I am also indebted to Dr Teferi Abate who gave me his unreserved guidance and advice in the proposal for this study. I would also like to thank Ato Mirgissa Kaba for the interest he showed in my work and his valuable comments. Furthermore, I am grateful to all the Staff of Help Age International of Ethiopia Office, especially, to, Mrs Vanesa Tiliston (ex-staff), Mrs Alison Gelbart (ex-staff), Mr Peter Bofin and Ato Abdullah Haji Mohamed for their comments and unreserved cooperation in the completion of this thesis. I am grateful to all those who showed me good collaboration during my field work in Goshwuha particularly my informants. I would also like to take this opportunity to express my thanks to all relatives and friends, whose names are numerous to mention in such a brief acknowledgement, who provided priceless encouragement, and help throughout; however, I would like to mention those people who showed much more devotion to my work, particularly, my mother Meteyash W/ Micael; my brothers Yoseph Mengesh, Abreham Mengesha; my sisters Askale Mengesha, Tigist Mengesha, Fekerte Kebede and Rahel Sheferaw; my friends Enedeg Zegeye, Almaz Kiros, Daneal Worku and his wife Yewebdar Urga and Aklilu Getachew. Finally, I wish to express my grateful thanks to the school of Gradate Studies of Addis Ababa University for their financial and technical support. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements ..............................................................................iii List of Tables, Maps, and Photos .......................................................iv Glossary .................................................................................................v Abstract................................................................................................vii Preface....................................................................................................x CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ............................................. 1 1.1. Statement of the problem.................................................................................3 1.1. 1. Review of Related Literature ......................................................................5 1.1.1.1. Roles, Status, and Treatment of the Aged ........................................5 1.1.1.2. Problems and Needs of Old People ..................................................7 1.1.1.3. Theories of Old Age ...........................................................................7 1.2. Objectives .....................................................................................................10 1.2.1. Major Objectives.................................................................................10 1.2.2. Specific Objectives .............................................................................10 1.3. Significance of the Study .............................................................................11 1.4. Choice of the Research Site ..........................................................................11 1.5. Scope and Limitation of the Research .........................................................12 1.6. Methodology ...............................................................................................13 1.6.1. Data Collection Method .....................................................................13 1.6.2. Data Analysis .....................................................................................15 1.6.3. Problems Encountered ........................................................................15 1.6.4. Entrance to the Field ..........................................................................16 CHAPTER 2 THE SOCIAL SETTING ...................................................... 20 2.1. Geographical Context .....................................................................................21 2.2. Population ......................................................................................................24 2.2.1 Social Organization ...............................................................................25 2.2.1.1. Family and Lineage.......................................................................25 2.2.1.2. Marriage and Pattern of Residence ..............................................26 2.2.1.3. Indigenous Social Institutions .....................................................34 2.2.1.3.1. Mehaber .......................................................................... 34 2.2.1.3.2. Debo ................................................................................ 35 2.2.1.3.3. Wonfel ............................................................................ 37 2.2.1.3.4. Edir ................................................................................38 2.2.1.3.5. Equb ................................................................................39 2.2.1.4. Belief System ...........................................................................39 iv 2.2.1.5. Inter-Ethnic Relations ...............................................................44 CHAPTER 3 STATUSES AND ROLES OF OLD PEOPLE IN GOSHWUHA ...47 3.1. Emic Definition of Old Age........................................................................47 3.2. Role and Status of Old People during the Monarchy ................................52 3.3. Role and Status of Old People during the Derg Regime ...........................55 3.4. Role and Status of Old People during the EPRDF Administration ...........58 CHAPTER 4 GENDER AND OLD AGE IN GOSHWUHA ........................................65 4.1. Women in Old Age ......................................................................................65 4.2. Men in Old Age ...........................................................................................69 4.3. The State of Widowhood .............................................................................73 4.4. Property and Inheritance.............................................................................76 CHAPTER 5 SOCIAL RELATION ......................................................................................80 5.1. Intra-Generation Ties...................................................................................80 5.1.1. Husband and Wife Relationship ...........................................................80 5.1.2. Ties between Siblings ...........................................................................81 5.1.3. Relationship between Peers .................................................................84 5.2. Inter-Generation Ties...................................................................................87 5.2.1. Ties between Elderly Parents and their Children..................................87 5.2.2. Ties between Grandparents and Grandchildren....................................89 5.2.3. Ties with Nieces and Nephews..............................................................92 5.2.4. Ties between Elders and Their In-Laws ................................................93 5.3. Relationships with Neighbors......................................................................94 5.4. Relationship with Community.....................................................................95 CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS OF OLD PEOPLE AND THEIR COPING MECHANISMS ..............................................................................................101 6.1. SOCIO -Economic Problems........................................................................101 6.1.1. Food Shortage .....................................................................................101 6.1.2. Shelter .................................................................................................102 6.1.3. Toilet...................................................................................................103 6.1.4. Health..................................................................................................114 6.1.5. Burden of Caring for Dependents.......................................................105 6.1.6. Abuse in Old Age..............................................................................106 6.1.6.1. Neglect .....................................................................................106 6.1.6.2. Exploitation..............................................................................108 6.1.6.3. Abandonment...........................................................................111 6.1.6.4. Physical Abuse.........................................................................112 6.2. Abuse on Caretaker.........................................................................................113
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