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U·M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800,'521-0600 Alliance formation and political fragmentation in the Arab world. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Al Askar, Mohammed Hussain Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 08:52:02 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185949 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800,'521-0600 Order Number 9303292 Alliance formation and political fragmentation in the Arab world Al Askar, Mohammed Hussain, Ph.D. The University of Arizona, 1992 U·MaI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 ALLIANCE FORMATION AND POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION IN THE ARAB WORLD by Mohammed Hussain Al Askar A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 992 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by !l1ohammed Hussain Al Askar entitled ALLIANCE FORHATION AND POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION IN THE ARAB WORLD and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requireme e Degree of __~D~o~c~t~o=r~o~f~P~h~i~l~o~s~o~p~h~y ______________ __ 4/13/92 Date 4/13/92 Allen S. \vhi ting I Date 4/13/92 8~£-~~ Date 4/13/92 Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my :!~:~~!::n~~d rec~o~~r'd_.~ted as fulfilling t:~3:i;::rtation Dissertation Director Peter A. Toma Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or repro­ duction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: "\ air.\. \\ A-\ ~ l.o.--- 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Higher education is a virtue that enlightens minds in search of a better existence. The author is blessed by the grace of Allah for gi ving him the opportunity and perseverance to attain his academic knowledge. This goal would have been impossible without the guidance and support of many individuals and institutions. I am grateful for the prayer.s and the care of my family and indebted to the moral and financial support of my government. The Universi ty of Arizona has been like a home and a workshop in which I nourished my interests and the ascendance to gradual learning in the Political Science Department. Therefore, I thank in particular two members of my committee, Professors Peter A. Toma and Allen S. Whiting. I valued their professionalism and guidance in the realm of interna­ tional relations and comparative politics. I also thank Professors Ludwig W. Adamec and Amir 1. Ajami for sharpening my knowledge about Near Eastern studies. Moreover, I would like to thank every scholar and organization who provided the materials for this dissertation. I hope I was a messenger and an ambassador of good will from the people of Saudi Arabia to the people of the United States--with a sincere wish that these two nations will always be friends, for the sake of peace and justice. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES. 8 ABSTRACT. 11 INTRODUCTION. 13 The Problem • 14 Objectives. 16 Methodology • 19 Operational Definitions • 22 Organization. 27 1. A HISTORICAL SURVEY OF ALLIANCE FORMATION AND FRAGHENTATION IN THE ARAB WORLD, 1945-1990. 29 The League of Arab States • 34 Evolution of League Dynamics. 36 Arab League Forces in Kuwait. 39 Treaty of Joint Defense and Economic Cooperation. 40 The Alliance of Kings • 43 Royalists vs. Republicans • 46 OAPEC • 49 Union of Arab Emirates. 52 The Gulf War Coalition. • 55 The Gulf Cooperation Council. 60 The Arab Cooperation Council. 62 The Arab Maghreb Union. 64 Yemeni Unity. 66 Conclusions • 68 2. CONCEPTS AND THEORIES OF ALLIM~CE FORMATION AND FRAGMENTATION • 71 Concepts and Theories • 72 Conceptual Diversity. 74 Regionalism, Federalism, and Integration. 82 Alliance and Balance of Power • 85 Balancing and Bandwagoning Strategies • 91 Balance of Threat • 93 Chain-Gang and Buck-Passing Strategies. 94 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page National Attributes and Alliances • • • • • • • • • 95 Economic Theory and Alliances • • • • • 106 Foreign Aid • • • • • • • • • • • 112 War and Alliances • • • • • • • • •• 115 Game Theory • • • • • • • • • • • • 122 Fragmentation of Alliances •• • • • 127 Conclusions • • • • • • • . • • 129 3. APPLICATION OF THEORIES OF ALLIANCE FORMATION TO THE ARAB GULF STATES. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 137 United States Policy in the Arab Gulf States. • • 138 Tribe, Religion, and Demography as National Attributes ••••••••••••••••• • 153 SOCiopolitical Systems as National Attributes • • • 165 Economic Systems. • • • • • ••• • •• 173 Economic Development. • • 181 The Po1iticization of Oil • • 189 Foreign Aid • • • • 196 Military Structure. • • • • • 213 Balance of Power ••••••••• • • 214 Bandwagoning Effect • 235 Balance of Threats. • • • • • 241 War and Alliances • • • • • 253 Conclusions . • 261 4. COOPERATION AND CONFLICT IN THE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL. • 274 Formation of the GCC. • • • • •• • • • • • • 275 Organization and Structure of the GCC • • • • • • • 277 The GCC As A Political Alliance • • • • • • • • • 280 Declarative Conferences • • • • • • • • • • • 282 Political Fragmentation • • 284 Political Ideology. • • • • • 288 Sociopolitical Change • • • 290 Demographics. • • • • 292 Education • • • • • • • • • • • 295 Human Resources • • • • • • 298 The GCC As An International Alliance. • • • • • 302 GCC-Arab Relations. • • • • • • • • • • 304 The GCC and the Islamic Community • • • • • • 308 The GCC and the Communist States. • • • • • • • 314 The GCC and the Capitalist Countries. • • 323 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page The GCC Economic Alliance • • • • • • • • • • 342 The GCC Military Alliance • • . • . • • . 370 The Iran-Iraq War • • • • • • • • • • • • 371 The Iraq-Kuwait Crisis •• • • • 390 Conclusions • • • • . • • • • . • • • 397 5. CONCLUSIONS • • • • . • 409 Specific Findings • • 415 APPENDIX A: MEMBERSHIP IN THE ARAB LEAGUE •• • 430 APPENDIX B: ARAB SUMMIT CONFERENCES. • • • • • 433 APPENDIX C: MEMBERSHIP IN THE TREATY OF JOINT DEFENSE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION • • • • • • • • • • 439 APPENDIX D: FORMS OF COOPERATION AMONG THE ARAB GULF STATES, 1971-1980 •••••••••••••••••••• • 442 APPENDIX E: GCC SUPREME COUNCIL SUMMITS, 1981-1990 • • • 447 REFERENCES. • 455 8 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1 Ruling families of the Arab Gulf states, as of 1980 • • 155 3.2 Size of the Arab Gulf land mass · . • • • • 158 3.3 Population in Arab Gulf states, 1971-1980 · . • 159 3.4 Total foreign population and labor force in Gulf states, 1980. • . • . • . • . • . • • . 161 3.5 Percent distribution of foreign labor by region of origin in the Gulf states, 1980 • • • • • • 162 3.6 Distr.ibution of dominant ministerial posts in the Arab Gulf states as of 1980. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 167 3.7 Movement toward consultative bodies in the Arab Gulf states as of 1980 • • • • • • • • • • 174 3.8 Oil revenues of the Arab Gulf, 1946-1980. • 179 3.9 Bahrain's expenditures on GDP, 1971-1980. • 183 3.10 Kuwait's expenditures on GDP,
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