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Red – Orange – Yellow) MGP Trailside Flowers (Purple (Lavender) – Blue)

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MGP Trailside Flowers (Red – Orange – Yellow) MGP Trailside Flowers (Purple (Lavender) – Blue) red larkspur (35) Delphinium nudicaule scarlet monkeyflower (38) Indian paintbrush (38) columbine (35) (MimMimulusulus cacardinalisrdinalis) Castilleja subinclusa Aquilegia formosa blue dicks Dichelostemma capitatum Douglas iris (29) blue-eyed grass (29) Iris douglasiana Sisyrinchium bellum hazlenut (12) striped coralroot spotted coralroot California figwort or Corylus cornuta orchid (29) orchid (29) bee plant (38) var. californica (Corallorhiza striata) (Corallorhiza maculata) Scrophularia californica lupine (20) Lupinus sp. harvest brodiaea (26) Brodiaea elegans California poppy (30) scarlet pimpernel** (34) sticky or bush monkeyflower (38) Eschscholzia californica Anagallis arvensis Mimulus aurantiacus hedge nettle (25) Stachysajjgugoides milkwort Polygala californica narrowleaf flax** Linum bienne seep spring Sneezeweed (7) woodland tarweed (7) Lotus (20) monkeyflower (38) Mimulus guttatus Helenium purberulum Madia madioides (lotus sp.) hounds tongue (13) Cynoglossum grande froggy feet (23) Nemophila heterophylla Prepared by Pacific snake root (9) Gwen Heistand Fiddleneck (13) coast sun-cups (28) California buttercup (35) Ceanothus (Blue blossom) (36) forget-me-not** (13) Sanicula crassicaulis for ACR Education; using Amsinckia menziesii Camissonia ovata Ranunculus californicus materials prepared by Ceanothus thyrsiflorus (Myosotis latifolia) Jeanne Wirka MGP Trailside Flowers(Pink - Brown – Green) MGP Trailside Flowers (white) cow parsnip (9) pearly everlasting (7) Heracleum lanatum morning glory (17) checker bloom (27) willow herb (28) Anaphalis margaritacea elk clover Calystegia purpurata Sidalcea malviflora Epilobium ciliatum Aralia californica yerba buena (25) Satureja douglasii California buckeye (22) (Aesculus californicus) hillside pea (20) bedstraw (purple to pink) Galium aparine Lathyrus vestitus red flowering currant (21) Ribes sanguineum wild cucumber (()18) Honeysuc kle (11) (manroot) Lonicera hispidula Marah fabaceus fairy bells (26) Disporum hookeri star lily (36) (zygadene lily) Zigadenus fremontii virgin’s bower (35) Collomia (33) calypso orchid (29) Clematis lasiantha Collomia heterophylla (Calypso bulbosa) trillium (wake-robin) (26) (Trillium ovatum) wood rose (37) Rosa gymnocarpa miner’s lettuce yerba santa (23) Claytonia perfoliata (Eriodictyon californicum) Thimbleberry (37) Rubus parviflorus fetid adder’ s tongue (slinkpod) (26) Dutchman’s pipe (10) star-flower (34) (Scoliopus bigelovii ) Aristolochia californiica Trientalis latifolia ocean spray (37) California mission bells (26) wild strawberry (37) (creambush) Blackberry (37) Fritillaria affinis milk-maids (14) Fragaria vesca Cardamine californica Holodiscus discolor Rubus ursinus i Glossary (See also the diagrams for plant ID terms) 43 Topic Page # anther –male reproductive cell of a flower, located at end of the filament. The filament and anther make up the stamen. bract – small structure that subtends a peduncle, pedicel, or flower. calyx - collective term for all the sepals in a flower composite - flowers that occur in dense heads atop a specialized set of bracts called phyllaries; overall aspect sunflower-like or daisy-like. corolla - collective term for all the petals in a flower discoid - composite flower head composed of disc flowers only imperfect - flower that lacks either male or female parts. inflorescence – a cluster of flowers. inferior - below; when referring to an ovary, below the calyx inflorescence - all of the flowers on one plant. involucre – a group of bracts held together as a unit beneath a flower, a fruit or flower head. In composites, it’s the phyllaries beneath the “flower.” irregular - not symmetrical; when referring to a perianth, with all sepals and/or petals not of same size or shape. ligulate flower –a composite flower with no disk flowers. ovate – two-dimensionally egg-shaped; wider at base than tip palmate – a pattern of branching of veins, lobes, or leaflets in which several equally-sized units originate from a single point, similar to the fingers of the hand originating from the palm panicle - compound inflorescence; a cluster of spikes or racemes pedicel - stalk of an individual flower peduncle – stalk of an inflorescence or of a flower not in an inflorescence perfect - flower that has both male and female parts. perianth - all petals and sepals in a flower: = calyx + corolla petiole – the stem of a leaf or leaflet that attaches to a twig phyllary - specialized, scale-like bracts, several or many in a series, directly beneath a composite flower head; together form the involucre pinnate – a pattern of branching in which smaller units originate along the axis of a larger central unit, similar to the structure of a feather pistil – the female reproductive organ of a flower (“she’s a pistil-packin’ mama!”); consists of ovary, style, and stigma. raceme - inflorescence with single axis and flowers on pedicels ray flower - one of two basic types of flowers in composite head; recognized by presence of a petal-like structure (ligule). If no disk flowers are present, it’s called a ligulate flower (see definition above). Ray flowers are generally pistillate or sterile. regular - symmetrical; when referring to corolla or calyx, with all petals/sepals same size and shape. sepal -modifie d lea f o f the ca lyx. spike - inflorescence with single axis and flowers lacking pedicels. spur - slender projecting process from some portion of the perianth stamen – the male reproductive organ of a flower; consists of the filament and anther (sta-“men” = male). stigma – the receptive (female) part of the flower where pollen lands; located at the tip of the style in the pistil. stipule - paired small appendages on stem where leaf attaches superior - above; when referring to an ovary, above the calyx. terminal - at the end of a stem or branch. umbel - flat-topped inflorescence with pedicels arising from a common point on stem 1 42 Flower Anatomy Ferns of Martin Griffin Preserve Wood Fern Lady Fern (Above) •Fronds 2x divided •Crescent shaped indusia •Raised sori with •Lacyy, fronds, much divided hhidihorseshoe indusium •Dormant in winter Sori • Flowers are a plant’s reproductive system •Green all year Sporangia • The way flowers are arranged on a stem is called the inflorescence • The parts of an inflorescence are like nested cups (called whorls) • A complete flower has all whorls •A perfect flower has both ♀ and ♂ parts. • Monoecious plants have both ♀ & ♂ flowers on each individual • Dioeceious plants have either ♀ or ♂ flowers on each Sword-like “hilt” individual (example coyote bush) Circular sori with at base of pinnae Common Sword Fern umbrella-like Types of Inflorescences Fronds once-divided indusium California Polypody Giant Chain Fern •Similar to Sword Fern but no “hilt” •Largest of all •Circular sori, no indusia (naked) •Fronds 2x divided •Mossy ledges or epiphyte on trees •Near creek 2 41 Ferns of Martin Griffin Preserve Goldback Fern •Summer dormant •Naked indusia along veins •Gold waxyyp “powder” on back of fronds to prevent drying Types of Floral Symmetry Five-fingered Fern •Need permanent moisture •Winter dormant •First division palmate, then pinnately divided Bracken Fern •Fronds 3x divided or more •Drier, open areas •sporangia line frond margins; false indusium Flower Shapes Azolla (Water Fern) •Mon/Tues ponds •Stores Maidenhair Fern cyanobacteria •Delicate leaves; black stems (nitrogen-fixing •False indusia (rolled frond bacteria) in fronds margins) •Summer dormant 3 40 Leaf Anatomy California Buckeye Big Leaf Maple Arroyo Willow Red Alder Leaves are always attached to stem; responsible for photosynthesis leaf = petiole + blade (unless leaf is sessile) blades broad flat shapes (this shape helps with collecting the sun's rays) petioles turn to follow the sun throughout the day and return, overnight, to the best position to catch the first rays of dawn . nodes = point of attachment to the stem internode = distance between 2 nodes veins = bundles of vascular tissue used to transport water and nutrients midrib = a central vein from which secondary veins can grow Douglas Fir Coast Redwood sometimes called Tan Oak digitate California Bay Coast Live Oak 39 4 Common Trees of the Martin Griffin Preserve There are nine common trees at Bolinas Lagoon Preserve (MGP). Each species is easy to recognize if you look at it carefully a few times. The following notes are meant as an aid to identification, as well as an introduction to the natural history of the plants. A good book to help identify most of the common trees in CA is Tom Watts' Pacific Coast Tree Finder. Key to distinguish the common trees of MGP: 1 Tree deciduous..................................................................................... 2 1' Tree evergreen..................................................................................... 5 2 Leaves opposite.................................................................................... 3 2' Leaves alternate................................................................................... 4 3 Leaves compound, digitate...................................... California Buckeye 3' Leaves simple , palmately lobed.................................... Big Leaf Maple 4 Leaves ovate, margins coarsely toothed............................... Red Alder 4' Leaves narrow, margins smooth..................................... Arroyo Willow 5 Tree a conifer (an overgrown Christmas tree) .................................... 6 5'
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  • Gymnaconitum, a New Genus of Ranunculaceae Endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

    Gymnaconitum, a New Genus of Ranunculaceae Endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

    TAXON 62 (4) • August 2013: 713–722 Wang & al. • Gymnaconitum, a new genus of Ranunculaceae Gymnaconitum, a new genus of Ranunculaceae endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Wei Wang,1 Yang Liu,2 Sheng-Xiang Yu,1 Tian-Gang Gao1 & Zhi-Duan Chen1 1 State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P.R. China 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3043, U.S.A. Author for correspondence: Wei Wang, [email protected] Abstract The monophyly of traditional Aconitum remains unresolved, owing to the controversial systematic position and taxonomic treatment of the monotypic, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau endemic A. subg. Gymnaconitum. In this study, we analyzed two datasets using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods: (1) two markers (ITS, trnL-F) of 285 Delphinieae species, and (2) six markers (ITS, trnL-F, trnH-psbA, trnK-matK, trnS-trnG, rbcL) of 32 Delphinieae species. All our analyses show that traditional Aconitum is not monophyletic and that subgenus Gymnaconitum and a broadly defined Delphinium form a clade. The SOWH tests also reject the inclusion of subgenus Gymnaconitum in traditional Aconitum. Subgenus Gymnaconitum markedly differs from other species of Aconitum and other genera of tribe Delphinieae in many non-molecular characters. By integrating lines of evidence from molecular phylogeny, divergence times, morphology, and karyology, we raise the mono- typic A. subg. Gymnaconitum to generic status. Keywords Aconitum; Delphinieae; Gymnaconitum; monophyly; phylogeny; Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; Ranunculaceae; SOWH test Supplementary Material The Electronic Supplement (Figs. S1–S8; Appendices S1, S2) and the alignment files are available in the Supplementary Data section of the online version of this article (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax).