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USHMM Finding https://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection SHUTAN, Moshe RG-50.120.0146 Abstract Moshe Shutan, born in Svencionys, Lithuania, near Vilnius, talks about his family, his Bundist education, the Yiddish school that he attended, the war between Russia and Germany and its impact upon Svencionys, his awareness of what Germany was doing to Jews in other countries in Europe, the beginning of the killing of the Jews in Svencionys, the existence of Zionist groups in Svencionys, the establishment of the ghetto in Svencionys, the creation and nature of the Judenrat in Svencionys, acquiring a radio and following the course of the war, the roundup of the Jews in the Svencionys ghetto and their execution in Poligon, his experiences in various workcamps and escaping therefrom, his role in smuggling light weapons into the ghetto, the creation of a Jewish underground in Svencionys, the conditions in the ghetto, witnessing the execution of a group of Poles by the Germans, his contacts with people from and awareness of conditions in the Vilna ghetto, the transfer of Jews from areas in Belarus to Svencionys, a visit to Svencionys by Jacob Gens from Vilna, attempts to make contact with the Russian partisans, dissolution of the Svencionys ghetto, escaping from the transfer of the Jews out of Svencionys, being captured by the Lithuanian police and taken to Vilna, the killing of Svencionys Jews in Ponary, residing with an uncle in the Kailis area of Vilna, leaving Vilna and rejoining members of the Svencionys underground in a Russian partisan unit, otriad Chapayev of the Voroshilov Brigade under the command of his former teacher Fedor Markov, persuading partisan commander Sidyakin to allow him to go to Vilna to recruit members of the FPO to join the partisan fighters in the forest, encountering a mixed welcome among some of the partisans, recounting his experiences with the Lithuanian locals on the way to Vilna, making contact with the FPO in Vilna, meeting with Wittenberg the head of the FPO in Vilna, discussing the ideology of the FPO, his arrest and beating by the Jewish police during an operation launched by Jacob Gens, encountering Jews from the provinces that had been transferred to Vilna, meeting with Gens and hearing Gens’ views regarding his role as head of the ghetto versus the ideology of FPO, leaving the Vilna ghetto with a group from the FPO and with the support of Gens, arriving in the Narocz Forest, being ordered by Markov to return to Vilna and demand that Wittenberg cooperate fully in getting the FPO to leave the Vilna ghetto an join the partisans in the forest, comparing the partisan bases in the Narocz Forest to those in the Kazin Forest, encountering entire Jewish families living in the forest, returning to Vilna with the help of local farmers to lead members of the FPO out of Vilna, meeting with Abba Kovner and the leadership of the FPO and hearing about the Wittenberg Affair, arguing with the FPO regarding arrangements for the FPO to leave Vilna, falling under suspicion of the FPO leadership spying for Gens who was regarded as working for the Gestapo, encountering regarding his relationship with Gens, also encountering distrust among fellow Svencionys partisans on account of his relationship with Gens, learning about a group from the FPO that had left the ghetto without his knowledge under the leadership of Josef Glazman and their subsequent ambush by the Germans, finalizing his selection of a group of approximately 20 people to lead out of the ghetto, ending his https://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection relationship with the FPO, reflecting upon different groups and individuals in the ghetto, referring to Gens as a hero, recounting the roundup of 2000 people from the Vilna ghetto to go to Estonia, leaving the Vilna ghetto with the group that he had selected and leading them to the partisans in the Narocz forest, reflecting upon the reasons some people chose not to leave the ghetto, reflecting upon the Wittenberg affair, reflecting upon the cooperation of the locals with the Germans in connection with turning over escaping Jews, recounting the poor behavior of the partisans vis a vis the local farmers (stealing and setting fires), learning about the formation of a Jewish otriad called Nekama under the leadership of Josef Glazman, hearing from Glazman that he, Shutan, was under suspicion for being responsible for the ambush of the FPO group that had left the ghetto under Glazman’s command, being accepted into the Ortiad Nekama, recounting the return to the Vilna Ghetto of Alexander Bogen and Rudnitsky to lead additional FPO members to the partisans, the disbanding of the otriad of Nekama, the formation of a new otriad Komsolnoski which included some of the former members of the Jewish otriad including himself, the creation of a maintenance (non-fighting unarmed) unit to support the partisans, the disarming by force of the FPO by Volodka from Markov’s brigade Voroshilov, reflecting upon the serious anti-Semitism among the partisans, recounting the mounting of a blockade by the Germans to thwart the activities of the partisans, the abandonment of unarmed Jews in the forest by the partisans during the blockade, being thrown out of the otriad Komsomolski and having his gun forcefully confiscated, attempting to avoid the Germans during the blockade by hiding out in the swampy area of the Narocz forest near the partisan base, searching for food during the period of the blockade, leaving the Jewish partisans and joining the Russian communist partisans from eastern Belarus, being accepted into the Kalinin brigade of the partisans under the command of Commissar Kapitonov who befriended him, falling asleep on guard duty and being placed on trial, returning to his unit and being allowed to fight, engaging German troops in skirmishes, ambushing units that were bringing supplies to the Germans, comparing the nature and degree of anti-Semitism of the western and eastern partisans, being part of a the creation of a partisan presence in the villages, saving the life of a partisan commander, serving as a navigator for the Red Army on the road to Pleschenitsy, witnessing retreating Germans, contracting typhus and being taken to the Red Army hospital in Minsk, upon his recovery from typhus being conscripted into the Red Army, recounts what daily life was like among the Eastern Belarus partisans including the reading aloud of articles written by a Jewish journalist Ilya Ehrenburg and the impact upon morale, reflections about things that happen in wartime, expressing regret for not attempting to lead more people out of the Vilna Ghetto, realizing at the time of the allied invasion of Normandy that Germany and lost the war, arriving in Bialystock after the war ended in Europe and deciding that he would like to go to Palestine but refusing to dessert the Red Army, being to Moscow as part of a chemical engineering unit, meeting with an NKVD officer who helped him obtain the necessary documentation to enable him to be discharged from the Red Army, reflecting on the nature of revenge against the Germans, reflecting on the nature of the threat posed by fascism today, reflecting upon the discussions that he had with Alexander Bogen which helped shaped his views about Zionism, reflecting about the merits of living in the ghetto for another day versus joining the partisans and fighting the Germans, recounting a discussion that he had with a former Jewish policeman from the Vilna Ghetto regarding Gens conduct in connection with the Jews that were killed in Ponary, recounting his knowledge of the killing of former Jewish https://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection policemen from the ghetto after the war, recounting the initial attitude of the Jews in Israel towards the Judenrats and the Jews that served as Jewish policemen in the ghettos, his opinion regarding having Demjanjuk being placed on trial in Israel, reflecting upon the lessons that he learned from the Holocaust, recounting what pained him the most about the Holocaust, paying tribute to his wartime friends who were killed and those that survived, recounting his arrival in Israel in 1949 via Cyprus, serving in the Israeli army, living in a moshav [type of village in Israel] and thereafter moving to the city, working in construction and also in a nursing school, and concluding his oral testimony with hope for a good future. DISC I of XII 01:01 My name is Moshe Shutan. I was born in Svencian [Svencionys, Svintsyan, at times considered part of Poland Russia, or Lithuania], in the region of Vilnius [Vilna]. I was one of six children. My father did all kinds of work, my mother was a writer. My siblings and I went to school, it was a yiddish school. I began helping my father at work when I was nine years old while I still attended school. 01:02 About a week before the war between Russia and Germany in 1941, we knew that something was brewing. People were saying that the outbreak of war was imminent. I had a friend, Shike Gertman, actually a neighbor, who came back from Vilna a few days before the war. He told me that on his way back to our town he had seen trains loaded with tanks and artillery. 01:03 Also, the Russians advertised the fact that they were on the move with vehicles and wagons loaded with all kinds of transport equipment. In fact, the war broke out on June 22. We, the children, were on vacation from school.
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