Pre-notes across the bottom of home screen:
Energy makes all movement and change possible. It exists in many forms. Your body gives off heat energy. Land and the oceans are warmed by solar energy. Electrical energy flows through wires. This app explores several forms of energy with videos and fun facts. We will explore the major types of energy: potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy that is ready to use. Kinetic energy is energy of motion. It is not just ready; it’s already on the move. We will also look at energy transformation or energy change. Energy is never destroyed, but it can change form. For example, electrical energy that enters a television is changed into sound, light, and heat energy.
Open the EnergyHD app
Select Potential Energy-
Select Read and Learn:
All energy is either (1)______or (2)______. Potential energy is stored.
It’s called potential energy because it has the potential to do (3)______. In contrast, kinetic energy is already working.
Potential energy takes many forms. A few examples are (4)______, (5)______, and nuclear.
Potential mechanical depends on where an object is. One type of potential mechanical energy is (6)______. When a rubber band is stretched out, it has the greatest potential elastic mechanical energy. The potential energy weakens as the rubber band (7) ______. At the same time, the kinetic energy grows.
The other type of potential mechanical energy works with (8)______. One example is a wrecking ball. When it’s swung back into an elevated position, it has great gravitational potential energy, but it doesn’t have the same power as when at rest. Similarly, water stored at the opening of a hydroelectric dam has immense gravitational potential energy. Meanwhile, water sitting in a puddle has very little potential energy.
A second type of potential energy is chemical. Chemical potential energy is ready to be released in a
(9)______(10)______. The energy could be released as atoms and molecules combine or as molecules break apart. This chemical potential energy takes the form of heat, light or both. One example is a burning match. The match’s chemical energy becomes heat and light.
Finally, a third type of potential energy, nuclear, is similar to potential chemical energy. It is released when bonds
(11)______in an atom’s nucleus or center. When atomic particles break, their potential nuclear energy is released as heat or radiation. This is called nuclear fission. The energy that the Sun emits into space is produced by nuclear reactions that happen in its core due to the collision of hydrogen nuclei and the formation of helium nuclei. This is called nuclear fusion. Did you KNOW: (Scroll through the facts at the bottom of the screen.)
Gravity is a (12)______source of potential energy. Scientists are trying to create gravity-powered automobiles.
The higher up you are the (13)______gravitational potential energy you have.
About (14)______of the energy used worldwide is nonrenewable. It is released when people burn fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal. Food provides chemical energy. When you digest food, your body breaks down (15)______bonds to help you move and grow.
Light bulbs are(16)______. Most of their energy is released as heat, not light. Here’s an interesting alternative to light bulbs: plants crossed with firefly DNA.
Wind produces about (17)______of the world’s electricity, but it is becoming more popular every year.
Energy is usually measured in units called (18)______.
Tap the left arrow at the top of the screen.
Select Touch and Learn
Conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy:
Touch the glowing spots on the left silver ball that is pulled away from the rest.
Named after Sir Isaac Newton, the (1)______demonstrates the Law of Conservation of Energy and Momentum. Energy is converted from potential energy to kinetic energy and vice versa, but the total energy remains the (2)______.The device consists of a series of pendulums (5- 7 steel balls suspended by a wire) that line up in a row. When one of the balls at the end is pulled away, it
(3) ______gravitational potential energy. This potential energy is converted into kinetic energy when it is released. As the end ball strikes the other balls, it transfers the (4)______to the other balls and finally to the ball at the opposite end. As the end ball at the opposite side swings, its
(5)______energy is converted to (6)______energy.
Touch the glowing spot between the third and fourth silver ball. Watch the video.
(7)Describe what happens in the video.
Slide your finger left to right to advance to the next screen.
Water behind a dam has an immense (8)______potential energy. Touch the blinking yellow dot on the left side of the screen.
Water behind a dam has a lot of potential energy. Both the (9) ______of the water and the
(10) ______difference (or the head) between where the water enters and leaves the dam, determine the power that can be extracted from the water.
Touch the blinking yellow dot near the center of the screen.
When the water is held behind a dam is released, the (11) ______of the water drives the (12)______of a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity. The water is then released into the river on the other side of the dam.
Ignore the blinking yellow dot near the bottom of the screen. You can’t watch the video.—The video does not exist.
Slide your finger left to right to advance to the next screen.
A battery has (13)______potential energy.
Touch the yellow dot near the center of the screen. Batteries store chemical energy and convert it into electricity when connected to a (14)______.
A battery is made up of multiple electrochemical cells or galvanic cells. Each electrochemical cell has a positive
terminal called a (15)______, a negative terminal called the (16)______, and the medium or the electrolyte. When connected to a circuit, chemical reactions occur at both the anode and the cathode that (17)______chemical energy into electrical energy. Touch the blinking yellow dot on the left side of the screen. Watch the video (18) Who invented the battery?
(19) What do batteries need to work?
(20) What is the source of the current?
(21) What is the flow of electrons called?
(22) Why does the frog’s leg jump?
Slide your finger left to right to advance to the next screen. Wood has (23)______chemical energy
Touch the blinking yellow dot on bottom left side of the screen. Potential energy is stored energy. Potential chemical energy is stored in the (24) ______. The most common examples of chemical energy include fuels, food, wood, natural gas, etc.
Chemical energy is released as (25)______or (26) ______when atoms or molecules combine or break apart. Chemical reactions that release energy are called (27)______, while ones that absorb energy are called (28)______.
Touch the blinking yellow dot on the right side of the screen. When wood is burned, the chemical energy in the wood is converted to (29)______.
Chemical potential energy is ready to be released in a chemical reaction. The energy could be released when atoms and molecules (30) ______or when they (31) ______.
If atoms or molecules combine, the chemical energy is stored in the bonds that make up the
(32) ______. If atoms or molecules break apart, then the chemical energy is released as heat and light.
Slide your finger left to right to advance to the next screen.
Food contains (33)______energy.
Touch the blinking yellow dot on the left side of the screen.
Another form of potential chemical energy is in the food we eat. The amount of energy in the food varies depending on the type of food.
The energy stored in food is measured in (34)______. One calorie is the amount of heat or energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
The chemical energy stored in the food is used by (35)______for a wide range of functions that include providing energy for the brain and muscles, maintaining body temperature, and providing energy for growing and reproducing.
Touch the blinking yellow dot on the right side of the screen. Watch the video.
(36) Which food type had the most energy? Why?
Tap the left arrow at the top of the screen. Select See and Learn ACROSS 5 The ______is an example of a nuclear reactor. 6 When you dive into a pool, you lose potential energy, but you ______kinetic energy (the energy of motion). 7 Nuclear energy is released when chemical bonds ______.
10 Potential nuclear energy is stored in the bonds inside an ______. 11 A wrecking ball has the most potential energy just ______it swings. 12 When a rubber band is stretched, it gains ______energy. 13 The world’s largest ______powers approximately 5000 homes in Europe. 14 Every minute, enough sunlight reaches Earth’s surface to satisfy humans’ energy demands for a ______! 15 Chemical potential energy is stored in ______. (two words) In Einstein’s famous equation, E=MC2, the E stands for ______. It’s related to mass and speed of 16 light. If you dropped a penny from the top of a skyscraper, it would exert about a ______of energy when it 17 landed! 18 The chemical energy in a match becomes both heat and ______. The first ______was invented in the 1880’s. (two words) 19
DOWN 1 Solar radiation ______the oceans and helps plants grow. 2 Energy can’t be destroyed, but it can ______from one type to another. 3 Geothermal energy is produced ______the Earth. 4 Lightning is created by the ______of potential energy in rainclouds. 6 Water stored at the opening of a hydroelectric dam has immense ______potential
energy. 8 The world’s largest ______dam is the Three Gorges Dam in China. 9 Potential energy is energy that’s ______in an object. 13 Kinetic energy is already ______.
Tap the left arrow at the top of the screen. Select Watch and Learn.
*Solar Radiation and the Sun’s Path Chapter 1 (4:47) Home consumes energy in many ways: What percent of consumed energy is used on each of the following:
(1) cooling and heating of space______
(2) water heating______
(3) Lighting ______
(4) What changes the amount of solar energy gained through the seasons?
(5) What is the name for the angle related to the southerly direction of solar energy called? *How Geothermal Energy Works (4:54) (6) Where are the hottest granites on Earth at reasonable drilling depth?
*Introduction to Wind Power (7) What where the first windmills produced to do?
(8) When did large wind farms first appear and wind produced energy become commercially available?
(9) What are the parts of a wind turbine?
*Lightning Science from the University of Arizona (5:35)
(10) What are the two types of lightning?
(11) Describe why/how lightning works.
(12) How hot is the heat energy of the return stroke?
(13) What kind of lightning flashes tend to have a greater probability for starting fires and damaging electrical power lines?
*Where Energy Comes From (3:52)
(14) What are the three types of fossil fuels produced from organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals?
(15) What type of charge does the nucleus have?
(16) What type of charge do electrons have?
(17) What is the flow of electrons called?
(18) Name three kinds of renewable, cleaner energy forms.
*Kinetic & Potential Energy (4:07)
(19) What type of energy did the rock have when it was falling?
(20) True or False. The faster moving rock has less kinetic energy than the slower moving rock.
*Potential Energy: Wile E. Coyote & Roadrunner (1:22)
(21) The elastic potential of the torsional spring in the giant mouse trap had ______
energy that was converted to ______energy.
(22)The elastic potential of the compressional spring converted to kinetic energy that converted to
______potential energy that converted to kinetic energy.
*Physics: Kinetic and Potential Energy in a Roll (1:47)
(23) The basic underlying principals start with what?
(24) The ability to do work is called what?
(25) Moving something with force through a distance is known as what?
*DNA Animations: What is Potential Energy? (:30)
(26) Stored energy is called what?
(27) True or False. To build potential energy you can raise an object against gravity.
Tap the left arrow at the top of the screen. 8. How is chemical energy similar to nuclear energy?
Select Quiz and Learn A. They are both examples of gravitational energy. B. They are both examples of mechanical energy. Potential Energy C. They both happen when bonds break or form. D. They are both risk-free sources of power. 1. Which could cause energy to appear as light? 9. Why is it more dangerous to drop a stone from higher up? A. atoms combining B. molecules combining A. Chemical reactions are more powerful in a thin C. molecules breaking apart atmosphere. D. all of the above B. Nuclear reactions are more powerful with height. C. Energy increases with speed. 2. Which of the following is most responsible for movement? D. All of the above. A. energy 10. How is kinetic energy different from potential energy? B. molecules C. chemicals A. Only kinetic energy can be stored. D. scientists don’t know B. Kinetic energy is in motion. C. Kinetic energy can be destroyed. 3. According to the lesson, what type of energy does your body D. Only kinetic energy can be increased. produce?
A. light 11. Your teacher is about to dive off of a board. How could B. heat your teacher make a more powerful splash? C. nuclear A. Stand on a lower board. D. all of the above B. Stand on a higher board. 4. Which of the following is true? C. Wear heavy clothes. D. Both stand on higher a board and wear heavy A. Energy cannot be stored. clothes. B. Kinetic energy is stored energy. C. Potential energy is stored energy. 12. If two objects have the same mass, what could explain their D. None of the above. different potentials for energy? A. different lengths 5. What are the two main types of energy mentioned in the B. different heights lesson? C. different lengths and heights A. chemical and nuclear D. none, they both have the same potential. B. potential and kinetic 13. Which object has greater potential energy? C. light and heat D. mechanical and elastic A. a rubber band resting on the ground B. a hunting bow resting on the ground 6. Which type of energy relies most heavily on an object’s C. a rubber band that is stretched position? D. a rubber band that is not stretched
A. chemical 14. Gravity is weaker on the Moon than on Earth. If cats were B. gravitational astronauts, how would their potential energy change on the C. nuclear moon? D. electrical A. The cat’s potential energy would not change. 7. Which of the following is true? B. The cat’s weights must be known. C. Cats would have more potential energy on the A. Most objects do not contain potential energy. Moon than on the Earth. B. Without burning fossil fuels, we could never meet D. Cats would have less potential energy on the Moon energy demands. than on Earth. C. Enough solar energy is available to power all current human activities. 15. If you bounced a ball, at what point would it have more D. Water is an outdated source of power. potential energy? A. before it left your hands B. immediately after leaving your hands C. when it hit the ground D. when it started to bounce up from the ground. Select the back button twice to the home page. Select Kinetic Energy. Select Read and Learn
Energy is either potential or kinetic. Potential energy is stored and waiting to work, by kinetic energy is already working. When one type of energy rises, the other falls. For example, your stored energy decreases when your physical activity level increases.
Energy is never destroyed but it can take different forms. Kinetic energy can take five forms: (1) ______results when molecules vibrate. For example, the higher the temperature inside a stove, the faster the molecules inside it are moving.
(2)______kinetic energy is the movement of electrons. Electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. Electric kinetic energy is different from electricity. Electric kinetic energy is the movement of electrons within an atom. Electricity is the flow of an electric charge.
(3) ______kinetic energy is the movement of objects or substances from one place to another. A ship moving across the ocean has mechanical kinetic energy. A Frisbee in flight also has mechanical kinetic energy. Wind and humans are examples of possible sources of mechanical kinetic energy. Kinetic (4) ______energy moves through substances such as air. It takes the shape of waves. Your voice, a bee’s buzz, and a teapot’s whistle are all sound energy.
Finally (5)______energy also travels in waves. Radiant energy is electromagnetic. Some examples are sunlight, X-rays, radio waves, and heat from incandescent light bulbs.
Did you KNOW: (Scroll through the facts at the bottom of the screen.)
The total amount of energy in an object is its potential energy (6)______its kinetic energy.
The word “kinetic” comes from the Greek word (7)______, which means “motion”.
If you double the (8) ______of an object, you double its kinetic mechanical energy.
When two objects travel at the (9) ______speed, the heavier one has more kinetic mechanical energy.
Kinetic energy depends on mass and (10) ______, which is the speed of something in a given direction.
Radiant energy emitted by the Earth is called (11) ______radiation.
Sound energy travels through the (12)______at about 340 meters per second.
About half the radiation you experience is from (13)______sources: the Earth, the Sun, and processes with your own body!
Kinetic energy is (14)______by multiplying half the object’s mass by its velocity squared.
Faster vibrations create (15)______sounds.
Some measures for (16)______are the joule, the Newton-meter (Nm), and the kilogram meter squared over seconds squared (kg m2/s2).
If you double the speed of an object, you (17)______its kinetic mechanical energy.
The word “energy” is from the Greek word (18)______.
Solar (19)______contains infrared light, visible light, and ultraviolet light.
A diet of (20)______calories per day is equivalent to about 8,368 joules!
Terrestrial radiation is 100% (21)______.
Tap the left arrow at the top of the screen. Select Touch and Learn A swing has both kinetic and potential energy. Touch the blinking yellow dot on the center of the screen. Press play on the video. Pulling the bowling ball back from the middle, it gave it potential energy. When we let go of it, it had kinetic energy. The kinetic energy will (1)______be bigger than the potential energy. It’s only going to have as much energy as we gave it. Energy can be changed from one form to another. Electricity is a form of energy. A lot of it comes from the heat released from burning (2)______. Slide your finger left to right to advance to the next screen. A moving car has kinetic energy. Touch the blinking yellow dot on the center of the screen. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. The word “kinetic” comes from the Greek word for kinesis, which means “motion.” Kinetic energy is calculated by multiplying half of an object’s mass by its velocity squared. So in the case of a car, its kinetic energy is half of the mass of the car (approx.2000-3000 pounds depending on the size of the car) times the velocity of the car squared. Did you know that the EPA (Environmental Protection
Agency) estimates that for every 100 pounds taken off of a vehicle, its fuel economy is (3)______by 1-2 percent? Touch the blinking yellow dot on the left side of the screen. Just like human bodies need air, water, and food, cars need gasoline, electricity, and air. Inside a gasoline engine (an internal combustion engine), the right amount of fuel and air are mixed and ignited by a (4)______. These controlled explosions inside the engine block generate power. This pushes the piston which turns the crankshaft and driveshaft to deliver power to the wheels. Thus, the chemical energy in the fuel is converted to mechanical kinetic energy. Slide your finger left to right to advance to the next screen. Flowing water has kinetic energy.
Touch the blinking yellow dot on the left side of the screen. A fire hydrant is a source of water is used by firefighters to extinguish a fire. Before the invention of the fire hydrant by George Smith in 1817, some cities had (5)______brigades. These were a group of volunteer firefighters who would carry buckets of water from the water source to the site of the fire. Touch the blinking yellow dot just right of the center of the screen.
When water is not moving, it has (6)______energy. This potential energy causes static pressure to build up in a system. When a firefighter opens a hydrant, some of the potential energy of the water that is not moving is converted into kinetic energy of the moving water. Some of the potential energy is used to overcome friction in the pipe and the rest is converted into kinetic energy. Slide your finger left to right to advance to the next screen.
A bicycle (7)______converts kinetic energy to thermal energy. Touch the blinking yellow dot near the bottom of the screen. A bicycle brake converts the kinetic energy of the bike into thermal energy or heat using friction. When the brake is applied, the pads on the brake come into contact with the rim of the rotating wheel of the bicycle. The (8) ______between the pads and the rim converts the kinetic energy into thermal energy, which is dissipated. As the bicycle loses its kinetic energy, it slows down or stops. Touch the blinking yellow dot just above the middle of the screen. While there are many different types of brakes, all of them rely on friction between (9)______surfaces to reduce kinetic energy by converting it into thermal. The earliest brake, the spoon brake consisted of a pad that was pressed on top of the front tire. The newer rim brakes use pads to press against the rims of the rotating wheel. Slide your finger left to right to advance to the next screen. Sound energy is a form of kinetic energy. Touch the blinking yellow dot just below the middle of the screen.
Kinetic sound energy moves though (10)______such as air. Sound energy travels through the air at about 340 meters per second. It takes the shape of waves. Your voice, a bee’s buzz, a teapot’s whistle are all sound energy. Sound energy is created by vibrations, such as vibrations in a drum or your vocal chords. Touch the blinking yellow dot near the center of the screen. Press play on the video. Sound can be considered to be composed from three areas: noise, language, and musical tone. Noise is a random type of oscillation. The point of no vibration is called a (11) ______. The point of maximum vibration is known as the antinode. From node to node is the wave length. it is the wavelength that that determines the frequency or pitch of the sound we hear. The (12)______shows no vibration at the node of the pipe. As the microphone moves towards the middle of the pipe, it finds the antinode. When a string is plucked we can hear its fundamental pitch. A string can vibrate at several frequencies at once. A
pure pitch has one frequency on the spectrum analyzer known as the (13)______. Every instrument has its own unique sound created out of its overtone structure. Tap the left arrow at the top of the screen. Select See and Learn
DOWN 2 Electrical kinetic energy is the movement of electrons. Electrons move around the ______of an atom. 3 When two objects travel at the same speed, the ______one has more mechanical kinetic energy. 5 Waves of kinetic energy move through ____ and other substances. 7 You can ______kinetic energy by increasing mass. 9 Radiant energy from the Earth is 100% ______. 10 When potential energy ______, kinetic energy increases. 11 Radiant energy from the Sun contains infrared light, visible light, and ______light. 12 Mechanical kinetic energy is the ______of objects or substances from one place to
another. 16 You can increase kinetic energy by increasing ______. 18 Radiant energy such as radio signals and sunlight also travels in ______.
ACROSS 1 A Frisbee in flight has mechanical ______energy. 4 A whale’s sounds can ______several hundreds of kilometers underwater. 6 Thermal energy results when molecules ______. 8 When potential energy is ______, kinetic energy is lowest. 13 Medical X-rays are a major source of human-made ______. 14 Sailboats get their ______kinetic energy from wind pushing the sails. 15 Kinetic energy is ______energy. 17 This type of energy created by vibrations, such as vibrations in your vocal chords. 19 Because of geothermal energy, for every 100 meters you dig into the Earth, the______
increases by about three degrees Celsius.
Tap the left arrow at the top of the screen. Select Watch and Learn
*The Electromagnetic Spectrum (2:56)
(1) Deep inside the Sun’s core, immense gravitational pressure convert hydrogen to ______releasing energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
(2) The reactions inside the Sun create energy called ______that travel to the surface of Earth in the form of waves.
(3) The distance between one crest to another is called a wavelength. The shorter wavelength means that there is ______energy.
*Sound, Energy, and Wave Motion (2:29) (4)Sound waves are ______waves in a medium that are converted to electrical signals and sent by the auditory nerve to the brain where it is interpreted to sound. (5) Sound waves have frequency and amplitude. On a sign-wave, the movement of the a molecule from the axis to as far above the axis to as far below the axis and back to the axis is known as one vibration or ______. (6) The number of sound waves there are per second the sound wave produces through the medium it is traveling through is known as its ______.
*Bill Nye-The Science Guy on Heat (2:05) (7)The molecules is cold things move more ______than the molecules in hot things. (8) A hot burning match has less heat energy than the ice sculpture because the ice sculpture has more ______. *Geothermal power: how does it work? (2:09) (9) The subterranean heat resources are more accessible at the frontiers of ______where volcanic activity is common. (10) Geothermal power is called a ______power source, operating 24 hours seven days a week, making it an appealing renewable energy resource.
*Real World: Work, Force, Energy, and Motion (8:50) (11) The use of force to move an object a certain distance is known as ______.
(12) To be counted as work, the applied force has to be in the same direction as the ______of the object.
(13) Work = ______times ______. (14) Force is measured in Newtons and distance is measured in meters. A Newton-meter is known as a
______, or a standard unit used to measure work.
(15) Lifting an apple is an example of a ______of energy.
(16) Stored energy is known as ______energy.
(17) Potential energy based on the height of an object is known as ______potential energy (GPE). It depends on mass, acceleration, and height. (18) The unit for measuring gravitational potential energy is the ______.
(19) The kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and ______.
*Physics for Kids Rutgers- Energy of Motion (5:17) (20) To keep something in rotational motion, a gravitational pull towards the ______of the circle is necessary.
*Electromagnetic Spectrum: Radio waves (3:57) (21) The longest waves that contain the least amount of any electromagnetic energy are known
as______.
(22) Radio waves are electromagnetic have been used to discover quasars, pulsars, and plasma clouds. NASA’s
Stereo Satellite can monitor radio waves from the Sun’s ______.
*This is Science “Sound” Experiment (6:02) (23) In the experiment, friction causes vibration and the cup amplifies the sound. The ______and
______of the container changes the sound that is created when a damp cloth is dragged along the string attached.
Tap the left arrow at the top of the screen. Select Quiz and Learn Kinetic Energy
1.. What is electrical kinetic energy? 9. Fill in the blank. When an apple starts to fall from a tree, A. The destruction of electrons. ______. B. The combining of electrons. A. Its potential energy becomes kinetic energy. C. The separation of electrons. B. Its potential energy becomes potential energy. D. The movement of electrons. C. Its potential energy and kinetic energy increase. 2. Kinetic energy is best described as D. Its potential energy and kinetic energy decrease.
A. waiting. 10. Which is an example of kinetic energy? B. working. A. Gallons of airplane fuel intended for burning. C. always increasing. B. An airplane waiting to take off. D. always decreasing. C. An airplane circling to land. 3. How many major types of kinetic energy were named in the D. All of the above. lesson? 11. A car with one passenger is traveling don the highway. A. two Which action would decrease the car’s kinetic energy? B. Three A. Add a passenger or heavy luggage. C. Four B. Increase the car’s speed. D. Five C. Slow the car down. 4. X-rays are a type of ______. D. You cannot change kinetic energy. A. Thermal energy 12. When a ball drops and bounces a few times, why does it B. Sound energy lose height with each bounce? C. Radiant energy A. Its kinetic energy increases. D. Radiant terrestrial energy B. Some of its kinetic energy is lost. 5. How is kinetic energy related to potential energy? C. The ball absorbs terrestrial energy. D. Some of its potential energy becomes A. When potential energy decreases, kinetic energy increases. 13. A 75-pound boy and his 150 pound father jog together at B. When potential energy decreases, kinetic energy five miles per hour. Who has more kinetic energy? decreases. A. the boy C. Both depend on mass and velocity. B. the father D. Both move objects from one place to another. C. neither 6. Which of the following is true? D. more information is needed.
A. Only living things can have kinetic energy. 14. Which of three identical toys will have the most kinetic B. Only living things can have potential energy. energy when it falls to the floor? C. Only moving objects have energy. A. A toy set on the floor. D. None of the above. B. A toy left on a coffee table. 7. Where would molecule be vibrating the fastest? C. A toy hidden on top of a refrigerator. D. The toys have identical amounts of kinetic energy. A. In a glacier B. In a cup of water 15. If you throw a ball up into the air and catch it, at what point C. In a baker’s oven does it have the most kinetic energy? D. At the Sun’s surface A. Before it leaves your hands. 8. Which is the best example of mechanical kinetic energy? B. When you release it. C. When it turns to fall down. A. A baseball in flight D. When you catch it. B. A bird’s whistle C. Ultraviolet light D. Heat from a light bulb.
Select the back button twice to the home page. Select Energy Transformation Select Read and Learn Energy falls into two main categories. One is potential energy such as calories stored in a sandwich. The other is kinetic energy or working energy. An example of kinetic energy is your movement down a street. Both types of energy can change form. For example, the chemical energy in food can become
(1)______energy that powers your body. We call this energy
(2)______. An object can have potential energy and kinetic energy at the same time. When one increases, the other one decreases. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Although energy can’t be created or destroyed, some types of energy transformation are more
(3)______than others. That is, sometimes energy changes into forms we can’t easily recapture. For instance, some energy is always lost as heat. Let’s look at cars as an example.
Most vehicles today (4)______by transforming chemical energy. Henry Ford’s first cars transformed chemical energy stored in biomass such as tomato plants. Many cars today use gasoline. Either way, car engines transform chemical energy into mechanical energy. Some of the energy transformed inside a car’s engine is lost as heat or thermal energy. The more friction there is, the more thermal energy is created.
Electric cars run on rechargeable batteries and pollute much (5)______than traditional cars. Still, they lose some of their battery power to heat. Did you KNOW: (Scroll through the facts at the bottom of the screen.) Windmills were first used in (6)______around the year 200 BC.
California’s Mojave Desert is home to the world’s largest (7)______project.
The loss of useable energy as heat is called (8)______.
Nuclear waste is stored underground in tanks. It will remain (9)______for tens of thousands of years. In the 1880’s, Thomas Edison created a reliable long-lasting light bulb after about 1,000 tries.
Solar and wind energy are (10)______and non-polluting. Architects have designed soundscrapers. These look like skyscrapers, but they transform a city’s sounds into useable energy. By screaming for about eight years, you could create enough (11)______energy to heat a cup of tea. People have long used solar kinetic energy to heat water, cook food, remove salt from seawater, and dry clothes. In addition to heat energy, nuclear reactions create nuclear (12)______.
The Mojave Desert solar power plants help prevent tons of fossil fuel (13)______such as carbon dioxide from polluting our atmosphere.
Tap the left arrow at the top of the screen. Select Touch and Learn Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy. Touch the blinking yellow dot just above and to the right of center of the screen.
The leaves of a plant contain a green pigment call (1)______, which absorbs the Sun’s energy. This energy is used by the plant to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates.
Thus energy from the Sun is transformed into chemical energy stored in the (2)______. The plant uses this chemical energy to grow, and produce flowers and seeds. Touch the blinking yellow dot just below the center of the screen. Press play on the video. Proteins, fats, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates are synthesized by light energy in the cells.
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. (3)______are hollow disks within chloroplasts.
The molecules of life are synthesized in the stroma of a plant. Glucose is converted into (4)______by plants to use for energy. Slide your finger left to right to advance to the next screen. Energy is transformed during a typical lightning strike. Touch the blinking yellow dot just above and to the left of center of the screen.
During a lightning strike, the (5)______potential energy created by the charge in the clouds is transformed into light energy, sound energy, and thermal energy. About 1 billion to 10 billion joules of energy is associated with an average three mile long lightning strike. Touch the blinking yellow dot just above and to the right of center of the screen. Press play on the video. The lightning flash that you see is referred to as the return stroke. Flash is what you can see, a lightning stroke are individual pulses of current separated by hundredths of a second. A lightning strike hits the ground. Thunderstorms develop when the atmosphere is (5)______and warm air tries to rise up and pushes up cooler air. Slide your finger left to right to advance to the next screen. A windmill transforms the kinetic energy of the (6)______into mechanical or electrical energy.
Touch the blinking yellow dot on the center of the windmill blades.
A windmill converts the kinetic energy of the wind into (7)______mechanical energy. Unlike a wind turbine, that was developed to generate electricity, windmills were primarily used for industrial purposes such as milling grains, pumping water, etc. Touch the blinking yellow dot just above and to the left of center of the screen.
Uneven heating of the Earth’s (8)______by the Sun and the Earth’s rotation cause differences in atmospheric pressure that result in winds. Wind energy is the kinetic energy of the air in motion.
Slide your finger left to right to advance to the next screen. (9)______transform radiant solar energy into electrical energy.
Touch the blinking yellow dot just below and to the left of center of the screen. When sunlight hits a solar panel, its energy is absorbed by the semiconducting material in the panel and is used to form charge carriers. In the presence of an (10)______, these charges separated forming the electric current. This is known as the Photovoltaic effect. Touch the blinking yellow dot just above and to the right of center of the screen. Press play on the video.
Solar cells convert sunlight into electricity. Sand is processed into purified (11)______and doped with trace amounts of boron and phosphorus, creating a P-N junction. A permanent electric field is created within the crystal. When sunlight strikes a solar cell, electrons ejected from atoms and are steered to the N-type side. If a wire is connected to both sides of the cell, electric current can flow whenever sunlight strikes the solar cell. Slide your finger left to right to advance to the next screen.
A (12)______heating wire transforms electrical energy into thermal energy.
Touch the blinking yellow dot on the left side of the screen. The ratio of the output energy to the input energy is known as the energy (13)______efficiency. Combustion engines, such as those in a car, have energy conversion efficiencies less than 50% Our muscles energy conversion efficiency is between 15% - 25%. Wind turbines can have up to
(14)______, while solar cells can have conversion efficiencies up to 40%. Electric space heaters can have up to 100% energy conversion efficiency.
Touch the blinking yellow dot just below and to the right of center of the screen.
Ceramic heaters have a (15)______heating wire that is embedded in a ceramic material. When it is turned on, the resistance wire inside the heater transforms the electrical energy into thermal energy. This thermal energy is then transformed to the ceramic material, which then radiates the heat. The
(16)______inside the heater blows the heated air.
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ACROSS 2 Nuclear power plants harness potential energy from bonds inside ______. 4 Sometimes energy changes into forms we can’t easily ______. 7 Light from plants is called chlorophyll ______. 11 Potential energy in ______is often measured in calories. 13 Nuclear waste is stored ______in tanks. 15 Wind is the kinetic energy of air. Turbines transform wind into ______energy. 16 Henry Ford’s first cars transformed energy from ______. 19 A television transforms ______energy into light energy, sound energy, and heat energy. 20 You can power a television, a bus, or any machine by transforming humans’ ______energy.
DOWN 1 Kinetic energy is sometimes called ______energy. 3 Sir Joseph Swan invented the first electric ______in 1878. (two words) 5 With ______, plants transform solar energy into chemical energy. 6 A substance’s ______is a measure of its molecules’ average kinetic energy. 8 Combustion ______in most cars transform chemical energy into mechanical energy. 9 Energy changes _____. 10 Solar cells convert ______energy from the sun into electrical energy. 12 Spacecraft use solar panels to ______power. 14 In a campfire, the potential chemical energy stored in ______becomes thermal energy and light
energy. 17 Some energy is ____ as heat. 18 Polluting/Solar energy is everlasting and ______. (include the hyphen)
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*Energy: Bill Nye on Energy Part 1 (8:50) (1) Sound, heat, falling things, moving muscles, electricity are forms of ______.
(2) Baking soda and vinegar caused a chemical reaction that builds up pressure so the top of the bottle comes
off because ______energy changes into ______energy.
*Energy: Bill Nye on Energy Part 2 (6:06 )
(3) Nuclear power comes from ______.
(4) Water spins the propellers on a ______. This spinning turbine turns a generator that then creates electricity.
(5) A laser converts ______energy into______energy by causing gas molecules to vibrate at same speed as heat waves.
*Energy: Bill Nye on Energy Part 3 (8:02) (6) Oil is a ______and is one of the major forms of energy that we use.
(7) Energy changes form in your body as food is broken down into ______. Some of that energy is changed into heat.
(8) Energy we get from food began as ______energy from the Sun.
*The Simple Story of Photosynthesis and Food (4:00) (9) Sixty percent of the foods you eat are ______that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
(10) The high energy rays of the Sun help a plant break apart a water molecule to be used during the process of ______.
(11)Glucose is turned into ATP in the ______of cells which provide the energy our bodies need.
*Batteries of the Future: chap. 5 (3:48) (12)Lithium-ion batteries that are used in cell phones, laptops, etc. have three parts known as what?
(13)In a Lithium-ion battery, high concentrations of lithium atoms start in the anode and move to the cathode in a ______process. In a charging process the atoms move in the opposite direction.
*Forms of Energy (excerpt) (1:21 ) (14) Heavier objects have______kinetic energy than lighter objects moving at the same speed.
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Transformation 9. An old-fashioned light bulb converts electricity into heat and 1. Most car engines transform ______into light. The loss of energy is called: ______. A. fossil fuel transformation A. chemical energy, mechanical energy B. entropy B. mechanical energy, chemical energy C. 100% efficiency C. thermal energy, mechanical energy D. fluorescence D. kinetic energy, potential energy 10. When energy changes form, 2. The law of conservation of energy states that ______
A. energy is constantly created A. the change is always permanent. B. energy is constantly destroyed B. a portion of it is destroyed. C. energy is renewable C. it can take more than one new form. D. energy cannot be created or destroyed D. it can take only one new form.
3. Which phase describes the energy of a burning log? 11. What is meant by “a more fuel-efficient” car?
A. potential energy A. The car uses biomass as fuel. B. light energy B. The car’s top speed is above average. C. thermal energy C. The car doesn’t experience friction. D. all of the above D. The car loses less energy as heat.
4. A plant converts ______into ______. 12. A spaceship without fuel could move in outer space. What explains this best? A. thermal energy, chemical energy B. chemical energy, solar energy A. The Law of Energy Conservation C. solar energy, mechanical energy B. The ship is moved by powerful winds. D. solar energy, chemical energy C. The ship is powered by the Sun. D. The ship is powered by space energy. 5. Wind is a type of ______. 13. Which of the following could possibly power a light bulb? A. chemical energy B. kinetic energy A. a person jogging C. geothermal energy B. sound waves from a music concert D. nonrenewable energy C. energy from chemical bonds D. all of the above 6. Which type of energy transformation is newest to humans? 14. How would an energy-efficient light bulb best compare A. solar with a standard bulb? B. wind C. chemical A. It would produce less heat and more light. D. nuclear B. It would produce less light and more heat. C. It would produce more heat and more light. 7. Which of the following transforms sound energy into D. It would produce less heat and more light. electrical energy and then back into sound energy? 15. Compare the potential energy of ice molecules with the A. a car motor potential energy of liquid water molecules. B. a television C. a telephone A. Ice molecules have more potential energy. D. all of the above B. Ice molecules have less potential energy. C. The potential energy of ice and water is equal. 8. Which of the following is true? D. More information is needed. A. Cars rely on potential chemical energy. B. Plant energy is not useful. C. Electric cars are 100% efficient. D. all of the above