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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Department of Earth Sciences ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CHACHA CATCHMENT A VOLCANIC AQUIFER SYSTEM, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Science in Hydrogeology BY: YONAS MULUGETA JUNE, 2009 ADDIS ABABA Hydrogeological Investigation of Chacha catchment, a volcanic aquifer system, central Ethiopia. ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES Hydrogeological investigation of Chacha Catchment a volcanic aquifer system, central Ethiopia A Thesis Submitted to The School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University In partial fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Science in Hydrogeology BY: YONAS MULUGETA June, 2009 ADDIS ABABA 1 Hydrogeological Investigation of Chacha catchment, a volcanic aquifer system, central Ethiopia. DECLARATION I, the undersigned, declare that my thesis being entitled in my original work has not presented for a degree in any other university. Sources of relevant materials taken from books and articles have been duly acknowledged. Name: Yonas Mulugeta Signature: __________________ Date: ___________________ This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as University advisor Name: Dr. Tenalem Ayenew (advisor) Signature: __________________________ Date: _________________________ 2 Hydrogeological Investigation of Chacha catchment, a volcanic aquifer system, central Ethiopia. ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CHACHA CATCHMENT A VOLCANIC AQUIFER SYSTEM, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA By YONAS MULUGETA Faculty of Natural Science Department of Earth Sciences Approval by board of examiners Dr. Balemwal Atnafu _________________________ (Chairman) Dr. Tenalem Ayenew _________________________ (Advisor) _________________________ (Examiner) _________________________ (Examiner) 3 Hydrogeological Investigation of Chacha catchment, a volcanic aquifer system, central Ethiopia. ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I would like to praise God in the heaven who made it possible for me to begin and finish this work successfully. It is my privilege to acknowledge the deep-hearted gratitude to my advisor Dr. Tenalem Ayenew, Assoc. Prof., Hydrogeology, Department of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, for the professional and constructive comments and supervision throughout the pursuit of this research project. His guidance and constant encouragement made me strong enough to complete the present research work successfully. I would like to thank Staffs of Addis Ababa University Earth Science Department; Dr. Belamewal Atnafu (Head), Dr. Seifu Kebede, secretary office members and all instructors deserve my appreciation for their help. I am grateful to the Ministry of Water Resources, Geological Survey of Ethiopian (GSE), and National Meteorological Services Agency (NMSA) for providing the data needed for this thesis as well as for letting me use library service. I acknowledge all my family for their ever-existing love and help. Specially, behind all this work mam is there, thank you mam. 4 Hydrogeological Investigation of Chacha catchment, a volcanic aquifer system, central Ethiopia. TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………………………………………… IV ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………….. XI 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.1 BACK GROUND………………………………………………………………………... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE……………………………………………………………... 2 1.2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE…………………………………………………………. 2 1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………. 2 1.3 LOCATION AND AERIAL EXTENT OF THE PROJECT AREA…………………... 3 1.4 ACCESSIBILITY……………………………………………………………………….. 4 1.5 POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT…………………………………………………. 5 1.6 DEMAND……………………………………………………………………………….. 8 1.7 PREVIOUS WORKS……………………………………………………………………. 9 1.8 METHODOLOGIES AND PROCEDURES……………………………………………. 10 2. PHYSIOGRAPHY, VEGETATION, LAND USE/ LAND COVER AND SOILS…….. 11 2.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………… 11 2.2 VEGETATION…………………………………………………………………………. 17 2.3 LAND USE AND LAND COVER……………………………………………………… 18 2.4 SOILS…………………………………………………………………………………… 20 3. HYDROMETEOROLOGY……………………………………………………………….. 22 3.1 GENERAL……………………………………………………………………………… 22 3.2 PRICIPITATION………………………………………………………………………. 24 3.2.1 DETERMINATION OF AERIAL DEPTH OF PRECIPITATION……………. 26 3.2.1.1 An arithmetic mean method………………………………………….... 26 3.2.1.2 Theissen polygon method……………………………………………… 27 3.2.1.3 Isohyetal method……………………………………………………….. 28 3.2.2 DEPTH OF PRECIPITATION AND SURFACE ELEVATION………………… 30 3.2.3 RAIN FALL COEFFICENT……………………………………………………… 32 3.3 TEMPERATURE……………………………………………………………………….. 34 3.4 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)…………………………………………………………. 37 3.5 SUNSHINE HOURS……………………………………………………………………. 39 3.6 WIND SPEED…………………………………………………………………………… 40 5 Hydrogeological Investigation of Chacha catchment, a volcanic aquifer system, central Ethiopia. 3.7 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION……………………………………………………………... 41 3.7.1 POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (PET)………………………………. 41 3.7.1.1 Thornthwaite method………………………………………………. 42 3.7.1.2 Penman aerodynamic and energy budget combined method………. 43 3.7.2 ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (AET)………………………………...…. 44 3.7.3 BASE FLOW SEPARATION METHOD…………………………………. 44 3.8 CHLORIDE MASS BALANCE IN EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE 45 4. GEOLOGY………………………………………………………………………………….. 47 4.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY………………………………………………………………… 47 4.2 STRATIGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………… 51 4.3 LITHOLOGY………………………………………………………………………...….. 52 4.3.1 The Mesozoic sandstone (Msst)…………………………………………...….. 53 4.3.2 The Lower basalt (Tv1)…………………………………………...……………. 53 4.3.3 The Middle basalt (Tv2)…………………………………………………...…… 54 4.3.4 The Lower Tertiary sediment (Ts1)……………………………………………. 54 4.3.5 The Upper basalt (Tv3)………………………………………………………….. 55 4.3.6 The Upper Tertiary Sediment (Ts2)…………………………………………… 55 4.3.7 Chacha Ignimbrites and Basalts (Tv4)………………………………………… 55 4.3.8 Sembo Basalts (Tv5)…………………………………………………………… 56 4.3.9 Kotu Gebeya ignimbrites (Tv6)……………………………………………….. 57 4.3.10 Quaternary deposits (Qal)……………………………………………………. 58 4.4 STRACTURES………………………………………………………………………….. 58 4.4.1 Non- diastrophic structures…………………………………………………….. 58 4.4.2 Diastrophic structures………………………………………………………...… 58 4.5 GEOLOGIC HISTORY…………………………………………………………………. 60 5. HYDROGEOLOGY……………………………………………………………………….. 62 5.1 GENERAL………………………………………………………………………………. 62 5.2 HYDROGEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION/CHARACTERIZATION……………… 63 5.3 ELEMENTS OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF THE AREA (AQUIFERS AND AQUITARD)………………………………………………………. 64 5.3.1. Extensive and highly productive porous aquifers……………………….... 67 5.3.2 Extensive, locally developed and highly productive fissured aquifer……….. 69 5.3.3. Extensive and highly productive fissured and mixed aquifers………………. 71 6 Hydrogeological Investigation of Chacha catchment, a volcanic aquifer system, central Ethiopia. 5.3.4 Extensive and low productive fissured aquifer……………………………….. 74 5.3.5 Aquitard and/or Minor aquifer with local and limited groundwater resources... 75 5.4 GROUNDWATER POINTS………………………………………………………... 77 5.4.1 Spring…………………………………………………………………………. 77 5.4.2. Borehole…………………………………………………………………………….. 79 5.4.3. Dug well……………………………………………………………………………… 80 5.5 GROUNDWATER FLOW, RECHARGE AND DISCHARGE…………………………… 81 5.5.1. Groundwater flow…………………………………………………………… 81 5.5.2. Groundwater recharge……………………………………………………….. 82 5.5.3. Groundwater discharge………………………………………………………. 83 6 HYDROCHEMISTRY………………………………………………………………………… 84 6.1 GENERAL…………………………………………………………………………………. 84 6.2 WATER SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS…………………………………………………. 84 6.3 CLASSIFICATION AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF NATURAL WATERS… 86 6.3.1 Hydrochemistry of rain water…………………………………………………. 89 6.3.2 Hydrochemistry of Surface water……………………………………………… 90 6.3.3 Groundwater in volcanic rocks………………………………………………… 91 6.3.4 Groundwater in sedimentary rocks…………………………………………….. 92 6.4 WATER QUALITY…………………………………………………………………………. 92 6.4.1 Domestic use…………………………………………………………………… 95 6.4.2 Irrigation use…………………………………………………………………… 95 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………………………………… 97 7.1 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………….. 97 7.2 RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………………………………. 99 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................... 100 ANNEX…………………………………………………………………………………………… 102 ANNEX 1 INVENTORY FORMS ANNEX 2 HYDROCHEMISTRY DATA ANNEX 3 BOREHOLE LOGS 7 Hydrogeological Investigation of Chacha catchment, a volcanic aquifer system, central Ethiopia. LIST OF FIGERS Figure 1.1 Location map of the Chacha catchment……………………………………….. 4 Figure 1.2 Accessibility map of the Chacha catchment…………………………………... 5 Figure 1.3 Administrative regions of the study area……………………………………… 6 Figure 1.4 Position of weredas with in the study area……………………………………. 8 Figure 2.1 DEM of Chacha catchment and the surrounding……………………………… 11 Figure 2.2 Top view of satellite DEM image of the study area showing relief of the area and profiles along the AB, MN and UV lines……………………………………... 12 Figure 2.3 Down stream profile section of Chacha river along AB line………………….. 12 Figure 2.4 Middle stream profile section of Chacha river along MN line………………… 13 Figure 2.5 Up stream profile section of Chacha river along UV line…………………….. 13 Figure 2.6 Physiographic zones of Chacha catchment…………………………………… 15 Figure 2.7 Land use and land cover map of Chacha catchment………………………….. 19 Figure 2.8 Soil types of the study area…………………………………………………… 21 Figure 3.1
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