African Secretaries-General of International Organizations A View from the IO BIO Project

Dr. Bob Reinalda Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands & IO BIO Editor (Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries-General of International Organizations) [email protected] www.ru.nl/fm/iobio

Paper for the Fourth European Congress on World and Global History ENIUGH: European Network in Universal and Global History , 6 September 2014

Panel: Africa and International Organizations

This paper undertakes an initial mapping exercise of African Secretaries-General of International Organizations, using the Database of the IO BIO Project. The paper explains the objectives of this specialized Biographical Dictionary and focuses on 132 African Secretaries-General in the Project’s Database, who can be grouped under three headings: African regional organizations, organizations that are part of the system with African Secretaries-General and ‘other’ international organizations with African Secretaries- General. The paper asks what we know of these three groups of Africans, assuming that the executive heads of international organizations are relevant actors, both within their organizations (leading the international secretariat or bureaucracy) and in international relations (playing a role on behalf of their organization). The paper scans some literature on African politics and international organizations to see to what extent Secretaries-General are mentioned. The tentative impression is that leadership in the African context is seen as a matter of heads of state and government, rather than also a matter of Secretaries-General. An initial internet search for information about some African Secretaries-General in the IO BIO Project provided very limited data: only 8 out of 26 comprise some data – but that is exactly why IO BIO needs experts in this area to be engaged in writing entries so that the work of these important Secretaries-General can be better known and appreciated.

The IO BIO Project This paper explores the group of African Secretaries-General (SGs) of International Organizations (IOs) that are included in the Database of the IO BIO Project (current as of 2013). IO BIO stands for Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries-General of International Organizations, a collection of short biographies of Secretaries-General, or office-holders with equivalent titles, that provides full life and career descriptions (see: www.ru.nl/fm/iobio). Entries in IO BIO cover those individuals who left a mark for any reason, whether good, bad or unusual, with Secretaries-General at three category levels: VIPs (level 1), other remarkable leaders (level 2) and relatively lesser, but important, office-holders (level 3). IO BIO’s focus of analysis is: How do Secretaries-General perform, both as actors representing their institutions in international relations and as managers of large organizations? IO BIO entries 2 are explicitly designed to also allow for group analysis, as we do not know much about patterns across these institutional leaders in general, or about leaders from a particular area, such as the African continent. The Project’s database provides an overview of 905 Secretary-General positions of 128 intergovernmental organizations, both universal and regional (see Kille and Reinalda 2013: 14). As of August 2014 IO BIO had published over 35 entries on its website. However, only one of these so far is an African, Robert Gardiner of the United Nations (UN) Economic Commission for Africa (1962-1975) (Mistli 2014). Thus, the IO BIO Project is looking for experts willing to write an entry and it is hoped that this paper will help attract authors of entries of African Secretaries-General.1

132 Africans in the IO BIO Database As the Appendixes 1 and 2 show, 132 Africans are included in the IO BIO Database as of 11 July 2013 and are discussed in this paper. Appendix 1 provides an alphabetical overview of persons, the first column provides information about the name of the SG, the gender, the nationality, the years of birth and death as well as the Category level given in the IO BIO Project (1-3). The second column lists the name of the IO, the name of the function (Secretary-General, Executive Director, etc.) and the term in office. Appendix 2 provides an alphabetical overview of the IOs, the first column containing information about the name of the function and the term in office, and in the second column the names of the SGs, their gender, nationality and years of birth and death. While there are 132 persons under discussion, the number of functions is actually larger, because seven of the individuals are mentioned with two functions and one with three. It should also be taken into account that a name and/or organizational change of the IO results in mentioning more than one organization; for instance SADCC and SADC are counted as two organizations. The 132 persons include both SGs and ‘acting’ or ‘interim’ SGs. The number of African SGs, who were acting or interim for a shorter or longer time is 13 (8 plus 5), but since they have performed as SG for a while, we count them as SGs. Functions below the level of SG are not included in IO BIO. Among the 132 persons are 128 men and (only) four women: Monique Esoavelomandroso (Madagascar) of the Indian Ocean Commission, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillay (South Africa), Mervat Tallawy () of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia and Anna Tibaijuka () of UN- Habitat. The number of countries included is 37 (out of 55). The number of international organizations (in the extended sense mentioned above) is 45.

1 IO BIO includes deceased SGs and those who have been out of office for five years or more and most probably will not return to office as SG. The short biographies (between 800 and 3,600 words; the length is determined by level of importance, with three category levels and one level undecided) present an accurate and coherent description of the entire life and career of each SG. Entries provide biographical data, a balanced account of life and work, as well as references and a picture. To allow for group analyses authors are encouraged to pay attention to the social and professional connections of SGs. Scholars and practitioners are carrying out the IO BIO Project on a voluntary basis. More information and its Instructions for Authors, Model Biography, Tools to Find More Data and Databases 1 and 2 (respectively Persons and Entries, and IGOs and their SGs) are available at the website. To express an interest, or for more information, please contact IO BIO by e-mail: [email protected]. When applying to write an entry, please provide name, institutional affiliation, and contact information, and provide arguments as to why you are a good author for this entry. 3

Countries with Secretaries-General Table 1 shows that Egypt, Nigeria, Ghana and are the countries that have provided the most SGs. Egypt provides 14 SGs, Nigeria 9 and Ghana and Senegal each 8. Kenya and follow with 7 SGs each. A middle group of countries provides 3 to 5 SGs, with two countries providing 5 SGs ( and ), 7 countries providing 4 SGs and 5 countries providing 3 SGs. Finally, 9 countries provide 2 SGs each and 8 countries 1 SG each (see Table 1).

Table 1: The Number of Secretaries-General per Country [ranking in brackets] Countries Number of SGs [1] Egypt 14 [1] Nigeria 9 [2] Ghana, Senegal 8 [2] Kenya, Tunisia 7 [2] Algeria, Morocco 5 [7] Ethiopia, , Mali, Mauritius, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda 4 [5] , Libya, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe 3 [9] , Côte d’Ivoire, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, 2 Niger, South Africa, Zaire, , [8] Angola, Botswana, Cape Verde, Congo Brazzaville, Gambia, 1 Guinea-Bissau, Namibia, Togo

Three types of International Organization The IO BIO Database covers 14 African regional IOs, among them the continental plus regional organizations covering parts of the African continent, 20 IOs that are part of the UN system, among them the UN itself as well as specialized agencies such as the IAEA, UNEP and UNESCO, as well as 11 other IOs, among them the and OPEC. The African regional international organizations include the continental organization OAU/AU, the African Development Bank and regional organizations in Africa such as SADCC/SADC, PTA/COMESA, EAC, IGADD/IGAD, ECCAS, AMU and ECOWAS (see Table 2). UN ECA is mentioned under the UN system, but could also be mentioned in this group of African regional IOs.

Table 2: African Regional International Organizations [with number of SGs between brackets] 1. African Development Bank AfDB [8] 2. African Union AU (prev. Organization of African Unity) [3] 3. Arab Maghreb Union AMU [3] 4. Common African and Malagasy Organization OCAM [Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauricienne] (prev. African and Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation UAMCE Feb. 12, 1965; Common African, Malagasy, and Mauritanian Common Organization OCAMM 1970; Common African and Mauritanian Organization OCAM 1973) [5] 5. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA (prev. Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa PTA) [4] 6. East African Community EAC [9] 7. Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS [3] 8. Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS [8 + one period without a SG] 4

9. Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD (prev. Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IGADD) [3] 10. Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IGADD (1996 Inter- Governmental Authority on Development IGAD) [2] 11. Organization of African Unity OAU (2002 African Union) [9] 12. Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa PTA (1994 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA) [3] 13. Southern African Development Community SADC (as of 17 August 1992, prev. Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) [3] 14. Southern African Development Coordination Conference SADCC (as of 17 August 1992 Southern African Development Community SADC) [4]

Among the international organizations operating as part of the UN system with African Secretaries-General (see Table 3) are the UN (with 2 out of 8 SGs: Boutros Boutros- Ghali and ), its regional economic commission ECA, and a wide range of specialized agencies and programmes of the UN, among them the FAO (Jacques Diouf), the IAEA (Muhammed El-Baradei), the ICAO (Taïeb Chérif), the IFAD (2 SGs: Idriss Jazairy and Kanayo Nwanze), the International Seabed Authority (Nii Odunton), the ITU (Mohamed Mili and Hamadoun Touré), UNAIDS (Michel Sidibé), UNCTAD (Kenneth Dazdie), UNESCO (Amadou M’bow), UNEP (Mostafa Tolba), UN-Habitat (Anna Tibaijuka), UNIDO (4 SGs: Ibrahim Abdel-Rahman, Abd-El Rahman Khane, Louis Alexandrenne and Kandeh Yumkella), UNFPA (Babatunde Osotimehin), the UPU (2 SGs: Michel Rahi and Muhammad Sobhi), WIPO (Kamil Idris) and the WMO (Godwin Obasi). The IO BIO Project still has to complete its studies of the various regions/continents in its database, but offhand it seems beforehand that the African continent is relatively well represented at the executive level in the UN system.

Table 3: The UN System, with Africans as Secretary-General [with number of SGs between brackets] 1. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia UN ESCWA (prev. Economic Commission for Western Asia Jul 1985) [2] 2. Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA [7] 3. Food and Agriculture Organization FAO [1] 4. International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA [1] 5. International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO [1] 6. International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD [2] 7. International Seabed Authority ISA [1] 8. International Telecommunication Union ITU [2] 9. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OHCHR [1] 10. UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS [1] 11. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD [1] 12. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO [1] 13. United Nations Environment Programme UNEP [1] 14. United Nations Human Settlements Programme UN-HABITAT [1] 15. United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO [4] 16. United Nations Population Fund UNFPA (prev. United Nations Fund for Population Activities) [1] 17. United Nations UN [2] 18. Universal Postal Union UPU [2] 5

19. World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO Director-General (prev. International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property BIRPI) [1] 20. World Meteorological Organization WMO (prev. International Meteorological Organization IMO) [1]

Among the ‘other’ international organizations with African Secretaries-General (see Table 4) are the Arab League (6 Africans out of 7 SGs), the OIC (6 Africans out of 9 SGs), ISESCO (1 African out of 2 SGs), the OPEC (10 Africans out of 33 SGs), as well as regional groupings such as the ACP countries (6 Africans out of 9 SGs), the Commonwealth (1 African out of 5 SGs), cultural IOs such as the CPLP (4 Africans out of 7 SGs) and the Francophonie (2 Africans), as well as IOs in the field of satellite communications (2 Africans out of 8 SGs) and renewable energy (1 African out of 2 SGs).

Table 4: ‘Other’ International Organizations, with Africans as SG [with number of SGs between brackets] 1. African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP [6] 2. Arab League [6] 3. The Commonwealth [1] 4. Community of Portuguese Language Countries CPLP [4] 5. Indian Ocean Commission COI [3] 6. International Organization of the Francophonie OIF [2] 7. International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA [1] 8. International Telecommunications Satellite Organization ITSO (prev. International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium until Feb. 12, 1964; International Telecommunications Satellite Organization Intelsat Feb. 12, 1973) [1] 9. Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ISESCO [1] 10. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC [10] 11. Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation 28 June 2011) [6]

Function Titles Having used ‘Secretary-General’ as general term for the executive head of an IO, the reality with regard to Africans is more differentiated (see Table 5), with titles such as Administrator (1), Chairman of the Commission (1), Director-General (8), Executive Director (5), Executive Secretary (8), High Commissioner (1), President (2) and Secretary-General (18), which, however, leaves Secretary-General as by far the largest group.

Table 5: Executive Head Titles of African Secretaries-General Title IOs (African IOs in italics) Administrator [1] Indian Ocean Commission Chairman of the Commission [1] African Union Director-General [8] FAO, IAEA, International Renewable Energy Agency, International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO, UPU, WIPO Executive Director [5] UNAIDS, UNEP, UN-HABITAT, UNIDO, UNFPA 6

Executive Secretary [8] Community of Portuguese Language Countries, UN ECA, ECOWAS, ESCWA, IGAD, IGADD, SADC, SADCC High Commissioner [1] UN High Commissioner for Human Rights President [2] African Development Bank, IFAD Secretary-General [18] ACP, AMU, Arab League, COMESA, EAC, ECCAS, Francophonie OIF, ICAO, ISA, ITU, OAU, OCAM, OIC, OPEC, PTA, UN, UNCTAD, WMO

Missing References to African Secretaries-General One of the key reasons for setting up the IO BIO Project was that the biographical literature on SGs is limited, giving an incomplete picture of the variety of people who have held these positions and the interactions between them. Thus, there is a gap in our understanding of the people in these posts, both individually and collectively, in terms of who they are and how they affect the performance of IOs, both as organizations and in international relations. More particularly, IOs themselves are not producing much information about their executive heads. Generally speaking, they tend to inform about the dates (or just the years) of the time in office and may add few general remarks and, more obvious, prizes that were awarded. Sometimes only a picture is provided. What is lacking most is information about the policies of a SG, hence: ideas, efforts to realize, compromises or failures. Even achievements are rarely mentioned. It may be understandable that IOs are restrictive in publishing about internal or external conflicts, but these may be essential to understand what an IO, or its executive head, is trying to do. This refers to both internal developments and external activities. Now that we have the Internet, do we really need an IO BIO? I would argue that one should test the hypothesis underlying this question by trying to find out about a specific SG’s career. Although some executive heads have smaller or larger life descriptions in Wikipedia (a source requiring external validation), many, if not most of them, have incomplete ones or none at all. Hence, the Internet is very often of restricted help. What do we know about the African SGs listed above? The first remark is that IO BIO is a young project and, as noted before, it has published only one ‘African’ entry, but is also actively pursuing to have more of these entries published. However, general literature about Africa does not help very much. A good general overview, such as African Politics in Comparative Perspective (Hyden 2013), pays little attention to IOs, let alone to its executive heads. In the index the AfDB is mentioned on one page, the AU and NEPAD on 8, the ILO on 1, the IMF on 9, the OAU on 3, the UNDP and the Millennium Development Goals on 7, UNICEF on 1, the UN ECA on 8 and the World Bank on 21 pages. Not a single SG is mentioned, compared to several heads of state and government. The book’s focus with regard to Africa’s external dimension is on governments. With the exception of the OAU and AU, no regional African IOs are mentioned in the index. Books on African economic IOs (Akonor 2010) or the African Union (for instance, Badejo 2008 and Makinda and Okumu 2008) also do not mention many SGs or the word Secretary-General in their indexes and texts. The SGs mentioned in Akonor’s book on economic IOs are Adebayo Adedeji of UN ECA (on 12 pages), Aboulie Janneh of UN ECA (on one page) and Omar Kabbaj and Donald Kaberuka of the AfDB (each on two pages). The SGs mentioned in Makinda and Okumu’s book on the AU are Kofi Annan (on 5 pages), Boutros Boutros-Ghali (on 4 pages), of the OAU / AU (on two pages) and Alpha Konare of the AU (also on two pages). The book’s index refers to several heads of state and 7 government and the AU’s General Secretariat is mentioned on one page. The only SG mentioned in Badejo’s book on the AU is UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan (on two pages). This lack of attention for SGs of IOs is not specific for African IOs, but a more general phenomenon in international relations literature. Even in my own history of IOs (Reinalda 2009), in which I tried to cover continental and regional developments, it was difficult to pay much attention to SGs – although they are mentioned with regard to core moments. The fact that in a general overview little attention can be paid to what executive heads do actually brought me the idea to start a biographical dictionary of SGs of IOs, that would cover both universal and regional organizations. However, specialized international relations books are helpful, even if the researcher still has to add the names of SGs to the text him/herself in order to better understand the role of the SG of an IO in a specific institution. The general problem here is that leadership in realist-dominated international relations is connected with heads of state and government, but not with SGs of IOs. The International Studies Association has keywords for submitting paper proposals and allows only leadership of heads of state or government. The recent call of the Journal of African Union Studies for a special issue on ‘Political Leadership in Africa: Renaissance or Regression?’ mentions political leaders ‘such as Presidents, Prime Ministers and Kings, informal political leaders are also active political actors in Africa. Leaders of militias, rebel groups and other non- government organisations wield considerable political power in some African states’. While leaders of NGOs are mentioned in this call, SGs of IOs are not (Call for papers for Volume 3, No 3, 2014; received 10 June 2014). Positive in this regard is the attention being paid to African agency in international politics in a book edited by William Brown and Sophie Harman (2013), even if the focus still remains on states, with persons who play international roles being rarely mentioned. The Chairmen of the Commission of the AU (respectively Amara Essy, Alpha Konaré and ) or SGs of African regional organizations are not discussed in the book. The only SG mentioned in the book’s index is Kofi Annan (on one page). However, agency matters for a better understanding of the role of IOs in international relations. Siphamandla Zondi (2013: 19-20) aims to demonstrate that there is an emerging agency on the part of Africa in international negotiations through the at the UN and through the AU. He argues that in the cases of UN reform and climate change the continent relies on coordinated and carefully negotiated common positions and makes use of its marginal seats on the table, such as in the UN Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and the Human Rights Council. Donna Lee highlights how African actors (mainly states, but also the AU or UN ECA) use the development discourse embedded in the WTO’s Doha Development Agenda to hold powerful states accountable for their trade behaviour. She (2013: 46) argues that African agency is built upon and sustained by ‘opportunities that arise out of the existence of a prevailing discourse of development, as well as Africa’s effective capacity building efforts’. Stephen Hurt (2013: 50-51, 63), however, warns that the agency of African states in the global governance of trade needs to consider the growth of bilateral trade agreements, in particular with the European Union, which in fact undermine African agency within the WTO and also affect the relationship between Africa and other continents. Anna van der Vleuten and Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann (2013: 434), who have analysed the relations between regional international organizations, agree with Hurt. They show that in EU-African inter-regionalism (both continental and sub-continental) the EU uses its predominance to ‘promote a single model of economic liberalization across the African continent and secure for itself market access’. It promotes inter-regionalism as an instrument to tackle poverty, but its African counterparts ‘accuse it of policy incoherence and “soft imperialism” because of its patronizing attitude and the perceived abuse of its superior economic strength’. The questions I want to raise with regard to these relations are: who are the leaders engaged in these negotiation 8 processes and how well do they perform: which are their leadership capacities and qualities? Hence, not only the representatives of states but also the leaders of IOs, in which states coordinate their policies, should be identified in order to get a better understanding of the developments that are taking place. Here the Gardiner entry in IO BIO may be of help. Samuel Mistli (2014) portrays Robert Gardiner’s career as UN ECA’s Executive Secretary between 1962 and 1975, which also shows the problematic relation between the UN Economic Commission for Africa and African politics and between the Commission and the UN system. When Gardiner took his position at UN ECA, the Commission was still in the process of establishing itself as a relevant centre for development expertise in Africa, partly due to the resistance of the colonial powers that were preventing a platform for anti-colonial voices and partly due to the fact that the majority of its professional staff was made up of non-Africans, due to the scarcity of qualified African economists and bureaucrats at the time, which contrasted with the perception of UN ECA as an ‘African’ organization. Gardiner was a supporter of ‘Africanizing’ the UN ECA Secretariat but also remained aware of the practical limitations it faced. Unlike the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the UN Conference on Trade and Development, at the time led by Raúl Prebisch (also portrayed in IO BIO, see Dosman 2014), UN ECA never managed to create an original approach to development. However, UN ECA under Gardiner created the African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP) in , Senegal and set up sub-regional offices in four countries. The foundation of the Organization for African Unity (OAU) in 1963 created new inter-African tensions because of its claim to be a ‘genuine’ African organization (unlike a UN body) and the rise of an intense rivalry between UN ECA and the OAU. Gardiner faced a difficult relationship with OAU’s Secretary-General and had to deal with different factions of African countries. For instance, the Francophone bloc in UN ECA came to see it as an Anglophone-dominated club and accused Gardiner of neglecting Francophone Africa and favouring Anglophones for UN ECA posts. More politically radical African countries were critical of UN ECA’s non-confrontational style, which they attributed in large part to Gardiner’s moderate attitudes. However, according to Mistli (2014: 3), UN ECA’s biggest challenge arose out of its lack of operative powers. Its mandate was limited to research and advisory functions and when Gardiner proposed several reform measures that aimed at adjusting the mandate and enhance its role in UN development aid, it met with resistance by other UN bodies that feared interference in their own activities, notably by the UN Development Programme, which had a strong presence in Africa since its establishment in 1966. Although Gardiner succeeded in establishing reforms, these did not significantly increase UN ECA’s influence in Africa or improve its (weak) standing in the UN system. However, when he left UN ECA in 1975, he handed over a well-running UN body with an extensive output of studies on every aspect of African development, according to Mistli (2014: 3), but he had not managed to make the Commission the focal point of innovative development thinking many people in Africa and outside had been hoping for.

What Does IO BIO Know about African Secretaries-General? An Indication When the IO BIO Database was originally constructed in 2011, we also tried to make an inventory of biographical data by searching the websites of IOs, Wikipedia, Nobel Prize winners, some national biographical dictionaries, oral histories, the Library of Congress Online Catalogue and library search programmes such as CredoRef, Summon and WorldCat. Although this comprised fewer entries than we have in the 2013 currently posted version of the Database, the results show what little we know about the 26 African SGs who were in the 2011 inventory (see Table 6). I use a simple score type, with a variation of 0 (no information) 9 to 3 (several sources - though still not enough to write an entry). I left out a higher score as this was not found. Table 6 follows the earlier distinction between African IOs (column 1), the UN system (column 2) and ‘other’ IOs (column 3) (see Tables 2-4). Among the African IOs are executive heads of the African Development Bank (2), the OAU (5), PTA (1) and SADCC (1). Only 2 out of 9 executive heads score a 3. Among the IOs in the UN System are the FAO, UNCTAD, UNFPA, UNIDO, UPU and WMO (with one executive head each). Here the results are (not surprisingly, given the UN system) somewhat better with 4 out of 6 executive heads with a 3- score. Among the ‘other’ IOs with African SGs are the ACP (1), Arab League (3), COI (1), ISESCO (1), OIC (3) and OPEC (2). Here we find only 2 3-scores out of 11 executive heads.

Table 6: Available Information about a Selection of African Secretaries-General African IOs UN System Other IOs AfDB: Beheiry, Mamoun FAO: Diouf, Jacques (Senegal) ACP: Konaté, Tieoulé (Mali) (Sudan) Score: 3 (website, wiki, art.) Score: 1 (website) Score: 2 (website, autobio) AfDB: Labidi, Abdelwahab UNCTAD: Dadzie, Kenneth Arab League: Azzam, Abdel (Tunisia) K.S. (Ghana) Rahman (Egypt) Score: 0 Score: 3 (website, interview, Score: 1 (wiki) art.) OAE: Ekangaki, Nzo UNFPA: Osotimehin, Arab League: Hassouna, Abdel (Cameroon) Babatunde (Nigeria) Khaliq (Egypt) Score: 3 (websites, art.) Score: 2 (wiki, rulers) Score: 2 (wiki, interview) OAE: Kifle Wodajo, Ato UNIDO: Abdel-Rahman, Arab League: Riad, Mahmoud (Ethiopia) Ibrahim Helmi (Egypt) (Egypt) Score: 2 (wiki, rulers) Score: 0 Score: 3 (website, wiki, interview, art.) OAE: Onu, Peter (Nigeria) UPU: Rahi, Michel (Egypt) COI: Rasolondraibe, Henri (Madagascar) Score: 1 (interview) Score: 1 (website) Score: 0 OAE: Oumarou, Ide (Niger) WMO: Obasi, Godwin Olu ISESCO: Boutaleb, Abdelhadi Patrick (Nigeria) (Morocco) Score: 3 (wiki, websites, art.) Score: 3 (websites, obituary) Score: 3 OAE: Telli, Diallo (Guinea) OIC: Chatty, Habib (Tunisia) Score: 3 (wiki, rulers, art.) Score: 0 PTA: Nomvete, Bax Dale OIC: Gaye, Amadou Karim (South Africa) (Senegal) Score: 1 (website) Score: 1 (wiki) SADCC: Blumeris, Frederick OIC: Laraki, Azzedine Arthur (Zimbabwe) (Morocco) Score: 0 Score: 2 (wiki, website) OPEC: Feyide, M.O. (Nigeria) Score: 1 (website) OPEC: Maghur, Kamel Hassan (Libya) Score: 2 (wiki, website)

Total SGs: 9 Total SGs: 6 Total SGs: 11 0 = 2x 0 = 1x 0 = 2x 1 = 2x 1 = 1x 1 = 4x 2 = 3x 2 = 0x 2 = 3x 3 = 2x 3 = 4x 3 = 2x 10

Scores: 0 = no information found; 1 = at least one source with some information; 2 = a few sources; 3 = several sources - though still not enough to write an entry

Given these relatively weak results, the conclusion must be that other sources should be used in order to write IO BIO entries of African Secretaries-General of international organizations, based on knowledge of the organizations, policies and persons.

Conclusion This paper mapped and discussed the group of 132 African Secretaries-General, or office- holders with equivalent titles, of international organizations in the Database of the IO BIO Project (see Appendixes 1 and 2) and grouped them under three headings: African international organizations, organizations in the UN system with African Secretaries-General and ‘other’ international organizations with African Secretaries-General (for an overview see the Tables 2-4). A small scan of recent literature on African politics and African international organizations established the tentative impression that international leadership in the African context is mainly seen as a matter of heads of states or governments, rather than also being a matter of executive heads of international organizations. In some recent books on African economic international organizations, the African Union and African agency in international negotiations Secretaries-General are rarely mentioned and discussed. The IO BIO Project however argues that leadership of international organizations, both with regard to internal and external leadership, matters and should be researched. The only African entry in IO BIO so far (of Robert Gardiner of the UN Economic Commission for Africa) confirms this. Table 6 indicates that it is not easy to find much biographical and career information about African Secretaries-General through the Internet and library research systems, which means that for writing IO BIO entries experts of African politics, who also are familiar with African and other international organizations, their policies and related civil servants, are wanted. IO BIO welcomes both academic experts and practitioners as authors. The persons to be described are mentioned in Appendix 1.

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Appendix 1: African Secretaries-General included in IO BIO (July 2013)2

NAME SG, GENDER, NAME IGO, FUNCTION, TERM IN OFFICE NATIONALITY, BIRTH/DEATH, CATEGORY

Abbas, Mekki (m) (Sudan) Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA Executive Secretary 1959 – 1961 Abdel-Meguid, Ahmet Asmat (m) Arab League Secretary-General 1991, 15 May – 2001, 15 May (Egypt) (b. 1923) Abdel-Rahman, Ibrahim Helmi (m) United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO (Egypt) (b. 1919 – d. ) Category 3 Executive Director 1967, Jan 1 – 1974 Adedeji, Adebayo (m) (Nigeria) (b. 1930) Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA Executive Secretary Category 2 1975 – 1991 Alexandrenne, Louis (m) (Senegal) (b. United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO 1933) (acting) Director-General 1993, Jan – 1993, Mar Algabid, Hamid (m) (Niger) (b. 1941) Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC (Organization of Category 3 Islamic Cooperation 2011, 28 Jun) Secretary-General 1989, 1 Jan – 31 1996, Dec Al-Touhami, Hassan (m) (Egypt) Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation June 28, 2011) Secretary-General 1974, 1 Jan- 1975 Dec Amamou, Mohamed (m) (Tunisia) (b. Arab Maghreb Union AMU Secretary-General 1991, Oct 23 – 1933) 2002, Feb 26 Amin, Adnan (m) (Kenya) (b. 1957) International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA Director- (interim) General 2010, Oct 21 – Amoako, Kingsley Y. (m) (Ghana) (b. Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA Executive Secretary 1944/46?) Category 2 1995 – 2005 Annan, Kofi (m) (Ghana) (b. 1938) United Nations UN Secretary-General 1997, 1 Jan – 2006, 31 Dec Category 1 Anyaoku, Emeka (m) (Nigeria) (b. 1933) Commonwealth, The Secretary-General 1990, 1 Jul – 2000, 3 Apr Azzam, Abdel Rahman (from 27 Dec Arab League Secretary-General 1945, 22 Mar – 1952, Sep 1945, Abdel Rahman Azzam ) (m) (Egypt) (b. 1893 – d. 1976) Category 3 Bashir, Attalla Hamad (m) (Sudan) (b. Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD (prev. 1946) Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IGADD) Executive Secretary 2000, Apr 8 – 2008, Jun 14 Beheiry, Mamoun (m) (Sudan) (b. 1925 – African Development Bank AfDB President 1964, Nov – 1970, d. 2002) Category 3 Feb Belkeziz, Abdelouahed (m) (Morocco) Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC (Organization of (b. 1939) Category 3 Islamic Cooperation June 28, 2011) Secretary-General 2001, 1 Jan – 2004, 31 Dec Ben Yahia, Habib (m) (Tunisia) (b. 1938) Arab Maghreb Union AMU Secretary-General 2006, Feb 1 – Benjamin, Edouard (m) (Guinea) (b. Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS 1941) Category 3 Executive Secretary 1993, Sep – 1997, Sep Berhane Ghebray (m) (Ethiopia) (b. African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP Secretary- 1938) Category 3 General 1990 – 1995 Bigirwenkya, Zerubaberi H.K. (m) East African Community EAC Secretary-General 1968 – (Uganda) (b. 1926?) Category 3 1971, Mar Blumeris, Frederick Arthur (m) Southern African Development Coordination Conference (Zimbabwe) (d. 1984) Category 3 SADCC (as of 17 August 1992 South African Development Community SADC) Executive Secretary 1982, Oct – 1984, Mar

2 We have attempted to be precise. However, there may be misspelling of names and countries as well as missing data. Category levels 1-3 are given on a tentative judgement that may be corrected. We are grateful for any correction and/or complementary information. 12

Boularès, Habib (m) (Tunisia) (b. 1933) Arab Maghreb Union AMU Secretary-General 2002, Feb 26 – Category 3 2006, Feb 1 Boutaleb, Abdelhadi (m) (Morocco) (b. Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization 1923 – d. 2009) Category 3 ISESCO Director-General 1982, May – 1991, Nov Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (m) (Egypt) (b. United Nations UN Secretary-General 1992, 1 Jan – 1996, 31 Dec 1922) Category 1 International Organization of the Francophonie OIF Secretary- General 1997, Nov 16 – 2002, Dec 31 Bululu, Paul Lunda (m) (Zaire) (b. 1942) Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS Category 3 Secretary-General 1984 – 1990 Bundu, Abass (m) (Sierra Leone) (b. Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS 1948) Category 3 Executive Secretary 1989, Feb – 1993, Sep Chambas, Mohamed Ibn (m) (Ghana) Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS (b. 1950) Executive Secretary 2002, Feb 6 – 2007, Jan 1 Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS President of the Commission 2007, Jan 1 – 2010, Feb 16 African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP Secretary- General 2010, Mar 1 – Chatty, Habib (m) (Tunisia) (b. 1916 – d. Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC (Organization of 1991) Category 3 Islamic Cooperation June 28, 2011) Secretary-General 1980, Jan – 1984, 31 Dec Chérif, Taïeb (m) (Algeria) (b. 1941) International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO Secretary- General 2003, 1 Aug – 2009, 31 Jul Da Fonseca, Luís de Matos Monteiro Community of Portuguese Language Countries CPLP (m) (Cape Verde) (b. 1944) Executive Secretary 2004, Jul 27 – 2008, Jul 25 Dadzie, Kenneth K.S. (m) (Ghana) (b. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 1930 – d. 1995) Category 2 UNCTAD Secretary-General 1986, Jan 1 – 1994, Mar 31 Daukoru, Edmund Maduabebe (m) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC (Nigeria) (b. 1943) Secretary-General 2006, Jan 1 – 2006, Dec 31 (during this time the elected President of the Conference who had the mandate to also supervise the Secretariat) Diallo, Issa Ben Yassin (m) (Guinea) Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA Executive Secretary 1991 – 1992 Dieng, Diakha (m) (Senegal) (b.1933) Common African and Malagasy Organization OCAM [Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauricienne] (prev. African and Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation UAMCE Feb. 12, 1965; Common African, Malagasy, and Mauritanian Common Organization OCAMM 1970; Common African and Mauritanian Organization OCAM 1973) Secretary-General 1965 – 1968 Diouf, Abdou (m) (Senegal) (b. 1935) International Organization of the Francophonie OIF Secretary- General 2003, Jan 1 – Diouf, Jacques (m) (Senegal) (b. 1938) Food and Agriculture Organization FAO Director-General 1994, 1 Jan – Ekangaki, Nzo (m) (Cameroon) (b. 1934 Organization of African Unity OAU (2002 African Union) – d. 2005) Category 3 Secretary-General 1972, 15 Jun – 1974, 16 Jun El-Badri, Abdalla Salem (m) (Libya) (b. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC 1940) Secretary-General 1994, Jul 1 – 1994, Dec 31 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC Secretary-General 2007, Jan 1 – 2010, Dec 31 El-Badri, Omar (m) (Libya) (b. 1937) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC Secretary-General 1970, Jan 1 – 1970, Dec 31 El-Baradei, Muhammad (m) (Egypt) (b. International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Director-General 1942) 1997, 1 Dec – 2009, 30 Nov El-Beblawi, Hazem (m) (Egypt) Category Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia UN 3 ESCWA (prev. Economic Commission for Western Asia Jul 1985) Executive Secretary 1995 – 2000 Esoavelomandroso, Monique Andreas Indian Ocean Commission COI Secretary-General 2004, Jul 1 – (f) (Madagascar) 2008, Jul 15 Essy, Amara (m) (Côte d’Ivoire) (b. Organization of African Unity OAU (2002 African Union) 13

1944) Category 3 Secretary-General 2001, 17 Sep – 2002, 9 Jul African Union AU (prev. Organization of African Unity) Chairman of the Commission 2002, 9 Jul – 2003, 16 Sep Eteki Mboumoua, William (m) Organization of African Unity OAU (2002 African Union) (Cameroon) (b. 1933) Secretary-General 1974, 16 Jun – 1978, 21 Jul Feyide, M.O. (m) (Nigeria) (b. 1926 – d. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC 1997) Category 3 Secretary-General 1975, Jan 1 – 1976, Dec 31 Fordword, Kwame Donkor (m) African Development Bank AfDB President 1976, May – 1979, (Ghana) (b. 1933) Jul 23 Franchet, Regis (m) (Mauritius) Common African and Mauritanian Organization OCAM [Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauricienne] (prev. African and Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation UAMCE until Feb 12, 1965; Common African and Malagasy Organization OCAM until 1970; Common African, Malagasy and Mauritanian Organization OCAMM until 1973) Secretary-General 1974 Gardiner, Robert Keweku Atta (m) Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA Executive Secretary (Ghana) (b. 1914) Category 2 1961 – 1975 Gaye, Amadou Karim (m) (Senegal) (b. Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC (Organization of 1913 – d. 2000) Islamic Cooperation June 28, 2011) Secretary-General 1975, Dec- 1980, Jan Gbeho, James Victor (m) (Ghana) (b. Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS 1935) President of the Commission 2010, Feb 16 – Gondwe, Goodall Edward (m) (Malawi) African Development Bank AfDB President 1979, Jul – 1980, (b. 1936) (interim) Jun Goulongana, Jean-Robert (m) African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP Secretary- (Gabon) (b. 1953) General 2000, Mar 1 – 2005, Feb 28 Hassouna, Abdel Khaliq (m) (Egypt) (b. Arab League Secretary-General 1952, Sep – 1972, 1 Jun 1898 – d. 1992) Category 2 Idris, Kamil Eltayed (m) (Sudan) (b. World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO (all prev. 1945) International Bureau of Intellectual Property Jul. 13, 1892; United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property UIBPIP Dec. 16, 1953; International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property BIRPI) Director General 1997, Nov. – 2008, Sep 30 Ismail, Amri Sueed (m) (Rwanda) (b. Common African and Mauritanian Organization OCAM 1942) [Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauricienne] (prev. African and Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation UAMCE until Feb 12, 1965; Common African and Malagasy Organization OCAM until 1970; Common African, Malagasy and Mauritanian Organization OCAMM until 1973) Secretary-General 1979 – 1985 Janneh, Abdoulie (m) (Gambia) Economic Commission for Africa UNECA Executive Secretary 2005 – Jazairy, Idriss (m) (Algeria) International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD President 1984, Nov – 1993, Jan Kabbaj, Omar (m) (Morocco) (b. 1942) African Development Bank AfDB President 1995, Sep 1 – Category 2 2005, Sep 1 Kaberuka, Donald (m) (Rwanda) (b. African Development Bank AfDB President 2005, Sep 1 – 1951) Kane, Falilou (m) (Senegal) (b. 1938) Common African and Mauritanian Organization OCAM [Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauricienne] (prev. African and Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation UAMCE until Feb 12, 1965; Common African and Malagasy Organization OCAM until 1970; Common African, Malagasy and Mauritanian Organization OCAMM until 1973) Secretary-General 1968 – 1974 Kebret, Makonnen (m) (Ethiopia) (b. Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development 1935) IGADD (1996 Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD) Executive Secretary 1986 – 1991 Khane, Abd-El Rahman (m) (Algeria) United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO (b. 1931) Category 3 Executive Director 1975, Jan 1 – 1985, Aug 14

Khène, Abderrahman (m) (Algeria) (b. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC 1931) Secretary-General 1973, Jan 1 – 1974, Dec 31 Kifle Wodajo, Ato (m) (Ethiopia) (b. Organization of African Unity OAU (2002 African Union) 1936 – d. 2004) (acting) Category 3 Secretary-General 1963, 25 May – 1964, 21 Jul Kiingi, Moses Simeon (m) (Uganda) Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa PTA (interim) (1994 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA) Secretary-General 1983, Jan – 1984 Klibi, Chedli (m) (Tunisia) (b. 1925) Arab League Secretary-General 1979, Mar – 1990, Sep Category 2 Kodjo, Edem (m) (Togo) (b. 1938) Organization of African Unity OAU (2002 African Union) Category 2 Secretary-General 1978, 21 Jul – 1983, 12 Jun Konaré, Alpha Oumar (m) (Mali) (b. African Union AU (prev. Organization of African Unity) 1946) Chairman of the Commission 2003, 16 Sep – 2008, 28 Apr Konaté, Tieoulé (m) (Mali) (b. 1933 – d. African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP Secretary- 1995) Category 3 General 1976 – 1980 Kouyate, Lansana (m) (Guinea) (b. Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS 1950) Category 2 Executive Secretary 1997, Sep – 2002, Feb 6 Labidi, Abdelwahab (m) (Tunisia) (b. – African Development Bank AfDB President 1970, Feb – d. ) 1976, May (interim to Aug 1970) Laraki, Azzedine (m) (Morocco) (b. 1929 Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC (Organization of – d. 2010) Category 3 Islamic Cooperation June 28, 2011) Secretary-General 1997, 1 Jan – 2000, 31 Dec Lukman, Rilwanu (m) (Nigeria) (b. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC 1938) (1st time (acting) and (2nd time) Secretary-General 1986, Jul 1 – 1988, Jun 30 (during this time the Category 3 elected President of the Conference who had the mandate to also supervise the Secretariat) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC Secretary-General 1995, Jan 1 – 2000, Dec 31 M’Bow, Amadou-Mahtar (m) (Senegal) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural (b. 1921) Category 1 Organization UNESCO Director-General 1974, 15 Nov – 1987, 14 Nov Maalim, Mahboub M. (m) (Kenya) (b. Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD (prev. 1958) Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IGADD) Executive Secretary 2008, Jun 14 – Magande, Ng’andu Peter (m) African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP Secretary- (Zambia) (b. 1947) Category 3 General 1996, Jul 16 – 2000, Feb 29 Maghur, Kamel Hassan (m) (Libya) (b. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC 1935 – d. 2002) (acting) Secretary-General 1984, Jan 1 – 1984, Oct 31 (during this time the elected President of the Conference who had the mandate to also supervise the Secretariat) Maina, Charles (m) (Kenya) East African Community EAC Secretary-General 1971, Jun – 1974, Apr Makoni, Simba (m) (Zimbabwe) (b. Southern African Development Coordination Conference 1950) Category 2 SADCC (as of 17 August 1992 Southern African Development Community SADC) Executive Secretary 1984 – 1993, Dec 31 Martins, Zeferino (m) (Mozambique) (b. Community of Portuguese Language Countries CPLP 1955) (interim) Executive Secretary 2004, Apr – 2004, Jul 27 Mbuende, Kaire (m) (Namibia) (b. 1953) Southern African Development Community SADC (as of 17 Category 2 August 1992, prev. Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) Executive Secretary 1994, Jan 1 – 1999, Dec 31 Mili, Mohamed Ezzedine (m) (Tunisia) International Telecommunication Union ITU (prev. (b. 1917) Category 2 International Telegraph Union) Secretary-General 1967, 20 Feb – 1982, 31 Dec Moco, Marcolino José Carlos (m) Community of Portuguese Language Countries CPLP (Angola) (b. 1953) Executive Secretary 1996, Jul 17 – 2000, Jul Moussa, Amr (m) (Egypt) (b. 1936) Arab League Secretary-General 2001, 15 May – Moutia, Sydney (m) (Mauritius) (b. 1932) Common African and Mauritanian Organization OCAM [Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauricienne] (prev. 15

African and Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation UAMCE until Feb 12, 1965; Common African and Malagasy Organization OCAM until 1970; Common African, Malagasy and Mauritanian Organization OCAMM until 1973) Secretary-General 1974 – 1979

Mpotokwane, Lebang (m) (Botswana) Southern African Development Coordination Conference (b. 1944) (1st time acting) and (2nd time SADCC (as of 17 August 1992 Southern African Development acting) Community SADC) Executive Secretary 1980 – 1982 Category 3 Southern African Development Coordination Conference SADCC (as of 17 August 1992 Southern African Development Community SADC) Executive Secretary 1984 Mtei, Edwin I. (m) (Tanzania) (b. 1932) East African Community EAC Secretary-General 1974 – 1977 Category 3 Muduuli, David (m) (Uganda) Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IGADD (1996 Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD) Executive Secretary 1991 – 1996 Mung’omba, Wila D’Israeli (m) African Development Bank AfDB President 1980, Jun – 1985, (Zambia) (b. 1939) May Munu, Momodu (m) (Sierra Leone) (b. Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS 1938) Category 3 Executive Secretary 1984, Nov – 1988, Nov Mushega, Nuwe Amanya (m) (Uganda) East African Community EAC Secretary-General 2001, Apr 24 – (b. 1946) Category 3 2006, Apr 24 Mutati, Kasasa Cinyanta (m) (Zaire) Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS Secretary-General 1990-1998 Muthaura, Francis (m) (Kenya) (b. East African Community EAC Secretary-General 1996, Mar 14 1946) Category 3 – 2001, Apr 24 Mwapachu, Juma Volter (m) (Tanzania) East African Community EAC Secretary-General 2006, Apr 25 – (b. 1942) 2011, 19 Apr Mwencha, Erastus Joel O. (m) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA (Kenya) (b. 1947) (prev. Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa PTA) Secretary-General 1998, Jun – 2008, Feb Nan Nguema, Marc Saturnin (m) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC (Gabon) (b. 1934) Category 3 Secretary-General 1981, Jul 1 – 1983, Jun 30 Ndiaye, Babacar (m) (Senegal) (b. 1936) African Development Bank AfDB President 1985, May – 1995, Category 2 Aug Ngwenya, Sindiso Ndema (m) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA (Zimbabwe) (b. 1951) (1st time acting) and (prev. Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern (2nd time) Africa PTA) Secretary-General 1997, Apr 17 – 1998, Jun Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA (prev. Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa PTA) Secretary-General (acting to 30 Jun 2008) 2008, May – Nomvete, Bax Dale (m) (South Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa PTA Africa) (b. 19.. – d. 2000) Category 3 (1994 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA) Secretary-General 1984 – 1990 Nwanze, Kanayo F. (m) (Nigeria) (b. ) International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD President 2009, 1 Apr – Obasi, Godwin Olu Patrick (m) World Meteorological Organization WMO (prev. International (Nigeria) (b. 1933 – d. 2007) Category 2 Meteorological Organization IMO) Secretary-General 1984, 1 Jan – 2003, 31 Dec Odunton, Nii Allotey (m) (Ghana) (b. International Seabed Authority ISA Secretary-General 2009, Jan 1951) 1 – Okelo-Odongo, Tom (m) (Kenya) (b. African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP Secretary- 1927) General 1980 – 1985 Omari, Dunstan (m) (Kenya) East African Community EAC Secretary-General 1964 – 1968 Onu, Peter (m) (Nigeria) (b. 1931 – d. Organization of African Unity OAU (2002 African Union) 1997) (acting) Category 3 Secretary-General 1983, 12 Jun – 1985, 20 Jul Osotimehin, Babatunde (m) (Nigeria) (b. United Nations Population Fund UNFPA (prev. United Nations 1949) Fund for Population Activities) Executive Director 2011, Jan – 16

Ouattara, Aboubakar Diaby (m) (Côte Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS d’Ivoire) (b. 1938) Category 3 Executive Secretary 1976, Nov – 1984, Nov Oumarou, Ide (m) (Niger) (b. 1937 – d. Organization of African Unity OAU (2002 African Union 2002) Category 3 Secretary-General 1985, 20 Jul – 1989, 19 Sep Pereira, Domingos Simões (m) (Guinea- Community of Portuguese Language Countries CPLP Bissau) (b. 1963) Executive Secretary 2008, Jul 25 – Pillay, Navanethem (f) (South Africa) (b. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human 1941) Rights OHCHR High Commissioner for Human Rights 2008, Sep 1 – Ping, Jean (m) (Gabon) (b. 1942) African Union AU (prev. Organization of African Unity) Chairman of the Commission 2008, 28 Apr – Rahi, Michel (m) (Egypt) (b. 1912 – d. Universal Postal Union UPU Director-General 1967 – 1973 1973) Ramsamy, Prega (m) (Mauritius) (b. Southern African Development Community SADC (as of 17 1950) Category 3 August 1992, prev. Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) Executive Secretary 2000, Jan 1 – 2005, Aug 31 (acting to 9 Mar 2001) Rasolondraibe, Henri (m) (Madagascar) Indian Ocean Commission COI Secretary-General 1989, Jun – (d. 2000) 1993, Jun Riad, Mahmoud (m) (Egypt) (b. 1917 – Arab League Secretary-General 1972, 1 Jun – 1979, Mar d. 1992) Category 2 Salim, Salim Ahmed (m) (Tanzania) (b. Organization of African Unity OAU (2002 African Union 1942) Category 2 Secretary-General 1989, 19 Sep – 2001, 17 Sep Salomão, Tomaz Augusto (m) Southern African Development Community SADC (as of 17 (Mozambique) (b. 1954) August 1992, prev. Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) Executive Secretary 2005, Sep 1 – Scheiber, Robert (m) (Mauritius) Indian Ocean Commission COI Administrator 1988, Jun – 1989, Jun Sezibera, Richard (m) (Rwanda) (b. East African Community EAC Secretary-General 2011, 19 Apr – 1964) Sidibé, Michel (m) (Mali) (b. 1952) UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Executive Director 2009, Jan 1 – Sobhi, Muhammad Ibrahim (m) (Egypt) Universal Postal Union UPU Director-General 1975 – 1984, 31 (b. 1925) Dec Sylvain-Goma, Louis (m) (Congo Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS [Brazzaville]) (b. 1941) Category 3 Secretary-General 1998-2012, Feb 28 Tallawy, Mervat M. (f) (Egypt) (b. 1937) Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia UN Category 3 ESCWA (prev. Economic Commission for Western Asia Jul 1985) Executive Secretary 2000 – 2007 Tekeste Ghebray (m) (Ethiopia) (b. Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD (prev. 1949) Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IGADD) Executive Secretary 1996 – 2000, Apr 8 Telli, Diallo (m) (Guinea) (b. 1925 – d. Organization of African Unity OAU (2002 African Union) 1977) Category 2 Secretary-General 1964, 21 Jul – 1972, 15 Jun Tibaijuka, Anna Kajumulo (f) United Nations Human Settlements Programme UN- (Tanzania) (b. 1950) HABITAT Executive Director 2000, Sep – 2010, Oct Tolba, Mostafa Kamal (m) (Egypt) (b. United Nations Environment Programme UNEP Executive 1922) Category 2 Director 1975, Dec – 1992, Dec 31 Toumi, Ahmed (m) (Morocco) (b. 1959) International Telecommunications Satellite Organization ITSO (International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium Feb. 12, 1973; International Telecommunications Satellite Organization Intelsat Jul. 18, 2001) Director-General 2001, Jul 19 – 2009, Jul 18 Touré, Hamadoun (m) (Mali) (b. 1953) International Telecommunication Union ITU (prev. International Telegraph Union) Secretary-General 2007, 1 Jan – Vacant East African Community EAC Dissolved 1977, July 1-1996, March 13 Vacant Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS Executive Secretary 1988, Nov – 1989, Feb Wa Mutharika, Bingu (m) Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa PTA 17

(Malawi) (b.1934-d.2012) Category 3 (1994 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA) Secretary-General 1990 – 1994, Dec 8 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA (prev. Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa PTA) Secretary-General 1994, Dec 8 – 1997, Apr 17 Yaker, Layashi (m) (Algeria) Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA Executive Secretary 1992 – 1995 Yumkella, Kandeh K. (m) (Sierra Leone) United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO (b. 1959) Director-General 2005, Dec 8 – Total: 132 persons

Appendix 2: IOs and their African SGs included in IO BIO (July 2013)3

NAME IGO, FUNCTION, TERM IN OFFICE NAME SG, GENDER, NATIONALITY, BIRTH/DEATH

African Development Bank AfDB Beheiry, Mamoun (m) (Sudan) (b. President 1964, Nov – 1970, Feb 1925 – d. 2002) African Development Bank AfDB Labidi, Abdelwahab (m) (Tunisia) (b. President 1970, Feb – 1976, May (interim to Aug 1970) – d. ) African Development Bank AfDB Fordword, Kwame Donkor (m) President 1976, May – 1979, Jul 23 (Ghana) (b. 1933) African Development Bank AfDB Gondwe, Goodall Edward (m) President 1979, Jul – 1980, Jun (Malawi) (b. 1936) (interim) African Development Bank AfDB Mung’omba, Wila D’Israeli (m) President 1980, Jun – 1985, May (Zambia) (b. 1939) African Development Bank AfDB Ndiaye, Babacar (m) (Senegal) (b. President 1985, May – 1995, Aug 1936) African Development Bank AfDB Kabbaj, Omar (m) (Morocco) (b. President 1995, Sep 1 – 2005, Sep 1 1942) African Development Bank AfDB Kaberuka, Donald (m) (Rwanda) (b. President 2005, Sep 1 – 1951) African Union AU (prev. Organization of African Unity) Essy, Amara (m) (Côte d’Ivoire) (b. Chairman of the Commission 2002, 9 Jul – 2003, 16 Sep 1944) (interim) African Union AU Konaré, Alpha Oumar (m) (Mali) (b. Chairman of the Commission 2003, 16 Sep – 2008, 28 Apr 1946) African Union AU Ping, Jean (m) (Gabon) (b. 1942) Chairman of the Commission 2008, 28 Apr – African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP Konaté, Tieoulé (m) (Mali) (b. 1933 – Secretary-General 1976 – 1980 d. 1995) African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP Okelo-Odongo, Tom (m) (Kenya) (b. Secretary-General 1980 – 1985 1927) African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP Berhane, Ghebray (m) (Ethiopia) (b. Secretary-General 1990 – 1995 1938) African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP Magande, Ng’andu Peter (m) Secretary-General 1996, Jul 16 – 2000, Feb 29 (Zambia) (b. 1947) African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP Goulongana, Jean-Robert (m) Secretary-General 2000, Mar 1 – 2005. Feb 28 (Gabon) (b. 1953) African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACP Chambas, Mohamed Ibn (m) Secretary-General 2010, Mar 1 – (Ghana) (b. 1950) (see also: Economic Community of West African States) Arab League Azzam, Abdel Rahman (from 27 Dec Secretary-General 1945, 22 Mar – 1952, Sep 1945, Abdel Rahman Azzam Pasha) (m) (Egypt) (b. 1893 – d. 1976)

3 See footnote Appendix 1. 18

Arab League Hassouna, Abdel Khaliq (m) (Egypt) Secretary-General 1952, Sep – 1972, 1 Jun (b. 1898 – d. 1992) Arab League Riad, Mahmoud (m) (Egypt) (b. 1917 Secretary-General 1972, 1 Jun – 1979, Mar – d. 1992) Arab League Klibi, Chedli (m) (Tunisia) (b. 1925) Secretary-General 1979, Mar – 1990, Sep Arab League Abdel-Meguid, Ahmet Asmat (m) Secretary-General 1991, 15 May – 2001, 15 May (Egypt) (b. 1923) Arab League Moussa, Amr (m) (Egypt) (b. 1936) Secretary-General 2001, 15 May – Arab Maghreb Union AMU Amamou, Mohamed (m) (Tunisia) (b. Secretary-General 1991, Oct 23 – 2002, Feb 26 1933) Arab Maghreb Union AMU Boularès, Habib (m) (Tunisia) (b. Secretary-General 2002, Feb 26 – 2006, Feb 1 1933) Arab Maghreb Union AMU Ben Yahia, Habib (m) (Tunisia) (b. Secretary-General 2006, Feb 1 – 1938) Common African and Malagasy Organization OCAM Dieng, Diakha (m) (Senegal) (b. [Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauricienne] (prev. African 1933) and Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation UAMCE Feb. 12, 1965; Common African, Malagasy, and Mauritanian Common Organization OCAMM 1970; Common African and Mauritanian Organization OCAM 1973) Secretary-General 1965 – 1968 Common African and Mauritanian Organization OCAM Kane, Falilou (m) (Senegal) (b. 1938) Secretary-General 1968 – 1974 Common African and Mauritanian Organization OCAM Franchet, Regis (m) (Mauritius) Secretary-General 1974 Common African and Mauritanian Organization OCAM Moutia, Sydney (m) (Mauritius) (b. Secretary-General 1974 – 1979 1932) Common African and Mauritanian Organization OCAM Ismail, Amri Sueed (m) (Rwanda) (b. Secretary-General 1979 – 1985 1942) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA Wa Mutharika, Bingu (m) (Malawi) (prev. Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa PTA) (b.1934-d.2012) Secretary-General 1994, Dec 8 – 1997, Apr 17 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA Ngwenya, Sindiso Ndema (m) Secretary-General 1997, Apr 17 – 1998, Jun (Zimbabwe) (b. 1951) (1st time) (acting) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA Mwencha, Erastus Joel O. (m) Secretary-General 1998, Jun – 2008, Feb (Kenya) (b. 1947) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA Ngwenya, Sindiso Ndema (m) Secretary-General (acting to 30 Jun 2008) 2008, May – (Zimbabwe) (b. 1951) (2nd time) Commonwealth, The Anyaoku, Emeka (m) (Nigeria) (b. Secretary-General 1990, 1 Jul – 2000, 3 Apr 1933) Community of Portuguese Language Countries CPLP Moco, Marcolino José Carlos (m) Executive Secretary 1996, Jul 17 – 2000, Jul (Angola) (b. 1953) Community of Portuguese Language Countries CPLP Martins, Zeferino (m) (Mozambique) Executive Secretary 2004, Apr – 2004, Jul 27 (b. 1955) (interim) Community of Portuguese Language Countries CPLP Da Fonseca, Luís de Matos Monteiro Executive Secretary 2004, Jul 27 – 2008, Jul 25 (m) (Cape Verde) (b. 1944) Community of Portuguese Language Countries CPLP Pereira, Domingos Simões (m) Executive Secretary 2008, Jul 25 – (Guinea-Bissau) (b. 1963) East African Community EAC Omari, Dunstan (m) (Kenya) Secretary-General 1964 – 1968 East African Community EAC Bigirwenkya, Zerubaberi H.K. (m) Secretary-General 1968 – 1971, Mar (Uganda) (b. 1926?) East African Community EAC Maina, Charles (m) (Kenya) Secretary-General 1971, Jun – 1974, Apr East African Community EAC Mtei, Edwin I. (m) (Tanzania) (b. Secretary-General 1974 – 1977 1932) 19

East African Community EAC Dissolved 1977, July 1-1996, March 13 East African Community EAC Muthaura, Francis (m) (Kenya) (b. Secretary-General 1996, Mar 14 – 2001, Apr 24 1946) East African Community EAC Mushega, Nuwe Amanya (m) Secretary-General 2001, Apr 24 – 2006, Apr 24 (Uganda) (b. 1946) East African Community EAC Mwapachu, Juma Volter (m) Secretary-General 2006, Apr 25 – 2011, 19 Apr (Tanzania) (b. 1942) East African Community EAC Sezibera, Richard (m) (Rwanda) (b. Secretary-General 2011, 19 Apr – 1964) Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA Abbas, Mekki (m) (Sudan) (b. – d.) Executive Secretary 1959 – 1961 Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia UN ESCWA El-Beblawi, Hazem (m) (Egypt) (b. ) (prev. Economic Commission for Western Asia Jul 1985) Executive Secretary 1995 – 2000 Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia UN ESCWA Tallawy, Mervat M. (f) (Egypt) (b. Executive Secretary 2000 – 2007 1937) Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA Gardiner, Robert Keweku Atta (m) Executive Secretary 1961 – 1975 (Ghana) (b. 1914) Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA Adedeji, Adebayo (m) (Nigeria) (b. Executive Secretary 1975 – 1991 1930) Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA Diallo, Issa Ben Yassin (m) (Guinea) Executive Secretary 1991 – 1992 (b. ) Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA Yaker, Layashi (m) (Algeria) (b.) Executive Secretary 1992 – 1995 Economic Commission for Africa UN ECA Amoako, Kingsley Y. (m) (Ghana) (b. Executive Secretary 1995 – 2005 1944/46?) Economic Commission for Africa UNECA Janneh, Abdoulie (m) (Gambia) (b. ) Executive Secretary 2005 – Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS Bululu, Paul Lunda (m) (Zaire) (b. Secretary-General 1984 – 1990 1942) Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS Mutati, Kasasa Cinyanta (m) (Zaire) Secretary-General 1990 – 1998 Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS Sylvain-Goma, Louis (m) (Congo Secretary-General 1998 – 2012, Feb 28 [Brazzaville]) (b. 1941) Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS Ouattara, Aboubakar Diaby (m) Executive Secretary 1976, Nov – 1984, Nov (Côte d’Ivoire) (b. 1938) Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS Munu, Momodu (m) (Sierra Leone) Executive Secretary 1984, Nov – 1988, Nov (b. 1938) Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS Vacant Executive Secretary 1988, Nov – 1989, Feb Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS Bundu, Abass (m) (Sierra Leone) (b. Executive Secretary 1989, Feb – 1993, Sep 1948) Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS Benjamin, Edouard (m) (Guinea) (b. Executive Secretary 1993, Sep – 1997, Sep 1941) Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS Kouyate, Lansana (m) (Guinea) (b. Executive Secretary 1997, Sep – 2002, Feb 6 1950) Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS Chambas, Mohamed Ibn (m) Executive Secretary 2002, Feb 6 – 2007, Jan 1 (Ghana) (b. 1950) (see also: African, Caribbean and Pacific Group States) Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS Chambas, Mohamed Ibn (m) President of the Commission 2007, Jan 1 – 2010, Feb 16 (Ghana) (see also: African, Caribbean and Pacific Group States) Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS Gbeho, James Victor (m) (Ghana) (b. President of the Commission 2010, Feb 16 – 1935) Food and Agriculture Organization FAO Diouf, Jacques (m) (Senegal) (b. Director-General 1994, 1 Jan – 1938) Indian Ocean Commission COI Scheiber, Robert (m) (Mauritius) Administrator 1988, Jun – 1989, Jun 20

Indian Ocean Commission COI Rasolondraibe, Henri (m) Secretary-General 1989, Jun – 1993, Jun (Madagascar) (d. 2000) Indian Ocean Commission COI Esoavelomandroso, Monique Secretary-General 2004, Jul 1 – 2008, Jul 15 Andreas (f) (Madagascar) Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD (prev. Inter- Tekeste Ghebray (m) (Ethiopia) (b. Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IGADD) 1949) Executive Secretary 1996 – 2000, Apr 8 Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD Bashir, Attalla Hamad (m) (The Executive Secretary 2000, Apr 8 – 2008, Jun 14 Sudan) (b. 1946) Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD Maalim, Mahboub M. (m) (Kenya) Executive Secretary 2008, Jun 14 – Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development Kebret, Makonnen (m) (Ethiopia) (b. IGADD (1996 Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD) 1935) Executive Secretary 1986 – 1991 Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development Muduuli, David (m) (Uganda) IGADD Executive Secretary 1991 – 1996 International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA El-Baradei, Muhammad (m) (Egypt) Director-General 1997, 1 Dec – 2009, 30 Nov (b. 1942) International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO Chérif, Taïeb (m) (Algeria) (b. 1941) Secretary-General 2003, 1 Aug – 2009, 31 Jul International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD Jazairy, Idriss (m) (Algeria) President 1984, Nov – 1993, Jan International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD Nwanze, Kanayo F. (m) (Nigeria) (b. President 2009, 1 Apr – ) International Organization of the Francophonie OIF (La Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (m) Franophonie: 1970 Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation (Egypt) (b. 1922) (see also: United ACCT; 1995 Intergovernmental Agency of the Francophonie; Nations) 1998 International Organization of the Francophonie OIF) Secretary-General 1997, Nov 16 – 2002, Dec 31 International Organization of the Francophonie OIF) Diouf, Abdou (m) (Senegal) (b. 1935) Secretary-General 2003, Jan 1 – International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA Amin, Adnan (m) (Kenya) (b. 1957) Director-General 2010, Oct 21 – (interim) International Seabed Authority ISA Odunton, Nii Allotey (m) (Ghana) (b. Secretary-General 2009, Jan 1 – 1951) International Telecommunication Union ITU (prev. International Mili, Mohamed Ezzedine (m) Telegraph Union) (Tunisia) (b. 1917) Secretary-General 1967, 20 Feb – 1982, 31 Dec International Telecommunication Union ITU Touré, Hamadoun (m) (Mali) (b. Secretary-General 2007, 1 Jan – 1953) International Telecommunications Satellite Organization ITSO Toumi, Ahmed (m) (Morocco) (b. (prev. International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium until 1959) Feb. 12, 1964; International Telecommunications Satellite Organization Intelsat Feb. 12, 1973) Director-General 2001, Jul 19 – 2009, Jul 18 Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ISESCO Boutaleb, Abdelhadi (m) (Morocco) Director-General 1982, May – 1991, Nov (b. 1923 – d. 2009) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Pillay, Navanethem (f) (South Africa) Rights OHCHR (b. 1941) High Commissioner for Human Rights 2008, Sep 1 – Organization of African Unity OAU (2002 African Union) Kifle Wadojo, Ato (m) (Ethiopia) (b. Secretary-General 1963, 25 May – 1964, 21 Jul 1936 – d. 2004) (acting) Organization of African Unity OAU Telli, Diallo (m) (Guinea) (b. 1925 – Secretary-General 1964, 21 Jul – 1972, 15 Jun d. 1977) Organization of African Unity OAU Secretary-General 1972, 15 Ekangaki, Nzo (m) (Cameroon) (b. Jun – 1974, 16 Jun 1934 – d. 2005) Organization of African Unity OAU Eteki Mboumoua, William (m) Secretary-General 1974, 16 Jun – 1978, 21 Jul (Cameroon) (b. 1933) 21

Organization of African Unity OAU Kodjo, Edem (m) (Togo) (b. 1938) Secretary-General 1978, 21 Jul – 1983, 12 Jun Organization of African Unity OAU Onu, Peter (m) (Nigeria) (b. 1931 – d. Secretary-General 1983, 12 Jun – 1985, 20 Jul 1997) (acting) Organization of African Unity OAU Oumarou, Ide (m) (Niger) (b. 1937 – Secretary-General 1985, 20 Jul – 1989, 19 Sep d. 2002) Organization of African Unity OAU Salim, Salim Ahmed (m) (Tanzania) Secretary-General 1989, 19 Sep – 2001, 17 Sep (b. 1942) Organization of African Unity OAU Essy, Amara (m) (Côte d’Ivoire) (b. Secretary-General (2002 Chairman of the Commission) 2001, 17 Sep – 1944) 2002, 9 Jul Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC El-Badri, Omar (m) (Libya) (b. 1937) Secretary-General 1970, Jan 1 – 1970, Dec 31 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC Khène, Abderrahman (m) (Algeria) Secretary-General 1973, Jan 1 – 1974, Dec 31 (b. 1931) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC Feyide, M.O. (m) (Nigeria) (b. 1926 – Secretary-General 1975, Jan 1 – 1976, Dec 31 d. 1997) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC Nan Nguema, Marc Saturnin (m) Secretary-General 1981, Jul 1 – 1983, Jun 30 (Gabon) (b. 1934) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC Maghur, Kamel Hassan (m) (Libya) Secretary-General 1984, Jan 1 – 1984, Oct 31 (during this time the (b. 1935 – d. 2002) (acting) elected President of the Conference who had the mandate to also supervise the Secretariat) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC Lukman, Rilwanu (m) (Nigeria) (b. Secretary-General 1986, Jul 1 – 1988, Jun 30 (during this time the 1938) (1st time) (acting) elected President of the Conference who had the mandate to also supervise the Secretariat) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC El-Badri, Abdalla Salem (m) (Libya) Secretary-General 1994, Jul 1 – 1994, Dec 31 (b. 1940) (1st time) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC Lukman, Rilwanu (m) (Nigeria) (b. Secretary-General 1995, Jan 1 – 2000, Dec 31 1938) (2nd time) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC Daukoru, Edmund Maduabebe (m) Secretary-General 2006, Jan 1 – 2006, Dec 31 (during this time the (Nigeria) (b. 1943) elected President of the Conference who had the mandate to also supervise the Secretariat) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC El-Badri, Abdalla Salem (m) (Libya) Secretary-General 2007, Jan 1 – 2010, Dec 31 (b. 1940) (2nd time) Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC (Organization of Al-Touhami, Hassan (m) (Egypt) Islamic Cooperation Jun 28, 2011) Secretary-General 1974, 1 Jan –1975 Dec Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC Gaye, Amadou Karim (m) (Senegal) Secretary-General 1975, Dec – 1980, Jan (b. 1913 – d. 2000) Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC Chatty, Habib (m) (Tunisia) (b. 1916 Secretary-General 1980, Jan – 1984, 31 Dec – d. 1991) Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC Algabid, Hamid (m) (Niger) (b. 1941) Secretary-General 1989, 1 Jan – 31 1996, Dec Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC Laraki, Azzedine (m) (Morocco) (b. Secretary-General 1997, 1 Jan – 2000, 31 Dec 1929 – d. 2010) Organization of the Islamic Conference OIC Belkeziz, Abdelouahed (m) Secretary-General 2001, 1 Jan – 2004, 31 Dec (Morocco) (b. 1939) Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa PTA Kiingi, Moses Simeon (m) (Uganda) (1994 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA) (interim) Secretary-General 1983, Jan – 1984 Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa PTA Nomvete, Bax Dale (m) (South Secretary-General 1984 – 1990 Africa) (b. 19.. – d. 2000) Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa PTA Wa Mutharika, Bingu (m) Secretary-General 1990 – 1994, Dec 8 (Malawi) (b.1934-d.2012) Southern African Development Community SADC (as of 17 Mbuende, Kaire (m) (Namibia) (b. August 1992, prev. Southern African Development Coordination 1953) 22

Conference (SADCC) Executive Secretary 1994, Jan 1 – 1999, Dec 31 Southern African Development Community SADC Ramsamy, Prega (m) (Mauritius) (b. Executive Secretary 2000, Jan 1 – 2005, Aug 31 (acting to 9 Mar 1950) 2001) Southern African Development Community SADC Salomão, Tomaz Augusto (m) Executive Secretary 2005, Sep 1 – (Mozambique) (b. 1954) Southern African Development Coordination Conference SADCC Mpotokwane, Lebang (m) Executive Secretary 1980 – 1982 (Botswana) (b. 1944) (1st time) (acting) Southern African Development Coordination Conference SADCC Blumeris, Frederick Arthur (m) Executive Secretary 1982, Oct – 1984, Mar (Zimbabwe) (d. 1984) Southern African Development Coordination Conference SADCC Mpotokwane, Lebang (m) Executive Secretary 1984 (Botswana) (b. 1944) (2nd time) (acting) Southern African Development Coordination Conference SADCC Makoni, Simba (m) (Zimbabwe) (b. Executive Secretary 1984 – 1993, Dec 31 1950) UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Sidibé, Michel (m) (Mali) (b. 1952) Executive Director 2009, Jan 1 – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD Dadzie, Kenneth K.S. (m) (Ghana) Secretary-General 1986, Jan 1 – 1994, Mar 31 (b. 1930 – d. 1995) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization M’Bow, Amadou-Mahtar (m) UNESCO (Senegal) (b. 1921) Director-General 1974, 15 Nov – 1987, 14 Nov United Nations Environment Programme UNEP Tolba, Mostafa Kamal (m) (Egypt) Executive Director 1975, Dec – 1992, Dec 31 (b. 1922) United Nations Human Settlements Programme UN-HABITAT Tibaijuka, Anna Kajumulo (f) Executive Director 2000, Sep – 2010, Oct (Tanzania) (b. 1950) United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO Abdel-Rahman, Ibrahim Helmi (m) Executive Director 1967, Jan 1 – 1974 (Egypt) (b. 1919 – d. ….) United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO Khane, Abd-El Rahman (m) Executive Director 1975, Jan 1 – 1985, Aug (Algeria) (b. 1931) United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO Alexandrenne, Louis (m) (Senegal) Director-General 1993, Jan – 1993, Mar (b. 1933) (acting) United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO Yumkella, Kandeh K. (m) (Sierra Director-General 2005, Dec 8 – Leone) (b. 1959) United Nations Population Fund UNFPA Osotimehin, Babatunde (m) (Nigeria) Executive Director 2011, Jan – (b. 1949) United Nations UN Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (m) (Egypt) Secretary-General 1992, 1 Jan – 1996, 31 Dec (b. 1922) (see also: International Organization of the Francophonie) United Nations UN Annan, Kofi (m) (Ghana) (b. 1938) Secretary-General 1997, 1 Jan – 2006, 31 Dec Universal Postal Union UPU Rahi, Michel (m) (Egypt) (b. 1912 – Director-General 1967 – 1973 d. 1973) Universal Postal Union UPU Sobhi, Muhammad Ibrahim (m) Director-General 1975 – 1984, 31 Dec (Egypt) (b. 1925) World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO Idris, Kamil Eltayed (m) (Sudan) (b. Director General 1997, Nov. – 2008, Sep 30 1945) World Meteorological Organization WMO Obasi, Godwin Olu Patrick (m) Secretary-General 1984, 1 Jan – 2003, 31 Dec (Nigeria) (b. 1933 – d. 2007) Total: 132 persons

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