IO BIO Database 2 Version March 2017

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

IO BIO Database 2 Version March 2017 1 IO BIO Project Database 2: IGOs Included and Their SGs Version March 2017 IO BIO Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries-General of International Organizations Edited by Bob Reinalda and Kent J. Kille, Assistant Editor Jaci Eisenberg Website: www.ru.nl/fm/iobio Contact: [email protected] IO BIO Databases 1 and 2: Introduction IO BIO Database 1 (Persons and Entries) is an alphabetical list of individual Secretaries- General (or individuals with other executive head titles) of inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) presented in two columns, with the names of the individuals in the first column and the related organization in the second column. IO BIO Database 2 (IGOs Included and Their Secretaries-General) provides an alphabetical overview of the IGOs included in the database, with the names of the IGOs in the first column and in the second column, in chronological order, the names of the various office-holders who have served. The IO BIO Database 1 listing format is kept intentionally simple, with names and additional information presented in two columns. The First Column starts with the person’s last name (as best that can be established) and continues with the first name(s), gender, nationality and years of birth and death (when available). Names of non-English origin are entered under prefixes as Al, D’, Da, De, El, Van, Von and Wa. For determining alphabetical order all accents (such as à, é, ó, ö and ü) and hyphens are neglected, as well as apostrophes in a name (for example, M’Bow reads as MBow, D’Offray as DOffray; note: Al-Hussein reads as one word, Al Hussein however as two words). With regard to names with different ordering (for example, Ban Ki-moon: under B, not K), we endeavour to follow national habits as much as possible. The first column thus provides an alphabetical list of all Secretaries-General included in the database. For a number of persons (those who are intended to be included in IO BIO, Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries-General of International Organizations) we have indicated in the first column a level of importance, which is related to the proposed length for those who want to write an IO BIO entry (the section ‘Entries Under Construction’ on the IO BIO Documents page on the website www.ru.nl/fm/iobio shows the names of those executive heads who already have an author). There are three category levels: Category 1 = 2,400-3,600 words, Category 2 = 1,200-2,400 words and Category 3 = 800-1,200 words. The Second Column indicates the IGO’s name, the office title and, as precise as possible, the term in office. If the name of an IGO changed, we give information about previous and/or later names. The name of the IGO listed reflects the one used during that executive head’s time in office. Section A of IO BIO Database 2 provides an alphabetical list of the names of included IGOs, along with the organization’s acronym. Section B provides the same information as contained in Database 1 (Persons and Entries), but without the entries’ category designation. The First Column of Section B starts with the IGO’s name (and if the name of an IGO changed, there is IO BIO Project Database 2: IGOs Included and Their SGs Version March 2017 IO BIO: www.ru.nl/fm/iobio 2 information about previous and/or later names), the office title and the term in office. The Second Column of Section B indicates the executive head’s last name, first name(s), gender, nationality and years of birth and death (when available). Database 2 thus presents a chronological overview of the executive heads of an IGO for each organization. Database Set Up The first inventory of Secretaries-General of IGOs for the IO BIO Project was based on files with information on each IGO constructed by Bob Reinalda for the writing of his book Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day (2009). Among the institutional information are lists of executive heads as far as, and as detailed as, provided by the organizations, as well as sub files with researched and collected information on the executive heads. Subsequent updates to the databases have also relied on information stipulated by the IGOs. Unfortunately, many organizations do not directly provide very extensive details about their executive heads, so additional research is often required. The general impression is that most IGOs simply mention when a term in office starts and when it ends, with some organizations only noting years for the time in office, while others provide more detailed dates. Few institutions mention acting executive heads. Some IGOs provide pictures, but others do not make pictures available. Almost all IGOs are reticent with regard to providing information about what executive heads have actually done while in office. IGOs informing about executive head’s policies and achievements is an unusual occurrence. Not all IGOs provide personal information, but several do so by informing about some elements, such as national background, education, previous positions and also family situation, as well as prestigious prize awards. However, generally speaking, the information is rather restricted and as such insufficient for writing a (short) biography and career description as IO BIO wants to provide (see the ‘IO BIO Author Instructions’ for what should be included in an entry on the website www.ru.nl/fm/iobio). Researchers of IGOs, therefore, learn about executive heads by investigating the policies and related aspects of the organizations, but they also need other sources of information about the individual leaders. So-called ‘Who’s Whos’ are helpful in this respect, especially if they provide a chronological overview of functions of individuals. However, this is often done in a rather rigorous way and mostly restricted to a simple enumeration, which means that the relationships between the functions remain hidden. Biographical dictionaries and oral histories are more helpful in this respect, because they provide an overview of (parts of) a life or career. Unfortunately, the number of biographical entries of Secretaries-General of IGOs in these dictionaries is small, but several relevant oral history projects and digital collections are available. The number of Secretaries-General of IGOs dealt with on the Internet is restricted as well, and that goes also for the information that is provided about these persons. Apart from the debate of whether Wikipedia texts are reliable, our experience is that there is not much information about Secretaries-General in Wikipedia (to our disappointment, it is even less than hoped for). Elements mentioned in Wikipedia texts, however, as well as the links in these texts, can be used in some circumstances to support further independent research. Some specific sources worth mentioning include Nobel Prizes, the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, the American National Biography and Warren F. Kuehl’s Biographical Dictionary of Internationalists (1983). Specific databases are also useful, for instance the LONSEA database, which is based on material collected about the League of Nations, and the United Nations Career Records Project in Oxford. All sources mentioned here can be found in the document ‘Tools to Find More Data About My Secretary- General’ on the IO BIO website. The IO BIO databases have also benefited from reviewing the impressive work done by http://rulers.org/ (Ben Schemmel) and www.worldstatesmen.org (Ben Cahoon and others), IO BIO Project Database 2: IGOs Included and Their SGs Version March 2017 IO BIO: www.ru.nl/fm/iobio 3 which include list inventories of Secretaries-General of many IGOs among the leaders provided and often provide more precise dates than the IGOs themselves do and also mention acting executive heads. However, these websites do not specify their sources and reviewing various sources can provide different answers to simple questions, such as: when exactly did an executive head start, or end, her or his term in office, or: when was a person born or when did this person die? Not providing sources is understandable (IO BIO also does not publicly provide source support for each dimension of the databases, although each part of the data is carefully cross-checked and verified to the best of our ability), as this requires a lot of space to mention all sources as well as the arguments why certain dates were chosen, or why others were not. Hence, scholars employing the data provided by IO BIO may note conflicts with other sources such as rulers.org, wordstatesmen.org, LONSEA and even specialist literature. IO BIO works hard to be as precise as possible, drawing on the information that has been found, preferably based on primary sources, and the assessments made. Nonetheless, due to relying on (a combination of) different sources, information such as birth and death years and terms in office can be questionable in some instances. Hence, all information about persons and organizations must always be scrutinized and used in a critical manner. If any mistakes are seen in the IO BIO databases, or there is additional information to be added, please inform the Editors at [email protected]. Previous Versions The original IO BIO databases were set up in 2010, then corrected several times and posted again as the 2012 version. The 2015 version was a major update that included extending the list of Secretaries-General to cover current office-holders at the time, adding additional IGOs and making corrections where needed. The March 2017 version is a major update again, making corrections where needed as well as covering current office-holders and adding additional IGOs. While a variety of web sources were provided in previous versions, since these are often changing we restrict ourselves in the March 2017 version to simply providing the data instead of also publicly detailing web link updates.
Recommended publications
  • Peace Corps Romania Survival Romanian Language Lessons Pre-Departure On-Line Training
    US Peace Corps in Romania Survival Romanian Peace Corps Romania Survival Romanian Language Lessons Pre-Departure On-Line Training Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………. 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 2 Lesson 1: The Romanian Alphabet………………………………………………… 3 Lesson 2: Greetings…………………………………………………………………… 4 Lesson 3: Introducing self…………………………………………………………… 5 Lesson 4: Days of the Week…………………………………………………………. 6 Lesson 5: Small numbers……………………………………………………………. 7 Lesson 6: Big numbers………………………………………………………………. 8 Lesson 7: Shopping………………………………………………………………….. 9 Lesson 8: At the restaurant………………………………………………………..... 10 Lesson 9: Orientation………………………………………………………………… 11 Lesson 10: Useful phrases ……………………………………………………. 12 1 Survival Romanian, Peace Corps/Romania – December 2006 US Peace Corps in Romania Survival Romanian Introduction Romanian (limba română 'limba ro'mɨnə/) is one of the Romance languages that belong to the Indo-European family of languages that descend from Latin along with French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. It is the fifth of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers. It is spoken as a first language by somewhere around 24 to 26 million people, and enjoys official status in Romania, Moldova and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbia). The official form of the Moldovan language in the Republic of Moldova is identical to the official form of Romanian save for a minor rule in spelling. Romanian is also an official or administrative language in various communities and organisations (such as the Latin Union and the European Union – the latter as of 2007). It is a melodious language that has basically the same sounds as English with a few exceptions. These entered the language because of the slavic influence and of many borrowing made from the neighboring languages. It uses the Latin alphabet which makes it easy to spell and read.
    [Show full text]
  • Speech by the Secretary-General of ASEAN, Dr Surin Pitsuwan 2008 ASEAN Business and Investment Summit Bangkok, 26 February 2009
    Speech by the Secretary-General of ASEAN, Dr Surin Pitsuwan 2008 ASEAN Business and Investment Summit Bangkok, 26 February 2009 H.E. Governor of Bangkok Mr Arin Jira, Chairman of the ASEAN-Business Advisory Council Members of ABAC Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am here today to talk about business in the marketplace of ASEAN. As you know, the ten economies of ASEAN are being integrated into an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and implemented through the AEC Blueprint. This AEC Blueprint is the only one among the three that has been approved and is being implemented over the past year. I understand that you already have a preview of the AEC Blueprint yesterday. The AEC Blueprint is the roadmap of ASEAN integration. ASEAN would like to see the ten economies combine and become one market. ASEAN would like to be one market and an equitable landscape with not too much diversity and gaps. ASEAN would like to see all ten economies be competitive with the rest of the world and as one single production base integrated into the global economy. These are the goals. We have the strategies and projects to drive the ten markets into one single entity with 575 million consumers and the growing and rising middle-class, which is not much less than the middle-class of China and not less than the middle class of India. The purchasing power of the region is attractive for business, investors and MNCs. At the heart of our strategies is to reduce tariffs; eliminate non-tariff measures; reduce the gaps in order to increase purchasing power across ASEAN; attract investors; and, institute rules and regulations to protect investment and intellectual property.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Is the Dollar Shrinking?
    WHY THE DOLLAR IS SHRINKINO IRVING FISHER Econ5135 . 5 Harvard College Library WWECCLESIONES AE HARD DIANA ACAD TRISTO NOV AC SIX UM IN CHRTTIIS FROM THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS WHY - - WHY IS THE DOLLAR SHRINKING ? THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO ., LIMITED LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO . OF CANADA , LTD . TORONTO WHY IS THE DOLLAR SHRINKING ? A STUDY IN THE HIGH COST OF LIVING BY IRVING FISHER PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY IN YALE UNIVERSITY AUTHOR OF " THE PURCHASING POWER OF , MONEY " " THE NATURE OF CAPITAĚ AND INCOME , " ETC , དར་ * New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1914 All rights reserved Econ 5136 . 5 . : From the Quarterly Journal of Economics . COPYRIGHT , 1914 , BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY . Set up , and elegrotyped . Published September , 1914 . O " Norwood Press J . 8 . Cushing Co . - Berwick & Smith Co . Norwood , Mass . , U . 8 . A . To SIR DAVID BARBOUR VETERAN ADVOCATE OF THE PRINCIPLES FOR WHICH THIS BOOK STANDS PREFACE PRESENT - DAY discussion on the high cost of living shows some bewilderment in the mind of the general public as to the mechanism by which the scale of money prices is determined . Few people realize that the principles determining the general scale of prices are quite distinct from the principles determining the individual prices themselves . Few realize , for instance , that the money price of any commodity has to do not only with that commod ity but also with money , and that , therefore , a monetary element enters into every price . The object of this book is to state , as simply as possible , the general principles which fix the scale of prices , and to show the manner in which these principles apply to the present “ high cost of living .
    [Show full text]
  • IGO Codebook V3 Short Copy.Pdf
    Codebook for Correlates of War 3 International Governmental Organizations Data Set Version 3.0 Jon Pevehouse Department of Political Science University of Wisconsin – Madison Roseanne McManus Department of Political Science Penn State University Timothy Nordstrom Department of Political Science University of Mississippi July 2019 1 I. Overview of the data sets The data in the Correlates of War IGO data sets capture state memberships in the network of international governmental organizations (IGOs). The expanded version 3.0 updates the original Wallace and Singer (1970) data set and version 2.1 to provide membership information from 1816- 2014. Similar to version 2.1, version 3.0 comprises three different data sets, each with a different unit of analysis. First, version 3.0a contains membership data based on the IGO-year unit of analysis. Thus, each line of data in 3.0a represents a specific IGO’s membership in a given year (e.g. the U.N. in 1970). Second, version 3.0b presents membership data based on the country-year. This data will allow the research to see which IGOs an individual country belonged to in any annual period (e.g. Canada in 1992). Finally, version 3.0c aggregates the individual country memberships into joint dyadic memberships. This version of the data set presents shared memberships for each dyad and which individual IGOs are included in a dyad’s membership profile (e.g., Thailand-India in 2000). II. Defining a Population of IGOs IGOs have become a ubiquitous part of international life. IGOs are created to deal with political, economic, social, cultural, and environmental problems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Latin Union Experience and the Lolr: the French Position
    Annual ESHET Conference Nicolas Barbaroux Antwerp - 2017- May 18-20 (First Draft- Do not quote) The Latin Union experience and the LoLR: the French position "These movements in the market for precious metals became the immediate cause, in 1865, of the so-called Latin Currency Union between France, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy (...) Other European countries had at that time, either a silver currency, as in Germany and Scandinavia or a depreciated paper currency, as in Austria and Russia. If those countries had gradually attached themselves to the Latin Union, with its free minting of silver and gold at a legally established ratio then the traditional ratio between gold and silver might possibly have been preserved. Adhesion to the Latin Union was, in fact, contemplated by Germany shortly before the outbreak of the war in 1870, but owing to the war the plan never came to fruition." (Wicksell, 1935 (1906): 38) 1. Introduction In the aftermath of the E.U sovereign debt crisis, a central bank's duties debate emerged among bankers and policymakers mostly in E.U. This fundamental debate started in 2013 when the Bundesbank appealed the European Central bank (ECB) to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) owing to the adoption of the 2012 Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) program. Despite the 2015 June (16th) decision from ECJ, the German central bank saw this freedom of central bank's action as incompatible with the Maastricht Treaty, namely the no bailout rule (art.12). Beyond the ECJ's decision, the Germans (re)opened a structural controversy on the central bank's duty, among them the one of Lender of Last Resort (hereafter LoLR) when a monetary union is concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms, a XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan
    MASTERS THESIS H-3321 KLETZIEN, Sharon Benge THE CHANGING STATUS OF TUNISIAN WOMEN. The American University» M.A., 1971 Sociology, general University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1972 Sharon Benge Kletzlen ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE CHANGING STATUS OF TUNISIAN WOMEN by Sharon Benge Kletzlen Submitted to the School of International Service of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in International Studies Signatures of Committee:' Chairman: . f ) Dean of' the School Date; f 1 I_____ Date: I ^ JHÈ /lyiftjCAN UNIVERSITY Th^merlcan University y , __p . Washington, D.C, rCD o Valù PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION .................................. 1 The purpose of Che study ........................... L Justification of the study ......................... 1 Organization of the thesis . 2 II. EARLY HISTORY ........... ' ............................ 7 The Phoenicians and Carthage ......................... 7 Rome ............................................... 9 The Vandals 9 / / / The Byzantines ........................................ 10 /' y Summary 11 / / / . Ill. ISLAMIZATION AND THE STATUS OF WOMEN .................. ;4.' / Historical background .............................. / 12 /'■ Women in traditional Islam ...................... r. 17 /' ' IV. THE FRENCH PROTECTORATE / . 25 ( / V. INDEPENDENCE AND THE NEW EMANCIPATION.................
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record-Sen Ate
    8718 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. SEPTEJ\IBER 19, from the files of the House1 without leaving copies, papers in the case We, therefore, think there is no merit in the proposition, and that of J. W. Chickering. it ought to be inde1initely postponed. LEA-VE OF ABSENCE. The renort was agreed to, and the joint resolution indefinitely post­ poned. 1\Ir. Fmm,. by unanimous consent, obtained indefinite leave of ab­ Mr. P ALUER, from the Committee on Commerce, reported an sence, on account of important business. amendment intended to be proposed to the ~eneral deficiency appro­ 'Ihe hour of 5 o'clock having arrived, the House, in accordance with priation bill; whi<'h was referred to the Committee on Appropriations. its standing order, adjourned. Mr. WILSON, of Maryland, from the Committee on Claims,. to whom were referred the following bills, reported them severally without PRIVATE BILLS INTRODUCED AND REFERRED. amendment, and submitted renorts thereon: · UndEJr the rnle private bills of the following titles were introduced A bill (H. R. 341) for the relief of John Farley; and and referred· as indicated below: A bill (S. 729) for the relief of J. A. Henry and others. By Mr. BLAND (by request): A bill (H. R. 11456) to pay Philip Mr. CHANDLER, fn>m the Select Committee on fud~an Traders, to Henke.Lfor property unlawfully confucateci and destroyed-to the Com­ whom was referred the bill (S. 3522) regulating th~ purchase of timber mittee on War Claims. from. Indians, reported it with an amendment.. l:y Air. BUTLEH.: A bill (H. R.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Thinking Secularism in Post-Independence Tunisia
    The Journal of North African Studies ISSN: 1362-9387 (Print) 1743-9345 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fnas20 Re-thinking secularism in post-independence Tunisia Rory McCarthy To cite this article: Rory McCarthy (2014) Re-thinking secularism in post-independence Tunisia, The Journal of North African Studies, 19:5, 733-750, DOI: 10.1080/13629387.2014.917585 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2014.917585 Published online: 12 May 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 465 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fnas20 Download by: [Rory McCarthy] Date: 15 December 2015, At: 02:37 The Journal of North African Studies, 2014 Vol. 19, No. 5, 733–750, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2014.917585 Re-thinking secularism in post- independence Tunisia Rory McCarthy* St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK The victory of a Tunisian Islamist party in the elections of October 2011 seems a paradox for a country long considered the most secular in the Arab world and raises questions about the nature and limited reach of secularist policies imposed by the state since independence. Drawing on a definition of secularism as a process of defining, managing, and intervening in religious life by the state, this paper identifies how under Habib Bourguiba and Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali the state sought to subordinate religion and to claim the sole right to interpret Islam for the public in an effort to win the monopoly over religious symbolism and, with it, political control.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Regional Conference
    ACKNOWLEDGMENT As ASEAN aspires to promote regional peace, stability and prosperity and become an effective community, there has been a relentless effort for the regional grouping to facilitate an even closer economic, political, social, and cultural cooperation. ASEAN also wishes to become a political and security community that is capable of managing regional tensions and preventing conflicts from flaring up. Notwithstanding positive developments, however, ASEAN still faces glaring challenges of both a traditional and non-traditional nature. These challenges include the unstoppable rise of China, the decline of the US and the deep flux of global institutional arrangements coupled with the ongoing territorial and sovereignty claims in the South China Sea. All of these pose serious uncertainty, as no one can predict the future of this region. As such, the Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace feels that it is timely to organize a regional conference on “Cambodia and ASEAN: Managing Opportunity and Challenges beyond 2015 to determine how the future will hold for ASEAN. CICP would like to sincerely express deep appreciation to all the eminent speakers who are experts in their related fields from government officials and from other credible think-tanks in the region who have contributed their perspectives to address common challenges in the region of Southeast Asia, including Cambodia. CICP would also like to thank Mr. Rene Gradwohl, Country Representative of the Konrad- Adenauer Stiftung, for supporting the hosting of this regional conference and for the realization of this conference report which we hope will promote wider debates and interest on how ASEAN could revitalize its critical duties to deal with new challenges that have emerged.
    [Show full text]
  • The Exodus of the Tunisian Jewish Population 1954-1967
    The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy SEEKING A PLACE IN A NATION: THE EXODUS OF THE TUNISIAN JEWISH POPULATION 1954-1967 A Thesis Submitted to: The Center for Middle Eastern Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Sean Haley Table of Contents 1) Introduction and Theoretical Framework………………………………..3 2) Tunisian Jewry and the Birth of a Nation-State: The Independence of Tunisia 1954- 1957……………………………………………………………………...21 3) The State Takes Shape: The Reordering of the Jewish Community and Tunisian Constitution 1958-1959………………………………………………….35 4) Casualties of Colonialism? Tunisian Jews, Identity and the 1961 Bizerte Crisis……………………………………………………………………..54 5) A Far Away War and Self-Imposed Exile: 1967, Identity and the Tunisian Jews………………………………………………………………………70 6) Conclusion………………………………………………………………..82 7) Bibliography……………………………………………………………...90 2 Introduction In the eleven years after the independence and creation of the Republic of Tunisia, the population of the Jewish community declined by approximately 88.7% because of emigration to France, Israel, and other countries. This period, as will be shown, was critical in shaping the ethno-religious arrangement of peoples in Tunisia today. This occurred because a centralizing newly-independent state created a nation through identity based upon citizenship. Tunisia is a particularly good case study of homogenizing post-colonial nation-states because the government never sought to exclude any part of the population through direct action. Instead, domestic and international events that shook the nation and had an impact on the Jewish minority, such as independence, the reorganization of the Jewish community of 1958, the 1961 Bizerte Crisis and the Six Day War, made a solution such as exile palatable for the Jews.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 BAB II DINAMIKA ORGANISASI LIGA ARAB Dalam Bab Ini Penulis
    BAB II DINAMIKA ORGANISASI LIGA ARAB Dalam bab ini penulis memaparkan deskripsi umum tentang Liga Arab dan bagaimana hubungan Liga Arab dengan Palestina terkait topik bahasan ini. selain itu penulis juga memaparkan tentang bagaimana tujuan serta prinsip Liga Arab, keanggotaan Liga Arab serta struktur organisasi yang dimiliki oleh Liga Arab. A. Sejarah Terbentuknya Liga Arab Ketika Perang Dunia II masih berlangsung, terdapat keinginan yang muncul diantara negara-negara Arab di Timur Tengah untuk mendirikan sebuah organisasi. Organisasi tersebut diharapkan dapat memberikan wadah dalam berbagai aspek dan dapat menjadi penengah atau mediator ketika terjadi perselisihan di antara sesama negara Arab ataupun dengan negara non-Arab. Keinginan ini kemudian didukung oleh Inggris pada tahun 1942 dikarenakan Inggris memiliki motif untuk negara-negara Arab agar bergabung dengan pihak Sekutu. Namun pada saat itu negara-negara Arab tidak memiliki ketertarikan untuk bergabung (Firman, 2019). Alasan negara-negara Arab enggan untuk bergabung dikarenakan pada saat itu juga turut berkembang semangat anti-kolonialisme di sebagian besar ngara-negara Arab. Pada saat itu dapat dikatakan Mesir masih menjadi negara boneka imperialis Protektorat Britania. Sedangkan Yordania, Bahrain, Irak, Qatar dan Uni Emirat Arab dijajah Inggris. Maroko, Tunisia, Suriah dan Aljazair dijajah Perancis. Menurut catatan Council of Foreign Relation Liga Arab, dukungan dari Inggris ini dinilai sebagai motivasi untuk segera membentuk sebuah kesatuan nasionalis Arab yang nantinya akan meningkatkan dukungan bagi orang-orang Arab Palestina. Puncak dari proses 11 ini ialah pada tanggal 7 Oktober tahun 1944 yang mana ditandatangani sebuah perjanjian yaitu Protokol Alexandria yang berlokasi di Alexandria. Perjanjian ini ditandatangani oleh lima negara Arab yang menjadi awal dari dibentuknya Liga Arab satu tahun setelahnya (Masters & Sergie, 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Surin Pitsuwan: Scholar, Asean Internationalist By: Datuk Dr A
    Surin Pitsuwan: Scholar, Asean Internationalist By: Datuk Dr A. Murad Merican Published in: New Straits Times, Sunday 3 December 2017 Read More : https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2017/12/310056/surin-pitsuwan-scholar- asean-internationalist We saw the passing of statesman, scholar and diplomat extraordinaire Dr Surin Pitsuwan on Thursday. Born Abdul Halim Ismail on Oct 28, 1949, the son of Pondok Ban Tan in Nakhon Si Thammarat, southern Thailand, Surin broke with tradition. Instead of the usual religious studies in “Kedah, Kelantan, Mecca, Cairo or Indonesia”, as he put it, he moved abroad as a high-school student in Minnesota, the United States, on an American Field Service exchange scholarship in 1967-68. He later returned to Bangkok to attend Thammasat University, and subsequently went to Harvard University, where he obtained his master’s degree and doctorate in Political Science and Middle Eastern Studies. Surin was, and still easily is, the public face of Asean. He was Asean secretary-general from July 2007 to December 2012. Contrary to convention, Surin took an activist role and was involved in the peace process as facilitator and negotiator in the region. Writing in the op-ed page of this newspaper on June 17, 2011, he articulated the future of the region. He expressed a clear vision of Asean’s direction, hopeful of more innovative breakthroughs as it develops into an integrated, open, peaceful and outward-looking region. He again narrated on peace at the recent two-day 4th World Conference on Islamic Thought and Civilisation (WCIT 2017), organised by Universiti Sultan Azlan Shah (USAS) in Ipoh, from Nov 20 onwards.
    [Show full text]